Przewalski's horse - Knowledge (XXG)

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and naturalists reported single harem groups in 1966 and 1967, the last observation of the wild horse in its native habitat was of a single stallion in 1969. Expeditions after this failed to locate any horses, and the species would be designated "extinct in the wild" for over 30 years. Competition with livestock, hunting, capture of foals for zoological collections, military activities, and harsh winters recorded in 1945, 1948, and 1956 are considered to be main causes of the decline in Przewalski's horse population.

1181: 1573:. In order to integrate him into the existing herd, Kurt was partnered with a young female named Holly, a few months older than him, in order to allow him to learn the social and communication behaviors of wild Przewalski's horses. On reaching maturity at three to four years of age, Kurt is intended to become the breeder stallion for the San Diego Zoo herd to pass Kuporovic's genes into the larger captive Przewalski's horse population and thereby increase the genetic variation of the species. 652: 92: 1115:. It has been suggested that this was not their natural habitat, but, like the onager, they were a steppe animal driven to this barren last refuge by the dual pressures of hunting and habitat loss to agricultural grazing. There were two distinct populations recognized by local Mongolians, a lighter steppe variety and a darker mountain one. This distinction is seen in early twentieth-century descriptions. Their mountainous habitat included the 1128: 1065: 1285: 1450: 5419: 50: 31: 1603: 994: 1418:. Following an acclimatization period, the horses were released into the reserve proper in September. This introduction was intended to address the buildup of dense scrub caused by the decrease in traditional sheep grazing due to rural depopulation. The horses are intended to fill a niche similar to that of the extinct European wild horse and of contemporary domesticated 1144:, with the surviving captive breeding stock descended from only 11 of the founder captives. In addition, in at least one instance, the progeny of interbreeding with a domestic horse was bred back into the captive Przewalski's horse population. However, recent studies have shown only minimal genetic contribution of this domestic horse to the captive population. 756: 1589: 1238:

born there are adapted to life in the wild, free to choose their mates, and required to forage independently. This was intended to produce individuals capable of being reintroduced into Mongolia. In 2012, 39 individuals were at Le Villaret. An intensely researched population of free-ranging animals was also introduced to the

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11–12 months. Foals are able to stand about an hour after birth. The rate of infant mortality among foals is 25%, with 83.3% of these deaths resulting from leading stallion infanticide. Foals begin grazing within a few weeks but are not weaned for 8–13 months after birth. They reach sexual maturity at two years of age.

1076:(1839–1888) (Nikołaj Przewalski in Polish). An explorer and naturalist, he obtained the skull and hide of an animal shot in 1878 in the Gobi near today's China–Mongolia border. He would travel to the Dzungarian Basin to observe it in the wild. In 1881, the horse received a formal scientific description and was named 1172:

representatives of Przewalski's horse. Genetic diversity received a much-needed boost from this new source, with the spread of her bloodline through the inbred captive groups leading to their increased reproductive success, and by 1965, there were more than 130 animals spread among thirty-two zoos and parks.

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A wild-caught mare captured as a foal a decade earlier was introduced into the Ukrainian captive population in 1957. This would prove the last wild-caught horse, and with the presumed extinction of the wild population, last sighted in Mongolia in the late 1960s, the captive population became the sole

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Le Villaret, located in the Cevennes National Park in southern France and run by the Association Takh, is a breeding site for Przewalski's horses that was created to allow the free expression of natural Przewalski's horse behaviors. In 1993, eleven zoo-born horses were brought to Le Villaret. Horses

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captured. Although local herdsmen reported seeing as many as 50 to 100 takhis grazing in small groups then, there were only sporadic sightings of single groups of two or three animals after that, mostly near natural wells. Two scientific expeditions in 1955 and 1962 failed to find any. After herders

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on a Przewalski's horse in 2007—the first operation of its kind on this species, and possibly the first ever on any endangered species. While normally, a vasectomy may be performed on an endangered animal under limited circumstances, particularly if an individual has already produced many offspring

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continued. as of 2011, an estimated total of almost 400 horses existed in three free-ranging populations in the wild. Prague Zoo has transported horses to Mongolia in several rounds in cooperation with partners (Czech Air Force, European Breeding Programme for Przewalski's Horses, Association

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The situation was improved when the exchange of breeding animals among facilities increased genetic diversity and there was a consequent improvement in fertility, but the population experienced another genetic bottleneck when many of the horses failed to survive World War II. The most valuable

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Mating occurs in late spring or early summer. Mating stallions do not start looking for mating partners until the age of five. Stallions assemble groups of mares or challenge the leader of another group for dominance. Females are able to give birth at the age of three and have a gestation period of

503:. The study raised the possibility that modern Przewalski's horses could be the feral descendants of the domestic Botai horses. However, it remains possible that both the Botai horses and the modern Przewalski's horses descend separately from the same ancient wild Przewalski's horse population. Its 474:

Several genetic characteristics of Przewalski's horse differ from what is seen in modern domestic horses, indicating neither is an ancestor of the other. For example, the Przewalski's horse has 33 chromosome pairs, compared to 32 for the domestic horse. Their ancestral lineages split from a common

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that grow beneath the ice and snow. Their winter diet is very similar to the winter diet of domestic horses, but differs from that revealed by isotope analysis of the historical (pre-captivity) population, which switched in winter to browsing shrubs, though the difference may be due to the extreme

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In any case, the Botai horses were found to have negligible genetic contribution to any of the ancient or modern domestic horses studied, indicating that the domestication of the latter was independent, involving a different wild population, from any possible domestication of Przewalski's horse by

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descendants of the ancient Botai domesticated animals, rather than representing a surviving population of never-domesticated horses. Another geneticist pointed out that Przewalski's horses may have simply descended from the same wild population that the Botai horses came from, which would still be

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In the earlier decades of captivity, the insular breeding by individual zoos led to inbreeding and reduced fertility. In 1979, several American zoos began a collaborative breeding-exchange program to maximize genetic diversity. Recent advances in equine reproductive science have also been used to

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Przewalski reported the horses forming troops of between five and fifteen members, consisting of a mature stallion, his mares and foals. Modern reintroduced populations similarly form family groups of one adult stallion, one to three mares, and their common offspring that stay in the family group

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McCue, Molly E.; Bannasch, Danika L.; Petersen, Jessica L.; Gurr, Jessica; Bailey, Ernie; Binns, Matthew M.; Distl, Ottmar; Guérin, Gérard; Hasegawa, Telhisa; Hill, Emmeline W.; Leeb, Tosso; Lindgren, Gabriella; Penedo, M. Cecilia T.; Røed, Knut H.; Ryder, Oliver A.; Swinburne, June E.; Tozaki,

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In 2023, a genetic twin of Kurt was born from cloning with the help of the San Diego Zoo Global Frozen Zoo. It is the first reported case of any endangered species having more than one clone successfully produced. This individual eventually joins Kurt and Holly at San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Two

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were largely unsuccessful until 1902, when 28 captured foals were brought to Europe. These and a small number of additional captives would be distributed among zoos and breeding centers in Europe and the United States. Many facilities failed in their attempts at captive breeding, but a few

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Ferreira, Luis Miguel M.; Celaya, Rafael; Benavides, Raquel; Jauregui, Berta M.; Garcia, Urcesino; Sofia Santos, Ana; Rosa Garcia, Rocio; Miguel; Rodrigues, Antonio M.; Osoro, Koldo (2013). "Foraging Behaviour of Domestic Herbivore Species Grazing on Heathlands Associated with Improved Pasture

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Novak, Ben J.; Ryder, Oliver A.; Houck, Marlys L.; Putnam, Andrea S.; Walker, Kelcey; Russell, Lexie; Russell, Blake; Walker, Shawn; Arenivas, Sanaz Sadeghieh; Aston, Lauren; Veneklasen, Gregg; Ivy, Jamie A.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Rusnak, Anna; Simek, Jaroslav; Zhuk, Anna; Phelan, Ryan (2024).

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herds. Stallions herd, drive, and defend all members of their family, while the mares often display leadership in the family. Stallions and mares stay with their preferred partners for years. While behavioral synchronization is high among mares, stallions other than the main harem stallion are

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There are sporadic reports of Przewalski's horse in the historical record before its formal characterization. The Buddhist monk Bodowa wrote a description of what is thought to have been Przewalski's horse about AD 900, and an account from 1226 reports an incident involving wild horses during

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Przewalski's-type wild horses appear in European cave art dating as far back as 20,000 years ago, but genetic investigation of a 35,870-year-old specimen from one such cave instead showed an affinity with extinct Iberian horse lineage and the modern domestic horse, suggesting that it was not

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habitat pressure the historical population was under. In the wintertime, they eat their food more slowly than they do during other times of the year. Przewalski's horses seasonally display a set of changes collectively characteristic of physiologic adaptation to starvation, with their

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The historical population was said to have lived in the "wildest parts of the desert" with a preference for "especially saline districts". They were observed mostly during spring and summer at natural wells, migrating to them by crossing valleys rather than by way of higher mountains.

