28:
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comply with the Before
Takeoff Checklist and advance the RPM levels to the high RPM position, and the flightcrew's failure to diagnose and remedy engine oscillations on initial climbout. Crew training and checklist design are discussed and a safety recommendation is made to the Federal Aviation Administration regarding criteria for the type size of the checklist.
107:-321C, crashed in Alaska immediately after departing, killing all three on board. Flaps were not in the proper takeoff position, partly as the result of distractions while following their taxi checklist. Despite the flap position being an important setting for takeoff, it did not appear on the Pan American pre-takeoff checklist.
181:(b) The approved procedures must include each item necessary for flight crewmembers to check for safety before starting engines, taking off, or landing, and in engine and systems emergencies. The procedures must be designed so that a flight crewmember will not need to rely upon his memory for items to be checked.
118:
as flight 2962 (registration N331CY), crash landed just after takeoff from New
Orleans International Airport. The plane crashed into eight lanes of traffic and subsequently injured two persons on the ground. Of the 11 occupants on board, there were zero fatalities. The NTSB cited "a breakdown of the
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The report describes an accident in which an emergency landing was made because of severe yawing and engine torque fluctuation during climbout. It reviews evidence indicating that the probable cause of the accident was breakdown of the flightcrew coordination, which resulted in their failure to
354:"Aircraft Accident Report - Air New Orleans, DBA Continental Express Flight 962, British Aerospace 3101 (Jetstream 31) N331CY, New Orleans International Airport, Kenner, Louisiana, May 26, 1987"
134:, crashed shortly after takeoff, killing 154 of 155 on board and two on the ground. The NTSB said "the probable cause of the accident was the flightcrew's failure to use the taxi checklist".
66:
by ensuring that no important tasks are forgotten. Failure to correctly conduct a preflight check using a checklist is a major contributing factor to aircraft accidents.
384:"Aircraft Accident Report, Northwest Airlines, Inc. McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82, N312RC, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, August 16, 1987"
82:(then known as the Model 299) at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio, killing both pilots. Investigation found that the pilots had forgotten to disengage the crucial
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downloaded data from the aircraft's recorder and found it was a habit: 98% of the previous 175 takeoffs were made with incomplete flight-control checks. The
27:
78:, the concept of a pre-flight checklist was first introduced by management and engineers at the Boeing Company following the 1935 crash of the prototype
310:"Aircraft Accident Report Pan American World Airways, Inc. – Boeing 707-321C, N799PA – Elmendorf Air Force Base Anchorage, Alaska – December 26, 1968"
184:(c) The approved procedures must be readily usable in the cockpit of each aircraft and the flight crew shall follow them when operating the aircraft.
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crew coordination which resulted in their failure to comply with the Before
Takeoff Checklist", noting the crewmembers lack of experience in the
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and only partial flight-control checks were done before 15.6% of the takeoffs and no checks at all on 2.03% of the flights.
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is a list of tasks that should be performed by pilots and aircrew prior to takeoff. Its purpose is to improve
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178:(a) Each certificate holder shall provide an approved cockpit check procedure for each type of aircraft.
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magazine published the resulting lengthy and detailed B-17 checklist in its 24 August 1942 issue.
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Degani, Asaf; Wiener, Earl L. (1 June 1993). "Cockpit
Checklists: Concepts, Design, and Use".
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86:(devices which stop control surfaces moving in the wind while parked) prior to take-off.
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464:"Not Flying by the Book: Slow Adoption of Checklists and Procedures in WW2 Aviation"
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Kent, Jennifer C. (27 May 1987). "Plane bounces into traffic at Kenner; 13 hurt".
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484:"NASA CR-177549: Human Factors of Flight-Deck Checklists: The Normal Checklist"
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Human
Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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415:"A Gulfstream Crash Triggers A Finding Of Unsettling Data"
434:"eCFR :: 14 CFR 121.315 -- Cockpit check procedure"
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137:Following a checklist would have shown that the
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153:analyzed 143,756 flights in 2013-2015 by 379
8:
35:pilot conducts a preflight inspection of an
103:(registration N799PA), a cargo flight in a
482:Asaf Degani; Earl L. Wiener (May 1990).
94:Crashes attributed to checklist failures
51:List of tasks performed prior to takeoff
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172:Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 121
151:National Business Aviation Association
469:. University of California, San Diego
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420:Aviation Week & Space Technology
412:Garvey, William (25 November 2016).
391:National Transportation Safety Board
317:National Transportation Safety Board
174:operators (scheduled air carriers):
170:explicitly requires a checklist for
147:National Transportation Safety Board
143:Gulfstream IV crash on May 31, 2014
74:According to researcher and writer
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257:Gawande, Atul (3 December 2007).
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393:. 10 May 1988. NTSB/AAR-88/05
128:Northwest Airlines Flight 255
462:Bohn, Roger E. (July 2013).
290:. 24 August 1942. p. 65
168:Federal Aviation Regulations
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228:10.1177/001872089303500209
33:Royal Australian Air Force
259:"A Life-Saving Checklist"
340:The Baton Rouge Advocate
284:"Cockpit Conversation"
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99:On December 26, 1968,
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520:Aviation publications
41:Nellis Air Force Base
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126:On August 16, 1987,
114:flight, operated by
18:Pre-flight checklist
141:was engaged on the
112:Continental Express
110:On May 26, 1987, a
60:preflight checklist
319:. 19 November 1969
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37:F-35A Lightning II
155:business aircraft
101:Pan Am Flight 799
47:, April 27, 2022.
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473:7 September
294:20 November
268:11 November
195:Walk-around
80:Boeing B-17
515:Checklists
509:Categories
397:16 January
201:References
166:The FAA's
105:Boeing 707
84:gust locks
244:111091998
236:0018-7208
139:gust lock
438:ecfr.gov
189:See also
121:BAe-3101
56:aviation
323:10 July
162:FAR 121
70:History
360:. 1988
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45:Nevada
496:4 May
487:(PDF)
467:(PDF)
443:4 May
387:(PDF)
364:4 May
313:(PDF)
240:S2CID
132:MD-82
498:2022
475:2020
445:2022
399:2015
366:2022
325:2019
296:2011
288:Life
270:2020
232:ISSN
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88:Life
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