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mourning family to the preta whose spirit is often symbolized by a clay mound somewhere in the house. These rice balls are offered in three sets of 16 over one year, which is the amount of time it takes for a preta to complete its transformation into its next phase of life. The rice balls are offered to the preta because in this transient state between cremation and rebirth, the preta is said to undergo intense physical suffering. The three stages are the impure sixteen, the middle sixteen and the highest sixteen that occur over the course of the mourning period. After the physical body of the deceased is cremated, the first six rice balls are offered to ghosts in general, while the next ten are offered specifically to the preta or the spirit of the person who just died. These ten rice balls are said to help the preta form its new body which is now the length of a forearm. During the second stage, sixteen rice balls are offered to the preta, as through each stage of grief it is believed that pretas become even hungrier. At the last and final stage, the preta is said to have a new body, four rice balls are offered and five spiritual leaders of
Brahmans are fed so that they can symbolize digesting the sins of the deceased during their life.
674:, they are much more varied. The descriptions below apply mainly in this narrower context. The development of the concept of the preta started with just thinking that it was the soul and ghost of a person once they died, but later the concept developed into a transient state between death and obtaining karmic reincarnation in accordance with the person's fate. In order to pass into the cycle of karmic reincarnation, the deceased's family must engage in a variety of rituals and offerings to guide the suffering spirit into its next life. If the family does not engage in these funerary rites, which last for one year, the soul could remain suffering as a preta for the rest of
857:(in the form of money, clothes, gadgets, transportation, estates, accommodation, luxuries, etc.) thus linking the concept of the preta with the deceased's materialism in their lifetime. Though many pretas or hungry ghosts cling to their material possessions during their human lifetime, some other ghosts represented in the festivals long for their loved ones during their human life. During the festivals, people give offerings to the spirits and hope for blessings from their ancestors in return. Thus, the hungry ghost festivals commemorating the pretas are a natural part of some Asian cultures and are not limited to only Hindu or Buddhist belief systems.
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insensitivity. The second type of pretas are those who suffer from internal obscurations, who have small mouths and large stomachs. Often, their mouths are so small that they cannot eat enough food to fill the large space in their stomachs and thus remain constantly hungry. The last of the three subtypes are pretas that suffer from specific obscurations like creatures who live on and eat their bodies. The other broad category of pretas that travel through time and space are always scared and have a tendency to inflict pain on others.
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digestion from the waste products, and thus the same logic is applied to sins of the deceased in their living relatives eating and digesting the symbolic rice balls. In engaging in these rituals, the chief mourner of the deceased individual is the symbolic representation of the spirit or preta. During the period of mourning, the chief mourner can only eat one meal a day for the first eleven days following the death, and also not sleep on a bed, engage in sexual activity or any personal grooming or hygiene practices.
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807:. Some of them can eat a little, but find it very difficult to find food or drink. Others can find food and drink, but find it very difficult to swallow. Others find that the food they eat seems to burst into flames as they swallow it. Others see something edible or drinkable and desire it but it withers or dries up before their eyes. As a result, they are always hungry.
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In addition, there are many festivals around Asia that commemorate the importance of hungry ghosts or pretas and such festivals exist in
Tibetan Buddhist tradition as well as Chinese Taoist tradition. Countries such as China, Cambodia, Tibet, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, and Malaysia engage in hungry
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Pretas are crucial elements of Hindu culture, and there are a variety of very specific funerary rituals that the mourning family must engage in to guide the deceased spirit into its next cycle of karmic rebirth. Rice balls, which are said to symbolize the body of the deceased, are offered from the
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or "actions" of previous lives where a soul takes birth in humanoid bodies with the absence of one to three elements. Jiva or soul/spirit is bound to take rebirth after death in a body composed of five or more elements. A soul in transient mode is pure and its existence is comparable to that of a
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The types of suffering are specified into two main types of pretas, those that live collectively, and those that travel through space. Of the former, there are three subtypes, the first being pretas who suffer from external obscurations. These pretas suffer constant hunger, thirst or temperature
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While there are specific steps that guide the preta into its new life, during the mourning process, the deceased's family must undergo a series of restrictions to assist the preta and ease its suffering. In Indian cultures, food and digestion is symbolic as it separates the food essential for
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Pretas are invisible to the human eye, but some believe they can be discerned by humans in certain mental states. They are described as human-like, but with sunken, mummified skin, narrow limbs, enormously distended bellies and long, thin necks. This appearance is a metaphor for their mental
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Pretas are generally seen as little more than nuisances to mortals unless their longing is directed toward something vital, such as blood or flesh. However, in some traditions, pretas try to prevent others from satisfying their own desires by means of
1069:. They are described as being abnormally tall with tiny mouths, able to emit a high-pitched sound that only by monks or shamans can hear. Elders often tell children not to swear or be rude to their parents, lest they become pret in the afterlife.
