160:
47:
1361:
evolved by extension from the former sense, because something being created is finished when it no longer has any flaws.) Perfect tenses are named thus because they refer to actions that are finished with respect to the present (or some other time under consideration); for example, "I have eaten all
888:
The present perfect in
English is used chiefly for completed past actions or events when it is understood that it is the present result of the events that is focused upon, rather than the moment of completion. No particular past time frame is specified for the action/event. When a past time frame (a
1250:
me not time to-eat-breakfast'). With no context, listeners from Spain would assume that the latter occurred yesterday or a long time ago. For the same reason, speakers of
Castilian Spanish use the present perfect to talk about the immediate past (events having occurred only a few moments ago), such
900:
It can also be used for ongoing or habitual situations continuing up to the present time (generally not completed, but the present time may be the moment of completion). That usage describes for how long or since when something has been the case, normally based on time expressions with
627:: "I have been eating". The action is not necessarily complete; and the same is true of certain uses of the basic present perfect when the verb expresses a state or a habitual action: "I have lived here for five years."
1028:
French has no present perfect aspect. However, it has a grammatical form that is constructed in the same way as is the present perfect in
English, Spanish, and Portuguese by using a conjugated form of (usually)
1049:
aspect. The French simple past form, which also conveys perfective aspect, is analogous to the German simple past in that it has been largely displaced by the compound past and relegated to narrative usage.
861:) serves as the auxiliary for other verbs in some languages, such as German, Dutch, Danish (but not Swedish or Norwegian), French, and Italian (but not Spanish or Portuguese). Generally, the verbs that take
896:
The tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It always implies a strong connection with the present and is used chiefly in conversations, letters, newspapers and TV and radio reports.
936:
Modern German has lost its perfect aspect in the present tense. The present perfect form implies the perfective aspect and colloquially usually replaces the simple past (except in the verb
608:. They may also have different ranges of usage: in all three of the languages just mentioned, the forms in question serve as a general past tense, at least for completed actions.
496:
1362:
the bread" refers to an action which is, as of now, completed. However, as seen above, not all uses of present perfect constructions involve an idea of completion.
1357:
in the tense name comes from a Latin root referring to completion, rather than to perfection in the sense of "having no flaws". (In fact this "flawless" sense of
1518:
1365:
In the grammar of languages such as Latin and
Ancient Greek, the form most closely corresponding to the English present perfect is known simply as the
535:
590:
Analogous forms are found in some other languages, and they may also be described as present perfect; they often have other names such as the German
1271:
The
Portuguese present perfect form conveys a true perfect aspect. Modern Portuguese differs from Spanish in that the auxiliary used is normally
1459:
951:
The present perfect form is often called in German the "conversational past" while the simple past is often called the "narrative past".
491:
620:
362:
839:) is used to form the present perfect (or their equivalent of the present perfect) for most or all verbs. However, the equivalent of
130:
1511:
64:
1186:, serves only as auxiliary in the modern language; it does not denote possession ('I have a car'), which is handled by the verb
889:
point of time in the past, or period of time which ended in the past) is specified for the event, explicitly or implicitly, the
440:
111:
68:
83:
560:
aspect that is used to express a past event that has present consequences. The term is used particularly in the context of
928:
as well as the sections of that article relating to the simple past, present perfect continuous, and other perfect forms.
528:
428:
292:
35:
734:
put the emphasis in the final state after the action is completed. Examples of the second can be found in older texts:
90:
1666:
1640:
1504:
945:
505:
253:
31:
1343:'He has, as you know, already been nominated twice for the Sakharov Prize, which this Parliament awards each year.'
1635:
925:
918:
616:
396:
57:
744:
469:
97:
1422:
1338:
Ele já foi, como sabem, duas vezes candidato ao Prémio
Sakharov, que é atribuído anualmente por este Parlamento.
1143:
The
Spanish present perfect form conveys a true perfect aspect. Standard Spanish is like modern English in that
1305:
translates to 'I have been eating' rather than 'I have eaten'. (However, other tenses are still as in
Spanish:
521:
169:
448:
380:
334:
79:
1295:). Furthermore, the meaning of the present perfect is different from that in Spanish in that it implies an
400:
1553:
422:
388:
313:
267:
259:
159:
1320:
The perfect aspect may be indicated lexically by using the simple past form of the verb, preceded by
1199:
spoken in
Argentina and Uruguay, the present perfect is rarely used: the simple past replaces it. In
1196:
715:
432:
287:
236:
690:
460:
384:
351:
248:
1397:
1149:
is always the auxiliary regardless of the reflexive voice and regardless of the verb in question:
1070:
1037:
598:
1622:
1382:
624:
619:(or present perfect progressive) form, which combines present tense with both perfect aspect and
357:
307:
283:
271:
217:
1527:
1455:
1402:
1387:
1377:
1370:
1352:
1200:
1046:
1042:
877:
866:
786:
644:
557:
370:
104:
1570:
1296:
343:
338:
303:
298:
240:
232:
1592:
1580:
1560:
1548:
1543:
944:'to be'), but the simple past still is frequently used in non-colloquial and/or narrative
707:
580:
561:
501:
366:
347:
221:
174:
151:
1645:
1617:
1203:, however, the present perfect is normal when talking about events that occur "today".
