1023:—have been detected in drinking water. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) discarded from human therapy and their metabolites may not be eliminated entirely by sewage treatment plants and have been detected at low concentrations in surface waters downstream from those plants. The continuous discarding of incompletely treated water may interact with other environmental chemicals and lead to uncertain ecological effects. Due to most pharmaceuticals being highly soluble, fish and other aquatic organisms are susceptible to their effects. The long-term effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment may affect survival and reproduction of such organisms. However, levels of medical drug waste in the water is at a low enough level that it is not a direct concern to human health. However, processes, such as
350:. Also, qualified and experienced nurses, paramedics and pharmacists may be independent prescribers. Both may prescribe all POMs (including controlled drugs), but may not prescribe Schedule 1 controlled drugs, and 3 listed controlled drugs for the treatment of addiction; which is similar to doctors, who require a special licence from the Home Office to prescribe schedule 1 drugs. Schedule 1 drugs have little or no medical benefit, hence their limitations on prescribing.
386:, and for some patients in England, such as inpatients, children, those over 60s or with certain medical conditions, and claimants of certain benefits. The pharmacy charges the NHS the actual cost of the medicine, which may vary from a few pence to hundreds of pounds. A patient can consolidate prescription charges by using a prescription payment certificate (informally a "season ticket"), effectively capping costs at £31.25 a quarter or £111.60 for a year.
419:
2700:
114:
206:
31:
281:, a scheme that provides subsidised prescription drugs to residents of Australia to ensure that all Australians have affordable and reliable access to a wide range of necessary medicines. When purchasing a drug under the PBS, the consumer pays no more than the patient co-payment contribution, which, as of January 1, 2022, is
1035:
waste in sewage and landfills. If no take-back programs are available, prescription drugs can be discarded in household trash after they are crushed or dissolved and then mixed in a separate container or sealable bag with undesirable substances like cat litter or other unappealing material (to discourage consumption).
771:(OTC) are used to treat a condition that does not need care from a healthcare professional if have been proven to meet higher safety standards for self-medication by patients. Often, a lower strength of a drug will be approved for OTC use, but higher strengths require a prescription to be obtained; a notable case is
959:
Brand name drugs cost more due to time, money, and resources that drug companies invest in them to conduct development, including clinical trials that the FDA requires for the drug to be marketed. Because drug companies have to invest more in research costs to do this, brand name drug prices are much
881:
The expiration date, required in several countries, specifies the date up to which the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a drug. In the United States, expiration dates are determined by regulations established by the FDA. The FDA advises consumers not to use products after their
885:
A study conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The results showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective far past their original expiration date. At least one drug worked 15 years after its expiration date. Joel Davis, a
1034:
The FDA established guidelines in 2007 to inform consumers should dispose of prescription drugs. When medications do not include specific disposal instructions, patients should not flush medications in the toilet, but instead use medication take-back programs to reduce the amount of pharmaceutical
917:
The expiration date is the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication. Drug expiration dates exist on most medication labels, including prescription, over-the-counter and dietary supplements. U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers are required by law to place
1030:
On the other hand, there is clear evidence of harm to aquatic animals and fauna. Recent advancements in technology have allowed scientists to detect smaller, trace quantities of pharmaceuticals in the ng/ml range. Despite being found at low concentrations, female hormonal contraceptives may cause
986:
Co-pay assistance programs are programs that help patients lower the costs of specialty medications; i.e., medications that are on restricted formularies, have limited distribution, and/or have no generic version available. These medications can include drugs for HIV, hepatitis C, and multiple
955:
Generics undergo strict scrutiny to meet the equal efficacy, safety, dosage, strength, stability, and quality of brand name drugs. Generics are developed after the brand name has already been established, and so generic drug approval in many aspects has a shortened approval process because it
602:
991:) has a list of foundations that provide co-pay assistance programs. Co-pay assistance programs are for under-insured patients. Patients without insurance are not eligible for this resource; however, they may be eligible for patient assistance programs.
963:
When the patent expires for a brand name drug, generic versions of that drug are produced by other companies and are sold for lower price. By switching to generic prescription drugs, patients can save significant amounts of money: e.g. one study by the
994:
Patient assistance programs are funded by the manufacturer of the medication. Patients can often apply to these programs through the manufacturer's website. This type of assistance program is one of the few options available to uninsured patients.