721:, literally "gone forth, departed". In Classical Sanskrit, the term refers to the spirit of any dead person, but especially before the obsequial rites are performed, but also more narrowly to a ghost or evil being.
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Generally, however, pretas are seen as beings to be pitied. Thus, in some
Buddhist monasteries, monks leave offerings of foods, beverages, incenses, lights, fruits or flowers to them before meals.
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a malevolent spirit believed to be the spirit of a corrupt old woman named Yey Plang (យាយប្លង់) who was in charge of preparing food for the royal family and for monks in temples near the
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ghost festivals, and in China this is usually on the 15th day of the 7th lunar month according to their calendar. Many rituals involve burning symbolized material possessions, such as
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In general in
Buddhist tradition, a preta is considered one of the six forms of existence (Gods, demigods, humans, animals, ghosts and hell beings) once a person dies and is reborn.
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821:, and the two types of being are easily confused. The simplest distinction is that beings in hell are confined to their subterranean world, while pretas are free to move about.
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as defined is the common constituent throughout the universe and the remaining four are common to the properties of the planets, stars and afterlife places such as the
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In addition to hunger, pretas suffer from immoderate heat and cold; they find that even the moon scorches them in the summer, while the sun freezes them in the winter.
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situation: they have enormous appetites, signified by their gigantic bellies, but a very limited ability to satisfy those appetites, symbolized by their slender necks.
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human-like creatures with bulging stomachs with dependable size and rather thin throats. They are frequently shown licking up spilled water in temples, accompanied by
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924:. This is the reason that Pretas cannot eat or drink as the rest of the three elements are missing and no digestion or physical intake is possible for them.
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773:), desperately begging to humans, and scavenging things, or winding up in severe pain representing their personal agony. Otherwise they may be shown as
685:, they are afflicted with an insatiable hunger for a particular substance or object. Traditionally, this is something repugnant or humiliating, such as
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figure appear prominently in the cultures of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and
Myanmar.
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Pretas are believed to have been false, corrupted, compulsive, deceitful, jealous or greedy people in a previous life. As a result of their
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Monier-Williams, Monier M. Sir. A Sanskrit-English dictionary. Delhi, India : Motilal
Banarsidass Publishers, 1990.
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Parry, Jonathan (1985). "Death and
Digestion: The Symbolism of Food and Eating in North Indian Mortuary Rites".
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Gyan, Prakash (1986). "Reproducing
Inequality: Spirit Cults and Labor Relations in Colonial Eastern India".
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greater than that of humans, particularly an extreme level of hunger and thirst. They have their origins in
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Pretas dwell in the waste and desert places of the earth, and vary in situation according to their past
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Tzohar, Roy (2017). "Imagine Being a Preta: Early Indian Yogācāra
Approaches to Intersubjectivity".
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1396:"How the Hungry Ghost Mythology Reconciles Materialism and Spirituality in Thai Death Rituals"
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The
Sanskrit term was taken up in Buddhism to describe one of six possible states of rebirth.
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Since 657, some Japanese Buddhists have observed a special day in mid-August to remember the
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737:), literally "starving ghost", is thus not a literal translation of the Sanskrit term.
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Garuda Purana. J.L. Shastri/A board of scholars. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1982.
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1017:), it is believed that the hungry ghosts may be released from their torment.
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668:" from the Chinese and East Asian adaptations. In early sources such as the
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Through the belief and influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in much of Asia,
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pretas are very real beings. They are a form, a body consisting only of
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via the spread of Buddhism. Preta is often translated into English as "
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Garuda Purana (Ernest Wood, S.V. Subrahmanyam, 1911) abridged version
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The sufferings of the pretas often resemble those of the dwellers in
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Sharma, H. R. Funeral Pyres Report. Benares Hindu University 2009.
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916:(god) but in the last form of physical birth. The elements except
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777:. Often, pretas are usually depicted naked and while others wears
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1591:"Failed desires conjure Shyam Selvadurai's the Hungry Ghosts"
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Type of supernatural being in South and East Asian religions
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Krishan, Y. (1985). "The Doctrine of Karma and Śrāddhas".
