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946:. In 122,043 United States Air Force flyers and cadet applicants during approximately 48 seconds of ECG 0.78% (952 males) had PVC within all age groups, but with increased incidence with increasing age. Ventricular ectopy is more prevalent in men than in women of the same age; data from large, population-based studies indicate that the prevalence is less for young white women without heart disease and greater for older African American individuals with hypertension.
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746:(ECG/EKG) performed for another reason. In those with symptoms suggestive of premature ventricular complexes, the ECG/EKG is the first investigation that may identify PVCs as well as other cardiac rhythm issues that may cause similar symptoms. If symptoms are infrequent, other forms of continuous heart beat recording may be used, such as a 24 or 48-hour
81:
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On electrocardiography (ECG or Holter) premature ventricular contractions have a specific appearance of the QRS complexes and T waves, which are different from normal readings. By definition, a PVC occurs earlier than the regular normally conducted beat. Subsequently, the time between the PVC and the
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Normally, impulses pass through both ventricles almost at the same time and the depolarization waves of the two ventricles partially cancel each other out in the ECG. However, when a PVC occurs the impulse nearly always travels through only one bundle fiber, so there is no neutralization effect; this
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People who do not have heart disease (with ejection fractions greater than 40%) have the same long-term prognoses as the minority of people without PVCs on the 24 hours. Emerging data also suggest that very frequent ventricular ectopy may be associated with cardiomyopathy through a mechanism thought
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This has the effect of (1) increasing the strength of contraction (inotropy) and (2) depolarizing the myocyte more rapidly (chronotropy). The ventricular myocytes are therefore more irritable than usual, and may depolarize spontaneously before the SA node depolarizes. Other sympathomimetic molecules
563:
Ectopic enhanced nodal automaticity suggests foci of sub-pulmonic valvular pacemaker cells that have a subthreshold potential for firing. The basic rhythm of the heart raises these cells to threshold, which precipitates an ectopic beat. This process is the underlying mechanism for arrhythmias due to
904:
PVCs are harmless. For patients with more than 1,000 PVCs per day, the risk of developing left ventricular systolic dysfunction after 5 years follow-up is low. Frequent PVCs may increase the risk of developing cardiomyopathy, which can greatly impair heart function. A PVC burden greater than 10% is
236:
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Single PVCs are common in healthy persons. When 24-hour ambulatory monitoring is used, up to 80 percent of apparently healthy people have occasional PVCs. Rates vary by age with extremely rare for those under the age of 11 and extremely common in those older than 75 years. These differences may be
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and a second area of slow conduction are present. This condition is frequently seen in patients with underlying heart disease that creates areas of differential conduction and recovery due to myocardial scarring or ischemia. During ventricular activation, one bundle tract's area of slow conduction
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of 11 studies, people with frequent PVCs (≥ once during a standard electrocardiographic recording or ≥30 times over a 1-hour recording) had risk of cardiac death twice as great as that of participants with occasional PVCs. Although most researchers attempted to exclude high-risk subjects, such as
787:. The precise shape of the QRS can give an indication as to where precisely in the heart muscle the abnormal electrical activity arises. If someone has PVCs that all have the same appearance, they are considered "monofocal", if PVC’s have different appearance, they are considerevole “multifocal”.
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Birnie, David H.; Sauer, William H.; Bogun, Frank; Cooper, Joshua M.; Culver, Daniel A.; Duvernoy, Claire S.; Judson, Marc A.; Kron, Jordana; Mehta, Davendra; Nielsen, Jens
Cosedis; Patel, Amit R.; Ohe, Tohru; Raatikainen, Pekka; Soejima, Kyoko (July 2014), "HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the
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due to rates of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis, which are more easy to find in older persons. In 101 people free of heart disease during 24 hours Holter monitoring, 39 had at least 1 PVC, and 4 at least 100. Heart disease was excluded after physical examination, chest x-ray,
1698:
Zeppenfeld, Katja; Tfelt-Hansen, Jacob; de Riva, Marta; Winkel, Bo
Gregers; Behr, Elijah R; Blom, Nico A; Charron, Philippe; Corrado, Domenico; Dagres, Nikolaos; de Chillou, Christian; Eckardt, Lars; Friede, Tim; Haugaa, Kristina H; Hocini, Mélèze; Lambiase, Pier D (2022-10-21).
