1062:: The time from PROM to labor is termed the latency period, and there is an inverse relationship between gestational age and the length of latency, meaning that the earlier the rupture, the longer it will take for labor to begin naturally. As expected, antibiotics given to mothers that experience PPROM serve to protect against infections during this lengthened latency period. Additionally, antibiotics increase the time that babies stay in the womb. Antibiotics don't seem to prevent death or make a difference in the long-term (years after the baby is born). But, because of the short-term benefits, routine use of antibiotics in PPROM is still recommended. The
429:
1131:: Infection is the major risk associated with PROM and PPROM. By closing the ruptured membranes, it is hoped that there would be a decrease in infection, as well as encouraging the re-accumulation of amniotic fluid in the uterus to protect the fetus and allow for further lung development. Common techniques include placing a sponge over the ruptured membrane and the use of oral autoimmune stimulating drugs to encourage the body's immune system to repair the rupture. There is currently insufficient research to determine whether these or other resealing techniques improve maternal or neonatal outcomes when compared to the current standard of care.
1046:. It is recommended that mothers receive one course of corticosteroids between 24 and 34 weeks when there is a risk of preterm delivery. In cases of PPROM these medications do not increase the risk of infection even though steroids are known to suppress the immune system. More than two courses is not recommended because three or more can lead to small birth weight and small head circumference. In pregnancies between 32 and 34 weeks (right around the time that fetal lungs mature) vaginal fluid can be tested to determine fetal lung maturity using chemical markers which can help to decide if corticosteroids should be given.
1144:
same as women with PPROM before 34 weeks (discussed above). When possible, these deliveries should take place in a hospital that has expertise in the management of the potential maternal and neonatal complications, and has the necessary infrastructure in place to support the care of these patients (i.e. neonatal intensive care unit). Antenatal corticosteroids, latency antibiotics, magnesium sulfate, and tocolytic medications are not recommended until the fetus reaches viability (24 weeks). In cases of pre-viable PPROM, chance of survival of the fetus is between 15 and 50%, and the risk of chorioamnionitis is about 30%.
1125:: Typically women with PPROM are managed in the hospital, but, occasionally they opt to go home if watchful waiting is attempted. Since labor usually starts soon after PPROM, and infection, umbilical cord compression, and other fetal emergencies can happen very suddenly, it is recommended that women stay in the hospital in cases of PPROM after 24 weeks. Currently, there is not enough evidence to determine meaningful differences in safety, cost, and women's views between management at home vs. the hospital.
1156:(more than 38 °C or 100.5 °F), uterine pain, maternal tachycardia, fetal tachycardia, or foul-smelling amniotic fluid. Elevated white blood cells are not a good way to predict infection because they are normally high in labor. If infection is suspected, artificial induction of labor is started at any gestational age and broad antibiotics are given. Caesarean section should not be automatically done in cases of infection, and should only be reserved for the usual fetal emergencies.
1119:: This treatment attempts to replace the lost amniotic fluid from the uterus by infusing normal saline fluid into the uterine cavity. This can be done through the vagina and cervix (transcervical amnioinfusion) or by passing a needle through the abdominal wall (transabdominal amnioinfusion). Current data suggests that this treatment prevents infection, lung problems, and fetal death. However, there have not been enough trials to recommend its routine use in all cases of PPROM.
1105:: the use of tocolytic medications to prevent labor contractions is controversial. On the one hand, this can delay delivery and allow the fetus more time to develop and benefit from antenatal corticosteroid medication, on the other hand it increases the risk of infection or chorioamnionitis. The use of tocolysis has not shown to benefit mom or baby and currently there is not enough data to recommend or discourage its use in the case of preterm PROM.
969:, watchful waiting (expectant management) is recommended. The younger the fetus, the longer it takes for labor to start on its own, but most women will deliver within a week. Waiting usually requires a woman to stay in the hospital so that health care providers can watch her carefully for infection, placental abruption, umbilical cord compression, or any other fetal emergency that would require quick delivery by induction of labor.
3401:
53:
1196:(an infection of the fetal membranes and amniotic fluid) which can be life-threatening to both the mother and fetus. The risk of infection increases the longer the membranes remain open and baby undelivered. Women with preterm PROM will develop an intra-amniotic infection 15–25% of the time, and the chances of infection increase at earlier gestational ages.