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Ultimate Ambiguities: Investigating Death and Liminality
1395:
1377:"Contemplating the Suffering of Hungry Ghosts (Pretas)"
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of the Buddhist tradition that have become part of the
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1337:
Headley, Robert Kirk (1997). "គ្រក់" [Grák].
1076:, like in other Asian cultures, people are reborn as
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Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
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961:condemned to feces-eating watches a child wearing
893:) which constitutes a body on Earth (others being
1320:"Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic"
717:means "departed, deceased, a dead person", from
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1028:is often used to mean spoiled child, or brat.
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1653:Firth, Shirley. "End of Life: A Hindu View"
1011:. Through such offerings and remembrances (
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1394:Hackley, Rungpaka; Hackley, Chris (2015).
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1206:Destination Saigon: Adventures in Vietnam
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1375:Adrian Cirlea, Josho (29 August 2017).
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1340:Khmer-English, English-Khmer dictionary
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3867:List of Buddhist architecture in China
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140:A Burmese depiction of hungry ghosts (
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7:
989:, "hungry ghost"), a borrowing from
907:). There are other forms as per the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1432:Hackley. "How the Hungry": 337–354.
1269:Garuda Purana 2.7.92-95, 2.22.52-55
825:Relations between pretas and humans
4373:Non-human races in Hindu mythology
3654:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
957:餓鬼草紙 "Scroll of Hungry Ghosts": a
14:
1483:. Berghahn Books. pp. 66–68.
1324:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de
977:In Japan, preta is translated as
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3882:Thai temple art and architecture
3627:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1867:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
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1618:. Benares Hindu University 2009.
25:
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1572:from the original on 2013-01-31
1479:Berger, Peter; Krosen, Justin.
1381:Amida-Ji Retreat Temple Romania
36:needs additional citations for
3872:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3674:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2754:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1945:Places where the Buddha stayed
784:In Cambodia, a special female
1:
3887:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1611:. The Lancet 2005, 366:682-86
1566:"รวมตำนานผีไทย | หน้า 2"
749:Pretas are often depicted in
3644:Buddhism and the Roman world
3620:Decline of Buddhism in India
3615:History of Buddhism in India
1715: Topics in
753:(particularly that from the
2842:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
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1400:Qualitative Market Research
660:and have been adopted into
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3792:The unanswerable questions
1675:Funerals - assorted quotes
1631:, S.V. Subrahmanyam, 1911.
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3877:Buddhist temples in Korea
2440:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2343:Three planes of existence
1950:Buddha in world religions
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1609:End of Life: A Hindu View
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2261:Three marks of existence
1847:Physical characteristics
1412:10.1108/QMR-08-2014-0073
833:A preta depicted during
202:Vietnamese folk religion
3022:Ten principal disciples
1905:(aunt, adoptive mother)
800:between 1927 and 1941.
3732:Buddhism and democracy
3245:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3240:Chinese Buddhist canon
2472:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2467:Early Buddhist schools
1445:Cite journal requires
1203:Mason, Walter (2010).
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775:balls of smoke or fire
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194:Chinese folk religion
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3649:Buddhism in the West
3220:Early Buddhist texts
2835:Four Right Exertions
2301:Ten spiritual realms
1794:Noble Eightfold Path
1616:Funeral Pyres Report
1496:Modern Asian Studies
796:during the reign of
662:East Asian religions
593:Glossary of Buddhism
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4089:Temple of the Tooth
3968:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3007:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
2500:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2283:Two truths doctrine
2103:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1903:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1004:, "hungry ghost").
887:five great elements
636:being described in
632:name for a type of
529:ཡི་དྭགས་ (yi dwags)
127:
4264:Western philosophy
3862:Dzong architecture
3684:Vipassana movement
3679:Buddhist modernism
3107:Emperor Wen of Sui
2875:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2808:Threefold Training
2610:Vipassana movement
2326:Hungry Ghost realm
2146:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2093:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1842:Great Renunciation
1837:Eight Great Events
1719:
1661:, 2005, 366:682–86
1343:. Dunwoody Press.
1109:Buddhist cosmology
1074:Sri Lankan culture
1045:
975:
973:, c. 12th century.