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Triggered beats are considered to be due to after-depolarizations triggered by the preceding action potential. These are often seen in patients with ventricular arrhythmias due to digoxin toxicity and reperfusion therapy after myocardial infarction (MI).
1624:"Interaction of baseline characteristics with the hazard of encainide, flecainide, and moricizine therapy in patients with myocardial infarction. A possible explanation for increased mortality in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)"
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Premature ventricular contractions may be associated with underlying heart disease, and certain characteristics are therefore elicited routinely: the presence of signs of heart disease or a known history of heart disease (e.g. previous
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or very frequent PVC (>20% in 24 h) and normal ventricular function. This procedure is a way to destroy the area of the heart tissue that is causing the irregular contractions characteristic of PVCs using radio frequency
763:
may be required to reproduce the abnormality. Specifically, if this shows exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia this would require specific treatment. If PVCs are suppressed by exercise, this is an encouraging finding.
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activates the other tract's bundle fibers post block after the rest of the ventricle has recovered. This resulting in an extra beat. Reentry can produce single ectopic beats, or it can trigger paroxysmal tachycardia.
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Premature ventricular contractions occur in healthy persons of any age, but are more prevalent in the elderly and in men. In a very significant proportion of people they occur spontaneously with no known cause.
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or even 14- to 30-day recorders if the symptoms are very occasional. The advantage of these monitors is that they allow a quantification of the amount of abnormal beats ("burden") and ensure that there are no
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can disrupt the conduction system of the heart and may also irritate surrounding viable ventricular myocytes, make them more likely to depolarize spontaneously. Inflammation of the myocardium (as occurs in
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to be similar to that of chronic right ventricular pacing associated cardiomyopathy. For patients with underlying chronic structural heart disease and complex ectopy, mortality is significantly increased.
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directly affect the G-coupled signal transduction cascade by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of cAMP, again leading to the increased concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.
642:. This type of protein stimulates the production of cAMP, ultimately increasing the flow of calcium ions from the extracellular space and from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol.
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In some people, PVCs occur in a predictable pattern. Two PVCs in a row are called doublets and three PVCs in a rows are triplets. Depending whether there are one, two, or three normal (
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Ataklte, F; Erqou, S; Laukkanen, J; Kaptoge, S (15 October 2013). "Meta-analysis of ventricular premature complexes and their relation to cardiac mortality in general populations".
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There are three main physiological explanations for premature ventricular contractions: enhanced ectopic nodal automaticity, re-entry signaling, and toxic/reperfusion triggered.
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the minimal threshold for development of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. The risk is higher with a PVC burden greater than 20%. PVC burden often decreases spontaneously over time.
501:
195:
Although there are many possible symptoms associated with PVCs, PVCs may also have no symptoms at all. PVCs may be perceived as a skipped heart beat, a strong beat,
227:(transient loss of consciousness) or provoked by exertion are also concerning. Physical examination is focused on identifying evidence of underlying heart disease.
153:
152:(ECG) allow a PVC to be easily distinguished from a normal heart beat. However, very frequent PVCs can be symptomatic of an underlying heart condition (such as
44:
Premature ventricular complex, ventricular premature contraction (complex or complexes) (VPC), ventricular premature beat (VPB), ventricular extrasystole (VES)
1783:
2478:
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which makes PVCs less obvious to a person; possibly reduce catecholamine induced PVCs (in catecholamine-sensitive people) due to adrenaline not reaching
603:(cAMP) in the muscle cells of the heart's ventricles leading to increased flow of calcium ions into the cell. This may happen for the following reasons:
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433:
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1327:
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Belhassen B (2005). "Radiofrequency ablation of "benign" right ventricular outflow tract extrasystoles: a therapy that has found its disease?".
