189:
311:
219:
122:
20:
353:
63:
284:
1003:
240:
230:
and extends down the shoulders. Donkeys are known for their distinct shoulder stripe, which, when combined with the dorsal stripe, is sometimes called a "cross". It is more marked in breeds closest to the wild
African ancestors of the domestic donkey. Indistinct or poorly defined markings in these
360:
Less distinct primitive markings can also occur on non-dun horses, even in breeds which are not known to have any dun individuals. The most common primitive marking found is a dorsal stripe. Most non-dun horses do not have darker primitive markings, but some do. This is because there are two types
291:
The dorsal stripe runs through the mane and tail of a dun horse, so the center of the mane and tail are darker. The outer edges may be significantly lighter, even close to white. These paler hairs are seen at the base of the tail and on the edges of the mane. The presence of guard hairs may also be
203:
Leg bars are prominent on Grevy's zebras and mountain zebras, and
African wild asses also have well-defined black leg bars below the forearm and gaskin on a white or pale background. However, as in horses, expression of leg bars seems to vary widely among donkeys, plains zebras, and Przewalski's
104:
Every dun horse has a dorsal stripe, and some dun horses also have additional primitive markings. Some non-dun horses may also show primitive markings, namely newborn foals and horses with the non-dun 1 gene. Primitive markings in horses are an example of
335:
Zippers are lines of paler hairs running vertically along the back of the animal's leg, usually from the hoof to the knee. Because they consist of paler hairs and are found where horses often have feathering, zippers are considered by some to be guard
109:: preservation of or reversion to ancestral type. While primitive markings are closely linked with the dun coat colors, the variations of expression and presence in non-dun horses suggest that the markings themselves may be governed by a separate
53:
stripe, but the presence of the other primitive markings varies. Other common markings may include horizontal striping on the legs, transverse striping across the shoulders, and lighter guard hairs along the edges of a dark mane and tail.
412:, are born with primitive markings such as dorsal stripes and leg bars that disappear after the foal coat sheds. Such horses are sometimes mistakenly registered as dun. This error seems particularly common in foals that turn
261:
Ear marks are dark markings on the ears, whether the marking involves only the rim, half the back of the ear, or distinct barring or striping on the back of the ear. These are seen almost universally throughout
343:
from nearby. The bider is mostly symmetrical and found near the front of each shoulder, near the chest. The size of the bider ranges from a small dark spot to a large, webbed cape of darker skin and hair.
322:
Dorsal barbs are suggestions of vertical striping on either side of the dorsal stripe. They may be so closely placed that they resemble secondary dorsal stripes. Dorsal barbs are also called fishboning.
377:
is relatively recent, and is thought to have first appeared within the past several thousand years. Primitive markings on non-duns can be seasonal, visible only when the horse is shedding its coat.
164:
The dorsal stripe reflects the original coat color of the horse. Those on bay duns may be black or reddish, while those on red duns are distinctly red. Dorsal stripes on dun horses with the
231:
regions are often called neck or shoulder smudges, patches, or shadows. Especially large markings are called neck or shoulder capes. The kiang exhibits some shoulder smudging.
824:"Zippers" on the backs of the fetlocks of dun dilute colored horses is a common sight. When clipped, the light line running up the back of the fetlock will be very crisp.
196:
Also called zebra bars, tiger stripes, or garters, leg bars are the most common accessory to the dorsal stripe. Leg bars are most commonly seen on or above the knees and
145:, the dorsal stripe is thin but distinct and black. In Przewalski's horse, the dorsal stripe is usually dark brown, while it is black in the bred-back tarpan. In the
369:. Non-dun 1 removes the diluting effect of dun, but keeps the primitive markings, while non-dun 2 removes both the diluting effect and the primitive markings. The
944:
380:
Dorsal stripes and other primitive markings on non-dun horses used to be called "countershading" dorsals before their genetic cause was discovered at the
637:
318:
Less common primitive markings include vertically oriented markings which may be arranged as bars, fine striping, or smudges. Such markings include:
325:
Rib marks are extended, perhaps interrupted dorsal barbs. They are usually fine, faint stripes and may be responsible for some horses classified as
255:
Cobwebbing, also called spiderwebbing, consists of fine, radial stripes on the forehead. Among other equids, cobwebbing is most apparent in zebras.
296:, which have their sandwich-patterned manes shaved short and upright. The presence of paler guard hairs on the mane and tail is seen throughout
45:. In horses, they are associated with primitive breeds, though not limited to such breeds. The markings are particularly associated with the
767:
836:
Mioko MASUDA; Junko TSUNODA; Hiroko NOMURA; Nami KIMURA; Gombojav ALTANGEREL; Bandi NAMKHAI; Usukhjargal DOLJ; Michinari YOKOHAMA (2007).