358:
have had limited prescribing rights since the mid-1990s; until then, prescriptions for dressings and simple medicines had to be signed by a doctor. Once issued, a prescription is taken by the patient to a pharmacy, which dispenses the medicine.
1321:
678:
998:
The out-of-pocket cost for patients enrolled in co-pay assistance or patient assistance programs is $ 0. It is a major resource to help lower costs of medications—however, many providers and patients are not aware of these resources.
671:
913:
Family Health Guide notes that, with rare exceptions, "it's true the effectiveness of a drug may decrease over time, but much of the original potency still remains even a decade after the expiration date".
393:
are issued by private medical practitioner and sometimes under the NHS for medicines that are not covered by the NHS. A patient pays the pharmacy the normal price for medicine prescribed outside the NHS.
918:
expiration dates on prescription products prior to marketing. For legal and liability reasons, manufacturers will not make recommendations about the stability of drugs past the original expiration date.
730:
substances, which are drugs with potential for abuse or addiction. The legislation classifies these drugs into five schedules, with varying qualifications for each schedule. The schedules are designated
1325:
664:
225:
1440:
617:
449:
1972:
1267:
650:
464:
494:
695:
defines what substances, known as legend drugs, require a prescription for them to be dispensed by a pharmacy. The federal government authorizes physicians (of any specialty),
983:
Generic drug programs lower the amount of money patients have to pay when picking up their prescription at the pharmacy. As their name implies, they only cover generic drugs.
124:
865:
Some prescription painkillers have been found to be addictive, and unintentional poisoning deaths in the United States have skyrocketed since the 1990s according to the
1647:
1055:
779:
since the mid-1980s, but it is available by prescription in doses up to four times the OTC dose for severe pain that is not adequately controlled by the OTC strength.
321:
Prescription-only medicines (POM), which may be dispensed (sold in the case of a private prescription) by a pharmacist only to those to whom they have been prescribed
2031:
976:
In the United States there are many resources available to patients to lower the costs of medication. These include copayments, coinsurance, and deductibles. The
1858:
1096:
285:
42.50 for general patients. Those covered by government entitlements (low-income earners, welfare recipients, Health Care Card holders, etc.) and or under the
1942:
645:
401:
in 2008 found that around 800,000 people in
England were not collecting prescriptions or getting them dispensed because of the cost, the same as in 2001.
1673:
1643:
383:
2110:
Heberer, Thomas (2002-05-10). "Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data".
1824:
1623:
2282:
1574:
1436:
1383:
2683:
2440:
1358:
1995:
1241:
1412:
1211:
1604:
1677:
1159:
1964:
1263:
870:
692:
444:
317:
contain regulations that cover the supply of sale, use, prescribing and production of medicines. There are three categories of medicine:
1886:
1735:
1215:
622:
504:
2380:
1793:
887:
1912:
816:
must allow non-members to use their pharmacy services and may not charge more for these services than they charge as their members.
371:
1470:
2658:
1155:
1071:
574:
286:
1640:"Questions and Answers on Current Good Manufacturing Practices, Good Guidance Practices, Level 2 Guidance - Records and Reports"
185:
2724:
2678:
1101:
755:
740:
509:
459:
157:
82:
and without sufficient education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug.
2729:
1764:
1299:
1185:
744:
736:
278:
1639:
2041:
1129:
805:. Because specific health claims cannot be made, the consumer must make informed decisions when purchasing such products.
748:
732:
164:
89:, usually printed as "Rx", is used as an abbreviation of the word "prescription". It is a contraction of the Latin word "
1739:
1495:
977:
926:
906:
759:
640:
499:
79:
1189:
719:, emergency medical technicians, most psychologists, and social workers, are not authorized to prescribe legend drugs.
132:
2653:
564:
557:
1850:
2205:
Fabbri, Elena (March 2015). "Pharmaceuticals in the environment: expected and unexpected effects on aquatic fauna".