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881:
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2004:
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Isolated PVCs with benign characteristics and no underlying heart disease require no treatment, especially if there are limited symptoms.
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Emilsson, Kent (3 June 2008), "Suspected association of ventricular arrhythmia with air pollution in a motorbike rider: a case report",
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because the compensatory pause is longer following premature ventricular contractions, in addition to a difference in QRS appearance.
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Normal sinus rhythm and ectopic beats - premature ventricular contractions (PVC) and premature atrial contractions (PAC) shown on an
1523:
1371:
523:
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722:, which can affect the electrical properties of myocytes and may be ultimately responsible for causing irritability of myocytes.
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71:
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587:(RVOT) under the pulmonic valve. The mechanism behind this is thought to be enhanced automaticity versus triggered activity.
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2531:
1701:"2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death"
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1784:"Medline ® Abstract for Reference 1 of 'Premature ventricular complexes: Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation'"
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those with histories of cardiovascular disease, they did not test participants for underlying structural heart disease.
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after exercise. Symptoms may be more pronounced at times of stress. Women may be more aware of PVCs at the time of the
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827:, it was shown that, though those drugs could suppress PVC, they also increased the risk of death. However, while
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The most effective treatment is the elimination of triggers (particularly stopping the use of substances such as
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Kostis, J.B.; McCrone, K.; Moreyra, A.E.; Gotzoyannis, S.; Aglitz, N.M.; Natarajan, N.; Kuo, P.T. (June 1981).
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Anderson, JL; Platia, EV; Hallstrom, A; Henthorn, RW; Buckingham, TA; Carlson, MD; Carson, PE (December 1994).
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This ectopy of the ventricles when associated with a structurally normal heart most commonly occurs from the
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ion concentrations are a major determinant in the magnitude of the electrochemical potential of cells, and
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1848:"Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs, PVC): What happens during a premature ventricular contraction?"
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Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, due to anxiety and/or physiological stress, for example
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1206:"Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs, PVC): What causes premature ventricular contractions?"
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next normal beat is longer as the result of a compensatory pause. PVCs can be distinguished from
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receptors) on cardiac myocytes, activating a type of guanosine nucleotide-binding protein called
224:
156:). Furthermore, very frequent (over 20% of all heartbeats) PVCs are considered a risk factor for
111:
1700:
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Premature ventricular contraction in an ECG (arrows) of a dog, caused by dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Haist, Steven A.; Gomella, Leonard G. (2004), "19 Basic ECG Reading: Ventricular
Arrhythmias",
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1966:. Mosby physiology monograph series (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.
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myocardium damage: Existing damage to the myocardium can also provoke PVCs. The
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calcium excess: One explanation is most basically due to an increased amount of
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Cha, Yong-Mei; Lee, Glenn K.; Klarich, Kyle W.; Grogan, Martha (February 2012).
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1514:, Lange Clinical Science Series (10th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, p.
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812:: these agents alter the electrophysiologic mechanisms responsible for PVCs. In
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141:. PVCs may cause no symptoms or may be perceived as a "skipped beat" or felt as
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1873:"Premature ventricular complexes in the absence of identifiable heart disease"
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Diagnosis and
Management of Arrhythmias Associated With Cardiac Sarcoidosis",
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Akdemir, B.; Yarmohammadi, H.; Alraies, M. C.; Adkisson, W. O. (1 July 2016).
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2014:
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552:. Ectopic foci can be located anywhere in the ventricles in the case of PVCs.
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1981:
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Keany, James E.; Desai, Aseem D. (13 January 2017). Schraga, Erik D. (ed.).
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1160:"What are noncardiac causes of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?"
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http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=hrt_dis/11733
687:
650:
508: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
420:
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Frequently stressed individuals should consider therapy, or joining a
841:: do not directly affect or reduce the occurrence of PVCs, but reduce
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excess catecholamines and some electrolyte deficiencies, particularly
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Magnesium supplements (e.g. magnesium citrate, orotate, Maalox, etc.)
