408:
period the southern Red Sea's levels dropped and was only 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide. This offered a brief window of time for humans to easily cross the sea and cross the
Peninsula to opposing sites like Jebel Faya. These early migrants running away from the climate change in Africa, crossed the Red Sea into Yemen and Oman, trekked across Arabia during favourable climate conditions. 2,000 kilometres of inhospitable desert lie between the Red Sea and Jebel Faya in UAE. But around 130,000 years ago the world was at the end of an ice age. The Red Sea was shallow enough to be crossed on foot or on a small raft, and the Arabian peninsula was being transformed from a parched desert into a green land.
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35:
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1102:, illiteracy, and poverty. One of the new sultan's first measures was to abolish many of his father's harsh restrictions, which had caused thousands of Omanis to leave the country, and to offer amnesty to opponents of the previous régime, many of whom returned to Oman. 1970 also brought the abolition of
684:
The Al Busaid clan thus became a royal dynasty. Like its predecessors, Al Busaid dynastic rule has been characterized by a history of internecine family struggle, fratricide, and usurpation. Apart from threats within the ruling family, there were frequent challenges from the independent tribes of the
407:
Luminescence dating is a technique that measures naturally occurring radiation stored in the sand. Data culled via this methodology demonstrates that 130,000 years ago, the
Arabian Peninsula was relatively warmer which caused more rainfall, turning it into a series of lush habitable land. During this
1122:
were confined to a 50-square-kilometre (19 sq mi) area near the Yemeni border and shortly thereafter were defeated. As the war drew to a close, civil action programs were given priority throughout Dhofar and helped win the allegiance of the people. The PFLO threat diminished further with
829:
Imam Azzan understood that to unify the country a strong, central authority had to be established with control over the interior tribes of Oman. His rule was jeopardized by the
British, who interpreted his policy of bringing the interior tribes under the central government as a move against their
761:
prohibited slavery in the mid-19th century, the sultanate's fortunes reversed. The economy collapsed, and many Omani families migrated to
Zanzibar. The population of Muscat fell from 55,000 to 8,000 between the 1850s and 1870s. Britain seized most of the overseas possessions, and by 1900 Oman had
403:
which drove the humans from the land and towards the sea shores, and forced them to cross over to other continents. The researchers used radiocarbon dating techniques on pollen grains trapped in lake-bottom mud to establish vegetation over the ages of the Malawi lake in Africa, taking samples at
398:
in the southern Red Sea and moving along the green coastlines around Arabia and thence to the rest of
Eurasia. Such crossing became possible when sea level had fallen by more than 80 meters to expose much of the shelf between southern Eritrea and Yemen; a level that was reached during a glacial
391:. Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at approximately 106,000 years old. This provides evidence for a distinct Mobile Stone Age technocomplex in southern Arabia, around the earlier part of the Marine Isotope Stage 5.
1172:
and customary law. It partially resuscitated long dormant conflict-of-interest measures by banning cabinet ministers from being officers of public shareholding firms. Perhaps most importantly, the Basic
Statutes provide rules for setting Sultan Qaboos' succession.
857:
benefitting mostly the
British. In 1908 the British entered into an agreement based in the imperialistic plans to control the area. Their traditional association was confirmed in 1951 through a new treaty of commerce, based on oil reserves, and
404:
300-year-intervals. Samples from the megadrought times had little pollen or charcoal, suggesting sparse vegetation with little to burn. The area around Lake Malawi, today heavily forested, was a desert approximately 135,000 to 90,000 years ago.
1113:
In an effort to curb the Dhofar insurgency, Sultan Qaboos expanded and re-equipped the armed forces and granted amnesty to all surrendering rebels while vigorously prosecuting the war in Dhofar. He obtained direct military support from the UK,
685:
interior. The
Busaidid dynasty renounced the imamate after Ahmad bin Said. The interior tribes recognized the imam as the sole legitimate ruler, rejected the authority of the sultan, and fought for the restoration of the imamate.
611:
controlled Muscat from 1550 to 1551 and from 1581 to 1588. In about the year 1600, Nabhani rule was temporarily restored to Oman, although that lasted only to 1624 with the establishment of the fifth imamate, also known as the
1602:
Fourth line down from the top of the history section: "In 751 Ibadi
Muslims, a moderate branch of the Kharijites, established an imamate in Oman. Despite interruptions, the Ibadi imamate survived until the mid-20th century".