988:
There is believed to be a correlation between volume of amniotic fluid retained and neonatal outcomes before 26 weeks' gestation. Amniotic fluid levels are an important consideration when debating expectant management vs clinical intervention, as low levels, or oligohydramnios, can result in lung and
1143:
Because the risk of infection is so high, the mother should check her temperature often and return to the hospital if she develops any signs or symptoms of infection, labor, or vaginal bleeding. These women are typically admitted to the hospital once their fetus reaches 24 weeks and then managed the
555:
Sterile speculum exam: a clinician will insert a sterile speculum into the vagina in order to see inside and perform the following evaluations. Digital cervical exams, in which gloved fingers are inserted into the vagina to measure the cervix, are avoided until the women is in active labor to reduce
1247:
Of term pregnancies (more than 37 weeks) about 8% are complicated by PROM, 20% of these become prolonged PROM. About 30% of all preterm deliveries (before 37 weeks) are complicated by PPROM, and rupture of membranes before viability (before 24 weeks) occurs in less than 1% of all pregnancies. Since
1155:
is a bacterial infection of the fetal membranes, which can be life-threatening to both mother and fetus. Women with PROM at any age are at high risk of infection because the membranes are open and allow bacteria to enter. Women are checked often (usually every 4 hours) for signs of infection: fever
670:
dye test: a needle is used to inject indigo carmine dye (blue) into the amniotic fluid that remains in the uterus through the abdominal wall. In the case of PROM, blue dye can be seen on a stained tampon or pad after about 15–30 minutes. This method can be used to definitively make a diagnosis, but
344:
1238:
Most cases of PROM occur spontaneously, but the risk of PROM in women undergoing a second trimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders is 1%. Although no studies are known to account for all cases of PROM that stem from amniocentesis. This case, the chances of the membranes
931:
Both expectant management (watchful waiting) and an induction of labor (artificially stimulating labor) are considered in this case. 90% of women start labor on their own within 24 hours, and therefore it is reasonable to wait for 12–24 hours as long as there is no risk of infection. However, if
956:
When the fetus is 34 to 37 weeks gestation, the risk of being born prematurely must be weighed against the risk of PROM. Previously it was recommended that delivery be carried out as if the baby was term. A 2017 Cochrane review however found waiting resulted in better outcomes when pregnancy is
441:
Fetal membranes likely break because they become weak and fragile. This weakening is a normal process that typically happens at term as the body prepares for labor and delivery. However, this can be a problem when it occurs before 37 weeks (preterm). The natural weakening of fetal membranes is
1217:
Before 24 weeks the fetus is still developing its organs, and the amniotic fluid is important for protecting the fetus against infection, physical impact, and for preventing the umbilical cord from becoming compressed. It also allows for fetal movement and breathing that is necessary for the
1164:
The consequences of PROM depend on the gestational age of the fetus. When PROM occurs at term (after 36 weeks), it is typically followed soon thereafter by the start of labor and delivery. About half of women will give birth within 5 hours, and 95% will give birth within 28 hours without any
1204:
PROM occurring before 37 weeks (PPROM) is one of the leading causes of preterm birth. Thirty to 35% of all preterm births are caused by PPROM. This puts the fetus at risk for the many complications associated with prematurity such as respiratory distress, brain bleeds, infection,
885:
The management of PROM remains controversial, and depends largely on the gestational age of the fetus and other complicating factors. The risks of quick delivery (induction of labor) vs. watchful waiting in each case is carefully considered before deciding on a course of action.
756:
Women who have had PROM are more likely to experience it in future pregnancies. There is not enough data to recommend a way to specifically prevent future PROM. However, any woman that has had a history of preterm delivery, because of PROM or not, is recommended to take
1209:(death of the fetal bowels), brain injury, muscle dysfunction, and death. Prematurity from any cause leads to 75% of perinatal mortality and about 50% of all long-term morbidity. PROM is responsible for 20% of all fetal deaths between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation.
944:, and she is aware and accepts the risks of PPROM. There is not enough data to show that the use of prophylactic antibiotics (to prevent infection) is beneficial for mothers or babies at or near term because of the potential side effects and development of
1239:
healing on their own and the amniotic fluid returning to normal levels is much higher than spontaneous PROM. Compared to spontaneous PROM, about 70% of women will have normal amniotic fluid levels within one month, and about 90% of babies will survive.
2709:
2609:
2594:
1165:
intervention. The younger the baby, the longer the latency period (time between membrane rupture and start of labor). Rarely, in cases of preterm PROM, amniotic fluid will stop leaking and the amniotic fluid volume will return to normal.
2702:
2695:
972:
In 2017, a review of watchful waiting vs the early birth strategy was conducted to ascertain which was associated with a lower overall risk. Focusing on the 24–37-week range, the review analysed twelve
3438:
3406:
504:(too small to detect) or infection of maternal tissues adjacent to the amniotic fluid, may still be a contributing factor. In response to infection, the resultant infection and release of chemicals (
997:, with perinatal outcomes that are significantly better than the outcome in those with the persistent condition and is comparable with gestations with PPROM in which oligohydramnios never develops.
703:
also have an alkaline pH and can also turn nitrazine paper blue. Cervical mucus can also make a pattern similar to ferning on a microscope slide, but it is usually patchy and with less branching.
327:
Most women will experience a painless leakage of fluid out of the vagina. They may notice either a distinct "gush" or a steady flow of small amounts of watery fluid in the absence of steady
1230:(underdeveloped lungs), infection (especially if the mother is colonized by group B streptococcus or bacterial vaginosis), prolapsed umbilical cord or compression, and placental abruption.
1052:: Intravenous magnesium sulfate is given to the mother in cases when there is a risk of preterm birth before 32 weeks. This has been shown to protect the fetal brain and reduce the risk of
1092:
If a woman is colonized with GBS, than the typical use of antibiotics during labor is recommended to prevent transmission of this bacteria to the fetus, regardless of earlier treatments.
1168:
If PROM occurs before 37 weeks, it is called preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), and the baby and mother are at greater risk of complications. PPROM causes one-third of all
532:
To confirm if a woman has experienced PROM, a clinician must prove that the fluid leaking from the vagina is amniotic fluid, and that labor has not yet started. To do this, a careful
932:
labor does not begin soon after the PROM, an induction of labor is recommended because it reduces rates of infections, decreases the chances that the baby will require a stay in the
3433:
640:
Midtrimester PPROM or pre-viable PPROM: prelabor rupture of membranes that occurs before 24 weeks' gestation. Before this age, the fetus cannot survive outside of the mother's womb.
2960:
2142:
Vergani P, Locatelli A, Verderio M, Assi F (2004). "Premature rupture of the membranes at <26 weeks' gestation: role of amnioinfusion in the management of oligohydramnios".