1619:
National Safety
Council (2017). The State of Safety - A State-by-State Report. Itasca, IL. Pg. 30-31. accessed at:
171:
331:
The simple possession of a prescription-only medicine without a prescription is legal unless it is covered by the
143:
128:
1045:
723:
612:
607:
476:
454:
94:
1934:
2648:
2489:
547:
332:
153:
873:
and regulation of pain clinics are regulatory tactics which have been used to curtail opioid use and misuse.
2630:
2067:
Li, W. C. (2014-04-01). "Occurrence, sources, and fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment and soil".
1816:
1720:
1620:
1387:
866:
704:
266:
As in other developed countries, the person requiring a prescription drug attends the clinic of a qualified
93:" (an imperative form of "recipere") meaning "take". Prescription drugs are often dispensed together with a
2274:
2373:
910:
707:, veterinarians, dentists, and optometrists to prescribe any controlled substance. They are issued unique
469:
35:
1566:
819:
Physicians may legally prescribe drugs for uses other than those specified in the FDA approval, known as
256:
Schedule 9 – Prohibited
Substance (Possession illegal without a license legal only for research purposes)
2605:
2590:
2009:
1350:
968:
showed an example with more than 52% savings of a consumer's overall costs of their prescription drugs.
767:
430:
67:
726:(CSA) was enacted in 1970. It regulates manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of
346:, who may prescribe drugs and certain other medical items, such as blood glucose-testing equipment for
2673:
2610:
2504:
2413:
2214:
2076:
2036:
542:
390:
71:
63:
1718:
Cohen, Laurie P. (2000-03-28). "Many
Medicines Prove Potent for Years Past Their Expiration Dates".
1419:
293:
6.80 in 2022. The co-payments are compulsory and can be discounted by pharmacies up to a maximum of
2620:
2552:
2535:
2514:
2435:
2408:
1219:
1086:
1066:
802:
696:
267:
59:
97:(in Europe, a Patient Information Leaflet or PIL) that gives detailed information about the drug.
2615:
2578:
2547:
2256:
1736:"Report 1 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-01) Full text: Pharmaceutical Expiration Dates"
1669:
1151:
930:
794:
700:
310:
178:
2734:
2703:
2668:
2595:
2573:
2509:
2366:
2345:
2327:
2248:
2240:
2184:
2166:
2127:
2092:
1600:
1548:
716:
569:
294:
290:
282:
1882:
1743:
1534:
2663:
2638:
2600:
2477:
2465:
2461:
2335:
2319:
2230:
2222:
2174:
2158:
2119:
2084:
2005:
1538:
1530:
1024:
899:
886:
former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions—notably
712:
579:
537:
363:
1789:
941:
are usually less than brand names, but the cost is different from one pharmacy to another.
754:
The safety and the effectiveness of prescription drugs in the US are regulated by the 1987
418:
2583:
2557:
2470:
1908:
1627:
1081:
1016:
798:
782:
38:
and symbols denoting if they are
Prescription Only Medicine (POM) or Pharmacy Medicine (P)
2275:"External Medicine: Discarded Drugs May Contaminate 40 Million Americans' Drinking Water"
823:. Drug companies, however, are prohibited from marketing their drugs for off-label uses.
2218:
2080:
1462:
1249:
327:
General sales list (GSL) medicines, which may be sold without a prescription in any shop
2643:
2542:
2340:
2307:
2179:
2146:
1543:
1518:
1091:
1076:
1012:
552:
527:
355:
351:
306:
17:
2123:
2718:
2499:
2494:
945:
938:
895:
859:
851:
820:
813:
584:
1031:
feminizing effects on male vertebrate species, such as fish, frogs and crocodiles.
314:
2456:
2308:"Drugs in the Environment: Do Pharmaceutical Take-Back Programs Make a Difference?"