1054:
757:
636:
569:
208:
183:
972:('to be') usage but is independent of the reflexive-voice difference when forming the
1660:
1575:
1565:
1448:
770:
652:
553:
329:
317:
275:
244:
194:
17:
1538:
584:
465:
392:
1134:('You have got up', reflexive verb, literally 'you have raised yourself/selves')
1059:
890:
612:
444:
279:
263:
226:
46:
1612:
1587:
1392:
436:
962:
730:
expressed emphasis in the process of the action that was completed, whereas
956:
1423:"The present perfect tense | Learning English Grammar | Collins Education"
1041:(literally 'compound past') is the standard name for this form, which has
1491:
798:
611:
In
English, completed actions in many contexts are referred to using the
1097:
as auxiliary (some students memorize these using the acrostic mnemonic
583:
of the main verb. (Other perfect constructions also exist, such as the
213:
1496:
1091:). In addition, a small set of about 20 non-reflexive verbs also use
477:
417:
412:
189:
178:
27:
Grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect
473:
1206:
For example, to refer to "this morning", in Spain one would say,
509:
376:
1500:
921:
form is often used, if a continuing action is being described.
615:
verb form rather than the present perfect. English also has a
40:
1176:
Spanish differs from French, German, and English in that its
1019:('You have hurried', literally 'You have yourself hurried')
1332:(lit.: 'I already ate') connotes 'I have already eaten'.
643:. A typical present perfect clause thus consists of the
966:
distinction includes the intransitive-+-motion idea for
579:
because they use that auxiliary in combination with the
564:
to refer to forms like "I have finished". The forms are
1311:
means 'I had eaten' in modern Portuguese, like Spanish
817:
In many other European languages, the equivalent of
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1447:
1069:('to have') as auxiliary in compound past tenses (
1003:('They have fallen', literally 'they are fallen.')
726:as perfect auxiliaries. The usage differs in that
926:Uses of English verb forms § Present perfect
1336:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1284:
1272:
1126:('We have arrived', literally 'we are arrived.')
1623:Future in the past / Future perfect in the past
1512:
1446:Audrey J. Thomson; Agnes V. Martinet (1993).
1312:
1290:
1278:
1258:
1252:
1229:
1207:
1187:
1181:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
856:
834:
603:
529:
8:
1129:
1121:
1118:('You have come', literally 'you are come.')
1113:
1105:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1030:
1014:
1006:
998:
995:('You have come', literally 'you are come.')
990:
982:
973:
967:
938:
850:
844:
828:
822:
809:in my Father's name, and ye receive me not (
591:
1263:('What did you say? I couldn't hear you.')
1228:me not time to-eat-breakfast'), instead of
1035:'to have' plus a past participle. The term
1011:('She has swum', literally, 'she is swum.')
639:used to form the present perfect is always
1519:
1505:
1497:
568:because they use the present tense of the
536:
522:
142:
893:is used rather than the present perfect.
869:denoting motion or change of state (e.g.
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1053:In standard French, a verb that is used
1414:
1369:. For more information see the article
150:
1195:In some forms of Spanish, such as the
655:(third form) of main verb. Examples:
878:Perfect construction with auxiliaries
7:
552:is a grammatical combination of the
69:adding citations to reliable sources
497:AmE and BrE grammatical differences
492:African-American Vernacular English
25:
783:Marius amid the Ruins of Carthage
401:Transitive and intransitive verbs
158:
45:
56:needs additional citations for
1478:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.
1:
1427:grammar.collinsdictionary.com
1254:¿Qué has dicho? No te he oído
768:Time, destroyer of worlds. (
36:Present.Perfect. (2019 film)
1454:. Oxford University Press.
1450:A Practical English Grammar
32:Present Perfect (2017 film)
1683:
1099:DR & MRS VAN DER TRAMP
919:present perfect continuous
617:present perfect continuous
29:
1631:
1603:
1534:
1131:Vous vous êtes levé(e)(s)
871:to arrive, to go, to fall
745:The Tragedy of Coriolanus
954:In Standard German, the
738:Madam, the Lady Valeria
1260:¿Qué dijiste? No te oí.