1063:
351:
The cause of PROM is not clearly understood, but the following are risk factors that increase the chance of it occurring. In many cases, however, no risk factor is identified.
965:
Before 34 weeks, the fetus is at a much higher risk of the complications of prematurity. Therefore, as long as the fetus is doing well, and there are no signs of infection or
456:: collagen is a molecule that gives fetal membranes, as well as other parts of the human body such as the skin, their strength. In cases of PPROM, proteins that bind and
3302:
890:
671:
is rarely done because it is invasive and increases risk of infection. But, can be helpful if the diagnosis is still unclear after the above evaluations have been done.
307:
are complicated by PROM. Before 24 weeks PROM occurs in fewer than 1% of pregnancies. Prognosis is primarily determined by complications related to prematurity such as
1218:
development of the lungs, chest, and bones. Low levels of amniotic fluid due to mid-trimester or previable PPROM (before 24 weeks) can result in fetal deformity (e.g.
923:
At any age, if the fetal well-being appears to be compromised, or if intrauterine infection is suspected, the baby should be delivered quickly by induction of labour.
1469:"Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome"
989:
limb abnormalities. Additionally, labor and infection are less likely to occur when there are sufficient levels of amniotic fluid remaining in the uterus. Serial
331:. Loss of fluid may be associated with the baby becoming easier to feel through the belly (due to the loss of the surrounding fluid), decreased uterine size, or
1140:
Before 24 weeks, a fetus is not viable meaning it cannot live outside the mother. In this case, either watchful waiting at home or an induction of labor done.
893:
advised, based on expert opinion and not clinical evidence, that attempted delivery during maternal instability increases the rates of both fetal death and
1257:
985:
to continuing the pregnancy, a policy of expectant management with careful monitoring was associated with better outcomes for the mother and baby."
847:
infusion for 24–48 hours to allow maximum efficacy of corticosteroids for fetal lungs and also confer benefit to fetal brain and gut before delivery
916:
are happening which may be a sign that labor is starting. Signs and symptoms of infection should be closely monitored, and, if not already done, a
1034:) given to the mother of a baby at risk of being born prematurely can speed up fetal lung development and reduce the risk of death of the infant,
573:
test: A sterile cotton swab is used to collect fluid from the vagina and place it on nitrazine (phenaphthazine) paper. Amniotic fluid is mildly
2940:
2907:
1248:
there are significantly fewer preterm deliveries than term deliveries, the number of PPROM cases make up only about 5% of all cases of PROM.
480:
1035:
428:
290:
and close observation is recommended. A 2017 Cochrane review found waiting generally resulted in better outcomes in those before 37 weeks.
1942:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. Chapter 17: Premature Rupture of Membranes, pg 169–173.
940:. If a woman strongly does not want to be induced, watchful waiting is an acceptable option as long as there is no sign of infection, the
634:
Prolonged PROM: a case of prelabor rupture of membranes in which more than 18 hours has passed between the rupture and the onset of labor.
449:: when cells undergo programmed cell death, they release biochemical markers that are detected in higher concentrations in cases of PPROM.
3428:
2374:
American
College of Obstetricians Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (2016-10-01). "Practice Bulletin No. 172".
2955:
1972:
1947:
1732:
1674:
1606:
552:
History: a person with PROM typically recalls a sudden "gush" of fluid loss from the vagina, or steady loss of small amounts of fluid.
3358:
3213:
3140:
2835:
1446:
1416:
1303:
500:
have been found in the amniotic fluid from about one-third of cases of PROM. Often, testing of the amniotic fluid is normal, but a
347:
A fetus surrounded by the amniotic sac which is enclosed by fetal membranes. In PROM, these membranes rupture before labor starts.
3385:
524:
play a role in inflammation and collagen production, therefore inherited genes may play a role in predisposing a person to PROM.
3006:
2744:
844:
1017:(fast heart rate of the fetus, more than160 beats per minute), or tachycardia in the mother (more than 100 beats per minute).
508:) subsequently weakens the fetal membranes and put them at risk for rupture. PROM is also a risk factor in the development of
2887:
360:
1669:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. Chapter 14: Late Pregnancy Complication, section: premature rupture of membranes.
1192:
At any gestational age, an opening in the fetal membranes provides a route for bacteria to enter the womb. This can lead to
606:
3373:
3156:
3001:
933:
660:
Immune-chromatological tests are helpful, if negative, to rule out PROM, but are not that helpful if positive since the
2325:"Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation"
3169:
1079:
1039:
974:
661:
312:
1601:. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. Chapter 22: Premature Rupture of Membranes, pg 213–216.
981:
Pregnancy and
Childbirth's Trials Register", concluding that "In women with PPROM before 37 weeks' gestation with no
657:, PROM is more likely. This is helpful in cases when the diagnosis is not certain, but is not, by itself, definitive.
3280:
3079:
3053:
2789:
2735:
1181:
637:
Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM): prelabor rupture of membranes that occurs before 37 weeks gestation.
229:
103:
3317:
3307:
3225:
3125:
1990:"Fetal assessment methods for improving neonatal and maternal outcomes in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes"
1206:
1083:
1043:
461:
308:
282:
is generally recommended. Time may also be provided for labor to begin spontaneously. In those 24 to 34 weeks of
2843:
2624:
945:
468:
442:
thought to be due to one or a combination of the following. In PROM, these processes are activated too early:
3242:
3164:
2922:
978:
356:
237:
116:
90:
993:
in pregnancies with PPROM-related oligohydramnios at less than 26 weeks gestation, successfully alleviates
3443:
3363:
3337:
3115:
2935:
2930:
2902:
2879:
2779:
1362:
Committee on
Practice BO (January 2018). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 188: Prelabor Rupture of Membranes".