2260:
847:
375:
1289:
277:
Many prescriptions issued by health practitioners in
Australia are covered by the
2088:
2403:
1245:
1121:
1060:
1050:
1020:
1008:
843:
835:
532:
324:
Pharmacy medicines (P), which may be sold by a pharmacist without a prescription
2530:
2482:
2420:
988:
934:
855:
786:
708:
398:
75:
27:
Medication legally requiring a medical prescription before it can be dispensed
2331:
2244:
2170:
2162:
1817:"States challenge Biden to lower drug prices by allowing imports from Canada"
1491:
374:
in May 2024; prescriptions are free of charge if prescribed and dispensed in
228:(SUSMP) governs the manufacture and supply of drugs with several categories:
34:
Photo of the packaging of four medicines registered in the UK, showing their
2000:
1181:
839:
827:
826:
Some prescription drugs are commonly abused, particularly those marketed as
776:
772:
379:
339:
271:
221:
2349:
2252:
2188:
2131:
2096:
1552:
711:. Many other mental and physical health technicians, including basic-level
366:, subject to a standard charge that is unrelated to what is dispensed. The
1063:– policy regulating drugs considered dangerous, rather than only medicinal
70:
can be obtained without a prescription. The reason for this difference in
2430:
2389:
2323:
1621:
http://www.nsc.org/NSCDocuments_Advocacy/State-of-Safety/State-Report.pdf
1437:"Ipsos MORI:Prescription Costs A Barrier To Healthcare, 27 February 2008"
1294:
831:
347:
2235:
2226:
891:
790:
343:
142:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
909:
751:. Many drugs other than controlled substances require a prescription.
949:
809:
808:
By law, American pharmacies operated by "membership clubs" such as
253:
Schedule 8 – Controlled Drug (Possession without authority illegal)
100:
The use of prescription drugs has been increasing since the 1960s.
30:
1851:"Questions & Answers - Generic Drugs: Questions & Answers"
241:
Schedule 4 – Prescription-Only
Medicine/Prescription Animal Remedy
29:
1492:"US Nurse Practitioner Prescribing Law: A State-by-State Summary"
869:. Prescriber education guidelines as well as patient education,
2362:
1790:"Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?"
965:
367:
107:
1418:. British Medical Association. September 2004. Archived from
1413:"Information and guidance on prescribing in general practice"
1386:. British Medical Association. 23 March 2006. Archived from
226:
Standard for the
Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
2358:
1909:"Savings From Generic Drugs Purchased at Retail Pharmacies"
1994:
Jeff Donn; Martha Mendoza; Justin Pritchard (2008-03-10).
370:
prescription fee was increased to £9.90 for each item in
274:, who may write the prescription for the required drug.
1384:"Patients and prescribing: rights and responsibilities"
139:
62:
that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a
1519:"Enhancing prescription drug innovation and adoption"
1885:. US Food and Drug Administration. 1 November 2021.
972:
Strategies to limit drug prices in the United States
948:
states have sought federal approval to buy drugs in
412:
Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States
2629:
2566:
2523:
2449:
2396:
1517:Alexander, GC; O'Connor, AB; Stafford, RS (2011).
1345:
1343:
315:Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Order 1997
1765:"Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?"
1056:Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
1911:. US Food and Drug Administration. 6 May 2016.
1212:"About Registration: Medicines and Prescribing"
2147:"The environmental side effects of medication"
1599:. National Safety Council. 2017. p. 161.
987:sclerosis. Patient Assistance Program Center (
138:Please review the contents of the section and
2374:
1097:Prescription drug prices in the United States
902:)—most expired drugs are probably effective.
672:
8:
775:, which has been widely available as an OTC
762:(FDA) is charged with implementing the law.
289:(RPBS) have a reduced co-payment, which is
287:Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
2381:
2367:
2359:
2207:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1849:Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and.
1724:. Vol. 235, no. 62. pp. A1.
1674:United States Food and Drug Administration
1644:United States Food and Drug Administration
1264:"How Much is the NHS Prescription Charge?"
679:
665:
417:
408:
2339:
2234:
2178:
1567:"Prescription Drugs & Cold Medicines"
1542:
1351:"NHS in England - help with health costs"
2441:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
1535:10.7326/0003-4819-154-12-201106210-00012
1407:
1405:
894:, and some liquid antibiotics (outdated
2145:Boxall, Alistair B.A. (December 2004).
1113:
1027:, are potential human health concerns.
1007:Traces of prescription drugs—including
944:To lower prescription drug costs, some
495:Department of Health and Human Services
411:
74:is the potential scope of misuse, from
1498:from the original on 18 September 2017
1378:
1376:
1192:from the original on 26 September 2022
2301:
2299:
2200:
2198:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1945:from the original on 25 November 2019
1877:
1875:
1844:
1842:
871:prescription drug monitoring programs
238:Schedule 3 – Pharmacist-Only Medicine
80:practicing medicine without a license
7:
1577:from the original on 30 January 2018
1494:. Medscape Nurses. 2 November 2010.