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or snowy winter conditions ever hit Mongolia. The population of Przewalski's horse in the Great Gobi B SPA was drastically affected, providing clear evidence of the risks associated with reintroducing small and sequestered species in unpredictable and unfamiliar environments.

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and Mongolian scientists has successfully reintroduced these horses from zoos into their natural habitat in Mongolia. In 1992, 16 horses were released into the wild in Mongolia, followed by additional animals later. One of the areas to which they were reintroduced became

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Flack, Nicole; Hughes, Lauren; Cassens, Jacob; Enriquez, Maya; Gebeyehu, Samrawit; Alshagawi, Mohammed; Hatfield, Jason; Kauffman, Anna; Brown, Baylor; Klaeui, Caitlin; Mabrouk, Islam F; Walls, Carrie; Yeater, Taylor; Rivas, Anne; Faulk, Christopher (28 May 2024).

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Botai culture. Sites dating from the mid-fourth-millennium BCE show evidence of horse domestication. Analysis of ancient DNA from Botai horse specimens from about 3000 BCE reveals them to have DNA markers consistent with the lineage of modern Przewalski's horses.

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until they are no longer dependent, usually at two or three years old. Young females join other harems, while bachelor stallions as well as old stallions who have lost their harems join bachelor groups. Family groups can join to form a herd that moves together.

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area. The animals quickly adapted to their new environment. In 1988, six foals were born and survived, and by 2001, over 100 horses were at the centre. As of 2013, the center hosted 127 horses divided into 13 breeding herds and three bachelor herds.

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In 2018, a new study indicated ancient horses of the Botai culture are related to takhis, not to domestic horses as was previously thought. Specifically, the Botai horses appeared to be ancestral to the modern takhi, because all seven takhis nested within the

1339:, a Swiss equine specialist and conservation biologist, Feh led an effort to bring together animals that zoos had conserved to create a breeding population in southern France. Then, after it was established, three family groups were relocated to 1247:

in Hungary; data on social structure, behavior, and diseases gathered from these animals are used to improve the Mongolian conservation effort. An additional breeding population of Przewalski's horses roams the former Döberitzer Heide military

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The earliest known domestic horses were found at settlements of the Botai culture, from about 5500 years ago. These horses were raised for meat and milk. It is unclear whether their horses were also ridden or harnessed, or only used for food.

1081: 3415: 794:, and a wide range of visual and tactile signals. Each kick, groom, tilt of the ear, or other contact with another horse is a means of communicating. This constant communication leads to complex social behaviors among Przewalski's horses. 4547: 3656:

Przewalski's horses had disappeared from the Mongolian steppes by the 1970s but Claudia Feh led one of several initiatives reintroducing them to the habitat they had ranged for centuries – and improved the lives of local nomads in the

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pour le cheval de Przewalski: Takh, Czech Development Agency, Czech Embassy in Mongolia, and others). The zoo has the longest uninterrupted history of breeding Przewalski's horses in the world and keeps the studbook of this species.

1549:. An oocyte was collected from a domestic horse, and its nucleus replaced by a nucleus collected from a cultured Przewalski's horse fibroblast. The resulting embryo was induced to begin division. It was cultured until it reached the 1568:

who developed the idea of cryopreserving genetic material from species considered to be endangered. His ideas led to the creation of the Frozen Zoo as a genetic library. In 2021, Kurt was relocated to the breeding herd at the

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and shorter hair than seen in domesticated horses. The hooves of Przewalski's horse are longer in the front and have significantly thicker sole horns than feral horses, an adaptation that improves hoof performance on terrain.

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sanctuary. Genetic tests suggest both are Przewalski’s horses, raising concerns about how they ended up in U.S. auctions. The owners care for the animals but hope they can eventually join professional conservation programs.

1088:. This was supplemented in 1894 when the brothers Grum-Grzhimailo returned several hides and skulls to St. Petersburg and described the horse's behavior in the wild. A number of these horses were captured around 1900 by 2388:

Patan-Zugaj, B., Hermann, C., & Budras, K.-D. (2013). History of the Przewalski horse (Equus Przewalskii) and morphological examination of seasonal changes of the hoof in Przewalski and feral horses. Retrieved from

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While dozens of zoos worldwide have Przewalski's horses in small numbers, specialized reserves are also dedicated primarily to the species. The world's largest captive-breeding program for Przewalski's horses is at the

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features, varying from dark brown around the mane, to pale brown on the flanks, and yellowish-white on the belly, as well as around the muzzle. The legs of Przewalski's horse are often faintly striped, also typical of

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and its genes are overrepresented in the population, scientists realized the animal in question was one of the most genetically valuable Przewalski's horses in the North American breeding program. The first birth by

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Cai, Dawei; Zhuowei Tang; Lu Han; Camilla F. Speller; Dongya Y. Yang; Xiaolin Ma; Jian'en Cao; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse".

561: 1168:, and of the 31 remaining horses at war's end, only 9 became ancestors of the subsequent captive population. By the end of the 1950s, only 12 individual horses were left in the world's zoos. 659:

Przewalski's horse is stockily built in comparison to domesticated horses, with shorter legs, and is much smaller and shorter than its domesticated relatives. Typical height is about 12–14

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Orlando, L.; Ginolhac, A.L.; Zhang, G.; Froese, D.; Albrechtsen, A.; Stiller, M.; et al. (2013). "Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse".

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The somatic cell donor was a Przewalski's horse stallion named Kuporovic, born in the UK in 1975 and relocated three years later to the US, where he died in 1998. Due to concerns over the loss of

1522:) that has had its nucleus removed, producing offspring genetically identical to the somatic cell donor. Since the oocyte used was from a domestic horse, this was an example of interspecies SCNT. 1061:

that was apparently this species, and a few decades later in 1750, a large hunt with thousands of beaters organized by the Manchurian emperor killed between two and three hundred of these horses.

4555: 1119:(The Yellow Wild-Horse Mountain Range). In their last decades in the wild, the remnant population was limited to the small region between the Takhiin Shar Nuruu and Bajtag-Bogdo mountain ridges. 3985: 971:

in winter being half what it is during springtime. This is not a direct consequence of decreased nutrient intake, but rather a programmed response to predictable seasonal dietary fluctuation.

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distribution of Przewalski's horse, where it is extant & reintroduced to 5 disjointed areas in Northern China and Southern Mongolia; missing distribution in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine)

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Outram, Alan K; Stear, Natalie A; Bendrey, Robin; Olsen, Sandra; Kasparov, Alexei; Zaibert, Victor; Thorpe, Nick; Evershed, Richard P (2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking".

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of the two populations was estimated to have occurred about 72,000–38,000 years ago, well before domestication, most likely due to climate, topography, or other environmental changes.

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Kaczensky, Petra; Burnik Šturm, Martina; Sablin, Mikhail V.; Voigt, Christian C.; Smith, Steve; Ganbaatar, Oyunsaikhan; Balint, Boglarka; Walzer, Chris; Spasskaya, Natalia N. (2017).

3744:"Programme on establishing a semi-free population of Przewalski's horse in Orenburg State Nature Reserve: the first successful project on the reintroduction of the species in Russia" 779:

Home range in the wild is little studied, but estimated as 1.2–24 km (0.46–9.3 sq mi) in the Hustai National Park and 150–825 km (58–319 sq mi) in the

4357:"Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved" 3488: 3437: 1103:

The wild population was already rare at its first scientific characterization. Przewalski reported seeing them only from a distance and may have instead sighted herds of local

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The Przewalski's Horse Reintroduction Project of China was initiated in 1985 when 11 wild horses were imported from overseas. After more than two decades of effort, the

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Przewalski's horse being depicted in this art. Horse skeletons dating to the fifth to the third millennia BCE, found in Central Asia, with a range extending to the southern

663:(48–56 inches, 122–142 cm), and length is about 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in). It weighs around 300 kilograms (660 lb). The coat is generally 3830: 1537:. Breeding of this individual in the 1980s had already substantially increased the genetic diversity of the captive population after he was discovered to have more unique 1304:

Reintroductions organized by Western European countries started in the 1990s. Several populations have now been released into the wild. A cooperative venture between the

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by Ivan Semyonovich Polyakov, based on Przewalski's collection and description, while in 1884, the sole exemplar of the horse in Europe was a preserved specimen in the

3617: 4431: 4922:"Przewalski horse conservation organization, reintroduced the species to Mongolia in 2004 and 2005 and continues research and conservation on the Mongolian steppe" 6446: 1541:

than any other horse living at the time, including otherwise lost genetic material from two of the original captive founders. To produce the clone, frozen skin

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Orlando, Ludovic; Outram, Alan K.; Librado, Pablo; Willerslev, Eske; Zaibert, Viktor; Merz, Ilja; Merz, Victor; Wallner, Barbara; Ludwig, Arne (6 April 2018).

