798:
49:
342:
749:. The binding agent keeps carbon particles in suspension and adhered to paper. Carbon particles do not fade over time even when bleached or when in sunlight. One benefit is that carbon ink does not harm paper. Over time, the ink is chemically stable and therefore does not threaten the paper's strength. Despite these benefits, carbon ink is not ideal for permanence and ease of preservation. Carbon ink tends to smudge in humid environments and can be washed off surfaces. The best method of preserving a document written in carbon ink is to store it in a dry environment (Barrow 1972).
777:
an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium hyphenate. There are many possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of plaque on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).
371:. One 12th century ink recipe called for hawthorn branches to be cut in the spring and left to dry. Then the bark was pounded from the branches and soaked in water for eight days. The water was boiled until it thickened and turned black. Wine was added during boiling. The ink was poured into special bags and hung in the sun. Once dried, the mixture was mixed with wine and iron salt over a fire to make the final ink.
424:
38:
569:
661:
723:
174:
406:
and egg white. Two types of ink were prevalent at the time: the Greek and Roman writing ink (soot, glue, and water) and the 12th century variety composed of ferrous sulfate, gall, gum, and water. Neither of these handwriting inks could adhere to printing surfaces without creating blurs. Eventually an
199:
Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks due to the need to write and draw. The recipes and techniques for the production of ink are derived from archaeological analyses or from written texts itself. The earliest inks from all civilizations are believed
776:
Treatment is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think
772:
are threatened by the destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of his works are held by the German State
Library, and about 25% of those are in advanced stages of decay (American Libraries 2000). The rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such as proportions of ink
670:
There is a misconception that ink is non-toxic even if swallowed. Once ingested, ink can be hazardous to one's health. Certain inks, such as those used in digital printers, and even those found in a common pen can be harmful. Though ink does not easily cause death, repeated skin contact or ingestion
767:
Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they were used for centuries and were widely thought to be the best type of ink. However, iron gall ink is corrosive and damages paper over time (Waters 1940). Items containing this ink can become brittle and the writing fades to brown. The
784:
increases the rate that formic acid, acetic acid, and furan derivatives form in the material the ink was used on. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst to cellulose hydrolysis, and iron (II) sulfate acts as a catalyst to cellulose oxidation. These chemical reactions physically weaken the paper, causing
517:
Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than pigment-based inks and can produce much more color of a given density per unit of mass. However, because dyes are dissolved in the liquid phase, they have a tendency to soak into paper, potentially allowing the ink to bleed at the edges of an image.
752:
Recently, carbon inks made from carbon nanotubes have been successfully created. They are similar in composition to traditional inks in that they use a polymer to suspend the carbon nanotubes. These inks can be used in inkjet printers and produce electrically conductive patterns.
797:
548:
Dye-based inks can be used for anti-counterfeit purposes and can be found in some gel inks, fountain pen inks, and inks used for paper currency. These inks react with cellulose to bring about a permanent color change. Dye based inks are used to color hair.
1060:
Christiansen, Thomas; Cotte, Marine; de Nolf, Wout; Mouro, Elouan; Reyes-Herrera, Juan; de Meyer, Steven; Vanmeert, Frederik; Salvadó, Nati; Gonzalez, Victor; Lindelof, Poul Erik; Mortensen, Kell; Ryholt, Kim; Janssens, Koen; Larsen, Sine (2020).
838:
The election commission in India has used indelible ink for many elections. Indonesia used it in its election in 2014. In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. Indelible ink itself is not infallible as it can be used to commit electoral
534:, the wood-derived material most paper is made of, is naturally charged, and so a compound that complexes with both the dye and the paper's surface aids retention at the surface. Such a compound is commonly used in ink-jet printing inks.
814:
means "un-removable". Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating solvents used. India, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia and other developing countries have used indelible ink in the form of
276:. The preferred inks for drawing or painting on paper or silk are produced from the resin of the pine trees between 50 and 100 years old. The Chinese inkstick is produced with a fish glue, whereas Japanese glue (膠
521:
To circumvent this problem, dye-based inks are made with solvents that dry rapidly or are used with quick-drying methods of printing, such as blowing hot air on the fresh print. Other methods include harder paper
773:
ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16). Corrosion is caused by acid catalyzed hydrolysis and iron(II)-catalysed oxidation of cellulose (Rouchon-Quillet 2004:389).