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and certain drugs, like tobacco). If frequent, it’s possible to use:
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58:
Premature ventricular contraction usually originates from an area of
160:, in which the heart muscle becomes less effective and symptoms of
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PVCs may be found incidentally on cardiac tests such as a 12-lead
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535:
316:
234:
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There are a number of different molecular explanations for PVCs.
1846:
Kulick, David Lee (23 March 2016). Shiel, William C. Jr. (ed.).
1547:"Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) Treatments and drugs"
1204:
Kulick, David Lee (23 March 2016). Shiel, William C. Jr. (ed.).
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Potassium supplements (e.g. chloride potassium with citrate ion)
679:
has a similar effect, although clinically it is of less concern.
557:
results in the high voltage QRS wave in the electrocardiograph.
235:
80:
2150:
873:. It is advised for people with ventricular dysfunction and/or
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makes it more likely that cells will depolarize spontaneously.
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Chemical (electrolyte) abnormalities in the blood (for example
203:. They may also cause chest pain, a faint feeling, fatigue, or
927:
736:
477:
89:
110:
This article is about the heart condition. For PVC pipe, see
835:, it reduced the frequency of deaths when it was used alone.
698:
therefore also makes spontaneous depolarization more likely.
1999:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 419–484.
1799:"Premature Ventricular Contraction-Induced Cardiomyopathy"
1362:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p.
759:. If symptoms are associated with exercise, a supervised
223:
in close relatives. PVCs and palpitation associated with
1328:"Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) Risk factors"
1030:"Premature ventricular contractions: Reassure or refer?"
295:(low blood potassium), which can occur in those taking
168:
is therefore recommended in people with frequent PVCs.
1914:"Electrocardiographic Findings in 122,043 Individuals"
694:, and are necessary for maintaining potassium levels.
1290:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
2027:
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148:The electrical events of the heart detected by the
145:in the chest. PVCs do not usually pose any danger.
96:
40:
35:
1959:
1575:"Treating patients with ventricular ectopic beats"
1284:"Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) Causes"
571:Reentry occurs when an area of 1-way block in the
70:. Most commonly in healthy hearts PVCs occur near
247:Some possible underlying causes of PVCs include:
179:) may be used. Very frequent PVCs in people with
171:If PVCs are frequent or troublesome, medication (
1912:Hiss, Roland G.; Lamb, Lawrence E. (June 1962).
1958:Levy, Matthew N.; Pappano, Achilles J. (2007).
1130:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
966:Gerstenfeld, EP; De Marco, T (20 August 2019).
779:) beats between each PVC, the rhythm is called
154:arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
1023:
755:present that might require attention, such as
310:when performing medical suctioning stimulates
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1803:Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology
1122:Farzam, Khashayar; Richards, John R. (2022),
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718:) and systemic inflammation cause surges of
62:. In this illustration ectopic area is near
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2498:
2479:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
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1989:Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2008).
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871:Radiofrequency catheter ablation treatment
690:ions, and they affect the function of the
432:Any structural heart disease which alters
88:A premature ventricular contraction on an
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1354:Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2006).
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622:. This activation can cause a release of
524:Learn how and when to remove this message
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831:increased the death rate when used with
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2213:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
882:Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
656:Phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as
7:
2537:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
1996:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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1152:
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1117:
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1113:
1034:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
968:"Premature Ventricular Contractions"
506:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Skipped beat with ventricular origin
1307:Body Restoration: An Owner's Manual
1282:Mayo Clinic Staff (26 April 2014).
1124:"Premature Ventricular Contraction"
1098:"Premature Ventricular Contraction"
709:and also in the surgical repair of
2833:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
1750:The American Journal of Cardiology
25:
18:Premature ventricular contractions
1303:"Methylxanthine Toxcity Syndrome"
985:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040015
158:arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy
119:premature ventricular contraction
36:Premature ventricular contraction
1267:
482:
2518:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
1231:Journal of Medical Case Reports
630:(adrenaline) which can bind to
585:right ventricular outflow tract
493:needs additional citations for
219:), as well as heart disease or
72:right ventricular outflow tract
1358:Textbook of medical physiology
434:electrical conduction pathways
125:) is a common event where the
1:
3035:Pulseless electrical activity
2964:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
2838:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
1762:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.065
770:premature atrial contractions
1512:Clinician's pocket reference
653:will also cause this effect.