1109:
Sultan Qaboos also established a modern governmental structure and launched a major development programme to upgrade educational and health facilities, build modern infrastructure and develop the country's natural resources.
830:
established order. In resorting to military means to unify Muscat and Oman, Imam Azzan alienated members of the
Ghafiri tribes, who revolted in the 1870–1871 period. The British gave financial and political support to
1123:
the establishment of diplomatic relations in October 1983 between South Yemen and Oman, and South Yemen subsequently lessened propaganda and subversive activities against Oman. In late 1987 Oman opened an embassy in
889:, the sultan of Oman declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939. During the war, Oman had a strategic role in the defence of the United Kingdom's trade routes. Oman was never attacked during the war. In 1943, the
1485:"Newfound Ancient African Megadroughts May Have Driven Evolution of Humans and Fish. The findings provide new insights into humans' migration out of Africa and the evolution of fishes in Africa's Great Lakes"
411:
There have been discoveries of Paleolithic stone tools in caves in southern and central Oman, and in the United Arab Emirates close to the Straits of Hormuz at the outlet of the Persian Gulf (UAE site (
788:(with its African Great Lakes dependencies), and the area of "Muscat and Oman". This name was abolished in 1970 in favor of "Sultanate of Oman", but implies two political cultures with a long history:
1059:
1180:
at the entrance to the Persian Gulf, 35 miles (56 km) directly opposite Iran. Oman has concerns with regional stability and security, given tensions in the region, the proximity of Iran and
549:
has a reputation for its "moderate conservatism". One distinguishing feature of Ibadism is the choice of ruler by communal consensus and consent. The introduction of Ibadism vested power in the
1488:
450:
province. From the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, waves of Semitic speaking peoples migrated from central and western Arabia to the east. The most important of these tribes are known as
383:
In Oman, a site was discovered by Doctor Bien Joven in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools belonging to the late Nubian Complex, known previously only from
826:(r. 1868–1871) emerged as self-declared imam. Although a significant number of Hinawi tribes recognized him as imam, the public neither elected him nor acclaimed him as such.
1130:
Throughout his reign, Sultan Qaboos balanced tribal, regional, and ethnic interests in composing the national administration. The Council of Ministers, which functions as a
688:
Schisms within the ruling family became apparent before Ahmad ibn Said's death in 1783 and later manifested themselves with the division of the family into two main lines:
862:
by which the United Kingdom recognized the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman as a fully independent state, under their supervision and their strategic neo-colonial interest.
960:
dropped by a Bristol Blenheim from No. 244 Squadron RAF. The wreck settled at a depth of 108 meters (354 feet) approximately 25 nautical miles (46 kilometres) off the
1948:
1226:
Al Said's extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world and has preserved a long-standing political and military relationship with the
2176:
1887:
2869:
1284:
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The northern half of Oman (beside modern-day Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, plus Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan) presumably was part of the
1278:
815:
1796:
1302:
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governments, but this support ended in the 1980s. The case of the Imam was argued at the United Nations as well, but no significant measures were taken.
719:
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1484:
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1290:
831:
823:
316:
619:
Turning the table, the Omani Yarubid dynasty became a colonial power itself, acquiring former Portuguese colonies in east Africa and engaging in the
1067:
1047:
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Persia had occupied the coast previously. Yet this intervention on behalf of an unpopular dynasty brought about a revolt. The leader of the revolt,
561:'s position was confirmed when the imam—having gained the allegiance of the tribal sheiks—received the bay'ah (oath of allegiance) from the public.
1720:
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1749:
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stadial from 60 to 70 ka as climate cooled erratically to reach the last glacial maximum. From 135,000 to 90,000 years ago, tropical Africa had
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1103:
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régimes. In mid-1974, the Bahrain branch of the PFLOAG was established as a separate organisation and the Omani branch changed its name to the
1012:
against the sultan's attack. The Sultan was aided by the colonial British forces and the Shah of Iran. In the early 1960s, the Imam, exiled to
573:
controlled the area between 931 and 932 and then again between 933 and 934. Between 967 and 1053 Oman formed part of the domain of the Iranian
616:
Imamate. The latter recaptured Muscat from the Portuguese in 1650 after a colonial presence on the northeastern coast of Oman dating to 1508.