635:In modern English, the
1337:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1259:
1253:
1230:
1208:
1188:
1182:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1130:
1123:Nous sommes arrivé(e)s
1122:
1114:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1063:('to be') rather than
1031:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
974:
968:
939:
876:For more details, see
857:
851:
845:
835:
829:
823:
688:child after child... (
604:
592:
1641:Relative and absolute
697:Lovely tales that we
429:Conditional sentences
18:Present perfect tense
1197:Rio Platense Spanish
1192:('Tengo un coche').
865:as an auxiliary are
751:Vext the dim sea: I
716:Early Modern English
65:improve this article
1239:tiempo de desayunar
1217:tiempo de desayunar
1165:('They have gone')
1016:Du hast dich beeilt
1008:Sie ist geschwommen
691:The Mask of Anarchy
663:so much in my life.
146:Part of a series on
30:For the films, see
1667:Grammatical tenses
1528:Grammatical tenses
1383:Grammatical aspect
1173:('He has played')
924:For examples, see
867:intransitive verbs
587:: "I had eaten.")
1654:
1653:
1474:Comrie, Bernard,
1461:978-0-19-562053-5
1403:Perfective aspect
1388:Perfect (grammar)
1378:Grammatical tense
1371:Perfect (grammar)
1201:Castilian Spanish
1157:('I have eaten')
1043:perfective aspect
1000:Sie sind gefallen
984:Ich habe gegessen
787:Lydia Maria Child
546:
545:
141:
140:
133:
115:
80:"Present perfect"
16:(Redirected from
1674:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1419:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1297:iterative aspect
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1219:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1110:('I have eaten')
1109:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1076:plus-que-parfait
1068:
1034:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
992:Du bist gekommen
987:('I have eaten')
986:
977:
971:
942:
860:
854:
848:
838:
832:
826:
781:at thy feet... (
694:, Percy Shelley)
647:, the auxiliary
607:
605:passato prossimo
602:and the Italian
595:
538:
531:
524:
506:Grammar disputes
502:Double negatives
499:
162:
143:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1627:
1608:Present perfect
1599:
1530:
1525:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1349:
1314:yo había comido
1308:eu tinha comido
1302:Eu tenho comido
1269:
1246:up late and it
1235:tarde y no me
1224:up late and it
1213:tarde y no me
1141:
1088:futur antérieur
1082:passé antérieur
1026:
934:
886:
742:to visit you. (
653:past participle
633:
581:past participle
562:English grammar
550:present perfect
542:
513:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
494:
489:
481:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
453:
452:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
415:
405:
404:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
381:Irregular verbs
379:
375:
356:
337:
335:Auxiliary verbs
332:
322:
321:
320:
316:
312:
297:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
220:
216:
211:
201:
200:
199:
188:
177:
172:
152:English grammar
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1646:Periodic tense
1643:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1618:Future perfect
1615:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1486:External links
1484:
1481:
1480:
1467:
1460:
1438:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1348:
1345:
1283:) rather than
1268:
1265:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
933:
930:
885:
882:
815:
814:
803:
790:
775:
762:
749:
748:, Shakespeare)
713:
712:
695:
682:
671:
664:
637:auxiliary verb
632:
629:
623:(progressive)
570:auxiliary verb
544:
543:
541:
540:
533:
526:
518:
515:
514:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
470:Capitalization
464:
459:
458:
455:
454:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
333:
328:
327:
324:
323:
272:Interrogatives
245:Demonstratives
212:
207:
206:
203:
202:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
155:
154:
148:
147:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1679:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Passé composé
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1326:('already'):
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1162:Ellos han ido
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:Tu es venu(e)
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1071:passé composé
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1038:passé composé
1033:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:
979:
976:
970:
965:
964:
959:
958:
952:
949:
947:
943:
941:
931:
929:
927:
922:
920:
917:). Then, the
916:
912:
911:for two years
908:
904:
898:
894:
892:
883:
881:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
859:
853:
847:
843:(e.g. German
842:
837:
831:
825:
821:(e.g. German
820:
812:
808:
804:
801:
800:
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
772:
771:Bhagavad Gita
767:
763:
760:
759:
754:
750:
747:
746:
741:
737:
736:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:, John Keats)
710:
709:
704:
700:
696:
693:
692:
687:
683:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
662:
658:
657:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
606:
601:
600:
599:passé composé
596:, the French
594:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:present tense
551:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
519:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
498:
493:
488:Variant usage
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Abbreviations
462:
457:
456:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
408:
402:
398:
394:
393:Phrasal verbs
390:
389:Passive voice
386:
382:
378:
373:
372:
368:
364:
359:
354:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
331:
326:
325:
319:
315:
314:Subordinators
310:
309:
305:
300:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Interjections
265:
261:
256:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
210:
205:
204:
197:
196:
195:frequentative
191:
186:
185:
180:
176:
171:
166:
165:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
145:
144:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1607:
1492:Greek tenses
1475:
1470:
1449:
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1319:
1270:
1257:rather than
1247:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:he levantado
1210:
1205:
1194:
1177:
1175:
1170:Él ha jugado
1167:
1159:
1154:Yo he comido
1151:
1142:
1098:
1058:
1052:
1045:rather than
1036:
1027:
961:
955:
953:
950:
937:
935:
923:
914:
910:
906:
902:
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887:
875:
870:
862:
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818:
816:
813:, The Bible)
810:
806:
797:
796:in sorrow. (
793:
782:
778:
769:
765:
756:
752:
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739:
731:
727:
723:
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714:
706:
702:
698:
689:
685:
678:
674:
667:
660:
648:
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610:
597:
589:
585:past perfect
576:
572:
565:
549:
547:
449:Zero-marking
421:
361:
342:
302:
291:
288:Prepositions
280:Portmanteaus
252:
237:Coordinators
225:
193:
182:
127:
121:October 2014
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1055:reflexively
891:simple past
761:, Tennyson)
755:a name... (
681:in America.