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Since 2004, there has been a program to reintroduce Przewalski's horses that were bred in France into Mongolia. Instrumental to that 2004 reintroduction was

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Goto, Hiroki; Ryder, Oliver A.; Fisher, Allison R.; Schultz, Bryant; Pond, Sergei L. Kosakovsky; Nekrutenko, Anton; Makova, Kateryna D. (1 January 2011).

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While the horses eat a variety of different plant species, they tend to favor different species at different times of year. In the springtime, they favor

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Horses maintain visual contact with their family and herd at all times, and have a host of ways to communicate with one another, including vocalizations,

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King, S. R. B.; Gurnell, J. (2006). "Scent-marking behaviour by stallions: an assessment of function in a reintroduced population of Przewalski horses (

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that fused two chromosomes ancestral to those seen in Przewalski's horse to produce the single large domestic horse chromosome has also been proposed.

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Mongolian wild asses. He was only able to obtain specimens of the type from Kirghiz hunters. The range of Przewalski's horse was limited to the arid

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of a large chromosome ancestral to domestic horse chromosome 5 to produce Przewalski's horse chromosomes 23 and 24, though conversely, a

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nature reserve. Though poaching has taken a toll on numbers, as of 2019 the estimated population in the Chernobyl zone was over 100 individuals.

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chromosome number among all equine species. They can interbreed with the domestic horse and produce fertile offspring, with 65 chromosomes.

4881: 2313: 1192:, the Netherlands, by Jan and Inge Bouman. The foundation started a program of exchange between captive populations in zoos worldwide to reduce 4713:

Teruaki; Valberg, Stephanie J.; Vaudin, Mark; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mickelson, James R.; Georges, Michel (12 January 2012).

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in the captive Przewalski's horse population, and in anticipation of the development of new cloning techniques, tissue from the stallion was

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and later began its own breeding program. As a result of such efforts, the extant herd has retained a far greater genetic diversity than its

3582: 3320: 3167: 2552:"Trends in demography, genetics, and social structure of Przewalski's horses in the Hortobagy National Park, Hungary over the last 22 years" 1392: 1314: 780: 3856: 3469: 618:

Genetic analysis shows that the takhi and the domestic horse differ significantly, with neither ancestral to the other. The evolutionary

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The Przewalski's horse is stockily built, smaller, and shorter than its domesticated relatives. Typical height is about 12–14

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Fijn, Natasha (2015). "13. The domestic and the wild in the Mongolian horse and the takhi". In Behie, Alison M; Ozenham, Marc F (eds.).

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programs were established. However, by the mid-1930s, inbreeding had caused reduced fertility, and the captive population experienced a

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of the 20 Botai horses. No comparison was made to definitively wild early takhis. The authors posit that modern Przewalski's horses are

1049:. Another was recorded as a gift to the Manchurian emperor around 1630, its value as a gift suggesting a difficulty in obtaining them. 6545: 6407: 4318: 3775: 4626:

Scheibe, KM; Eichhorn, K.; Kalz, B.; Streich, WJ; Scheibe, A. (1998). "Water consumption and watering behavior of Przewalski horses (

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Kerekes, Viola; Sándor, István; Nagy, Dorina; Ozogány, Katalin; Göczi, Loránd; Ibler, Benjamin; Széles, Lajos; Barta, Zoltán (2021).

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and other rearrangements were observed between the chromosomes of domestic and Przewalski's horses, while there was much lower hetero

564:. The taxonomic position of Przewalski's horse remains controversial, and no consensus exists about whether it is a full species (as 6535: 6530: 3401: 2845:"Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) II. Energy expenditure" 2739: 2695: 2599:"Dietary spectrum in Himalayan wolves: comparative analysis of prey choice in conspecifics across high-elevation rangelands of Asia" 370: 4643: 695:

of Przewalski's horse differs from that of the domestic horse, having 33 chromosome pairs versus 32, apparently due to a

4760:"A massively parallel sequencing approach uncovers ancient origins and high genetic variability of endangered Przewalski's horses" 3228:"A massively parallel sequencing approach uncovers ancient origins and high genetic variability of endangered Przewalski's horses" 2081:

Outram, A.K.; Stear, N.A.; Bendrey, R.; Olsen, S.; Kasparov, A.; et al. (2009). "The earliest horse harnessing and milking".

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Machugh, David E.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (2016). "Taming the past: Ancient DNA and the study of animal domestication".

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was begun, there were almost four hundred horses in sixteen facilities, a number that had grown by the early 1990s to over 1,500.

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Slivinska, Kateryna; Kopij, Grzegorz (2011). "Diet of the Przewalski's Horse Equus Przewalskii in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone".

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In 2004 and 2005, 22 horses were released by the Association Takh to a third reintroduction site in the buffer zone of the

678:. The mane stands erect and does not extend as far forward, while the tail is about 90 cm (35 in) long, with a longer 5455: 1042:

recorded one of the first European sightings of the horses in the journal recounting his trip to Mongolia as a prisoner of the

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Przewalski horse's diet consists of vegetation. Many plant species are in a typical Przewalski's horse environment, including:

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by opening the landscape through low-intensity grazing and browsing, thereby enhancing biodiversity and lowering the risk of

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Feh, C. (2005). "Relationships and communication in socially natural horse herds". In Mills, Daniel; McDonnell, Sue (eds.).

1750: 1256:, Germany. Established in 2008, this population comprised 24 horses in 2019. Another population is being established in the 1803:"Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences" 1557:

mare, which carried the embryo to term and delivered a foal with the Przewalski's horse DNA of the long-deceased stallion.

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After reintroduced horses had successfully reproduced, the status of the animal was changed from "extinct in the wild" to "

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After 1903, there were no reports of the wild population until 1947, when several isolated groups were observed and a lone

6520: 4759: 1499: 1347:, Feh worked in cooperation with local people to ensure the horses survived and flourished. For this work, Feh received a 783:. The ranges of harems are separated, but slightly overlapping. They have few modern predators, but one of the few is the 538:(48–56 inches, 122–142 cm), and the average weight is around 300 kg (660 lb). They have a 4653:"Adaptation Strategies to Seasonal Changes in Environmental Conditions of a Domesticated Horse Breed, the Shetland Pony ( 1842:

Kavar, Tatjana; Peter Dovč (2008). "Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses".

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Ryder, Oliver A.; Wedemeyera, Elizabeth A. (April 1982). "Cooperative breeding programme for the Mongolian wild horse

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of the captive Przewalski's horse population. In comparison, the chromosomal differences between domestic horses and

3557:"La renaturalización trae al Alto Tajo los únicos caballos Przewalski que pastarán en libertad en Europa Occidental" 6540: 6525: 6214: 1355: 1239: 806: 700: 476: 6296: 3369: 6505: 6451: 4928: 3720: 2406:

Piras, F.M.; Nergadze, S.G.; Poletto, V.; Cerutti, F.; Ryder, O.A.; Leeb, T.; Raimondi, E.; Giulotto, E. (2009).

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in Przewalski's horses, with extensive segments devoid of genetic diversity, a consequence of the recent severe

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occupation, and the group in the United States had died out. Only two captive populations in zoos remained, in

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with special reference to the phylogenetic relationship between Przewalskii's wild horse and domestic horse".

4207: 1415: 1380:", after a reassessment in 2008, and from "critically endangered" to "endangered" after a 2011 reassessment. 91: 5423: 4936: 4367:. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: 81–84. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Archived from 1472: 1459: 1391:. With the support of public and many strategic partners, yearly transports of captive-bred horses into the 1092:

and placed in zoos, and these, along with one later captive, reproduced to give rise to today's population.

479:. Przewalski's horse was long considered the only remaining truly wild horse, in contrast with the American 6231: 6204: 2456:

Huang, Jinlong; Zhao, Yiping; Shiraigol, Wunierfu; Li, Bei; Bai, Dongyi; Ye, Weixing; et al. (2015).