1402:10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.03.043
3268:
2979:Wandering atrial pacemaker
2526:non-infective endocarditis
2467:Endocardial fibroelastosis
1677:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.028
632:beta-1 adrenergic receptor
273:Certain medicines such as
109:
3057:hexaxial reference system
3002:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
2532:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
2017:– via Google Books.
1962:Cardiovascular physiology
1816:10.1161/CIRCEP.111.963348
1717:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262
859:Electrolytes replacement
436:due to tissue alterations
275:tricyclic antidepressants
87:
78:
57:
48:
2937:Ventricular fibrillation
2208:Coronary artery aneurysm
1890:10.1161/01.CIR.63.6.1351
1641:10.1161/01.cir.90.6.2843
1185:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
938:, right- and left-heart
853:Calcium channel blockers
711:congenital heart disease
686:ions affect the flow of
568:, known as hypokalemia.
308:carina (trachea/bronchi)
303:(magnesium deficiency)).
177:calcium channel blockers
3214:Diastolic heart failure
3188:Athletic heart syndrome
3149:Ventricular hypertrophy
2883:Pre-excitation syndrome
2737:Left posterior fascicle
2262:Acute coronary syndrome
2202:Coronary artery disease
1931:10.1161/01.CIR.25.6.947
1591:10.1136/hrt.2005.067843
1495:Levy & Pappano 2007
1471:Levy & Pappano 2007
1459:Levy & Pappano 2007
1244:10.1186/1752-1947-2-192
886:Lifestyle modification
785:ventricular tachycardia
757:ventricular tachycardia
185:radiofrequency ablation
166:Ultrasound of the heart
2732:Left anterior fascicle
2512:infective endocarditis
2297:Hibernating myocardium
2178:Cardiovascular disease
1705:European Heart Journal
1047:10.3949/ccjm.83a.15090
739:
682:magnesium deficiency:
667:potassium deficiency:
553:
240:
181:dilated cardiomyopathy
2896:Wolff–Parkinson–White
2856:Premature contraction
2754:Adams–Stokes syndrome
2457:Loeffler endocarditis
2267:Myocardial infarction
1483:Nelson & Cox 2008
1444:Nelson & Cox 2008
843:cardiac contractility
818:myocardial infarction
734:
707:myocardial infarction
539:
468:Mitral valve prolapse
453:Myocardial infarction
374:(high blood pressure)
238:
217:myocardial infarction
92:, marked by the arrow
3063:Right axis deviation
3025:Sudden cardiac death
2383:Pericardial effusion
2326:Ventricular aneurysm
1665:J. Am. Coll. Cardiol
936:exercise stress test
502:improve this article
463:Myocardial contusion
299:("water pills") and
221:sudden cardiac death
183:may be treated with
3068:Left axis deviation
2925:Atrial fibrillation
2920:Ventricular flutter
2843:Torsades de pointes
2717:Bundle branch block
2676:Sick sinus syndrome
2462:Cardiac amyloidosis
2447:Tachycardia-induced
2302:Myocardial stunning
2250:Prinzmetal's angina
2219:Coronary thrombosis
1573:G André Ng (2006).
1301:Lebowitz, Michael.