1302:from the original on 23 January 2009
1270:from the original on 2 December 2020
693:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
445:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
1322:"[NI] Prescription charges"
1290:"Staged end to prescription charge"
1216:Health and Care Professions Council
1162:from the original on 5 October 2014
623:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
1975:from the original on 23 April 2019
1935:"Cost Sharing Out of Pocket Costs"
1915:from the original on 26 April 2019
1815:Phil Galewitz (14 December 2022).
1796:from the original on 15 April 2021
1650:from the original on 23 April 2019
1152:"The Poisons Standard (the SUSMP)"
1132:from the original on 22 April 2021
25:
2312:Environmental Health Perspectives
2032:"Cancer drugs found in tap water"
1889:from the original on 28 July 2023
1827:from the original on 28 July 2023
1680:from the original on 29 June 2017
1443:from the original on 5 March 2016
1361:from the original on 27 July 2017
2699:
2698:
2659:List of pharmaceutical companies
1573:. National Institute of Health.
1156:Therapeutic Goods Administration
1072:List of pharmaceutical companies
956:replicates the brand name drug.
575:Abbreviated New Drug Application
259:Schedule 10 – Controlled Poison.
204:
112:
2679:Pharmacies in the United States
2285:from the original on 2021-04-15
1996:"Drugs found in drinking water"
1861:from the original on 2019-04-23
1473:from the original on 2021-09-07
1102:Regulation of therapeutic goods
960:higher when sold to consumers.
756:Prescription Drug Marketing Act
460:Prescription Drug Marketing Act
1467:DEA Diversion Control Division
1186:Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
1046:U.S. Controlled Substances Act
929:vary widely around the world.
635:Non-governmental organizations
297:1.00 at cost to the pharmacy.
279:Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
235:Schedule 2 – Pharmacy Medicine
140:add the appropriate references
1:
2124:10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00041-3
250:Schedule 7 – Dangerous Poison
2089:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.015
2030:Gray, Richard (2008-01-13).
1740:American Medical Association
978:Medicaid Drug Rebate Program
927:Prices of prescription drugs
907:American Medical Association
801:are regulated by the FDA as
760:Food and Drug Administration
641:National Academy of Medicine
500:Food and Drug Administration
397:Survey results published by
244:Schedule 5 – Caution/Poison.
56:prescription-only medication
2654:Pharmacy benefit management
1792:. Drugs.com. 20 July 2020.
1742:. June 2001. Archived from
1523:Annals of Internal Medicine
1324:. NI Direct. Archived from
565:Randomized controlled trial
125:reliable medical references
2751:
2306:Lubick, Naomi (May 2010).
1126:Merriam Webster Dictionary
691:In the United States, the
597:International coordination
232:Schedule 1 – Defunct Drug.
2694:
2075:(Supplement C): 193–201.
1670:"Expiration Dates Matter"
724:Controlled Substances Act
608:Uppsala Monitoring Centre
477:Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
455:Controlled Substances Act
131:or relies too heavily on
2649:Investigational New Drug
2490:Pharmaceutical chemistry
2436:Pharmacological activity
2163:10.1038/sj.embor.7400307
1701:Baylor Univ. Medical CTR
705:advanced practice nurses
548:Investigational New Drug
333:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
2631:Pharmaceutical industry
2450:Pharmaceutical sciences
2069:Environmental Pollution
1721:The Wall Street Journal
867:National Safety Council
362:Most prescriptions are
262:Unscheduled Substances.
48:prescription medication
36:Product Licence Numbers
18:Prescription medication
2725:Pharmaceuticals policy
911:Harvard Medical School
768:over-the-counter drugs
431:Over-the-counter drugs
68:over-the-counter drugs
39:
2730:Prescription of drugs
2606:Pharmacist prescriber
2591:Consultant pharmacist
505:Department of Justice
391:private prescriptions
52:prescription medicine
33:
2674:Pharmacies of Norway
2611:Pharmacy informatics
2505:Pharmacoepidemiology
2414:Prehistoric medicine
2324:10.1289/ehp.118-a210
2037:The Sunday Telegraph
1965:"Generic Drug Facts"
1357:. NHS. NHS Choices.