877: 581: 200: 6119: 2458:"Analysis of horse genomes provides insight into the diversification and adaptive evolution of karyotype" 2190:"Rebuttal of Taylor and Barrón-Ortiz 2021 Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai" 6459: 4345:"FC Wales turns clock back thousands of years with 'wild' solution to looking after ancient forest site" 1377: 1197: 1050: 719: 707: 6007: 5975: 5967: 3804:"Western Europe's first free-roaming herd of Przewalski's horses to enhance Iberian Highland rewilding" 6127: 4160: 2583: 6278: 6177: 6111: 6079: 5999: 5991: 5385: 4910:"Umbrella organization of all institutions participating in the reintroduction of takhis in Mongolia" 4893: 4845: 4440: 4389: 4286: 4228: 3917: 3117: 3056: 2799: 2256: 2145: 2090: 1994: 1939: 1879: 1483: 968: 711: 6015: 4376:

Ishida, Nobushige; et al. (1995). "Mitochondrial DNA sequences of various species of the genus

1722: 651: 6283: 6055: 5844: 5809: 5773: 5448: 5275: 1675: 1491: 1253: 1188:

In 1977, the Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse was founded in

1180: 1161: 1073: 1039: 467:, Takhin Tal Nature Reserve, and Khomiin Tal, as well as several other locales in Central Asia and 456: 452: 39: 5879: 5867: 5178: 2896: 1905: 1433:

from zoos in Europe, ten years after plans were announced to do so.The operation was organised by

6145: 6103: 6095: 6071: 5983: 5564: 5233: 4861: 4819:. Vol. I. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. 4413: 4285:"Endangered Przewalski's horse,Equus przewalskii, cloned from historically cryopreserved cells". 3328: 3141: 3090: 2874: 2705: 2621: 2435: 2114: 2063: 1963: 1801:

Lau, Allison; Lei Peng; Hiroki Goto; Leona Chemnick; Oliver A. Ryder; Kateryna D. Makova (2009).

1622: 1369: 1336: 1296:

Wild Horse Breeding Centre has bred a large number of horses, 55 of which were released into the

1225: 1141: 858: 840: 675: 619: 549: 504: 424: 277: 237: 86: 6464: 5800: 1257: 1006: 4515: 741:

The mitochondrial genome has 37 genes that are 99.63% identical to that of the domestic horse.

6185: 5611: 5242: 4797: 4779: 4746: 4678: 4529:. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. pp. 82–92. 4468: 4405: 4332: 4322: 4139: 4121: 4082: 4064: 3431: 3299: 3257: 3133: 3082: 3025: 2956: 2866: 2825: 2691: 2487: 2427: 2292: 2284: 2218: 2171: 2106: 2055: 2020: 1955: 1824: 1526: 1297: 1201: 890: 883: 696: 631: 4347:(Media release). Forestry Commission, Wales, U.K. 16 September 2004. No: 7001. Archived from 3639: 1482:

In 2020, the first cloned Przewalski's horse was born, the result of a collaboration between

6161: 5818: 5782: 5592: 5494: 5367: 5323: 5299: 5251: 5113: 5067: 4853: 4824: 4787: 4771: 4736: 4726: 4700: 4668: 4639: 4493: 4458: 4448: 4397: 4129: 4113: 4072: 4054: 3925: 3807: 3755: 3291: 3247: 3239: 3226:

Ryder, O A; Fisher, A R; Schultz, B; Kosakovsky Pond, S; Nekrutenko, A; Makova, K D (2011).

3199: 3125: 3072: 3064: 3015: 3005: 2946: 2938: 2856: 2815: 2807: 2613: 2563: 2525: 2515: 2477: 2469: 2419: 2274: 2264: 2161: 2153: 2098: 2047: 2010: 2002: 1947: 1887: 1851: 1814: 1670: 1411: 1136: 936: 388: 308: 6309: 2788:"Stable isotopes reveal diet shift from pre-extinction to reintroduced Przewalski's horses" 1358:, in the northern edge of the Gobi ecoregion. In the winter of 2009–2010, one of the worst 1127: 1064: 6361: 6087: 6039: 6023: 5583: 5574: 5536: 5508: 3295: 2717: 1727: 1616: 1561: 1438: 1400: 1284: 1054: 1018: 403: 4591: 4578: 4535: 2974: 2758: 2051: 1271:

livestock auction, mistakenly identified as a mule. Another similar horse was found at a

495:

animals. That status was called into question when domestic horses of the 5,000-year-old

4849: 4814: 4444: 4393: 4020: 3921: 3196:

Taxonomic Tapestries: The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research

3121: 3060: 2803: 2530: 2507: 2260: 2149: 2094: 1998: 1943: 1883: 1200:

made likely. By 1979, when this concerted program of population management to maximize

6169: 6134: 6063: 6031: 5956: 5832: 5791: 5666: 5648: 5601: 5527: 5441: 5376: 5169: 5000: 4960: 4828: 4792: 4741: 4714: 4134: 4101: 3252: 3227: 3077: 3044: 3020: 2994:"Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series" 2993: 2951: 2922: 2820: 2787: 2482: 2457: 2339: 2166: 2133: 2015: 1982: 1981:

Sarkissian, C.; Ermini, L.; Schubert, M.; Yang, M.A.; Librado, P.; et al. (2015).

1594: 1449: 1340: 1249: 1212:

preserve in Ukraine. From 1998, thirty-one horses were also released in the unenclosed

1089: 1085: 1014: 923: 864: 784: 768: 750: 468: 460: 288: 143: 4463: 4426: 4077: 4042: 4041:

Tian, X. Cindy; Kubota, Chikara; Enright, Brian; Yang, Xiangzhong (13 November 2003).

1267:

rancher discovered what appears to be a critically endangered Przewalski's horse at a

6494: 6356: 5941: 5908: 5657: 5639: 5465: 5394: 5290: 5043: 4497: 4236: 3929: 3094: 2625: 2390: 1661: 1652: 1608: 1530: 1373: 852: 816: 791: 679: 496: 266: 163: 59: 4548:"Financial losses puts at risk Chinese program of reintroducing Przewalski's horses" 4208:"Why a cloned foal born at a USA zoo is key to the survival of his endangered breed" 4181: 2439: 2067: 30: 6153: 6047: 5949: 5751: 5266: 5206: 5160: 4913: 4417: 3780: 3145: 2118: 1967: 1546: 1515: 1511: 1209: 1157: 1149: 1058: 1046: 1031: 1022: 846: 635: 492: 448: 3159: 2878: 2408:"Phylogeny of Horse Chromosome 5q in the Genus Equus and Centromere Repositioning" 1602: 507:

position is still debated, with some taxonomists treating Przewalski's horse as a

6388: 4731: 4704: 4312: 4100:

Lagutina, Irina; Fulka, Helena; Lazzari, Giovanna; Galli, Cesare (October 2013).

3879: 3321:"An extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for worlds last wild horse" 2685: 1855: 1754: 6477: 6330: 6263: 5016: 3343: 2568: 2551: 2520: 2317: 1487: 1423: 1344: 1318: 1112: 1108: 1035: 993: 772: 660: 535: 488: 4805: 3068: 3010: 2811: 2157: 499:

of Central Asia were found more closely related to Przewalski's horses than to

6209: 5693: 5215: 5073: 4291: 3857:"Effort Begins to Revive Endangered Przewalski Horse Population in Kazakhstan" 3451: 2648:

The Domestic Horse: the evolution, development and management of its behaviour

2006: 1891: 1584: 1565: 1550: 1542: 1534: 1437:, which selected horses from various programs in Europe, which were housed at 1434: 1430: 1384: 1193: 1165: 831: 731: 669: 573: 544: 520: 516: 177: 5433: 4783: 4125: 4068: 3198:. Canberra: ANU Press, The Australian National University. pp. 279–298. 3045:"The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes" 2288: 1983:"Evolutionary genomics and conservation of the endangered Przewalski's horse" 1441:

for some months before being transported to Kazakhstan in Czech army planes.

6412: 4527:

Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

4336: 3948: 3583:"'Ferrari in a junkyard': Mules sold at auction are rare, endangered horses" 3129: 2269: 2244: 2102: 1819: 1802: 1554: 1467: 1419: 1189: 900: 692: 103: 6254: 4801: 4750: 4682: 4472: 4453: 4143: 4117: 4086: 4059: 3261: 3204: 3137: 3086: 3029: 2960: 2870: 2829: 2491: 2431: 2296: 2175: 2110: 2059: 2024: 1959: 1828: 1697: 834:. Looking at the species' diet overall, Przewalski's horses most often eat 4409: 3760: 3470:"Завезені з Монголії коні Пржевальського прижилися у зоні відчуження ЧАЕС" 3303: 2921:

Chen, Jinliang; Weng, Qiang; Chao, Jie; Hu, Defu; Taya, Kazuyoshi (2008).