891:classical elements
839:
708:The Sanskrit term
255:Hungry Ghost Realm
178:Ancestor spirits,
155:Legendary creature
137:
4350:
4349:
3988:Om mani padme hum
3694:Women in Buddhism
3610:Buddhist councils
3480:Western countries
3268:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3029:Shaolin Monastery
2606:Samatha-vipassanā
2216:Pratītyasamutpāda
2020:Metteyya/Maitreya
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1767:Four Noble Truths
1154:Kanjirottu Yakshi
1022:Japanese language
727:The Chinese term
624:), also known as
598:
597:
260:
259:
145:
121:
120:
113:
95:
4385:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4327:
4167:Sacred languages
4015:Maya Devi Temple
3978:Mahabodhi Temple
3782:Secular Buddhism
3747:Engaged Buddhism
2587:
2435:Tibetan Buddhism
2386:Vietnamese Thiền
1985:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1681:
1607:Firth, Shirley.
1595:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1527:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1353:
1352:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1281:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1060:
1003:
988:
736:
735:
713:
712:
658:Indian religions
620:
615:Standard Tibetan
612:
587:
572:
561:
560:
545:
531:
530:
516:
509:
508:
493:
492:
478:
471:
470:
469:
453:
452:
439:
438:
436:
418:
407:
406:
392:
381:
380:
366:
355:
354:
340:
329:
328:
314:
303:
302:
288:
281:
280:
262:
190:Indian religions
175:Similar entities
139:
128:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4368:Japanese ghosts
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4334:
4316:
4268:
4183:
4098:
3835:Ordination hall
3796:
3698:
3669:Buddhist crisis
3581:
3278:
3230:Mahayana sutras
3206:
3202:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3033:
2906:
2846:
2796:Bodhisattva vow
2481:
2347:
2287:
2246:Taṇhā (Craving)
2181:Five hindrances
2132:
2024:
1954:
1808:
1753:
1725:
1708:
1649:
1604:
1602:Further reading
1599:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1544:10.2307/2802753
1538:(20): 612–630.
1529:
1528:
1515:
1502:(20): 209–230.
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1458:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1406:(18): 427–441.
1393:
1392:
1388:
1374:
1373:
1356:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1243:(1/4): 97–115.
1234:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1090:
944:
938:
863:
827:
743:
706:
562:
510:
494:
472:
467:
454:
432:
408:
382:
356:
330:
304:
282:
266:
265:Translations of
253:
242:
200:
196:
192:
146:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4391:
4389:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4332:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3899:Greco-Buddhist
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3850:Burmese pagoda
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3632:Greco-Buddhism
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:United Kingdom
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Czech Republic
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3274:Abhidharmadīpa
3271:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:B. R. Ambedkar
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Songtsen Gampo
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Eight precepts
2788:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2579:
2569:
2564:
2562:Five Strengths
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:Mental factors
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Mahamoggallāna
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1968:Avalokiteśvara
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1648:
1647:External links
1645:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1582:
1557:
1513:
1486:
1456:
1447:|journal=
1417:
1386:
1354:
1329:
1311:
1292:(2): 337–354.
1271:
1262:
1222:
1215:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Ghost Festival
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1035:Depictions of
1020:In the modern
991:Middle Chinese
967:and holding a
937:
934:
885:), two of the
862:
859:
826:
823:
788:is known as a
769:(specifically
742:
739:
705:
702:
652:as undergoing
596:
595:
589:
588:
581:
575:
574:
553:
547:
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317:
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275:
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268:
258:
257:
237:
233:
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230:Southeast Asia
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4308:
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4118:
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4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4104:Miscellaneous
4101:
4095:
4094:Vegetarianism
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4090:
4087:
4083:
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4078:
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4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
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4008:
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4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
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3979:
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3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
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3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Buddha in art
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
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3823:
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3808:
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3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:United States
3568:
3566:
3563:
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3556:
3553:
3551:
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3523:
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3518:
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3496:
3493:
3491:
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3412:
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3407:
3405:
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3397:
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3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Padmasambhava
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3039:Major figures
3036:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:Western tulku
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Five precepts
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Dhamma vicaya
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Buddhābhiṣeka
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Enlightenment
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Dhamma theory
2164:
2162:
2161:Buddha-nature
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Samantabhadra
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:81-208-0069-9
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:Garuda Purana
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:Sharma, H.R.
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1593:. 2013-05-22.