980:is another example.
697:physician assistants
543:New Drug Application
340:medical practitioner
64:medical prescription
2621:Veterinary pharmacy
2553:Pharmacy technician
2515:Pharmacocybernetics
2409:History of pharmacy
2279:Scientific American
2219:2015NYASA1340...20F
2081:2014EPoll.187..193L
1646:. 8 February 2019.
1298:. 5 December 2007.
1087:Pharmacy automation
1067:Inverse benefit law
803:dietary supplements
783:Herbal preparations
765:As a general rule,
701:nurse practitioners
580:Fast track approval
489:Government agencies
338:A patient visits a
268:health practitioner
247:Schedule 6 – Poison
154:"Prescription drug"
60:pharmaceutical drug
2616:Specialty pharmacy
2579:Community pharmacy
2548:Pharmacy residency
2227:10.1111/nyas.12605
2112:Toxicology Letters
1626:2017-07-28 at the
1222:on 13 January 2016
931:Prescription costs
882:expiration dates.
717:medical assistants
427:Prescription drugs
311:Medicines Act 1968
85:In North America,
40:
2712:
2711:
2669:Pharmacy in China
2596:Hospital pharmacy
2574:Clinical pharmacy
2510:Pharmacovigilance
2426:Prescription drug
2157:(12): 1110–1116.
1606:978-0-87912-357-4
1571:www.drugabuse.gov
1390:on 9 January 2009
1328:on 29 August 2011
1252:on 19 April 2010.
1242:"Other drug laws"
713:registered nurses
689:
688:
570:Pharmacovigilance
389:Outside the NHS,
364:NHS prescriptions
213:
212:
189:
72:substance control
44:prescription drug
16:(Redirected from
2742:
2702:
2701:
2664:Medication costs
2639:Drug development
2601:Nuclear pharmacy
2478:Pharmacogenomics
2466:Pharmacodynamics
2462:Pharmacokinetics
2383:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2318:(5): A210–A214.
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2238:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2064:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2040:. Archived from
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2008:. Archived from
2006:Associated Press
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1676:. 14 July 2015.
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1636:
1630:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1248:. Archived from
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1218:. Archived from
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1118:
1025:biomagnification
1017:mood stabilizers
1013:anti-convulsants
900:Fanconi syndrome
799:food supplements
681:
674:
667:
538:Drug development
465:Hatch-Waxman Act
421:
409:
384:Northern Ireland
208:
207:
199:
196:
190:
188:
147:
116:
115:
108:
21:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2690:
2625:
2562:
2558:Pharmacy school
2519:
2471:Pharmacometrics
2445:
2392:
2387:
2357:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1883:"Generic Drugs"
1881:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1699:"Proceedings".
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1628:Wayback Machine
1618:
1614:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1529:(12): 833–837.
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1266:. NHS Choices.
1262:
1261:
1257:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:"About the PBS"
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1082:Pharmacy (shop)
1041:
1005:
974:
924:
879:
877:Expiration date
858:(Demerol), and
685:
656:
655:
636:
628:
627:
598:
590:
589:
523:
515:
514:
490:
482:
481:
440:
429:
407:
356:health visitors
352:District nurses
303:
218:
209:
205:
200:
194:
191:
148:
137:
133:primary sources
117:
113:
106:
66:. In contrast,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Drug discovery
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2567:Practice areas
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Pharmaconomist
2540:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2295:
2266:
2194:
2137:
2102:
2054:
2022:
1986:
1956:
1926:
1900:
1871:
1838:
1807:
1781:
1769:Harvard Health
1756:
1727:
1710:
1691:
1661:
1631:
1612:
1605:
1588:
1558:
1509:
1483:
1469:. 2017-07-14.
1463:"Registration"
1454:
1428:
1425:on 2012-06-07.
1401:
1372:
1339:
1313:
1281:
1255:
1233:
1203:
1173:
1143:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Pill splitting
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:Package insert
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1004:
1001:
973:
970:
952:, as of 2022.