2245:"Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses" 6382: 6248: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4775: 4563: 3831:"Wild horses return to Kazakhstan steppes after absence of two centuries" 3243: 2684:

Bouman, Inge; Bouman, Jan (1994). Boyd, Lee; Houpt, Katherine A. (eds.).

1329: 1293: 1264: 1230: 1002: 827: 715: 664: 602:

considers the Przewalski's horse and the tarpan both to be subspecies of

539: 123: 6399: 4514:

Wakefield, S.; Knowles, J.; Zimmermann, W.; Van Dierendonck, M. (2002).

3379: 2132:

Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Barrón‑Ortiz, Christina Isabelle (2021).

1951: 1260:

in Spain, the first free-roaming Przewalski’s horses in Western Europe.

560:

Przewalski's horse was formally described as a novel species in 1881 by

6425: 6322: 6199: 5918: 5358: 5314: 5025: 4865: 4813:

Heptner, V.G.; Nasimovich, A.A.; Bannikov, A.G.; Hoffman, R.S. (1988).

4673: 4652: 4401: 4102:"Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Advancements and Problems" 4043:"Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer – biological factors" 2314:"Ancient DNA rules out archeologists' best bet for horse domestication" 2279: 1495: 1221: 1217: 1153: 954: 755: 735: 508: 480: 153: 4644:

10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1998)17:3<181::aid-zoo3>3.3.co;2-m

2861: 2844: 2617: 2473: 2423: 6335: 6291: 5764: 5742: 5715: 5550: 5517: 5485: 5131: 5122: 5107: 4976: 4601: 4368: 3043:

Librado, Pablo; Khan, Naveed; kusliy, Mariya A.; et al. (2021).

2992:

Fages, Antoine; Hanghøj, Kristian; Khan, Naveed; et al. (2019).

2942: 2584:"Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus) Fact Sheet: Behavior & Ecology" 1577:

horses were cloned from fibroblast cells cryopreserved in the 1980s.

1538: 1519: 1503: 1268: 1243: 1104: 1043: 592: 484: 444: 133: 113: 6225: 4857: 4314:

Przewalski's Horse: The history and biology of an endangered species

2923:"Reproduction and Development of the Released Przewalski's Horses ( 6472: 5903: 5705: 5684: 5625: 5341: 5154: 5140: 5093: 5052: 3880:"Przewalski's horses return to Kazakhstan steppes after 200 years" 1588: 1448: 1283: 1179: 1126: 1096: 1063: 998: 992: 948: 929: 917: 822: 805: 754: 723: 650: 585: 440: 76: 70: 4901: 5913: 3776:"How an Iberian rewilding plan aims to repopulate 'empty Spain'" 2407: 2134:"Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai" 1360: 1272: 1072:

The species is named after a Russian colonel of Polish descent,

942: 229: 6229: 5437: 4932: 4902:"Details of the re-introduction program for Przewalski's horse" 2597:

Balajeid Lyngdoh, S.; Habib, B.; Shrotriya, S. (January 2020).

1651:

King, S.R.B.; Boyd, L.; Zimmermann, W.; Kendall, B.E. (2016) .

475:

ancestor between 160,000 and 38,000 years ago, long before the

3374: 2508:"The genome of Przewalski's horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii )" 1507: 359: 341: 3452:"У Чорнобилі знайшли обгоріле лоша. Тепер лікують у притулку" 1406:

In May 2023, a herd of ten Przewalski's horses obtained from

329: 4579:"Returning Home — Przewalski's horse reintroduction project" 1414:

to the Iberian Highlands rewilding landscape in Spain, near

356: 4182:"Kurt Benirschke (1924-) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia" 4021:"Przewalski's Horse (Takhi) Project | Revive & Restore" 3986:"First Przewalski's Horse Born Via Artificial Insemination" 1776: 1429:

In June 2024 six mares and a stallion were reintroduced to

1343:

in western Mongolia. At a site on the northern edge of the

606:, and classifies the domestic horse as a separate species, 362: 320: 3971:"Przewalski's Horse Foal Born via Artificial Insemination" 317: 4651:

Brinkmann, Lea; Gerken, Martina; Riek, Alexander (2012).

4427:"Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse" 3947:. Today.com / NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from 3489:"Animals Rule Chernobyl 30 Years After Nuclear Disaster" 3277:"Genetic studies of blood markers in Przewalski's horse" 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 1324:

In 2001, Przewalski's horses were reintroduced into the

451:. It is named after the Russian geographer and explorer 4921: 3721:"Endangered Przewalski's Horses Back On Russian Steppe" 3518: 3370:"Chernobyl's Przewalski's horses are poached for meat" 1376:

they were reclassified from "extinct in the wild" to "

598:); or even a subpopulation of the domestic horse. The 3402:"У Чорнобильській зоні прижилися коні Пржевальського" 1458:

preserve and expand the gene pool. Scientists at the

371: 350: 344: 338: 335: 4844:(4). Royal Geographical Society: 405–412, esp. 407. 4592:"Przewalski's Horse Reintroduction Project of China" 4536:"Foal by Foal, the Wildest of Horses Is Coming Back" 4516:"Status and action plan for the Przewalski's Horse ( 1184:

A Przewalski's horse in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone

353: 332: 326: 311: 6372: 6238: 5927: 5896: 5866: 5831: 5750: 5741: 5692: 5683: 5624: 5549: 5493: 5484: 5356: 5340: 5312: 5288: 5264: 5231: 5214: 5041: 5024: 2843:Arnold, Walter; Ruf, Thomas; Kuntz, Regina (2006). 997:Przewalski's horse on bronze ring made in Northern 952:spp. Additionally, Przewalski's horses may dig for 323: 3677:International Union for the Conservation of Nature 3166:. Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. 2391:http://www.pferdeheilkunde.de/10.21836/PEM20130302 1796: 1794: 734:repositioning. Przewalski's horse has the highest 3164:Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science 2213: 2211: 2209: 1288:Przewalski's horses in Hustai Nuruu National Park 3436:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2738:Kateryna Slivinska; Grzegorz Kopij (July 2011). 2586:. San Diego Zoo Global Library – via IELC. 1403:region on the Russian steppe occurred in 2016. 1131:Vaska, a Przewalski's horse trained to be ridden 1057:from 1719 to 1722, observed a horse in Russia's 3742:Bakirova, Rafilia T; Sharkikh, Tatjana (2019). 3535:"Die Przewalski-Pferde in der Döberitzer Heide" 4882:"images and movies of the Przewalski's horse ( 3695:"Return of the Przewalski's Horse to Mongolia" 2308: 2306: 2238: 2236: 1676:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41763A45172856.en 5449: 4944: 4223: 4221: 1135:Attempts to obtain specimens for exhibit and 904:, and in late summer, they gravitate towards 393: 8: 3673:"Another leap towards the Barometer of Life" 3418:. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019 3315: 3313: 1553:stage, then implanted into a domestic horse 4577:Chen, Xia; Huang, Shan (28 December 2007). 4260:"Second Przewalski horse born from cloning" 3667: 3665: 2916: 2914: 2907:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1753:. International Takhi-Group. Archived from 1560:The cloned horse was named Kurt, after Dr. 639:compatible with the findings of the study. 6226: 5747: 5689: 5490: 5456: 5442: 5434: 5353: 5228: 5200: 5038: 5010: 4951: 4937: 4929: 4509:(Print ed.). Edina, MN: ABDO Pub. Co. 3275:Bowling, Ann T.; Ryder, Oliver A. (1987). 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2679: 2677: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2223:"Ancient DNA upends the horse family tree" 1477:Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute 767:The patterns of their daily lives exhibit 527:) or a variety of the domesticated horse ( 48: 29: 20: 4791: 4740: 4730: 4672: 4462: 4452: 4290: 4133: 4076: 4058: 3759: 3251: 3203: 3076: 3019: 3009: 2950: 2860: 2819: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2567: 2529: 2519: 2481: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2278: 2268: 2165: 2014: 1818: 1674: 1315:Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area 1082:Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences 463:to its native habitat in Mongolia in the 3520:Przewalski's Horse - the last wild horse 2451: 2449: 2401: 2399: 1313:in 1998. Another reintroduction site is 4534:Wilford, John Noble (11 October 2005). 4311:Boyd, Lee; Houpt, Katherine A. (1994). 3189: 3187: 3185: 1634: 776:generally less stable in this respect. 584:, along with two other subspecies, the 4161:"About Cloning | Revive & Restore" 4047:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 3429: 2890: 2888: 2713: 2703: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1224:. People evacuated the zone after the 4155: 4153: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3640:"Claudia Feh: Wild Horses And Nomads" 3344:"Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation" 3296:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110340 1426:. Future introductions are planned. 1156:, was shot by German soldiers during 1068:Przewalski's horse skull, Brno museum 402: 387: 7: 4425:Jansen, Thomas; et al. (2002). 3610:"A Wild Horse on the Comeback Trail" 3170:from the original on 17 October 2014 2052:10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022747 1393:Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area 781:Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area 3945:"Rare horse gets reverse vasectomy" 2849:The Journal of Experimental Biology 2040:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 1662:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4608:. IUCN SSC Equid Specialist Group. 4319:State University of New York Press 3679:. 10 November 2011. Archived from 3608:Strauss, Gary (17 November 2016). 3327:. 19 December 2005. Archived from 1399:The first reintroduction into the 1053:, a Scottish doctor in service to 14: 3476:(in Ukrainian). 19 February 2020. 3342:Mulvey, Stephen (20 April 2006). 2687:The History of Przewalski's Horse 1872:Journal of Archaeological Science 1445:Assisted reproduction and cloning 1228:, so now it serves as a deserted 655:Head shot, showing convex profile 6501:IUCN Red List endangered species 5418: 5417: 4498:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00243.x 3855:Rutz, Julia (11 November 2014). 2744:in the Chernobyl exclusion zone" 2740:"Diet of the Przewalski's horse 1777:"Takhi: Holy Animal of Mongolia" 1601: 1587: 1506:is created by transplanting the 1475:occurred on 27 July 2013 at the 1317:, located at the fringes of the 600:American Society of Mammalogists 307: 216:(I. S. Polyakov, 1881) 90: 4661:Journal of Experimental Biology 3943:Zongker, Brett (17 June 2008). 3829:Kevany, Sophie (10 June 2024). 3719:Blua, Antoine (13 March 2016). 3368:Gill, Victoria (27 July 2011). 2556:Global Ecology and Conservation 2412:Cytogenetic and Genome Research 1408:Monts D'Azur Biological Reserve 4382:Journal of Molecular Evolution 3984:Shenk, Emily (5 August 2013). 3973:. TheHorse.com. 2 August 2013. 3487:Wendle, John (18 April 2016). 1728:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 894:. In early summer, they favor 459:, since the 1990s it has been 1: 3878:Mao, Frances (13 June 2024). 2690:. SUNY Press. pp. 5–38. 2650:. Cambridge University Press. 1500:somatic cell nuclear transfer 1038:. In the fifteenth century, 726:include numerous large-scale 548:features and often have dark 4764:Genome Biology and Evolution 4732:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002451 4705:10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.007 3930:10.1016/0006-3207(82)90021-0 3748:Nature Conservation Research 3232:Genome Biology and Evolution 2757:(4): 841–847. Archived from 2512:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 1856:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.002 1410:in France was introduced by 1311:Khustain Nuruu National Park 1306:Zoological Society of London 465:Khustain Nuruu National Park 5854:Hartmann's mountain zebra ( 5539:Equus africanus somaliensis 5476:Extinct species are marked 4816:Mammals of the Soviet Union 4525:. In Moehlman, P.D. (ed.). 4505:van Cleaf, K. (2006). 4258:Black, A. (19 April 2023). 4206:Beale, Mel (10 June 2021). 2569:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01407 2375:"Przevalsky's Wild Horse", 1779:. International Takhi Group 1518:into an immature egg cell ( 730:, fusions, inversions, and 439:, is a rare and endangered 6562: 6284:Equus_caballus_przewalskii 6215:Domestication of the horse 5614:Equus hemionus hydruntinus 5530:Equus africanus atlanticus 3537:(in German). 25 March 2019 3069:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9 3011:10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049 2899:Equus caballus przewalskii 2812:10.1038/s41598-017-05329-6 2344:Smithsonian's National Zoo 2158:10.1038/s41598-021-86832-9 1545:were thawed, and grown in 1356:Khar Us Nuur National Park 1252:, now a nature reserve in 748: 701:Robertsonian translocation 477:domestication of the horse 6546:Mammals described in 1881 6310:equus-ferus-przewalskii-0 6195: 5551:Onager / Asiatic wild ass 5511:Equus africanus africanus 5474: 5415: 5203: 5199: 5013: 5009: 4971: 4615:Polish Journal of Ecology 4339:– via Google Books. 4292:10.1101/2023.12.20.572538 2931:Journal of Equine Science 2751:Polish Journal of Ecology 2521:10.1093/g3journal/jkae113 2007:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032 1892:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006 1571:San Diego Zoo Safari Park 1502:(SCNT), whereby a viable 1389:Return of the Wild Horses 915:In winter the horses eat 562:Ivan Semyonovich Polyakov 525:E. ferus przewalskii 443:originally native to the 428: 394: 243: 236: 225: 221: 206: 199: 87:Scientific classification 85: 68: 46: 37: 28: 23: 6536:Endangered fauna of Asia 6531:Natural history of China 4837:The Geographical Journal 4565:[no title given] 4229:"A Clone and His Mentor" 1466:successfully reversed a 1372:" in 2005, while on the 1326:Kalamaili Nature Reserve 1214:Chernobyl Exclusion Zone 1034:'s campaign against the 589:E. f. caballus 389:[prʐɨˈvalʲskʲɪj] 226:Przewalski's horse range 6516:Mammals of Central Asia 6297:equus-ferus-przewalskii 6270:Equus ferus przewalskii 6240:Equus ferus przewalskii 5776:Equus quagga burchellii 5727:Equus ferus przewalskii 5577:Equus hemionus hemippus 5567:Equus hemionus hemionus 4884:Equus ferus przewalskii 4628:Equus ferus przewalskii 4604:Equus ferus przewalskii 4482:Equus ferus przewalskii 3910:Biological Conservation 3908:in the United States". 3754:(Supplement 2): 57–64. 3325:ZSL Living Conservation 3284:The Journal of Heredity 3130:10.1126/science.1168594 2270:10.1126/science.aao3297 2103:10.1126/science.1168594 1910:www.mammaldiversity.org 1533:at the San Diego Zoo's 1473:artificial insemination 1460:Smithsonian Institution 1387:started a new project, 1240:Hortobágy National Park 1005:. 