649:
The following tests should only be used if the diagnosis is still unclear after the standard tests above.
164:
2687:
1111:
Once labor has started, using tocolysis to stop labor has not been shown to help, and is not recommended.
653:
Ultrasound: Ultrasound can measure the amount of fluid still in the uterus surrounding the fetus. If the
563:). Sometimes leakage of fluid from the cervical opening can be seen when the person coughs or performs a
300:. Delivery is generally indicated in those with complications, regardless of how far along in pregnancy.
3327:
3322:
2774:
2037:
1861:. Washington DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 6, Biological Pathways Leading to Preterm Birth
917:
905:
797:
738:
501:
410:
374:
296:
3332:
3201:
3096:
2917:
2892:
1227:
1018:
913:
715:
585:(pH 4.5–6). Basic fluid, like amniotic fluid, will turn the nitrazine paper from orange to dark blue.
248:
213:
169:
140:
1467:
Bond DM, Middleton P, Levett KM, van der Ham DP, Crowther CA, Buchanan SL, Morris J (3 March 2017).
559:
Pooling test: Pooling is when a collection of amniotic fluid can be seen in the back of the vagina (
3368:
3312:
3206:
3135:
3120:
3101:
2950:
2764:
2613:
2526:
1858:
Institute of
Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes
966:
745:
364:
328:
233:
173:
112:
2091:
675:
It is unclear if different methods of assessing the fetus in a woman with PPROM affects outcomes.
3342:
3297:
3272:
3237:
3084:
3074:
2769:
2557:
2507:
2407:
1387:
791:
711:
Other conditions that may present similarly to premature rupture of membranes are the following:
692:
541:
509:
279:
77:
3247:
3219:
3179:
3174:
3109:
2983:
2784:
2759:
2727:
2664:
2635:
2549:
2499:
2491:
2456:
2399:
2391:
2356:
2305:
2256:
2200:
2151:
2124:
2065:
2019:
1968:
1943:
1913:
1837:
1728:
1670:
1602:
1498:
1442:
1436:
1412:
1379:
1299:
1293:
1025:
937:
610:
564:
476:
151:
65:
1856:
1406:
3130:
3069:
2801:
2541:
2483:
2446:
2438:
2383:
2346:
2336:
2295:
2287:
2246:
2236:
2190:
2182:
2114:
2106:
2009:
2001:
1903:
1893:
1827:
1544:
1521:
1488:
1480:
1371:
1193:
1152:
1021:(WBC) counts are not helpful in this case because WBC's are normally high in late pregnancy.
982:
909:
832:
592:
574:
471:(MMPs), which are found at higher levels in PPROM amniotic fluid. This breakdown results in
368:
244:
136:
17:
1882:"Risk Factors for Neonatal Sepsis in Pregnant Women with Premature Rupture of the Membrane"
278:
and whether complications are present. In those at or near term without any complications,
3285:
3252:
3041:
3026:
2806:
1219:
994:
654:
628:
596:
533:
287:
225:
99:
2351:
2324:
2251:
2224:
2195:
2170:
2119:
2014:
1989:
3380:
3290:
3186:
3046:
3035:
2975:
2853:
2451:
2426:
2300:
2275:
1908:
1881:
1832:
1815:
1493:
1468:
1053:
941:
901:
894:
851:
667:
560:
391:
385:
316:
2618:
3422:
3262:
3232:
2965:
2848:
1169:
1115:
1031:
990:
727:
Increased cervical discharge: this can happen when there is a genital tract infection
472:
401:
304:
256:
2561:
2511:
2411:
2223:
Mackeen AD, Seibel-Seamon J, Muhammad J, Baxter JK, Berghella V (27 February 2014).
1516:
Duff P (2016). "Management of
Premature Rupture of the Membranes in Term Patients".
3257:
3191:
2675:
2442:
2341:
2291:
2241:
2186:
2110:
2005:
1484:
1071:
758:
591:: A sterile cotton swab is used to collect fluid from the vagina and place it on a
496:
likely explains why membranes break earlier than they are supposed to. In studies,
493:
1391:
52:
2629:
2487:
2387:
1375:
220:. Women usually experience a painless gush or a steady leakage of fluid from the
3196:
2945:
2897:
2830:
2811:
2796:
2659:
2059:
1223:
1075:
1014:
537:
291:
252:
144:
131:
2640:
1184:
and can interfere with lung and body formation of the baby in early pregnancy.
156:
Suspected based on symptoms and examination, supported by testing the fluid or
2816:
2723:
2545:
1067:
613:
545:
457:
260:
217:
157:
70:
2495:
2395:
2860:
2719:
2670:
2603:
1177:
904:, and its well-being should be evaluated. This can be done with ultrasound,
838:
588:
570:
446:
283:
275:
184:
2553:
2503:
2460:
2403:
2360:
2309:
2260:
2204:
2155:
2128:
2069:
2023:
1917:
1898:
1841:
1502:
1408:
Handbook on
Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes in a Low Resource Setting
1383:
718:: leakage of small amounts of urine is common in the last part of pregnancy
2586:
2276:"Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes"
2754:
1173:
505:
497:
453:
432:
10-week-old human embryo surrounded by amniotic fluid and fetal membranes
332:
1727:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. Chapter 23: Abnormal Labor.