332:
is a site of pre-historic human habitation, stretching back over 100,000 years. The region was impacted by powerful invaders, including other
2009:
1552:
1585:
2793:
1349:
1245:
Qaboos, the Arab world's longest-serving ruler, died on 10 January 2020 after nearly 50 years in power. On 11 January 2020, his cousin
504:. The 4,000-strong Sasanian garrison was headquartered at Jamsetjerd/Jamshedgird (modern Jebel Gharabeh, also known as Felej al-Sook).
2838:
646:(c. 1706–1743). His candidacy prompted a rivalry among the ulama and a civil war between the two factions, led by major tribes, the
118:
1004:
flared up again, when the Treaty of Seeb was broken by the sultan after oil was discovered in the lands of the Imam. The new imam (
853:
rivalry throughout the 18th century. During the 19th century, Muscat and Oman and the United Kingdom concluded several treaties of
394:
The hypothesized departure of humankind from Africa to colonise the rest of the world involved them crossing the Straits of Bab el
2229:
1922:
435:
52:
1972:
1518:
The southern route ‘out of Africa’: evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia. Science, v. 331, pp. 453–456)
792:
The coastal tradition: more cosmopolitan, and secular, found in the city of Muscat and adjacent coastline ruled by the sultan.
99:
2496:
2430:
2022:
1632:
814:
The death of Sa'id bin Sultan in 1856 prompted a further division: the descendants of the late sultan ruled Muscat and Oman (
56:
1660:
1421:
Rose, JI; Usik, VI; Marks, AE; Hilbert, YH; Galletti, CS; Parton, A; Geiling, JM; Cerný, V; Morley, MW; Roberts, RG (2011).
71:
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took control of Oman, and the Nabhani kings ruled Oman until 1470, with an interruption of 37 years between 1406 and 1443.
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1944:
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the Sultan ibn Ahmad (ruled 1792–1806) line, controlling the maritime state, with nominal control over the entire country
481:
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by sending a contingent of troops to join coalition forces and by opening up to pre-positioning of weapons and supplies.
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died in 1856, his sons quarrelled over the succession. As a result of this struggle, the empire—through the mediation of
681:
by expelling the dwindling Persian forces. He then defeated Bal'arab, and was elected sultan of Muscat and imam of Oman.
276:
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1140:
372:
171:
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822:, r. 1856–1870); the Qais branch intermittently allied itself with the ulama to restore imamate legitimacy. In 1868,
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2738:
2330:
2320:
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1877:"The Forgotten Generation of Muscat: Reconstructing Omani National Identity After the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964"
501:
415:). The stone tools, some up to 125,000 years old, resemble those made by humans in Africa around the same period.
45:
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2315:
2207:
2002:
1209:
In September 2000, about 100,000 Omani men and women elected 83 candidates, including two women, to seats in the
1192:
1184:, and the potential threat of political Islam. Oman maintained its diplomatic relations with Iraq throughout the
941:
795:
The interior tradition: insular, tribal, and highly religious under the ideological tenets of Ibadism, found in "
666:
467:
85:
542:, established an imamate in Oman. Despite interruptions, the Ibadi imamate survived until the mid-20th century.
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1745:
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722:'s reign (1806–1856), Oman built up its overseas colonies, profiting from the slave trade. As a regional
708:
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1098:. Al Said ruled as sultan until his death. The new sultan confronted insurgency in a country plagued by
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were tensions between the sultan in Muscat and the
785:
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251:
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1995:
1886:. Duluth, MN: Midwest World History Association (MWWHA), The College of St. Scholastica. p. 10.
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colonies were maintained. From c. 100 BCE to c. 300 CE Semitic speakers appear in central Oman at
2803:
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The more cosmopolitan Muscat has been the ascending political culture since the founding of the
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966:
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1423:"The Nubian Complex of Dhofar, Oman: an African middle stone age industry in Southern Arabia"
92:
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Zanzibar paid an annual subsidy to Muscat and Oman until its independence in early 1964.