897:
937:
715:
770:. Paper presented at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 9 May 2012 (revised version, 2013). Accessed July 2014.
210:
One classical genetics study concluded that stripes on the front legs seem to follow an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
808:
930:
783:
188:
1473:
1454:
1423:
1413:
1388:
200:, and reflect the underlying coat color. Leg bars on bay duns are black within the points, and reddish above them.
310:
675:
562:"Regulatory mutations in TBX3 disrupt asymmetric hair pigmentation that underlies Dun camouflage color in horses"
218:
332:
A ventral stripe runs along the midline of the underbelly of the horse. They are usually wide and are uncommon.
648:
1443:
768:
Wild asses and donkeys in Africa: interdisciplinary evidence for their biogeography, history and current use
1362:
274:
Eye spots are found around the eyes. They are quite rare, but may be across the eye, over it, or under it.
1195:
1151:
82:
23:
1248:
1055:
837:
1125:
991:
603:
560:
Imsland F, McGowan K, Rubin CJ, Henegar C, Sundström E, Berglund J, et al. (February 2016).
537:
961:
953:
591:
34:
81:
species. Some cave paintings depict horses as being dun and with the primitive markings. The
1347:
1045:
905:
849:
749:
581:
573:
529:
475:
401:
173:
150:
142:
50:
1002:
207:
Leg markings may also take the form of blotches, patches, marbling, mottling, or spotting.
1262:
974:
340:
258:
Face masks are areas of darker hair on the lower half of the face. These are very common.
121:
19:
1190:
1161:
1141:
1100:
979:
586:
561:
425:
385:
287:
The long-roached manes of Fjords clearly show the light, outside primitive guard hairs.
197:
130:
719:
352:
1467:
1367:
1337:
1322:
1134:
1023:
753:
479:
409:
298:
264:
78:
541:
226:
The shoulder stripe is a transverse or "vertical" marking that usually crosses the
1398:
1297:
1280:
1270:
1200:
1146:
1015:
496:
413:
146:
1393:
1357:
1173:
1062:
986:
969:
405:
293:
283:
169:
838:"New Primitive Marking (Bider) in Mongolian Native Horse and Equus przewalskii"
812:
26:
is thought to be similar in appearance to ancestors of today's domestic horses.
1342:
1227:
1120:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1032:
165:
138:
90:
85:
is dun-colored with primitive markings. So, too, are horse breeds such as the
1403:
1372:
1276:
74:
595:
204:
horses, while they appear very seldom or not at all in onagers and kiangs.
787:
604:"A horse of a different color: Genetics of camouflage and the dun pattern"
73:
The dun coat and attendant primitive or "dun factor" markings reflect the
1438:
1302:
1243:
1105:
1050:
740:
Stachurska, A. M. (1999). "Inheritance of
Primitive Markings in Horses".
177:
110:
46:
137:, most have a black dorsal stripe, though it can be difficult to see on
1408:
1332:
1327:
1238:
1207:
854:
533:
326:
227:
180:-duns ("dunalinos") have black, brown, or red dorsal stripes, as well.
106:
67:
679:
466:
Stachurska, AM (1999). "Inheritance of primitive markings in horses".
1212:
1110:
922:
247:
shows the dark face mask and frosted mane common to primitive horses.
154:
134:
98:
94:
42:
577:
62:
384:
locus. This is not to be confused with the camouflage mechanism of
292:
called "frosting". Such characteristics are very visible among the
239:
1418:
1185:
351:
314:
Dorsal stripe and pale guard hairs on the dock of a domestic horse
309:
282:
244:
238:
217:
187:
158:
120:
86:
61:
38:
18:
875:
37:
markings and qualities seen in several equine species, including
1433:
1428:
397:
339:
Bider markings are only known in
Przewalski's horses and native
926:
356:
This horse's dorsal stripe is most likely caused by non-dun 1.
192:
Leg bars and "zippers": This horse's legs have been shaved.
149:, the dorsal stripe is narrow and edged by white, while in
520:
Lusis, JA (1943). "Striping patterns in domestic horses".
251:
Many primitive markings may occur on the animal's head.
49:
coat color family. All dun horses possess at least the
1381:
1315:
1290:
1261:
1221:
1172:
1159:
1133:
1031:
1022:
1010:
960:
133:show a distinct dorsal stripe. Among domesticated
461:
271:Ear tips are tiny white or paler tips on the ear.
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
222:Transverse shoulder stripes are common on asses.