1548:
1525:
303:
About 8% of term pregnancies are complicated by PROM while about 30% of
3059:
3063:
2598:
2045:
Royal
College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Green–top Guideline
1262:
733:
700:
221:
83:
1967:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. Chapter 22: Normal Labor.
1078:
and erythromycin if watchful waiting is attempted before 34 weeks.
60:
Positive fern test with amniotic fluid as seen under the microscope
3022:
2993:
2826:
1010:
696:
688:
684:
427:
342:
897:, unless the source of instability is an intrauterine infection.
854:(two separate administrations, 12–24 hours apart) before 34 weeks
467:
Breakdown of collagen: collagen is broken down by enzymes called
2092:"Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term"
1539:
Mercer BM (2009). "Preterm
Premature Rupture of the Membranes".
1180:. Low levels of fluid around the baby also increase the risk of
1176:
to enter the womb and puts both the mother and baby at risk for
877:
No antibiotics, corticosteroids, tocolysis, or magnesium sulfate
600:
582:
521:
483:(TIMPs) which are found at lower levels in PPROM amniotic fluid.
343:
2691:
2427:"Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes"
413:: having a short or prematurely dilated cervix during pregnancy
1667:
Current
Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology
2961:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
2474:"Obstetric Care Consensus No. 6 Summary: Periviable Birth".
1103:
Preventative tocolysis (medications to prevent contractions)
397:
Having had episodes of bleeding anytime during the pregnancy
741:: an abnormal connection between the bladder and the vagina
578:
382:
Having had PROM or preterm delivery in previous pregnancies
631:
rupture early, at least one hour before labor has started.
1109:
Therapeutic tocolysis (medications to stop contractions):
581:
7.1–7.3) compared to normal vaginal secretions which are
232:, and infection. Complications in the mother may include
2323:
Abou El Senoun G, Dowswell T, Mousa HA (14 April 2014).
599:
pattern called arborization which resembles leaves of a
259:
and may be supported by testing the vaginal fluid or by
2225:"Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes"
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
27:
Breakage of the amniotic sac before the onset of labour
2090:
Wojcieszek AM, Stock OM, Flenady V (29 October 2014).
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1441:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 325.
3439:
Maternal disorders predominantly related to pregnancy
1295:
Oxford
American Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology
475:
production which stimulates uterine contractions and
394:: being pregnant with two or more fetuses at one time
2576:
2169:
Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP (2 December 2013).
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1066:(ACOG) recommends a seven-day course of intravenous
1064:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
874:
Discussion of watchful waiting or induction of labor
195:~8% of term pregnancies, ~30% of preterm pregnancies
82:
Painless gush or a steady leakage of fluid from the
3351:
3271:
3155:
3019:
2992:
2974:
2916:
2878:
2869:
2825:
2743:
2734:
2650:
2580:
2218:
2216:
2214:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
191:
179:
163:
150:
130:
122:
89:
76:
64:
42:
37:
900:In all women with PROM, the age of the fetus, its
274:Treatment is based on how far along a woman is in
3303:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
891:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
857:Antibiotics if needed to prevent GBS transmission
367:), infections within the amniotic sac membranes (
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
2425:Crowley AE, Grivell RM, Dodd JM (7 July 2016).
2274:Hofmeyr GJ, Eke AC, Lawrie TA (30 March 2014).
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
724:Increased sweat or moisture around the perineum
627:Prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM): when the
255:. Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and
2171:"Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes"
1265:(Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1)
481:tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases
263:. If it occurs before 37 weeks it is known as
3434:Disorders originating in the perinatal period
2703:
2527:"Tocolysis for preterm labor: expert opinion"
1988:Sharp GC, Stock SJ, Norman JE (Oct 3, 2014).
1298:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 268.
1292:Norwitz ER, Arulkumaran S, Symonds I (2007).
8:
2329:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2280:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2229:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2175:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2099:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2064:. StatPearls Publishing LLC. pp. 1–8.
1994:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1473:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
595:. After drying, amniotic fluid will form a
2875:
2740:
2710:
2696:
2688:
2577:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
936:(NICU), and does not increase the rate of
51:
34:
2450:
2350:
2340:
2299:
2250:
2240:
2194:
2118:
2013:
1907:
1897:
1831:
1492:
1430:
1428:
1234:PROM after second-trimester amniocentesis
1082:increases the risk of fetal bowel death (
2038:"No. 64a: Bacterial Sepsis in Pregnancy"
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1258:Placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1)
768:
249:bleeding in the later parts of pregnancy
224:. Complications in the baby may include
141:bleeding in the later parts of pregnancy
2431:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1275:
363:, lower genital tract infections (e.g.
1541:The Global Library of Women's Medicine
1518:The Global Library of Women's Medicine
721:Normal vaginal secretions of pregnancy
271:) otherwise it is known as term PROM.
2941:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2908:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
1086:) and should be avoided in pregnancy.
912:. This will also show whether or not
603:plant when viewed under a microscope.
269:preterm prelabor rupture of membranes
187:and whether complications are present
183:Based on how far along a woman is in
7:
3007:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
695:in the presence of infection, soap,
2061:Group B Streptococcus And Pregnancy
1213:Fetal development (before 24 weeks)
920:(GBS) culture should be collected.
906:Doppler fetal heart rate monitoring
2956:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
1833:10.1097/01.AOG.0000435415.21944.8f
294:may be given for those at risk of
25:
3214:Pain management during childbirth
3141:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
841:to prevent the beginning of labor
796:Antibiotics if needed to prevent
379:Illicit drug use during pregnancy
335:(fetal stool) seen in the fluid.