761:cardiac stress test
703:myocardial scarring
696:Low blood magnesium
566:low blood potassium
540:An illustration of
137:rather than by the
3252:Cardiac arrhythmia
3171:Atrial enlargement
2969:Pacemaker syndrome
2891:Lown–Ganong–Levine
2813:Junctional ectopic
2808:AV nodal reentrant
2314:Myocardial rupture
2224:Coronary vasospasm
2121:External resources
740:
554:
383:High blood calcium
251:Non-cardiac causes
241:
191:Signs and symptoms
112:Polyvinyl chloride
3239:
3238:
3231:Obstructive shock
3135:
3134:
3082:Short QT syndrome
3049:Other / ungrouped
3040:Sinoatrial arrest
2955:Ectopic pacemaker
2851:
2850:
2671:Sinus bradycardia
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2388:Cardiac tamponade
2341:
2340:
2331:Dressler syndrome
2229:Myocardial bridge
2144:
2143:
2006:978-0-7167-7108-1
1973:978-0-323-03446-3
1711:(40): 3997–4126.
1190:Ectopic heartbeat
1166:. 17 October 2021
753:heart arrhythmias
744:electrocardiogram
546:papillary muscles
534:
533:
526:
306:Contact with the
150:electrocardiogram
108:
107:
64:papillary muscles
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3259:
3204:Cardiac fibrosis
3096:T wave alternans
2989:Long QT syndrome
2783:Supraventricular
2779:
2712:Intraventricular
2659:
2499:
2350:
2195:Coronary disease
2192:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2029:
2018:
1985:
1965:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1507:
1498:
1497:, pp. 49–50
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1246:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1201:
1192:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1164:www.medscape.com
1156:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1119:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1025:
998:
997:
987:
963:
932:echocardiography
816:of survivors of
529:
522:
518:
515:
509:
486:
478:
283:sympathomimetics
209:menstrual period
205:hyperventilation
129:is initiated by
83:
53:
33:
21:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3226:Rheumatic fever
3192:
3131:
3044:
3011:
2983:
2941:
2900:
2877:
2847:
2819:
2766:
2758:
2652:
2635:
2543:
2492:
2483:
2399:
2393:Hemopericardium
2337:
2278:
2272:Unstable angina
2245:Angina pectoris
2238:Active ischemia
2233:
2181:
2175:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2116:
2115:
2040:
2026:
2021:
2007:
1988:
1974:
1957:
1953:
1951:Further reading
1948:
1947:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1585:(11): 1707–12.
1572:
1571:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1526:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1416:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1095:
1094:
1063:
1027:
1026:
1001:
965:
964:
957:
952:
940:catheterization
923:
902:
875:tachyarrhythmia
810:Antiarrhythmics
793:
729:
705:that occurs in
643:
637:
593:
591:Molecular basis
573:Purkinje fibers
530:
519:
513:
510:
499:
487:
476:
474:Pathophysiology
429:
378:Hyperthyroidism
366:
301:hypomagnesaemia
253:
233:
201:lightheadedness
193:
139:sinoatrial node
131:Purkinje fibers
115:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:Cardiac asthma
3216:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3127:Strain pattern
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3017:Cardiac arrest
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Andersen–Tawil
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2915:Atrial flutter
2911:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2425:Cardiomyopathy
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:Chagas disease
2409:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2091:
2076:
2061:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:Classification
2025:
2024:External links
2022:
2020:
2019:
2005:
1991:"Biosignaling"
1986:
1972:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1904:
1883:(6): 1351–56.
1863:
1838:
1789:
1775:
1756:(8): 1263–70.
1740:
1690:
1671:(8): 1266–68.
1655:
1634:(6): 2843–52.
1614:
1562:
1538:
1524:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1433:
1414:
1396:(7): 1304–23,
1379:
1372:
1343:
1319:
1293:
1274:
1221:
1193:
1176:
1146:
1109:
1061:
999:
954:
953:
951:
948:
922:
919:
901:
898:
897:
896:
895:
894:
884:
879:
868:
867:
866:
863:
857:
856:
855:
850:
836:
792:
789:
748:Holter monitor
728:
725:
724:
723:
699:
680:
664:
663:
662:
661:
654:
635:
624:catecholamines
605:
604:
592:
589:
550:left ventricle
532:
531:
490:
488:
481:
475:
472:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
440:Cardiomyopathy
437:
428:
427:Cardiac causes
425:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
394:
385:
380:
375:
369:
364:
356:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
314:
304:
289:
271:
265:
260:
252:
249:
232:
229:
192:
189:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
85:
84:
76:
75:
68:left ventricle
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3264:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:Heart failure
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:ST depression
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:Trifascicular
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2630:
2629:regurgitation
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:regurgitation
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:regurgitation
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:regurgitation
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:Stable angina
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1924:(6): 947–61.