923:
920:
878:
875:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
669:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
643:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
561:
560:
553:Clinical trial
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
528:Drug discovery
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
473:
472:
462:
457:
452:
447:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
423:
422:
414:
413:
406:
403:
329:
328:
325:
322:
307:United Kingdom
302:
301:United Kingdom
299:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
217:
214:
211:
210:
203:
201:
120:
118:
111:
105:
102:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2747:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Pharmacognosy
2498:
2496:
2495:Pharmaceutics
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2044:on 2009-03-17
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2012:on 2008-03-13
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1746:on 2011-02-01
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
990:
984:
981:
979:
971:
969:
967:
961:
957:
953:
951:
947:
942:
940:
939:generic drugs
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
915:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
896:tetracyclines
893:
889:
888:nitroglycerin
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
860:diphenoxylate
857:
853:
852:hydromorphone
849:
845:
842:(OxyContin),
841:
837:
834:(Duragesic),
833:
829:
824:
822:
821:off-label use
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
769:
763:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
663:
662:
660:
659:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
594:
593:
586:
585:Off-label use
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
519:
518:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
485:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
436:
435:
432:
428:
425:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
405:United States
404:
402:
400:
395:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
326:
323:
320:
319:
318:
316:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
229:
227:
223:
215:
202:
198:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156: –
155:
151:
150:Find sources:
145:
141:
135:
134:
130:
126:
121:This section
119:
110:
109:
103:
101:
98:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2457:Pharmacology
2425:
2315:
2311:
2287:. Retrieved
2278:
2269:
2236:11585/556827
2213:(1): 20–28.
2210:
2206:
2154:
2151:EMBO Reports
2150:
2140:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2072:
2068:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2035:
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
1999:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1968:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1939:Medicaid.gov
1938:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1863:. Retrieved
1854:
1829:. Retrieved
1820:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1784:
1773:. Retrieved
1771:. 2003-11-01
1768:
1759:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:the original
1730:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1684:12 September
1682:. Retrieved
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1634:
1615:
1597:Injury Facts
1596:
1591:
1581:12 September
1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1431:
1420:the original
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1363:. Retrieved
1354:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:the original
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1258:
1250:the original
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1206:
1196:26 September
1194:. Retrieved
1176:
1166:17 September
1164:. Retrieved
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1033:
1029:
1021:sex hormones
1006:
997:
993:
985:
982:
975:
962:
958:
954:
943:
925:
916:
904:
884:
880:
864:
854:(Dilaudid),
848:propoxyphene
830:, including
825:
818:
807:
797:, and other
781:
766:
764:
758:(PDMA). The
753:
741:schedule III
727:
722:The federal
721:
690:
426:
396:
388:
361:
337:
330:
304:
276:
270:, such as a
265:
219:
192:
182:
175:
168:
161:
149:
129:verification
122:
99:
90:
86:
84:
55:
51:
47:
43:
41:
2524:Professions
2404:Compounding
2118:(1): 5–17.
1855:www.fda.gov
1654:16 December
1502:26 November
1365:15 February
1246:Home Office
1226:15 February
1061:Drug policy
1051:Co-pay card
1009:antibiotics
1003:Environment
862:(Lomotil).
844:oxymorphone
838:(Vicodin),
836:hydrocodone
787:amino acids
777:pain killer
745:schedule IV
737:schedule II
709:DEA numbers
533:Drug design
123:needs more
2719:Categories
2531:Pharmacist
2483:Toxicology
2421:Medication
2289:2017-11-15
2048:2010-01-19
2016:2011-02-15
1865:2017-10-31
1775:2024-09-01
1750:2010-04-19
1477:2021-09-14
1109:References
935:biosimilar
898:can cause
856:meperidine
850:(Darvon),
828:analgesics
814:Sam's Club
749:schedule V
733:schedule I
728:controlled
703:and other
470:exemptions
399:Ipsos MORI
165:newspapers
104:Regulation
76:drug abuse
2332:0091-6765
2245:1749-6632
2171:1469-221X
2001:USA Today
846:(Opana),
840:oxycodone
773:ibuprofen
348:diabetics
272:physician
222:Australia
216:Australia
195:July 2020
95:monograph
2735:Pharmacy
2704:Category
2431:Pharmacy
2390:Pharmacy
2350:20435558
2283:Archived
2253:25557669
2189:15577922
2132:11988354
2097:24521932
1973:Archived
1943:Archived
1913:Archived
1887:Archived
1859:Archived
1825:Archived
1821:CBS News
1794:Archived
1678:Archived
1648:Archived
1624:Archived
1575:Archived
1553:21690598
1496:Archived
1471:Archived
1441:Archived
1394:18 April
1359:Archived
1306:10 March
1300:Archived
1295:BBC News
1268:Archived
1190:Archived
1160:Archived
1136:16 April
1130:Archived
1039:See also
989:RxAssist
832:fentanyl
795:minerals
791:vitamins
376:Scotland
313:and the
2684:History
2397:General
2341:2866706
2261:2567919
2215:Bibcode
2180:1299201
2077:Bibcode
1979:12 June
1949:12 June
1919:28 July
1893:28 July
1831:28 July
1800:28 July
1544:4049188
1447:26 June
1332:12 July
1274:15 June
892:insulin
522:Process
372:England
344:dentist
305:In the
179:scholar
144:removed
58:) is a
2464:&
2348:
2338:
2330:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2187:
2177:
2169:
2130:
2095:
1707:: 309.