3400:
3399:
3386:Sexual activity during pregnancy
1200:Pre-term birth (before 37 weeks)
1097:Controversial or not recommended
1129:Sealing membranes after rupture
251:, smoking, and a mother who is
245:infection of the amniotic fluid
137:Infection of the amniotic fluid
2888:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
2443:10.1002/14651858.CD010218.pub2
2342:10.1002/14651858.CD008053.pub3
2292:10.1002/14651858.CD000942.pub3
2242:10.1002/14651858.CD007062.pub3
2187:10.1002/14651858.CD001058.pub3
2111:10.1002/14651858.CD001807.pub2
2058:Morgan JA (January 29, 2021).
2006:10.1002/14651858.CD010209.pub2
1485:10.1002/14651858.CD004735.pub4
1411:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 22.
210:premature rupture of membranes
46:Premature rupture of membranes
1:
3090:Prelabor rupture of membranes
1940:Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7e
1892:(published 1 Oct 2018): 1–6.
1599:Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6e
1036:respiratory distress syndrome
1009:signs of infection include a
540:is conducted using a sterile
361:sexually transmitted diseases
202:Prelabor rupture of membranes
38:Prelabor rupture of membranes
3369:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3020:Maternal care related to the
3002:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2488:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002347
2482:(4): 926–928. October 2017.
2388:10.1097/aog.0000000000001712
1826:(4): 918–930. October 2013.
1816:"Practice Bulletins No. 139"
1438:Fetal and Neonatal Pathology
1376:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002455
975:randomised controlled trials
934:neonatal intensive care unit
759:progesterone supplementation
664:is relatively high (19–30%).
548:of the uterus is performed.
375:Tobacco use during pregnancy
214:breakage of the amniotic sac
18:Preterm rupture of membranes
3170:Cephalopelvic disproportion
2376:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1820:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1172:. PROM provides a path for
1080:Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
910:uterine activity monitoring
313:intraventricular hemorrhage
143:, smoking, a mother who is
3460:
3429:Health issues in pregnancy
3281:Breastfeeding difficulties
3080:Constriction ring syndrome
3054:Braxton Hicks contractions
1182:umbilical cord compression
400:Invasive procedures (e.g.
388:: too much amniotic fluid
3394:
3318:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
3308:Pubic symphysis diastasis
2546:10.1007/s00404-013-3137-9
2476:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1405:Desai SV, Tank P (2012).
1364:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1207:necrotizing enterocolitis
1174:disease-causing organisms
1090:Prophylactic antibiotics:
1084:necrotizing enterocolitis
1007:Monitoring for infection:
469:matrix metalloproteinases
460:collagen to increase its
309:necrotizing enterocolitis
59:
50:
2844:Gestational hypertension
942:fetus is not in distress
479:. MMPs are inhibited by
416:Low socioeconomic status
3243:Umbilical cord prolapse
3165:Amniotic fluid embolism
2923:dermatoses of pregnancy
761:to prevent recurrence.
556:the risk of infection.
357:urinary tract infection
238:postpartum endometritis
208:), previously known as
117:postpartum endometritis
3359:Concomitant conditions
3338:Postpartum thyroiditis
3116:Circumvallate placenta
2936:Impetigo herpetiformis
2931:Gestational pemphigoid
2903:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2836:hypertensive disorders
902:position in the uterus
835:(expectant management)
707:Differential diagnosis
433:
411:Cervical insufficiency
348:
286:without complications
165:Differential diagnosis
3328:Postpartum infections
3323:Postpartum depression
1723:Cunningham F (2014).
1026:Steroids before birth
1013:in the mother, fetal
946:antibiotic resistance
918:group B streptococcus
798:group B streptococcus
739:Vesicovaginal fistula
683:Like amniotic fluid,
502:subclinical infection
431:
346:
297:Group B streptococcus
243:Risk factors include
3333:Postpartum psychosis
3202:Obstetrical bleeding
3097:Obstetrical bleeding
2918:Integumentary system
2893:Gestational diabetes
2872:related to pregnancy
2870:Other, predominantly
1899:10.1155/2018/4823404
1886:Journal of Pregnancy
1665:DeCherney A (2013).
1228:pulmonary hypoplasia
914:uterine contractions
716:Urinary incontinence
655:fluid levels are low
407:Nutritional deficits
329:uterine contractions
216:before the onset of
170:Urinary incontinence
3313:Postpartum bleeding
3136:Placental abruption
3121:Monochorionic twins
2951:Prurigo gestationis
2534:Arch Gynecol Obstet
1965:Williams Obstetrics
1938:Beckmann C (2014).
1855:Behrman RE (2007).
1725:Williams Obstetrics
1597:Beckmann C (2010).
1549:10.3843/GLOWM.10120
1526:10.3843/GLOWM.10119
1435:Keeling JW (2013).
1188:Infection (any age)
1060:Latency antibiotics
967:placental abruption
662:false-positive rate
510:neonatal infections
365:bacterial vaginosis
234:placental abruption
174:bacterial vaginosis
113:Placental abruption
3343:Puerperal mastitis
3298:Breast engorgement
3085:Monoamniotic twins
3075:Chorionic hematoma
2651:External resources
1220:Potter-like facies
938:caesarean sections
800:(GBS) transmission
792:Induction of labor
693:vaginal secretions
538:gynecological exam
434:
392:Multiple gestation
349:
323:Signs and symptoms
280:induction of labor
3416:
3415:
3374:Thyroid disorders
3364:Diabetes mellitus
3248:Uterine inversion
3180:Shoulder dystocia
3175:Obstructed labour
3151:
3150:
3015:
3014:
2984:Chorea gravidarum
2760:Ectopic pregnancy
2685:
2684:
2150:(Suppl 1): 62–6.