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1809:(1): 229–36.
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:0-07-140255-1
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:, p. 430
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1373:0-7216-0240-1
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1040:(7): 524–30.
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
981:
978:(8): 624–26.
977:
973:
969:
962:
960:
956:
949:
947:
945:
942:and coronary
941:
937:
933:
929:
920:
918:
915:
914:meta-analysis
910:
906:
899:
892:
891:support group
888:
887:
885:
883:
880:
876:
872:
869:
864:
861:
860:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
839:Beta blockers
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
808:
807:
805:
804:
803:
801:
796:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
765:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
738:
733:
726:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
692:Na+/K+ ATPase
689:
685:
681:
678:
677:Hypercalcemia
674:
670:
666:
665:
659:
655:
652:
648:
641:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
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581:
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569:
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496:
491:This section
489:
485:
480:
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461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
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441:
438:
435:
431:
430:
426:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
398:
397:Lack of sleep
395:
393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
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376:
373:
370:
367:
360:
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353:
350:
348:
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328:
325:
324:
322:
318:
315:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
287:aminophylline
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
268:Catecholamine
266:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
250:
248:
245:
237:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:beta blockers
169:
167:
164:may develop.
163:
162:heart failure
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
113:
104:
101:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:Ectopic focus
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3141:Cardiomegaly
3115:ST elevation
3102:
3088:
3074:
3055:
2959:Ectopic beat
2907:fibrillation
2872:
2742:Bifascicular
2616:
2597:
2578:
2554:
2524:
2510:
2503:Endocarditis
2442:Hypertrophic
2376:Constrictive
2362:Pericarditis
2320:
2308:
2291:
2128:
2104:
2093:
2078:
2063:
2044:
1995:
1961:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1778:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1726:1887/3567457
1708:
1704:
1693:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1582:
1578:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1511:
1490:
1478:
1473:, p. 24
1466:
1461:, p. 62
1454:
1431:, Up-to-date
1393:
1390:Heart Rhythm
1389:
1382:
1357:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1296:
1287:
1277:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1183:
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1163:
1139:, retrieved
1127:
1101:
1037:
1033:
975:
971:
924:
921:Epidemiology
911:
907:
903:
806:Medications
797:
794:
774:
766:
741:
647:amphetamines
594:
582:
578:
570:
562:
559:
555:
542:ectopic foci
520:
511:
500:Please help
495:verification
492:
444:hypertrophic
372:Hypertension
327:Amphetamines
246:
242:
213:
197:palpitations
194:
170:
147:
143:palpitations
122:
118:
116:
3007:Romano–Ward
2974:Parasystole
2873:Ventricular
2825:Ventricular
2764:Tachycardia
2681:Heart block
2663:Bradycardia
2489:Endocardium
2452:Restrictive
2413:Myocarditis
2354:Pericardium
1918:Circulation
1877:Circulation
1852:MedicineNet
1628:Circulation
1551:Mayo Clinic
1332:Mayo Clinic
1288:Mayo Clinic
1210:MedicineNet
972:Circulation
944:angiography
716:myocarditis
673:hypokalemia
628:epinephrine
616:dehydration
612:hypovolemia
458:Myocarditis
406:Sarcoidosis
392:hypercapnia
359:Hypercapnia
352:Theobromine
312:vagus nerve
293:hypokalemia
175:or certain
41:Other names
2905:Flutter /
2868:Junctional
2803:Junctional
2796:Multifocal
2769:paroxysmal
2685:Sinoatrial
2654:arrhythmia
2649:Conduction
2405:Myocardium
2106:DiseasesDB
1857:2017-02-21
1556:2017-04-20
1446:, p.