530:
inks. Another technique involves coating the paper with a charged coating. If the dye has the opposite charge, it is attracted to and retained by this coating, while the solvent soaks into the paper.
350:
About 1,600 years ago, a popular ink recipe was created. The recipe was used for centuries. Iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate (made by treating iron with sulfuric acid), were mixed with tannin from
187:, an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century BC. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early
526:
and more specialized paper coatings. The latter is particularly suited to inks used in non-industrial settings (which must conform to tighter toxicity and emission controls), such as
165:, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.
579:
298:, then pour it into a ceramic dish to dry. To use the dry mixture, a wet brush would be applied until it reliquified. The manufacture of India ink was well-established by the
286:
was invented in China, though materials were often traded from India, hence the name. The traditional
Chinese method of making the ink was to grind a mixture of hide glue,
1547:
843:
by marking opponent party members before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of "indelible" ink washing off voters' fingers in
Afghanistan.
1715:
671:
can cause effects such as severe headaches, skin irritation, or nervous system damage. These effects can be caused by solvents, or by pigment ingredients such as
479:
Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent in color, and have less of a
1161:
908:
1632:
Rouchon-Quillet, V.; Remazeilles, C.; Bernard, J.; Wattiaux, A.; Fournes, L.; et al. (2004), "The Impact of Gallic Acid on Iron Gall Ink
Corrosion",
1340:
are featured in A booke of secrets: shewing diuers waies to make and prepare all sorts of inke... tr. out of Dutch into
Englishe by W.P. , London, 1596.
48:
1688:
913:
1623:
Reißland, Birgit; de Groot, Suzan (August 15–21, 1999), "Ink
Corrosion: Comparison of the Currently Used Aqueous Treatments for Paper Objects",
1368:
1131:
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The logistics will include ballot papers, ballot boxes, and indelible ink that will be used in all polling stations throughout
Indonesia
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253:
341:
1607:
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1676:
1583:
1509:
Henk J. Porck and René Teygeler, Preservation
Science Survey (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000).
1300:
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than dyes. Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color. Pigment molecules typically link together in
558:
1731:
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of Egypt, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir.
1063:"Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses"
354:(they grow on trees) and a thickener. When first put to paper, this ink is bluish-black. Over time it fades to a dull brown.
324:, turns from dark blue-black to brown on drying, and was used as an ink in the Graeco-Roman period and subsequently. Black
1264:
334:
1599:
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1721:
1180:
Yuuko Suzuki, Introduction to
Japanese calligraphy, Search Press 2005, Calligraphie japonaise, 2003, éd. Fleurus, Paris
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598:
583:
2029:
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Martín-Gil J., Ramos-Sánchez MC, Martín-Gil FJ and José-Yacamán M. "Chemical composition of a fountain pen ink".
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541:
can interact with other ink ingredients, potentially allowing greater benefit as compared to pigmented inks from
496:
1167:
612:
1722:
Roman ink article by
Alexander Allen In Smith's Dictionary Greek and Roman Antiquities (1875), in LacusCurtius
1434:
1562:
Ainsworth, Mitchell, C., "Inks and Their Composition and Manufacture", Charles Griffin and Company Ltd, 1904.
2144:
1943:
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619:
1938:
1123:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing
995:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing
699:
Some regulatory bodies have set standards for the amount of heavy metals in ink. There is a trend toward
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310:. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South India. Several
2002:
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402:, Gutenberg's dye was indelible, oil-based, and made from the soot of lamps (lamp-black) mixed with
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Ink uses up non-renewable oils and metals, which has a negative impact on the environment.
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1021:"Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf"
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and color-enhancing agents designed to increase the intensity and appearance of dyes.
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1150:.pp 51–52. Minneapolis: Runestone Press; an imprint of Lerner Publishing Group.....
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124:
1473:"Large Area-Aligned Arrays from Direct Deposition of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes"
741:
Carbon inks were commonly made from lampblack or soot and a binding agent such as
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1980:
1950:
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is a manuscript, in Arabic, from 1852. It discusses the process of making inks.