1880:Dwiana O (2018).
1074:followed by oral
1050:Magnesium sulfate
1030:corticosteroids (
983:contraindications
957:before 37 weeks.
883:
882:
850:One time dose of
845:Magnesium sulfate
611:alpha-fetoprotein
565:valsalva maneuver
477:cervical ripening
452:Poor assembly of
419:Being underweight
199:
198:
152:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3451:
3403:
3402:
3238:Postmature birth
3226:Placenta accreta
3131:Placenta praevia
3126:Placenta accreta
3070:Chorioamnionitis
2880:Digestive system
2876:
2802:Fetal resorption
2790:Rudimentary horn
2747:abortive outcome
2741:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2531:
2525:Hösli I (2014).
2522:
2516:
2515:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2382:(4): e165–e177.
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2181:(12): CD001058.
2166:
2160:
2159:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2105:(10): CD001807.
2096:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2000:(10): CD010209.
1985:
1979:
1978:
1963:Spong C (2018).
1960:
1954:
1953:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1812:
1739:
1738:
1720:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1553:
1552:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1464:
1453:
1452:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1359:
1310:
1309:
1289:
1194:chorioamnionitis
1153:Chorioamnionitis
1148:Chorioamnionitis
1019:White blood cell
889:As of 2012, the
833:Watchful waiting
815:Same as for term
769:
645:Additional tests
593:microscope slide
462:tensile strength
369:chorioamnionitis
230:cord compression
104:cord compression
55:
35:
21:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3390:
3347:
3291:Cracked nipples
3286:Low milk supply
3267:
3253:Uterine rupture
3147:
3042:Oligohydramnios
3027:amniotic cavity
3021:
3011:
2988:
2970:
2921:
2912:
2871:
2865:
2834:
2821:
2807:Molar pregnancy
2746:
2730:
2716:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2646:
2645:
2589:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2437:(7): CD010218.
2424:
2423:
2419:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2335:(4): CD008053.
2322:
2321:
2317:
2286:(3): CD000942.
2273:
2272:
2268:
2235:(2): CD007062.
2222:
2221:
2212:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2031:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1814:
1813:
1742:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1684:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1616:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1556:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1479:(3): CD004735.
1466:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1361:
1360:
1313:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1277:
1272:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1215:
1202:
1190:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1136:Before 24 weeks
1099:
1003:
995:oligohydramnios
963:
954:
929:
852:corticosteroids
767:
754:
709:
681:
679:False positives
647:
629:fetal membranes
624:
597:crystallization
534:medical history
530:
518:
490:
439:
426:
424:Pathophysiology
341:
325:
288:corticosteroids
226:premature birth
107:
100:Premature birth
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3381:Maternal death
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Fetal distress
3184:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:Polyhydramnios
3044:
3036:amniotic fluid
3031:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2976:Nervous system
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:HELLP syndrome
2846:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:Pregnancy with
2738:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2621:
2606:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:Classification
2574:
2573:External links
2571:
2568:
2567:
2517:
2466:
2417:
2366:
2315:
2266:
2210:
2161:
2144:Acta Biomedica
2134:
2082:
2050:
2029:
1980:
1974:978-1259644337
1973:
1955:
1949:978-1451144314
1948:
1923:
1872:
1847:
1740:
1734:978-0071798938
1733:
1682:
1676:978-0071638562
1675:
1614:
1608:978-0781788076
1607:
1554:
1531:
1508:
1454:
1447:
1424:
1417:
1397:
1311:
1304:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1214:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1170:preterm births
1161:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1057:
1054:cerebral palsy
1047:
1044:bowel necrosis
1022:
1002:
999:
962:
961:24 to 34 weeks
959:
953:
952:34 to 37 weeks
950:
928:
925:
895:maternal death
881:
880:
879:
878:
875:
870:
869:< 24 weeks
867:
861:
860:
859:
858:
855:
848:
842:
836:
830:
826:
823:
819:
818:
817:
816:
811:
808:
807:Late pre-term
804:
803:
802:
801:
794:
787:
786:> 37 weeks
784:
780:
779:
776:
773:
766:
763:
753:
750:
749:
748:
742:
736:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
708:
705:
701:cervical mucus
680:
677:
673:
672:
668:Indigo carmine
665:
658:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
623:
622:Classification
620:
619:
618:
617:
616:
604:
586:
568:
561:vaginal fornix
553:
529:
526:
517:
514:
492:Infection and
489:
486:
485:
484:
465:
450:
438:
437:Weak membranes
435:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
414:
408:
405:
398:
395:
389:
386:Polyhydramnios
383:
380:
377:
372:
340:
337:
324:
321:
317:cerebral palsy
305:preterm births
247:, prior PROM,
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
167:
161:
160:
154:
148:
147:
139:, prior PROM,
134:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
93:
87:
86:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3456:
3445:
3444:Preterm birth
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
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3263:Uterine atony
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3259:
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3246:
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3241:
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3234:
3233:Preterm birth
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3208:
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2967:
2966:Stretch marks
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2850:
2849:Pre-eclampsia
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2718:Pathology of
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2104:
2100:
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2054:
2051:
2047:. April 2012.
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2039:
2033:
2030:
2025:
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2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
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1370:(1): e1–e14.