153:, it is quite bold. The dorsal stripes of the
938:
555:
553:
551:
8:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
129:Of equids other than horses, all except the
778:
776:
515:
513:
1178:
1169:
1037:
1028:
945:
931:
923:
93:, "bred back" to resemble the now-extinct
853:
585:
491:
489:
876:"More about Dun and Primitive Markings"
742:Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
670:
668:
468:Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
437:
373:allele is over 40,000 years old, while
904:. Dun Central Station. Archived from
811:. Dun Central Station. Archived from
718:. Dun Central Station. Archived from
161:are dark brown and especially vivid.
7:
348:Primitive markings in non-dun horses
610:(Press release). December 21, 2015.
14:
66:A cave painting of a wild horse,
1001:
754:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1999.00172.x
480:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1999.00172.x
125:Kiangs have bold dorsal stripes.
678:. Equine Color. Archived from
16:Hair coloration in some equine
1:
77:coat and are observed in all
400:, particularly if they are
392:Primitive markings in foals
1490:
1455:Category:Horse coat colors
1424:Endothelin receptor type B
1389:Equine coat color genetics
786:. Dungenes. Archived from
638:"Primitive Marking Theory"
168:seem unaffected by cream:
1452:
1181:
1071:
1040:
999:
842:Journal of Equine Science
172:-duns ("smoky grullas"),
176:-duns ("dunskins"), and
1444:Melanocortin 1 receptor
101:or mouse dun in color.
898:"Look-A-Like Collages"
636:Castle, Nancy (2008).
357:
315:
288:
248:
223:
193:
126:
70:
27:
1382:Genetics and breeding
1223:Base color variations
1152:Lethal white syndrome
766:Roger Blench (2013).
355:
313:
286:
242:
221:
191:
184:Leg bars and markings
124:
65:
22:
878:. Etalon Diagnostics
141:individuals. In the
97:, many of which are
908:on October 12, 2008
722:on October 14, 2008
645:Dun Central Station
497:"Dun Zygosity Test"
361:of non-dun, called
1353:Primitive markings
954:Equine coat colors
855:10.1294/jes.18.145
534:10.1007/BF01763802
358:
316:
289:
249:
224:
194:
127:
83:Przewalski's horse
71:
43:donkeys, and asses
31:Primitive markings
28:
24:Przewalski's horse
1474:Horse coat colors
1461:
1460:
1311:
1310:
1257:
1256:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1073:double dilution:
1042:single dilution:
815:on April 11, 2008
1481:
1348:Point coloration
1291:Roaning patterns
1231:
1179:
1170:
1117:
1059:
1038:
1029:
1005:
994:
983:
962:Base coat colors
947:
940:
933:
924:
917:
916:
914:
913:
902:Dun Look-A-Likes
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
872:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
833:
827:
826:
821:
820:
805:
799:
798:
796:
795:
780:
771:
764:
758:
757:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
716:"Adult Markings"
712:
691:
690:
688:
687:
672:
663:
662:
660:
659:
653:
647:. Archived from
642:
633:
614:
611:
599:
589:
557:
546:
545:
517:
508:
507:
505:
504:
493:
484:
483:
463:
341:Mongolian horses
143:African wild ass
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1377:
1307:
1286:
1273:
1263:Leopard complex
1253:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1129:
1108:
1089:
1067:
1054:(also known as
1053:
1018:
1006:
997:
989:
978:(also known as
977:
956:
951:
921:
920:
911:
909:
895:
894:
890:
881:
879:
874:
873:
869:
860:
858:
835:
834:
830:
818:
816:
807:
806:
802:
793:
791:
782:
781:
774:
765:
761:
739:
738:
734:
725:
723:
714:
713:
694:
685:
683:
674:
673:
666:
657:
655:
654:on May 16, 2008
651:
640:
635:
634:
617:
602:
578:10.1038/ng.3475
566:Nature Genetics
559:
558:
549:
519:
518:
511:
502:
500:
495:
494:
487:
465:
464:
439:
434:
422:
394:
350:
308:
281:
237:
216:
214:Shoulder stripe
186:
119:
60:
33:are a group of
17:
12:
11:
5:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Splashed white
1182:
1176:
1174:Pinto patterns
1167:
1162:Horse markings
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:Dominant white
1139:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1024:Dilution genes
1020:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
995:
984:
972:
966:
964:
958:
957:
952:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
919:
918:
896:Nancy Castle.
888:
867:
848:(4): 145–151.