1592:
1586:
1583:
1571:
1567:
1561:
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1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
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1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1439:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
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1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:9781459603059
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Maudgalyayana
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Bhoot (ghost)
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1067:Thai folklore
1064:
1063:hungry ghosts
1059:
1054:
1050:
1047:In Thailand,
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
995:
992:
984:
980:
972:
971:
966:
965:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
935:
933:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
874:
873:
868:
860:
858:
856:
850:
847:
845:
836:
831:
824:
822:
820:
815:
811:
808:
806:
801:
799:
798:King Monivong
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
740:
738:
730:
725:
722:
720:
716:
703:
701:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
608:
604:
603:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
571:
566:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
538:
534:
526:
524:
520:
515:
504:
502:
498:
488:
486:
482:
477:
464:
462:
458:
448:
446:
442:
428:
426:
422:
417:
412:
402:
400:
396:
391:
386:
376:
374:
370:
365:
360:
350:
348:
344:
339:
334:
324:
322:
318:
313:
308:
298:
296:
292:
287:
276:
274:
270:
263:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
208:Other name(s)
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
143:
134:
129:
126:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4282:Bodhisattvas
4202:Christianity
4197:Baháʼí Faith
4062:Dharmachakra
4052:Prayer wheel
4042:Prayer beads
3810:Architecture
3689:969 Movement
3473:Saudi Arabia
3451:Central Asia
3444:South Africa
3266:
3249:
3182:Panchen Lama
3087:Buddhapālita
2683:Satipatthana
2678:Mindful Yoga
2591:Recollection
2505:Brahmavihara
2376:Japanese Zen
2371:Chinese Chan
2331:Animal realm
2325:
2138:Key concepts
1960:Bodhisattvas
1772:Three Jewels
1656:
1615:
1608:
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1560:
1535:
1531:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1438:cite journal
1403:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1265:
1240:
1236:
1205:
1198:
1139:Hungry ghost
1104:Bon Festival
1081:
1077:
1071:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1006:
993:
978:
976:
968:
962:
958:
954:
945:
942:Hungry ghost
930:
926:
917:
895:
877:
870:
864:
851:
848:
840:
816:
812:
809:
802:
794:royal palace
789:
785:
783:
758:
755:Heian period
751:Japanese art
748:
744:
728:
726:
723:
718:
714:
707:
697:
695:
680:
669:
666:hungry ghost
634:supernatural
626:hungry ghost
625:
621:
601:
600:
599:
250:
239:
212:Hungry ghost
161:Sub grouping
141:
124:
107:
101:October 2008
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4127:Dharma talk
3956:Asalha Puja
3752:Eschatology
3555:Switzerland
3535:New Zealand
3463:Middle East
3372:Philippines
3292:Afghanistan
3097:Bodhidharma
3082:Buddhaghosa
3002:Householder
2912:Monasticism
2865:Bodhisattva
2720:Prostration
2673:Mindfulness