1337:2017-03-01
1312:25 January
1215:2017-02-21
1170:2022-05-28
1141:2022-04-27
1128:StatPearls
950:References
934:, maximal
847:sinus node
829:moricizine
825:flecainide
814:CAST study
640:Gs protein
614:caused by
601:cyclic AMP
401:exhaustion
368:poisoning)
321:substances
257:Adrenaline
135:ventricles
103:Cardiology
3164:Pulmonary
2947:Pacemaker
2618:pulmonary
2599:tricuspid
2435:Alcoholic
2135:emerg/773
2130:eMedicine
2015:957377043
1825:1941-3149
1735:0195-668X
1103:eMedicine
900:Prognosis
833:diuretics
821:encainide
791:Treatment
727:Diagnosis
720:cytokines
684:Magnesium
669:Potassium
323:such as:
297:diuretics
127:heartbeat
98:Specialty
3246:Category
3030:Asystole
2930:Familial
2624:stenosis
2605:stenosis
2586:stenosis
2567:stenosis
2562:prolapse
2284:Sequelae
2187:Ischemia
1982:63660993
1940:13907778
1833:22334430
1770:23927786
1685:15837260
1609:17041126
1534:53929979
1410:24819193
1263:18522736
1136:30422584
1056:27399865
994:31424993
849:as much.
800:caffeine
781:bigeminy
658:caffeine
645:such as
626:such as
620:bleeding
514:May 2018
347:Nicotine
337:Caffeine
2430:Dilated
2372:Chronic
2180:(heart)
2100:D018879
1899:7226480
1650:7994829
1600:1861260
1254:2427047
1237:: 192,
878:energy.
688:calcium
651:cocaine
548:in the
448:dilated
421:Anxiety
411:Smoking
390:and/or
388:Hypoxia
342:Cocaine
332:Alcohol
279:digoxin
225:syncope
133:in the
74:(RVOT).
66:in the
3110:J wave
2863:Atrial
2791:Atrial
2580:aortic
2556:mitral
2548:Valves
2494:valves
2346:Layers
2215:(SCAD)
2089:427.69
2013:
2003:
1980:
1970:
1938:
1897:
1831:
1823:
1768:
1733:
1683:
1648:
1607:
1597:
1532:
1522:
1408:
1370:
1261:
1251:
1134:
1054:
992:
416:Stress
270:excess
263:Anemia
259:excess
231:Causes
3197:Other
3181:Right
3159:Right
2773:sinus
2722:Right
2472:Viral
2367:Acute
2321:weeks
2292:hours
2204:(CAD)
2111:32412
2074:I49.3
1579:Heart
777:sinus
544:near
317:Drugs
199:, or
3176:Left
3154:Left
2771:and
2727:Left
2309:days
2095:MeSH
2084:9-CM
2059:BC70
2055:BC61
2011:OCLC
2001:ISBN
1978:OCLC
1968:ISBN
1936:PMID
1895:PMID
1829:PMID
1821:ISSN
1766:PMID
1731:ISSN
1681:PMID
1646:PMID
1605:PMID
1530:OCLC
1520:ISBN
1406:PMID
1368:ISBN
1314:2016
1259:PMID
1132:PMID
1052:PMID
990:PMID
823:and
649:and
2080:ICD
2065:ICD
2046:ICD
1926:doi
1885:doi
1811:doi
1758:doi
1754:112
1721:hdl
1713:doi
1673:doi
1636:doi
1595:PMC
1587:doi
1516:390
1448:424
1398:doi
1364:151
1249:PMC
1239:doi
1042:doi
980:doi
976:140
928:ECG
912:In
737:EKG
618:or
504:by
446:or
123:PVC
90:EKG
3248::
3104:ST
3076:QT
2957:/
2705:3°
2700:2°
2695:1°
2690:AV
2683::
2374:/
2133::
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2087::
2072::
2069:10
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1993:.
1976:.
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