828:
800:
772:
759:
732:
692:
664:
615:
613:
612:
547:
509:
485:
436:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
426:Horse markings
421:
418:
393:
390:
386:countershading
349:
346:
345:
344:
337:
333:
330:
323:
307:
306:Other markings
304:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
269:
259:
256:
236:
233:
215:
212:
185:
182:
131:mountain zebra
118:
115:
59:
56:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1486:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Bend-Or spots
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:Silver dapple
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
993:
988:
985:
981:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
963:
959:
955:
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
929:
928:
925:
907:
903:
899:
892:
889:
877:
871:
868:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
829:
825:
814:
810:
804:
801:
790:on 2011-07-26
789:
785:
784:"Definitions"
779:
777:
773:
769:
763:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
733:
721:
717:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
693:
682:on 2008-05-25
681:
677:
671:
669:
665:
650:
646:
639:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
616:
609:
605:
601:
600:
597:
593:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
514:
510:
498:
492:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
438:
431:
427:
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423:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
389:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
347:
342:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
320:
319:
312:
305:
303:
301:
300:
295:
285:
278:
273:
270:
267:
266:
260:
257:
254:
253:
252:
246:
241:
235:Head markings
234:
232:
229:
220:
213:
211:
208:
205:
201:
199:
190:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
151:Grevy's zebra
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
117:Dorsal stripe
116:
114:
112:
108:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
69:
64:
57:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
1439:STX17 (Gray)
1399:Horse genome
1352:
1281:Knabstrupper
1274:
1271:Varnish roan
1165:and patterns
1147:Sabino-white
1112:
1111:Blue dun or
910:. Retrieved
906:the original
901:
891:
880:. Retrieved
870:
859:. Retrieved
845:
841:
831:
823:
817:. Retrieved
813:the original
803:
792:. Retrieved
788:the original
762:
745:
741:
735:
724:. Retrieved
720:the original
684:. Retrieved
680:the original
656:. Retrieved
649:the original
644:
608:ScienceDaily
607:
572:(2): 152–8.
569:
565:
528:(1): 31–62.
525:
521:
501:. Retrieved
471:
467:
395:
381:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
317:
297:
294:Fjord horses
290:
263:
250:
225:
209:
206:
202:
195:
163:
147:plains zebra
128:
103:
72:
30:
29:
1394:Color breed
1249:Tricoloured
1226:(primarily
1086:Smoky cream
1063:Smoky black
406:smoky black
279:Guard hairs
170:smoky black
113:mechanism.
1228:UK English
1109:(see also
1056:Isabelline
992:Seal brown
912:2008-06-26
882:2019-04-28
861:2008-12-19
819:2008-06-26
794:2010-12-02
726:2008-06-20
686:2008-06-20
658:2008-06-20
503:2008-06-20
499:. UC Davis
432:References
166:cream gene
139:melanistic
91:Heck horse
1373:Tiger eye
1277:Appaloosa
1275:See also
1101:Champagne
990:included
748:: 29–38.
474:: 29–38.
75:wild type
35:hair coat
1468:Category
1419:KIT gene
1404:Wildtype
1368:Mushroom
1303:Rabicano
1244:Skewbald
1076:Cremello
1051:Palomino
1046:Buckskin
975:Chestnut
809:"Grulla"
596:26691985
542:19047145
522:Genetica
420:See also
402:buckskin
375:non-dun2
371:non-dun1
367:non-dun2
363:non-dun1
178:palomino
174:buckskin
89:and the
1409:Melanin
1343:Pangaré
1333:Cropout
1328:Brindle
1239:Piebald
1208:Tobiano
1081:Perlino
587:4731265
327:brindle
228:withers
135:donkeys
111:genetic
107:atavism
68:Lascaux
1414:Agouti
1363:Flaxen
1213:Tovero
1201:Sabino
1113:Grullo
980:Sorrel
594:
584:
540:
336:hairs.
155:onager
99:grullo
95:tarpan
79:equine
58:Origin
51:dorsal
39:horses
1358:Sooty
1338:Liver
1316:Other
1196:Frame
1186:Overo
1135:White
1121:Pearl
1033:Cream
970:Black
676:"Dun"
652:(PDF)
641:(PDF)
538:S2CID
410:black
408:, or
398:foals
396:Many
299:Equus
265:Equus
245:Konik
243:This
198:hocks
159:kiang
87:Konik
1434:PAX3
1429:MITF
1298:Roan
1279:and
1016:Gray
1011:Gray
592:PMID
414:gray
365:and
157:and
1106:Dun
987:Bay
850:doi
750:doi
746:116
582:PMC
574:doi
530:doi
476:doi
472:116
382:dun
47:dun
1470::
900:.
846:18
844:.
840:.
822:.
775:^
744:.
695:^
667:^
643:.
618:^
606:.
590:.
580:.
570:48
568:.
564:.
550:^
536:.
526:23
524:.
512:^
488:^
470:.
440:^
416:.
404:,
388:.
302:.
41:,
1230:)
1116:)
1058:)
982:)
946:e
939:t
932:v
915:.
885:.
864:.
852::
797:.
756:.
752::
729:.
689:.
661:.
598:.
576::
544:.
532::
506:.
482:.
478::
329:.
268:.
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