2601:Anapanasati
2584:Kammaṭṭhāna
2381:Korean Seon
2321:Asura realm
2316:Human realm
2256:Ten Fetters
2211:Parinirvana
2113:Uppalavanna
2078:Mahākaccana
2063:Mahākassapa
1995:Kṣitigarbha
1990:Ākāśagarbha
1887:Suddhodāna
1832:Four sights
1759:Foundations
1629:Ernest Wood
1024:, the word
741:Description
4357:Categories
4244:Psychology
4224:Gnosticism
4212:Comparison
4207:Influences
4189:Comparison
4072:Bhavacakra
4030:Kushinagar
4005:Pilgrimage
3951:Māgha Pūjā
3906:Bodhi Tree
3722:Buddhology
3712:Abhidharma
3704:Philosophy
3637:Menander I
3505:Costa Rica
3456:Uzbekistan
3297:Bangladesh
3251:Dhammapada
3235:Pali Canon
3197:Ajahn Chah
3177:Dalai Lama
3077:Kumārajīva
3072:Vasubandhu
3047:The Buddha
2955:Zen master
2890:Sakadagami
2870:Buddhahood
2801:Pratimokṣa
2616:Shikantaza
2572:Meditation
2547:Deity yoga
2418:Madhyamaka
2311:Deva realm
2206:Mindstream
2156:Bodhicitta
2068:Aṅgulimāla
1935:Devadatta
1911:Yaśodharā
1814:The Buddha
1804:Middle Way
1658:The Lancet
1576:2012-10-04
1190:References
1124:Ganachakra
1094:Bhavacakra
1043:, Thailand
955:Gaki zōshi
940:See also:
922:underworld
875:(air) and
855:joss paper
759:Gaki-Zoshi
671:Petavatthu
579:Vietnamese
244:shmashanas
71:newspapers
4312:Festivals
4292:Buddhists
4254:Theosophy
4057:Symbolism
4047:Hama yumi
4020:Bodh Gaya
3787:Socialism
3762:Evolution
3737:Economics
3575:Venezuela
3490:Australia
3485:Argentina
3409:Sri Lanka
3404:Singapore
3322:Indonesia
3284:Countries
3225:Tripiṭaka
3187:Ajahn Mun
3062:Nagarjuna
3057:Aśvaghoṣa
2940:Anagārika
2935:Śrāmaṇerī
2930:Śrāmaṇera
2925:Bhikkhunī
2885:Sotāpanna
2774:Passaddhi
2715:Offerings
2690:Nekkhamma
2567:Iddhipada
2487:Practices
2457:Theravada
2430:Vajrayana
2423:Yogachara
2393:Pure Land
2306:Six Paths
2293:Cosmology
2073:Anuruddha
2048:Sāriputta
2038:Kaundinya
2030:Disciples
2005:Vajrapāṇi
1857:Footprint
1822:Tathāgata
1349:277922363
1306:171169300
1249:0378-1143
1149:Jikininki
1082:peréthaya
1041:Wat Muang
994:nga kjwɨj
835:Kali Puja
763:emaciated
654:suffering
628:, is the
461:Mongolian
165:Nocturnal
4330:Category
4259:Violence
4229:Hinduism
4177:Sanskrit
4132:Hinayana
4117:Amitābha
4077:Swastika
3946:Uposatha
3936:Holidays
3921:Calendar
3767:Humanism
3605:Kanishka
3595:Timeline
3419:Thailand
3387:Kalmykia
3382:Buryatia
3367:Pakistan
3352:Mongolia
3347:Maldives
3342:Malaysia
3307:Cambodia
3172:Shamarpa
3167:Nichiren
3117:Xuanzang
3052:Nagasena
2970:Rinpoche
2700:Pāramitā
2542:Devotion
2462:Navayana
2450:Dzogchen
2413:Nichiren
2361:Mahayana
2353:Branches
2231:Saṅkhāra
1980:Mañjuśrī
1937:(cousin)
1929:(cousin)
1897:(mother)
1889:(father)
1877:Miracles
1827:Birthday
1744:Glossary
1717:Buddhism
1570:Archived
1257:41693599
1144:Jiangshi
1088:See also
983:Japanese
936:Buddhism
867:Hinduism
861:Hinduism
779:fundoshi
687:cadavers
676:eternity
642:Buddhism
638:Hinduism
630:Sanskrit
619:ཡི་དྭགས་
607:Sanskrit
347:Japanese
251:Buddhism
248:cemetery
240:Hinduism
186:Folklore
169:revenant
151:Grouping
4307:Temples
4287:Buddhas
4249:Science
4239:Judaism
4234:Jainism
4152:Lineage
4112:Abhijñā
4082:Thangka
4025:Sarnath
4010:Lumbini
3931:Funeral
3926:Cuisine
3802:Culture
3777:Reality
3727:Creator
3717:Atomism
3587:History
3560:Ukraine
3520:Germany
3439:Senegal
3429:Vietnam
3357:Myanmar
3157:Shinran
3147:Karmapa
3122:Shandao
3092:Dignāga
3017:Śrāvaka