631:Auxiliaries
613:simple past
461:Orthography
445:Periphrasis
385:Modal verbs
352:subjunctive
344:conditional
284:Possessives
264:Intensifier
249:Determiners
1613:Pluperfect
1571:Nonpresent
1432:2018-08-26
1409:References
1393:Pluperfect
1329:Eu já comi
1267:Portuguese
1222:have woken
1107:J'ai mangé
915:since 1995
855:, Italian
833:, Italian
779:are fallen
718:used both
699:have heard
670:to school.
651:, and the
621:continuous
437:Do-support
423:in English
397:Verb usage
363:continuous
348:imperative
260:Expletives
218:Adjectives
209:Word types
184:in English
170:Morphology
91:newspapers
1593:Hesternal
1581:Hodiernal
1561:Nonfuture
1544:Crastinal
1351:The word
1347:Etymology
1289:(Spanish
1277:(Spanish
1226:has given
946:registers
909:(such as
849:, French
827:, French
811:John 5:43
802:, Conrad)
766:am become
753:am become
668:have gone
661:have done
441:Inversion
293:List here
254:List here
241:Compounds
1661:Category
1549:Going-to
799:Lord Jim
777:Pillars
708:Endymion
677:already
649:have/has
367:habitual
299:Pronouns
233:Articles
214:Acronyms
190:Suffixes
179:Prefixes
1576:Present
1566:Nonpast
1367:perfect
1359:perfect
1354:perfect
1233:levanté
1215:ha dado
1139:Spanish
1047:perfect
975:Perfekt
884:English
819:to have
807:am come
794:am come
758:Ulysses
740:is come
728:to have
720:to have
686:has had
679:arrived
645:subject
641:to have
593:Perfekt
577:perfect
566:present
558:perfect
418:Clauses
371:perfect
222:Adverbs
175:Plurals
105:scholar
1539:Future
1458:
1335:E.g.:
1180:word,
1057:takes
1024:French
932:German
858:essere
625:aspect
575:, and
478:Hyphen
433:Copula
413:Syntax
358:Aspect
308:person
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
1476:Tense
1292:haber
1286:haver
1280:tener
1189:tener
1183:haber
1146:haber
1066:avoir
1032:avoir
963:haben
907:since
863:to be
841:to be
836:avere
830:avoir
824:haben
732:to be
724:to be
705:... (
474:Comma
330:Verbs
318:Verbs
276:Nouns
112:JSTOR
98:books
1636:Fake
1588:Past
1554:Near
1456:ISBN
1248:gave
1244:woke
1242:('I
1220:('I
1178:have
1094:être
1060:être
969:sein
960:-vs-
957:sein
940:sein
852:être
846:sein
722:and
703:read
666:You
573:have
556:and
548:The
510:Thou
377:-ing
339:Mood
304:case
227:flat
84:news
34:and
1317:.)
1274:ter
1251:as
1237:dio
1231:me
1209:me
1101:).
905:or
903:for
873:).
701:or
684:He
675:has
673:He
67:by
1663::
1425:.
1373:.
1323:já
1299:.
1085:,
1079:,
1073:,
978:.
948:.
913:,
880:.
805:I
792:I
785:,
764:I
659:I
369:·
365:·
350:·
346:·
306:·
1520:e
1513:t
1506:v
1464:.
1435:.
789:)
774:)
537:e
530:t
523:v
426:)
420:(
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341:(
311:)
301:(
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119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
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