1603:
1551:
1541:
1355:nhs.uk
950:Canada
810:Costco
747:, and
558:phases
450:CDAPCA
309:, the
224:, the
181:
174:
167:
160:
152:
91:recipe
46:(also
2257:S2CID
1423:(PDF)
1416:(PDF)
651:NORML
646:RADAR
618:CIOMS
380:Wales
186:JSTOR
172:books
2584:shop
2536:List
2346:PMID
2328:ISSN
2249:PMID
2241:ISSN
2211:1340
2185:PMID
2167:ISSN
2128:PMID
2093:PMID
1981:2018
1951:2018
1921:2023
1895:2023
1833:2023
1802:2023
1686:2015
1656:2019
1601:ISBN
1583:2015
1549:PMID
1504:2010
1449:2014
1396:2010
1367:2017
1334:2011
1308:2008
1276:2020
1228:2015
1198:2022
1168:2011
1138:2021
1122:"Rx"
1019:and
946:U.S.
937:and
933:for
922:Cost
905:The
812:and
382:and
354:and
158:news
127:for
2336:PMC
2320:doi
2316:118
2231:hdl
2223:doi
2175:PMC
2159:doi
2120:doi
2116:131
2085:doi
2073:187
1969:FDA
1539:PMC
1531:doi
1527:154
966:FDA
613:WHO
603:ICH
510:DEA
439:Law
368:NHS
342:or
295:A$
291:A$
283:A$
220:In
78:to
54:or
2721::
2344:.
2334:.
2326:.
2314:.
2310:.
2298:^
2281:.
2277:.
2255:.
2247:.
2239:.
2229:.
2221:.
2209:.
2197:^
2183:.
2173:.
2165:.
2153:.
2149:.
2126:.
2114:.
2091:.
2083:.
2071:.
2057:^
2034:.
2004:.
1998:.
1971:.
1967:.
1941:.
1937:.
1874:^
1857:.
1853:.
1841:^
1823:.
1819:.
1767:.
1738:.
1705:13
1703:.
1672:.
1642:.
1569:.
1547:.
1537:.
1525:.
1521:.
1465:.
1439:.
1404:^
1375:^
1353:.
1342:^
1292:.
1244:.
1214:.
1188:.
1184:.
1158:.
1154:.
1128:.
1124:.
1015:,
1011:,
890:,
793:,
789:,
785:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
715:,
699:,
378:,
335:.
146:.
50:,
42:A
2382:e
2375:t
2368:v
2352:.
2322::
2292:.
2263:.
2233::
2225::
2217::
2191:.
2161::
2155:5
2134:.
2122::
2099:.
2087::
2079::
2051:.
2019:.
1983:.
1953:.
1923:.
1897:.
1868:.
1835:.
1804:.
1778:.
1753:.
1688:.
1658:.
1609:.
1585:.
1555:.
1533::
1506:.
1480:.
1451:.
1398:.
1369:.
1336:.
1310:.
1278:.
1230:.
1200:.
1170:.
1140:.
680:e
673:t
666:v
197:)
193:(
183:·
176:·
169:·
162:·
136:.
87:℞
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