6th-5th century BCE. 578:Equus ferus przewalskii 410:Equus ferus przewalskii 210:Equus ferus przewalskii 6205:Evolution of the horse 5856:Equus zebra hartmannae 5812:Equus quagga crawshayi 5626:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass 5520:Equus africanus asinus 5386:South American tapir ( 4829:"Environment and race" 4630:) in a semi-reserve". 4602:"Przewalski's horse - 4518:Equus ferus przewalski 4454:10.1073/pnas.152330099 4118:10.1089/cell.2013.0036 4106:Cellular Reprogramming 4060:10.1186/1477-7827-1-98 3205:10.22459/TT.05.2015.13 1906:"Explore the Database" 1454: 1289: 1185: 1132: 1069: 1009: 878:Corynephorus canescens 811: 760: 656: 582:trinomial nomenclature 192:E. f. przewalskii 6460:Paleobiology Database 5845:Cape mountain zebra ( 5803:Equus quagga chapmani 5794:Equus quagga borensis 5660:Equus kiang holdereri 5604:Equus hemionus onager 5464:Species of the genus 5276:Sumatran rhinoceros ( 4916:on 28 September 2006. 3761:10.24189/ncr.2019.025 2927:) in Xinjiang, China" 1820:10.1093/molbev/msn239 1669:: e.T41763A97204950. 1452: 1416:Villanueva de Alcorón 1378:critically endangered 1287: 1183: 1130: 1067: 996: 809: 758: 654: 596:E. f. ferus 404:[pʂɛˈvalskʲi] 6521:Mammals of East Asia 5821:Equus quagga selousi 5725:Przewalski's horse ( 5708:Equus ferus caballus 5669:Equus kiang polyodon 5595:Equus hemionus kulan 5565:Mongolian wild ass ( 5083:Przewalski's horse ( 4963:(Odd-toed ungulates) 4655:Equus ferus caballus 4371:on 24 February 2006. 4317:. Albany, New York: 3683:on 15 November 2011. 3331:on 12 February 2012. 2975:"Przewalski's Horse" 2905:Animal Diversity Web 2379:, 30:391-392 (1884). 2340:"Przewalski's horse" 2221:(22 February 2018). 1723:"Przewalski's horse" 1698:"Appendices | CITES" 1492:Revive & Restore 1484:San Diego Zoo Global 1176:Conservation efforts 969:basal metabolic rate 745:Ecology and behavior 487:, which are instead 433:Mongolian wild horse 16:Subspecies of mammal 6511:Mammals of Mongolia 6120:Equus parastylidens 5785:Equus quagga boehmi 5767:Equus quagga quagga 5612:European wild ass ( 5586:Equus hemionus khur 5243:Indian rhinoceros ( 4966:species by suborder 4924:. Association Takh. 4850:1908GeogJ..32..405R 4507:Przewalski's Horses 4445:2002PNAS...9910905J 4439:(16): 10905–10910. 4394:1995JMolE..41..180I 4361:Bull. Zool. Nomencl 3990:National Geographic 3922:1982BCons..22..259R 3620:on 18 November 2016 3614:National Geographic 3493:National Geographic 3122:2009Sci...323.1332O 3116:(5919): 1332–1335. 3061:2021Natur.598..634L 2804:2017NatSR...7.5950K 2764:on 29 October 2013. 2261:2018Sci...360..111G 2150:2021NatSR..11.7440T 2095:2009Sci...323.1332O 2089:(5919): 1332–1335. 1999:2015CBio...25.2577D 1952:10.1038/nature12323 1944:2013Natur.499...74O 1884:2009JArSc..36..835C 1498:was carried out by 1453:Przewalski's horses 1074:Nikolai Przhevalsky 1040:Johann Schiltberger 810:Przewalski's horses 771:similar to that of 643:the Botai culture. 568:); a subspecies of 513:E. przewalskii 483:and the Australian 457:extinct in the wild 453:Nikolay Przhevalsky 419:), also called the 40:Conservation status 24:Przewalski's horse 6146:Equus semiplicatus 6137:Equus simplicidens 6104:Equus occidentalis 6096:Equus niobrarensis 6072:Equus mauritanicus 5984:Equus conversidens 5957:Giant Cape zebra ( 5810:Crawshay's zebra ( 5774:Burchell's zebra ( 5593:Turkmenian kulan ( 5324:Black rhinoceros ( 5300:White rhinoceros ( 5252:Javan rhinoceros ( 5114:African wild ass ( 4776:10.1093/gbe/evr067 4674:10.1242/jeb.064832 4486:Journal of Zoology 4402:10.1007/BF00170671 3589:. 30 November 2023 3563:. 30 November 2023 3523:, Association Takh 3404:. 26 October 2018. 3244:10.1093/gbe/evr067 3160:"Przewalski Horse" 2981:. 4 February 2016. 2792:Scientific Reports 2606:Journal of Zoology 2462:Scientific Reports 2320:. 25 February 2018 2219:Pennisi, Elizabeth 2138:Scientific Reports 1623:Mongolian wild ass 1455: 1290: 1226:Chernobyl accident 1198:genetic bottleneck 1186: 1142:genetic bottleneck 1133: 1117:Takhiin Shar Nuruu 1070: 1010: 896:Dactylis glomerata 859:Dactylis glomerata 841:Trifolium pratense 812: 761: 676:primitive markings 657: 591:, and the extinct 550:primitive markings 303:Przewalski's horse 259:Subspecies Level: 6541:Mammals of Europe 6526:Mammals of Russia 6488: 6487: 6374:Equus przewalskii 6232:Taxon identifiers 6223: 6222: 6186:Equus yunnanensis 6008:Equus dalianensis 5976:Equus complicatus 5968:Equus cedralensis 5892: 5891: 5847:Equus zebra zebra 5801:Chapman's zebra ( 5737: 5736: 5718:Equus ferus ferus 5679: 5678: 5642:Equus kiang kiang 5584:Indian wild ass ( 5575:Syrian wild ass ( 5537:Somali wild ass ( 5509:Nubian wild ass ( 5431: 5430: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5350: 5336: 5335: 5225: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5085:E. f. przewalskii 5058: 5035: 4964: 4825:Ridgeway, William 4693:Livestock Science 4328:978-0-7914-1889-5 4239:. 20 October 2022 3906:Equus przewalskii 3723:. RadioFreeEurope 3055:(7882): 634–640. 2925:Equus przewalskii 2862:10.1242/jeb.02536 2855:(22): 4566–4573. 2742:Equus przewalskii 2618:10.1111/jzo.12724 2474:10.1038/srep04958 2424:10.1159/000245916 2255:(6384): 111–114. 1844:Livestock Science 1731:. Merriam-Webster 1527:genetic variation 1298:Kalamely Mountain 1202:genetic diversity 1158:World War II 1078:Equus przevalskii 891:Chenopodium album 884:Festuca valesiaca 632:phylogenetic tree 566:Equus przewalskii 416:Equus przewalskii 300: 299: 292: 281: 274:E. f. prjevalskii 270: 254: 250:Equus przewalskii 80: 63: 6553: 6506:Horse subspecies 6481: 6480: 6468: 6467: 6455: 6454: 6442: 6441: 6429: 6428: 6416: 6415: 6403: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6365: 6364: 6352: 6351: 6339: 6338: 6326: 6325: 6313: 6312: 6300: 6299: 6287: 6286: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6227: 6162:Equus sivalensis 6135:Hagerman horse ( 6128:Equus pectinatus 5833:Mountain zebra ( 5792:Maneless zebra ( 5748: 5690: 5667:Southern kiang ( 5649:Northern kiang ( 5602:Persian onager ( 5528:Atlas wild ass ( 5495:African wild ass 5491: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5435: 5421: 5420: 5377:Mountain tapir ( 5354: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5201: 5170:Mountain zebra ( 5094:Domestic horse ( 5057: 5056: 5048: 5039: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5011: 4962: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4930: 4925: 4917: 4912:. Archived from 4905: 4897: 4892:. Archived from 4869: 4833: 4820: 4809: 4808:on 27 July 2015. 4804:. Archived from 4795: 4754: 4744: 4734: 4708: 4699:(2–3): 373–383. 4686: 4676: 4667:(7): 1061–1068. 4647: 4622: 4609: 4595: 4586: 4573: 4559: 4554:. Archived from 4552:Welcome2Mongolia 4543: 4530: 4524: 4510: 4501: 4476: 4466: 4456: 4421: 4372: 4352: 4340: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4062: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4017: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3996:on 7 August 2013 3992:. Archived from 3981: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3808:Rewilding Europe 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3616:. Archived from 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3499:on 18 April 2016 3495:. Archived from 3484: 3478: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3456:BBC News Україна 3448: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3382:on 27 April 2018 3378:. Archived from 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3255: 3223: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3191: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3080: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3013: 3004:(6): 1419–1435. 2989: 2983: 2982: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2943:10.1294/jes.19.1 2918: 2909: 2908: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2864: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2823: 2783: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2701: 2681: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2603: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2547: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2523: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2485: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2418:(1–2): 165–172. 2403: 2394: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2282: 2272: 2240: 2231: 2230: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2169: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2018: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1822: 1798: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1648: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1412:Rewilding Europe 1254:Dallgow-Döberitz 1137:captive breeding 1109:Dzungarian Basin 937:Pinus sylvestris 437:Dzungarian horse 430: 406: 401: 397: 396: 391: 386: 379: 375: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 314: 313: 287: 276: 265: 263:E. f. hagenbecki 252: 212: 95: 94: 74: 57: 52: 51: 33: 21: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6463: 6458: 6450: 6445: 6437: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6411: 6406: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6368: 6360: 6355: 6347: 6342: 6334: 6329: 6321: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6295: 6290: 6282: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6234: 6224: 6219: 6191: 6178:Equus uralensis 6112:Equus pacificus 6088:Equus namadicus 6080:Equus mexicanus 6040:Equus giganteus 6024:Equus fraternus 6000:Equus cumminsii 5992:Equus crinidens 5929: 5923: 5888: 5880:Grévy's zebra ( 5868:Grévy's zebra ( 5862: 5827: 5819:Selous' zebra ( 5783:Grant's zebra ( 5733: 5675: 5658:Eastern kiang ( 5651:Equus kiang chu 5640:Western kiang ( 5627: 5620: 5552: 5545: 5499:Equus africanus 5496: 5480: 5470: 5462: 5432: 5427: 5403: 5395:Malayan tapir ( 5368:Baird's tapir ( 5346: 5345: 5332: 5308: 5284: 5260: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5187: 5179:Grévy's zebra ( 5050: 5049: 5047: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5005: 4967: 4961:Perissodactyla 4957: 4920: 4908: 4900: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4858:10.2307/1776930 4831: 4823: 4812: 4757: 4725:(1): e1002451. 