1668:, chapter 6 Oman – Government and Politics, section: Historical Patterns of Governance.
1438:
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838:, Turki bin Said defeated the forces of Imam Azzan, who was killed in battle outside
739:
727:
624:
578:
463:
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211:
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139:
438:, the satrapy may have existed in some form and Alexander is said to have stayed in
2435:
2420:
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1165:
1063:
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957:
917:
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dynasty in 1744, although the imamate tradition has found intermittent expression.
582:
345:
236:
877:, while recognising the sovereignty of the sultan in Muscat and its surroundings.
658:
occupied Muscat and Sohar with Saif's assistance. Saif died, and was succeeded by
17:
1657:
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out of RAF Masirah on anti-submarine duties in the Gulf of Oman and the northern
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1239:
1043:
975:
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902:
898:
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747:
400:
292:
196:
135:
34:
1771:
1144:(Consultative Assembly) has the mandate of reviewing legislation pertaining to
2325:
1620:
859:
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under the Canning Award—was divided in 1861 into two separate principalities:
670:
655:
595:
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532:
486:
412:
349:
266:
201:
1853:
1035:
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634:
443:
357:
1466:
1169:
1127:, South Yemen, and appointed its first resident ambassador to the country.
1062:(PFLOAG). The PFLOAG's declared intention was to overthrow all traditional
1977:
1917:
1185:
961:
854:
751:
712:
674:
654:, with the Ghafiri supporting Saif ibn Sultan II. In 1743, Persian ruler
628:
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528:
353:
131:
1055:
839:
808:
735:
651:
613:
574:
475:
427:
1547:, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014,
2445:
1683:"The Imamate of Oman Faction - Broken Crescent 2.02 - Grand Campaign"
1095:
1031:
948:
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743:
647:
604:
545:
Oman is currently the only country with a majority Ibadi population.
497:
447:
439:
361:
256:
1973:
Timeline of the Oman History from ancient civilization to modern day
1713:"The Simble Investor: Koothanallur- A brief history of my home town"
2521:
1353:
1262:
1219:, or State Council, including five women, which acts as the upper
866:
633:
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on 1 April 1515, and held it until 26 January 1650, although the
594:
554:
524:
511:
480:
388:
371:
834:, Imam Azzan's rival in exchange of controlling the area. In the
2018:
1987:
1275:(20 November 1804 – 4 June 1856) – (Sultan of Zanzibar and Oman)
1181:
1124:
1017:
800:
731:
558:
550:
520:
329:
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1991:
1160:
In November 1996, Sultan Qaboos presented his people with the
451:
191:
28:
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Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf
869:
Imam in Nizwa. This conflict was resolved temporarily by the
726:
in the 19th century, Oman held the island of Zanzibar on the
478:
ruling families who finally ruled the Persian Gulf states.
376:
Archaeologists excavating a Middle Stone Age complex in the
669:, took advantage of the assassination of the Persian king,
1982:
1545:
Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia
1213:. In December 2000, Sultan Qaboos appointed the 48-member
344:. Oman, at its height, held holdings that ranged from the
485:
The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent c. 620, under
1168:. It guarantees various rights within the framework of
982:. The wreck is now a popular recreational diving site.
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1138:, all of whom were directly appointed by Qaboos. The
964:
coast. 52 crew members died, with the sole survivor,
642:
By 1719 dynastic succession led to the nomination of
474:. These waves continue, in the 19th century bringing
2857:
2817:
2559:
2360:
2292:
2243:
2194:
2123:
2029:
1148:and social services prior to its becoming law. The
956:was sunk in the Gulf of Oman after being struck by
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1945:"Haitham bin Tariq sworn in as Oman's new sultan"
577:, and between 1053 and 1154 Oman was part of the
1238:has sought to maintain good relations with all
538:In 751 Ibadi Muslims, a moderate branch of the
352:, some notable holdings include; the island of
873:, which granted the imam rule in the interior
2537:
2003:
310:
8:
1849:"What lies beneath: Nazi wreck off Fujairah"
1567:The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf
1016:, obtained support from his hosts and other
734:region of the East African coast, including
1739:
1737:
1234:, and others. Oman's moderate, independent
1152:may request ministers to appear before it.