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In the 15th century, a new type of ink had to be developed in Europe for the
256:. These included plant, animal, and mineral inks, based on such materials as
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Iron gall inks require storage in a stable environment, because fluctuating
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from at least the 26th century BC. Egyptian red and black inks included
173:
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume. Qualities such as
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Forty Centuries of Ink (David N. Carvalho); A detailed online textbook
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92:
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N.a. (March 2000), "Bach Scores Turning to Dust in German Library",
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264:. Direct evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern
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415:, and walnut oil was created specifically for the printing press.
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The Pen and Ink Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist
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An additional advantage of dye-based ink systems is that the dye
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The earliest Chinese inks may date to four millennia ago, to the
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1548:
Afghanistan election: 'indelible' ink washes off voters' fingers
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351:
246:
222:
207:
192:
1752:
1594:
Manuscripts and Documents: Their Deterioration and Restoration
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512:
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338:, Sharon J. Huntington describes these other historical inks:
138:
104:
76:
60:
1687:, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,
1166:, National Chang-Hua Hall of Social Education, archived from
1360:
Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods
1471:
Simmons, Trevor; Hashim, D; Vajtai, R; Ajayan, PM (2007),
1701:
Cueppers, Christoph (1989). "On the Manufacture of Ink."
1703:
Ancient Nepal – Journal of the Department of Archaeology
435:
Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve two components:
594:
119:. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in
1625:
Preprint from the 9th International Congress of IADA
1363:(Illustrated ed.), Springer, pp. 130–144,
181:
under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called
2127:
2043:
2017:
1908:
1797:
1790:
1705:, Number 113, August–September 1989, pp. 1–7.
707:in recent years in response to a demand for better
363:Europe (about AD 800 to 1500) wrote principally on
1727:Ancient and Modern Ink Recipes (David N. Carvalho)
1591:
1279:A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?
1120:Joseph Needham; Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985).
992:Joseph Needham; Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985).
503:vary depending on the source and type of pigment.
302:dynasty (220–265 AD). Indian documents written in
1743:"A Light Note on the Science of Writing and Inks"
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1268:, September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.
1200:.Page 30, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications.
1028:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan
978:
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966:
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678:, which helps create some inks' color and shine.
375:The reservoir pen, which may have been the first
1435:Canadian Printing Ink Manufacturers' Association
1224:. p. 23. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications.
260:; these were ground with water and applied with
1520:"Indonesia Gears Up for 2014 General Elections"
1281:Journal of Semitic Studies, 26(2):229–234, 1981
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
314:and Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.
83:, and is used to color a surface to produce an
1148:Ancient Communication: Form Grunts to Graffiti
681:Three main environmental issues with ink are:
593:Please review the contents of the section and
27:Liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes
1764:
8:
1198:The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference
268:, is found around 256 BC, in the end of the
210:, easily collected as a by-product of fire.
1126:. Cambridge University Press. p. 234.
909:Preservation (library and archival science)
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1771:
1757:
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801:A voter's thumb stained with indelible ink
1295:. London: John Murray. pp. 271–273.
1096:
1086:
998:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
133:Ink can be a complex medium, composed of
1689:United States Government Printing Office
1216:
1214:
398:. According to Martyn Lyons in his book
340:
951:
914:Preservation of illuminated manuscripts
446:Inks generally fall into four classes:
1146:* Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary (2000).
1732:Gorgeous Portrayal Of How Ink Is Made
1381:
1379:
833:National Physical Laboratory of India
195:sutras in India were compiled in ink.
7:
1327:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
1576:A Companion to Sanskrit Literature
1241:Sung, Sun & Sun, page 286-288.
25:
659:
567:
553:Health and environmental aspects
306:with ink have been unearthed in
1574:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989).
831:, after being developed at the
559:Environmental issues with paper
272:; being produced from soot and
595:add the appropriate references
345:Oak galls and iron(II) sulfate
1:
1617:Journal of Chemical Education
1411:"First Aid for Ink Poisoning"
1265:The Christian Science Monitor
730:; carbon-based and made from
335:The Christian Science Monitor
1600:University of Virginia Press
829:1962 Indian general election
709:environmental sustainability
229:as pigments, in addition to
1196:Gottsegen, Mark D. (2006).