4711: 4689: 4650: 4625: 4612: 4600: 4589: 4576: 4562: 4558:on 29 May 2009. 4546: 4533: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4479: 4424: 4375: 4355: 4351:on 6 July 2006. 4343: 4329: 4310: 4306: 4304:Further reading 4301: 4300: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4233:sandiegozoo.org 4227: 4226: 4219: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3587:Washington Post 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3561:Rewilding Spain 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3474:zora-irpin.info 3468: 3467: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3225: 3224: 3213: 3193: 3192: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3042: 3041: 3037: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2785: 2784: 2769: 2761: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2725: 2712: 2702: 2698: 2683: 2682: 2655: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2549: 2548: 2539: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2405: 2404: 2397: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2346:. 25 April 2016 2338: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2217: 2216: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2037: 2036: 2032: 1993:(19): 2577–83. 1980: 1979: 1975: 1938:(7456): 74–78. 1929: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1807:Mol. Biol. Evol 1800: 1799: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1757:on 19 July 2012 1749: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1650: 1649: 1636: 1631: 1617:Mongolian horse 1607: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1562:Kurt Benirschke 1447: 1439:Tierpark Berlin 1282: 1178: 1125: 1055:Peter the Great 1007:Musée Cernuschi 991: 986: 977: 804: 753: 747: 689: 649: 647:Characteristics 616: 558: 491:descended from 399: 384: 377: 373: 349: 316: 310: 306: 246:Species Level: 227: 217: 214: 208: 195: 181: 89: 81: 64: 53: 49: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6559: 6557: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6469: 6456: 6443: 6430: 6417: 6404: 6394: 6378: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6353: 6340: 6327: 6314: 6301: 6288: 6275: 6260: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6170:Equus stenonis 6165: 6157: 6149: 6141: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6107: 6099: 6091: 6083: 6075: 6067: 6064:Equus lenensis 6059: 6051: 6043: 6035: 6032:Equus gallicus 6027: 6019: 6016:Equus excelsus 6011: 6003: 5995: 5987: 5979: 5971: 5963: 5959:Equus capensis 5953: 5945: 5936: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5760: 5758: 5752:Plains zebra ( 5745: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5722: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5555:Equus hemionus 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5534: 5524: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5351: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5278:D. sumatrensis 5272: 5270: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5226: 5222:(Rhinoceroses) 5216:Rhinocerotidae 5212: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5161:Plains zebra ( 5148: 5147: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5101: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5061: 5059: 5036: 5032:(Horse family) 5022: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 5001:Laurasiatheria 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4906: 4898: 4896:on 7 May 2006. 4876: 4875:External links 4873: 4871: 4870: 4821: 4810: 4755: 4709: 4687: 4648: 4638:(3): 181–192. 4623: 4610: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4574: 4560: 4544: 4540:New York Times 4531: 4511: 4502: 4477: 4422: 4388:(2): 180–188. 4373: 4353: 4341: 4327: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4276: 4250: 4217: 4198: 4186:embryo.asu.edu 4173: 4149: 4112:(5): 374–384. 4092: 4033: 4007: 3976: 3962: 3951:on 12 May 2013 3935: 3916:(4): 259–271. 3896: 3870: 3859:. Astana Times 3847: 3821: 3795: 3767: 3734: 3711: 3686: 3661: 3631: 3600: 3574: 3548: 3526: 3510: 3479: 3461: 3443: 3407: 3393: 3360: 3334: 3309: 3267: 3211: 3181: 3151: 3100: 3035: 2984: 2966: 2910: 2884: 2835: 2767: 2723: 2696: 2653: 2638: 2589: 2575: 2537: 2497: 2445: 2395: 2381: 2357: 2331: 2302: 2232: 2227:sciencemag.org 2205: 2181: 2124: 2073: 2030: 1973: 1922: 1897: 1878:(3): 835–842. 1861: 1834: 1813:(1): 199–208. 1790: 1768: 1742: 1714: 1689: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1598: 1595:Mammals portal 1582: 1579: 1446: 1443: 1281: 1280:Reintroduction 1278: 1258:Iberian System 1250:proving ground 1177: 1174: 1124: 1121: 1090:Carl Hagenbeck 1086:St. Petersburg 990: 987: 985: 982: 976: 973: 964:E. repens 960:Bromus inermis 924:Pyrus communis 906:E. repens 865:Bromus inermis 836:E. repens 803: 800: 785:Himalayan wolf 769:horse behavior 751:Horse behavior 749:Main article: 746: 743: 728:translocations 688: 685: 667:in color with 648: 645: 615: 612: 608:Equus caballus 586:domestic horse 557: 554: 515:, others as a 501:E. f. caballus 469:Eastern Europe 298: 297: 296: 295: 294: 293: 289:Max Hilzheimer 282: 271: 257: 256: 255: 253:Polyakov, 1881 241: 240: 234: 233: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 204: 203: 201:Trinomial name 197: 196: 189: 187: 183: 182: 175: 173: 169: 168: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 144:Perissodactyla 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 83: 82: 69: 66: 65: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6558: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6479: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6056:Equus latipes 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942:Equus alaskae 5938: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5447: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5426: 5425: 5414: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5388:T. terrestris 5384: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5352: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5291:Ceratotherium 5287: 5281: 5279: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5227: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5208: 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4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4293: 4288: 4280: 4277: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4251: 4238: 4237:San Diego Zoo 4234: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4034: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3810:. 8 July 2023 3809: 3805: 3799: 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1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:cryopreserved 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488:ViaGen Equine 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1374:IUCN Red List 1371: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1129: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Tangut empire 1033: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 988: 983: 981: 974: 972: 970: 965: 961: 957: 956: 951: 950: 945: 944: 939: 938: 933: 931: 926: 925: 920: 919: 913: 911: 907: 903: 902: 897: 893: 892: 887: 885: 880: 879: 874: 873:Elymus repens 869: 867: 866: 861: 860: 855: 854: 853:Poa trivialis 849: 848: 843: 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 824: 819: 818: 817:Elymus repens 808: 801: 799: 795: 793: 792:scent marking 788: 786: 782: 777: 774: 770: 765: 757: 752: 744: 742: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 706:Many smaller 704: 702: 698: 694: 686: 684: 681: 677: 672: 671: 666: 662: 653: 646: 644: 640: 637: 633: 627: 623: 621: 613: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 594: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 555: 553: 551: 547: 546: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 497:Botai culture 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 426: 422: 418: 417: 412: 411: 405: 390: 382: 381: 367: 304: 290: 286: 285:E. f. typicus 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 264: 261: 260: 258: 251: 248: 247: 245: 244: 242: 239: 235: 231: 224: 220: 213: 211: 205: 202: 198: 194: 193: 188: 185: 184: 180: 179: 178:E. ferus 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 93: 88: 84: 78: 72: 67: 61: 56: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6373: 6239: 6183: 6175: 6168: 6159: 6154:Equus scotti 6151: 6143: 6136: 6125: 6117: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6085: 6077: 6069: 6061: 6053: 6048:Equus lambei 6045: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5958: 5950:Equus andium 5947: 5939: 5930: 5881: 5869: 5855: 5846: 5834: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5754:Equus quagga 5753: 5726: 5724: 5717: 5707: 5695: 5694:Wild horse ( 5668: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5629: 5613: 5603: 5594: 5585: 5576: 5566: 5554: 5538: 5529: 5519: 5510: 5498: 5477: 5466: 5422: 5396: 5387: 5379:T. pinchaque 5378: 5369: 5357: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5267:Dicerorhinus 5265: 5254:R. sondaicus 5253: 5245:R. unicornis 5244: 5232: 5207:Ceratomorpha 5205: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5116:E. africanus 5115: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5084: 5082: 5075: 5074:Wild horse ( 5066: 5064: 5042: 5015: 4914:the original 4894:the original 4889: 4883: 4841: 4835: 4815: 4806:the original 4767: 4763: 4722: 4718: 4696: 4692: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4603: 4583:China.org.cn 4582: 4569: 4564: 4556:the original 4551: 4539: 4526: 4517: 4506: 4492:(1): 30–36. 4489: 4485: 4481: 4436: 4430: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4369:the original 4364: 4360: 4349:the original 4313: 4279: 4267:. 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