677:in 1747 and the chaos that resulted in the
581:. Seljuk power even spread through Oman to
2544:
2530:
2522:
2366:
2298:
2200:
2129:
2010:
1996:
1988:
1176:Oman occupies a strategic location on the
569:Several foreign powers attacked Oman. The
470:, abbreviated PIR, in what has become the
317:
303:
145:
1478:
1476:
1456:
1446:
1223:in Oman's bicameral representative body.
695:the Qais branch, with authority over the
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1746:"Omani Music Masks A Slave Trading Past"
1068:Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman
762:become a different country than before.
130:
1398:
492:The Kingdom of Oman was subdued by the
159:
148:
1491:from the original on 10 September 2018
1408:Omani Music Masks A Slave Trading Past
944:out of Umm Ruşayş on Masirah Island.
1048:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
7:
1925:from the original on 15 January 2020
1913:"Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79"
1847:Baldwin, Derek (December 17, 2009).
1822:"German WW2 u-boat located off Oman"
1752:from the original on 17 January 2023
1311:(15 October 1913 – 10 February 1932)
1281:(19 October 1856 – 11 February 1866)
57:adding citations to reliable sources
2278:Consultative Assembly (lower house)
1744:Benjamin Plackett (30 March 2017).
1406:Benjamin Plackett (30 March 2017).
1350:History of the United Arab Emirates
1249:was sworn in as Oman's new sultan.
970:Günther Schmidt, taken aboard HMIS
909:units were also stationed in Oman.
348:all the way south to the island of
192:Migration of the Azd tribes to Oman
1893:from the original on 17 April 2018
845:Muscat and Oman was the object of
766:Late 19th and early 20th centuries
531:; consolidation took place in the
25:
1983:Omani Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1483:Mari N. Jensen (8 October 2007).
1323:(23 July 1970 to 10 January 2020)
1317:(10 February 1932 – 23 July 1970)
1287:(11 February 1866 – October 1868)
1118:, and Jordan. By early 1975, the
2912:
2903:
2902:
2114:
1293:(October 1868 – 30 January 1871)
947:On October 16, 1943, the German
436:conquests of Alexander the Great
286:
170:
33:
2106:2018–2019 unemployment protests
1951:from the original on 2022-09-22
1723:from the original on 2023-04-08
1693:from the original on 2018-03-20
1527:Dan Potts, The Booty of Magan,
1305:(4 June 1888 – 15 October 1913)
1299:(30 January 1871 – 4 June 1888)
527:in 630, during the lifetime of
44:needs additional citations for
2870:British Indian Ocean Territory
2273:Council of State (upper house)
1570:. Harrison and sons. pp.
1564:Miles, Samuel Barrett (1919).
1267:Standard of the Sultan of Oman
1054:, which later merged with the
818:, r. 1856–1866) and Zanzibar (
553:, the leader nominated by the
1:
1875:Molly Patterson (Fall 2013).
1487:. The University of Arizona.
1094:, who later died in exile in
1070:(PFLO), while continuing the
1672:, 1993. Retrieved 2006-10-28
1619:, pg. 201. Jubilee edition.