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1116:Amnioinfusion
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991:amnioinfusion
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478:
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473:prostaglandin
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436:
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402:amniocentesis
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135:
133:
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126:Term, preterm
125:
121:
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114:
110:
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101:
97:
94:
92:
91:Complications
88:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3405:
3398:
3258:Vasa praevia
3218:
3192:Locked twins
3108:
3089:
3058:
3034:
2780:Interstitial
2669:
2658:
2634:
2623:
2608:
2593:
2540:(4): 903–9.
2537:
2533:
2520:
2479:
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2469:
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2430:
2420:
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2375:
2369:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2232:
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2178:
2174:
2164:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2102:
2098:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2060:
2053:
2044:
2032:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1964:
1958:
1939:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1857:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1724:
1666:
1598:
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1517:
1511:
1476:
1472:
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1407:
1400:
1367:
1363:
1294:
1246:
1243:Epidemiology
1237:
1224:contractures
1216:
1203:
1191:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1089:
1072:erythromycin
1059:
1049:
1040:brain bleeds
1024:
1006:
987:
971:
964:
955:
930:
922:
899:
888:
884:
864:
825:24–33 weeks
810:34–36 weeks
755:
744:Loss of the
710:
682:
674:
648:
536:is taken, a
531:
519:
494:inflammation
491:
464:are altered.
440:
355:Infections:
350:
339:Risk factors
326:
302:
295:
273:
268:
264:
242:
209:
205:
201:
200:
132:Risk factors
108:
95:
29:
3197:Nuchal cord
2946:Linea nigra
2898:Hepatitis E
2831:proteinuria
2812:Miscarriage
2797:Embryo loss
2775:Heterotopic
2660:MedlinePlus
1076:amoxicillin
1015:tachycardia
1001:Recommended
865:Pre-viable
778:Management
614:blood tests
607:Fibronectin
292:Antibiotics
253:underweight
145:underweight
106:, infection
43:Other names
3423:Categories
3207:Postpartum
3102:Antepartum
2817:Stillbirth
2728:puerperium
2726:, and the
2724:childbirth
2636:DiseasesDB
1270:References
1068:ampicillin
977:from the "
839:Tocolytics
775:Fetal age
765:Management
752:Prevention
746:mucus plug
546:ultrasound
458:cross-link
447:Cell death
261:ultrasound
158:ultrasound
71:Obstetrics
3273:Puerperal
2861:Eclampsia
2765:Abdominal
2736:Pregnancy
2720:pregnancy
2671:eMedicine
2496:1873-233X
2396:0029-7844
1178:infection
1123:Home care
589:Fern test
571:Nitrazine
544:, and an
528:Diagnosis
506:cytokines
488:Infection
284:gestation
276:pregnancy
192:Frequency
185:pregnancy
180:Treatment
66:Specialty
3407:Category
3220:placenta
3110:placenta
2770:Cervical
2755:Abortion
2676:med/3246
2562:21892232
2554:24385286
2512:24765563
2504:28937567
2461:27384151
2412:46870998
2404:27661655
2361:24729384
2352:11008104
2310:24683009
2261:24578236
2252:11194776
2205:24297389
2196:11297390
2156:15301294
2129:25352443
2120:10593255
2075:21 March
2070:29494050
2024:25279580
2015:10710282
1918:30402288
1865:21 March
1842:24084566
1503:28257562
1384:29266075
1252:See also
1222:), limb
1160:Outcomes
979:Cochrane
822:Preterm
772:Summary
734:Douching
542:speculum
516:Genetics
498:bacteria
454:collagen
333:meconium
78:Symptoms
3060:chorion
2785:Ovarian
2630:D005322
2452:6457929
2301:7061243
1909:6191960
1494:6464692
3064:amnion
2665:000512
2560:
2552:
2510:
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2459:
2449:
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2012:
1971:
1946:
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1731:
1673:
1605:
1501:
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1415:
1392:329991
1390:
1382:
1302:
1263:IGFBP1
1042:, and
908:, and
699:, and
583:acidic
315:, and
222:vagina
218:labour
109:Mother
84:vagina
3352:Other
3157:Labor
3023:fetus
2994:Blood
2833:, and
2827:Edema
2641:10600
2619:658.1
2558:S2CID
2530:(PDF)
2508:S2CID
2408:S2CID
2095:(PDF)
2041:(PDF)
1388:S2CID
1011:fever
783:Term
730:Semen
697:urine
689:semen
685:blood
575:basic
522:genes
520:Many
265:PPROM
212:, is
123:Types
3025:and
2625:MeSH
2614:9-CM
2550:PMID
2500:PMID
2492:ISSN
2457:PMID
2435:2016
2400:PMID
2392:ISSN
2357:PMID
2306:PMID
2284:2014
2257:PMID
2201:PMID
2152:PMID
2125:PMID
2103:2014
2077:2021
2066:PMID
2020:PMID
1998:2014
1969:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1914:PMID
1890:2018
1867:2021
1838:PMID
1729:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1499:PMID
1477:2017
1443:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1380:PMID
1300:ISBN
1070:and
927:Term
609:and
601:fern
236:and
206:PROM
96:Baby
2610:ICD
2604:O42
2595:ICD
2542:doi
2538:289
2484:doi
2480:130
2447:PMC
2439:doi
2384:doi
2380:128
2347:PMC
2337:doi
2296:PMC
2288:doi
2247:PMC
2237:doi
2191:PMC
2183:doi
2115:PMC
2107:doi
2010:PMC
2002:doi
1904:PMC
1894:doi
1828:doi
1824:122
1545:doi
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1489:PMC
1481:doi
1372:doi
1368:131
3425::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