580:reliable medical references
217:for writing and drawing on
71:that contains at least one
2192:
1293:The Secret Lives of Colour
1291:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
804:
760:
694:Volatile organic compounds
556:
510:
487:structures that are 0.1–2
472:
427:Magnified line drawn by a
379:, dates back to 953, when
29:
1654:10.1007/s00339-004-2541-1
1391:American Chemical Society
1387:"Dyes, Pigments and Inks"
1262:by Sharon J. Huntington,
1220:Smith, Joseph A. (1992).
827:was first applied in the
586:or relies too heavily on
1447:"Ink – Ten Random Facts"
1357:Kipphan, Helmut (2001),
823:. Election ink based on
411:-like ink made of soot,
254:Chinese Neolithic Period
2145:List of writing systems
1856:Broussonetia papyrifera
1843:Folding-book manuscript
1826:Bamboo and wooden slips
1671:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1578:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1325:Books: A living history
1088:10.1073/pnas.2004534117
1019:Tallet, Pierre (2012).
400:Books: A Living History
280:) is from cow or stag.
200:to have been made with
52:Writing ink and a quill
1718:(archived 8 June 2003)
802:
757:Iron gall (common ink)
738:
432:
373:
356:
346:
249:also used as a drier.
196:
53:
45:
1869:Corypha umbraculifera
1683:Waters, C.E. (1940),
1667:Sircar, D. C. (1996).
1590:Barrow, W.J. (1972),
800:
770:Johann Sebastian Bach
725:
426:
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270:Warring States period
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51:
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1619:, 2006, 83, 1476–78.
1524:Antara (news agency)
332:; in an article for
41:Bottles of ink from
32:Ink (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
1737:The Huffington Post
1646:2004ApPhA..79..389R
1598:, Charlottesville:
1483:(33): 10088–10089,
1079:2020PNAS..11727825C
1073:(45): 27825–27835.
768:original scores of
543:optical brighteners
2176:Printing materials
2140:History of writing
1627:, pp. 121–129
1568:American Libraries
1323:Lyons, M. (2011).
904:Pharmaceutical ink
889:Inksaving typeface
803:
739:
690:Non-renewable oils
442:Vehicles (binders)
433:
396:Johannes Gutenberg
347:
197:
159:particulate matter
95:. Ink is used for
54:
46:
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2013:
2012:
1956:Photographic film
1634:Applied Physics A
1489:10.1021/ja073745e
1477:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1370:978-3-540-67326-2
1336:Many recipes for
1133:978-0-521-08690-5
1005:978-0-521-08690-5
958:Banerji, page 673
869:Fountain pen inks
782:relative humidity
668:
667:
644:
328:was also used in
296:pestle and mortar
290:, lampblack, and
16:(Redirected from
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2150:Written language
2068:Electronic media
2025:Electronic paper
1998:Textile printing
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1451:Ten Random Facts
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1909:Other materials
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1811:Trema micrantha
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1696:Further reading
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294:pigment with a
177:Ink drawing of
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701:vegetable oils
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576:This section
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1915:Animal skin
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1528:. Retrieved
1514:
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1455:. Retrieved
1453:. 2013-07-15
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1414:
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1394:. Retrieved
1390:
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1263:
1260:"Think Ink!"
1255:
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1168:the original
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1043:. Retrieved
1031:
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994:
987:
954:
864:Election ink
837:
811:
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807:Election ink
779:
775:
766:
751:
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713:
703:rather than
698:
686:Heavy metals
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584:verification
577:
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429:fountain pen
399:
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377:fountain pen
374:
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330:ancient Rome
316:
288:carbon black
282:
277:
251:
212:
206:, a kind of
201:
198:
183:
163:fluorescents
151:solubilizers
137:, pigments,
132:
125:lithographic
75:, such as a
56:
55:
18:Printing ink
2085:Inscription
2018:Impermanent
1981:Clay tablet
1951:Oracle bone
1818:Ficus aurea
1798:Plant-based
1734:– video at
929:Stark's ink
819:to prevent
787:brittleness
747:animal glue
736:animal glue
578:needs more
485:crystalline
481:color range
359:Scribes in
320:, known as
274:animal glue
262:ink brushes
245:ions, with
243:carboxylate
189:South India
155:surfactants
121:letterpress
2165:Categories
2102:Palimpsest
2097:Manuscript
2090:Bas-relief
2035:Skywriting
1991:Wax tablet
1971:Petroglyph
1831:Birch bark
1457:2016-11-29
1421:2019-01-18
1396:2020-05-15
1034:: 147–68.