1448:10.1371/journal.pone.0028239
1364:on the Omani side) with Oman
638:Areas under the Omani Empire
442:, its capital, perhaps near
138:, one of the best-preserved
2101:2011 protests (Arab Spring)
1329:(11 January 2020 – present)
816:Thuwaini ibn Said Al-Busaid
2955:
1509:Armitage, S.J. et al. 2011
1345:History of the Middle East
1256:
1202:
989:
942:Consolidated PBY Catalinas
778:Sa'id bin Sultan Al-Busaid
769:
707:This period also included
385:archaeological excavations
2898:
2483:
2369:
2301:
2203:
2132:
2112:
1884:The Middle Ground Journal
1050:), the rebels formed the
667:Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi
599:Wall of the Jabrin Castle
468:Pre-islamic recent period
2619:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
922:Vickers Wellington XIIIs
893:established stations on
832:Turki bin Said Al-Busaid
824:Azzan bin Qais Al-Busaid
820:Mayid ibn Said Al-Busaid
2880:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1164:, Oman's first written
1088:Qaboos bin Said al Said
1052:Dhofar Liberation Front
588:In 1154 the indigenous
227:Portuguese colonization
2431:International rankings
2172:Rub' al Khali (desert)
1801:Royal Air Force Museum
1797:"The Second World War"
1776:NevingtonWarMuseum.com
1670:US Library of Congress
1268:
1259:List of rulers of Oman
1084:1970 Omani coup d'état
1026:In 1964, a separatist
720:Sultan Said ibn Sultan
639:
600:
517:
489:
380:
143:
1658:A Country Study: Oman
1266:
1188:while supporting the
1162:Basic Statute of Oman
885:Upon the outbreak of
786:Sultanate of Zanzibar
750:coast of present-day
718:During the period of
637:
598:
515:
502:Aksumite–Persian wars
484:
434:. By the time of the
375:
252:Sultanate of Zanzibar
134:
2794:United Arab Emirates
2177:World heritage sites
1828:. September 16, 2011
1625:Stacey International
1146:economic development
938:No. 321 Squadron RAF
934:No. 265 Squadron RAF
930:No. 209 Squadron RAF
911:No. 244 Squadron RAF
711:in Oman's colony of
603:The Portuguese took
472:United Arab Emirates
53:improve this article
2821:limited recognition
2049:Incense trade route
1921:. 11 January 2020.
1717:The Simble Investor
1711:Shaq (2012-01-17).
1592:on October 28, 2009
1439:2011PLoSO...628239R
1205:2011 Omani protests
1090:ousted his father,
1042:such as the former
1040:leftist governments
1034:province. Aided by
742:, and (until 1958)
660:Bal'arab bin Himyar
585:in southern India.
508:Conversion to Islam
2331:Telecommunications
1748:. Al-Fanar Media.
1663:2014-04-13 at the
1285:Salim bin Thuwaini
1269:
1134:, consisted of 26
915:Bristol Blenheim V
715:in the year 1784.
644:Saif bin Sultan II
640:
627:and the island of
623:, centered on the
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466:and the so-called
381:
368:Prehistoric record
277:2018–2019 protests
187:Achaemenid control
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18:Prehistory of Oman
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2466:Traditional games
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2208:Foreign relations
2190:
2189:
1553:978-3-447-10127-1
1410:. Al-Fanar Media.
1327:Haitham bin Tariq
1309:Taimur bin Feisal
1279:Thuwaini bin Said
1247:Haitham bin Tariq
986:Late 20th century
967:Matrosengefreiter
842:in January 1871.
565:Foreign invasions
516:Vestiges in Nizwa
432:Achaemenid Empire
327:
326:
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128:
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68:"History of Oman"
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2084:Dhofar Rebellion
2079:Jebel Akhdar War
2054:Tribes of Arabia
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1072:Dhofar Rebellion
996:Dhofar Rebellion
992:Jebel Akhdar War
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496:'s forces under
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1603:2009-10-31.
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1058:-dominated
1044:South Yemen
978:and made a
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926:Arabian Sea
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899:RAF Masirah
797:Oman proper
748:Arabian Sea
621:slave trade
500:during the
334:Arab tribes
161:History of
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1697:2018-03-19
1633:0905743636
1621:Kensington
1393:References
1362:Al-Buraimi
1203:See also:
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860:navigation
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656:Nader Shah
571:Qarmatians
540:Kharijites
533:Ridda Wars
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267:Dhofar War
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2162:Provinces
2125:Geography
1854:Gulf News
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1036:Communist
1030:began in
1010:rebellion
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2604:Cambodia
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2023:articles
1949:Archived
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1918:BBC News
1888:Archived
1860:9 August
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1781:9 August
1750:Archived
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142:in Oman.
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2574:Armenia
2490:Outline
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2268:Council
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2152:Geology
2137:Borders
2031:History
1897:17 July
1756:17 July
1458:3227647
1435:Bibcode
1221:chamber
1132:cabinet
1104:slavery
1082:In the
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851:British
840:Muttrah
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652:Ghafiri
614:Yarubid
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2471:Women
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2729:Oman
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1629:ISBN
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