2997:Donchee
2992:Kappiya
2950:Sayadaw
2920:Bhikkhu
2895:Anāgāmi
2852:Nirvana
2818:Samadhi
2705:Paritta
2646:Tonglen
2641:Mandala
2596:Smarana
2577:Mantras
2525:Upekkha
2495:Bhavana
2445:Shingon
2398:Tiantai
2251:Tathātā
2241:Śūnyatā
2236:Skandha
2226:Saṃsāra
2221:Rebirth
2196:Kleshas
2186:Indriya
2088:Subhūti
1973:Guanyin
1927:Ānanda
1919:Rāhula
1799:Nirvana
1739:Outline
1552:2802753
1184:Wendigo
1179:Tingsha
998:Chinese
896:prithvī
719:pra-ita
622:yi dags
585:ngạ quỷ
537:Tagalog
523:Tibetan
501:Sinhala
435:/pʰèːt/
321:Chinese
301:ပြိတ္တာ
295:Burmese
236:Habitat
85:scholar
60:"Preta"
4378:Undead
4363:Ghosts
4302:Sutras
4297:Suttas
4162:Siddhi
4147:Koliya
4122:Brahmā
4037:Poetry
3983:Mantra
3973:Kasaya
3845:Pagoda
3825:Kyaung
3820:Vihāra
3815:Temple
3757:Ethics
3600:Ashoka
3550:Sweden
3545:Poland
3540:Norway
3530:Mexico
3515:France
3500:Canada
3495:Brazil
3434:Africa
3414:Taiwan
3377:Russia
3302:Bhutan
3262:Vinaya
3142:Naropa
3132:Saraha
3067:Asanga
2823:Prajñā
2732:Refuge
2695:Nianfo
2656:Tertön
2651:Tantra
2636:Ganana
2626:Tukdam
2552:Dhyāna
2520:Mudita
2515:Karuṇā
2408:Risshū
2403:Huayan
2336:Naraka
2276:Anattā
2271:Dukkha
2266:Anicca
2171:Dharma
2123:Channa
2058:Ānanda
2043:Assaji
2010:Skanda
1913:(wife)
1882:Family
1862:Relics
1787:Sangha
1782:Dharma
1777:Buddha
1638:
1550:
1508:312575
1506:
1347:
1304:
1286:Sophia
1255:
1247:
1213:
1174:Segaki
1119:Edimmu
1061:) are
1014:segaki
1000::
883:aether
767:demons
648:, and
646:Taoism
514:pretha
507:ප්රේත
451:ပြိုတ်
399:Korean
385:UNGEGN
359:Rōmaji
333:Pinyin
312:peiʔtà
218:Region
198:Taoism
180:krasue
142:pyetta
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
4274:Lists
4142:Kalpa
4137:Iddhi
4000:Music
3995:Mudra
3961:Vassa
3941:Vesak
3911:Budai
3857:Candi
3840:Stupa
3772:Logic
3525:Italy
3424:Tibet
3362:Nepal
3332:Korea
3327:Japan
3317:India
3312:China
3257:Sutra
3212:Texts
3162:Dōgen
3152:Hōnen
3137:Atiśa
3102:Zhiyi
3012:Achar
2980:Tulku
2975:Geshe
2960:Rōshi
2945:Ajahn
2900:Arhat
2860:Bodhi
2830:Vīrya
2747:Sacca
2742:Satya
2737:Sādhu
2725:Music
2668:Merit
2661:Terma
2621:Zazen
2557:Faith
2510:Mettā
2191:Karma
2151:Bardo
2118:Asita
2108:Khema
2098:Upāli
2083:Nanda
1921:(son)
1895:Māyā
1872:Films
1749:Index
1548:JSTOR
1504:JSTOR
1302:S2CID
1253:JSTOR
1169:Pitrs
1159:Manes
1134:Ghoul
1078:preta
970:chūgi
918:akaśa
909:karma
878:akaśa
844:magic
805:karma
790:grák,
786:preta
757:) of
715:preta
711:प्रेत
704:Names
698:preta
691:feces
683:karma
611:प्रेत
602:Preta
543:Pleta
491:ၽဵတ်ႇ
476:birid
468:ᠪᠢᠷᠢᠳ
390:Praet
379:ប្រេត
373:Khmer
307:MLCTS
267:Preta
226:South
125:Preta
92:JSTOR
78:books
4172:Pāḷi
4157:Māra
4067:Flag
3468:Iran
3392:Tuva
3337:Laos
2965:Lama
2813:Śīla
2781:Śīla
2769:Pīti
2759:Sati
2710:Puja
2631:Koan
2537:Dāna
2128:Yasa
2015:Tārā
1636:ISBN
1451:help
1345:OCLC
1245:ISSN
1211:ISBN
1114:Chöd
1058:เปรต
1053:Thai
1049:pret
1037:pret
1026:gaki
1009:gaki
979:gaki
964:geta
959:Gaki
914:deva
905:agni
903:and
901:jala
872:vāyu
819:hell
729:egui
570:pret
565:RTGS
558:เปรต
551:Thai
485:Shan
416:Agui
364:Gaki
338:Èguǐ
286:peta
273:Pali
228:and
222:East
64:news
3894:Art
3830:Wat
2366:Zen
1540:doi
1532:Man
1408:doi
1294:doi
1072:In
1039:in
953:In
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771:oni
761:as
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