946:References
934:Tattoo ink
879:Ink eraser
743:gum arabic
676:-Anisidine
620:newspapers
557:See also:
497:saturation
413:turpentine
326:atramentum
292:bone black
191:. Several
147:lubricants
2109:Microform
2003:Silk text
1919:Parchment
1876:Palm leaf
1311:936144129
1040:2049-5021
924:Squid ink
812:Indelible
650:June 2018
539:molecules
532:Cellulose
501:lightness
464:Colorants
439:Colorants
365:parchment
304:Kharosthi
284:India ink
266:inksticks
231:phosphate
203:lampblack
2061:Notebook
1977:Tablets
1966:Geoglyph
1944:Stamping
1939:Intaglio
1881:Borassus
1864:Ola leaf
1791:Enduring
1662:95990608
1530:3 August
1497:17663555
1107:33106396
1045:21 April
847:See also
728:inkstick
726:Chinese
469:Pigments
361:medieval
352:gallnuts
312:Buddhist
308:Xinjiang
258:graphite
239:chloride
135:solvents
128:printing
113:reed pen
73:colorant
69:solution
2080:(baton)
1935:Metals
1893:Papyrus
1780:Writing
1642:Bibcode
1570:: 24–25
1557:Sources
1163:二、墨的發展史
1160:蔡, 玫芬,
1098:7668004
1075:Bibcode
919:Soy ink
874:Gel pen
634:scholar
599:removed
475:Pigment
450:Aqueous
409:varnish
404:varnish
300:Cao Wei
235:sulfate
219:papyrus
179:Ganesha
169:History
103:with a
101:writing
97:drawing
81:pigment
43:Germany
2114:Scroll
2030:Screen
1924:Vellum
1836:Betula
1675:
1660:
1606:
1582:
1495:
1417:. 2018
1367:
1309:
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1228:
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1130:
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1038:
1002:
718:Carbon
636:
629:
622:
615:
607:
524:sizing
499:, and
459:Powder
453:Liquid
407:oily,
385:caliph
383:, the
369:vellum
278:nikawa
241:, and
143:resins
93:design
2078:Shaku
2056:Codex
1986:Slate
1961:Stone
1888:Paper
1805:Amate
1658:S2CID
1024:(PDF)
939:Toner
841:fraud
641:JSTOR
627:books
609:"Ink"
456:Paste
419:Types
322:sepia
227:ocher
117:quill
115:, or
109:brush
91:, or
85:image
67:, or
59:is a
2171:Inks
2119:Sign
2051:Book
1782:and
1685:Inks
1673:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1532:2024
1493:PMID
1365:ISBN
1307:OCLC
1297:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1103:PMID
1067:PNAS
1047:2013
1036:ISSN
1000:ISBN
734:and
732:soot
613:news
582:for
507:Dyes
247:lead
225:and
223:iron
208:soot
193:Jain
184:masi
139:dyes
123:and
89:text
1931:Ink
1650:doi
1485:doi
1481:129
1093:PMC
1083:doi
1071:117
745:or
513:Dye
493:hue
394:by
367:or
105:pen
99:or
79:or
77:dye
65:sol
61:gel
57:Ink
2167::
2074:Hu
1656:,
1648:,
1638:79
1636:,
1602:,
1534:.
1491:,
1479:,
1475:,
1449:.
1413:.
1389:.
1378:^
1345:^
1305:.
1213:^
1185:^
1101:.
1091:.
1081:.
1069:.
1065:.
1032:18
1030:.
1026:.
975:^
963:^
835:.
789:.
601:.
495:,
489:μm
237:,
233:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
130:.
111:,
107:,
87:,
63:,
2076:/
1901:)
1895:(
1884:)
1878:(
1872:)
1866:(
1839:)
1833:(
1772:e
1765:t
1758:v
1679:.
1652::
1644::
1586:.
1499:.
1487::
1460:.
1424:.
1399:.
1313:.
1232:.
1208:.
1136:.
1109:.
1085::
1077::
1049:.
1008:.
674:p
652:)
648:(
638:·
631:·
624:·
617:·
591:.
431:.
34:.
20:)
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