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793:, of the Muslim clan of Misostov. She was of rare beauty, and Heraclius chose her for his beloved Alexander. To make this arrangement, in 1790, Heraclius sent messengers to the prince of Kabarda, who was his relative. Heraclius was proud to strengthen the brotherhood and ties by this marriage. Then, the girl, also known as “the sun of Kabarda”, was brought in great luxury and love to the court of the glorious king in Tbilisi. She had to get used to the customs and rules of the family and palace etiquette, get suitable education in the palace, and then, when she had mastered the commandments of Christ, she had to read the holy scriptures, become a Christian, and change her name (the same path was followed by
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conspirators and had his own agent among their numbers, but the prince considered himself too old to be directly involved and told the
Georgians "to do what they liked". The plot was eventually betrayed and its leaders were rounded up by the Russian authorities. Having abandoned all hopes of returning to Georgia, Alexander continued to live as a private person and died in obscurity in Tehran in 1844. He was buried in the courtyard of
484:, of Georgian descent. In a warm letter sent to Tsitsianov, Alexander rejoiced in the fact that a "son of the Georgian soil" had been appointed as a commander and promised reconciliation provided the Georgian kingship was restored under the Russian protectorate. In response, Tsistianov, a loyal servant of the Russian Empire who saw no future for Georgia apart from Russia, sent General Vasily Gulyakov to the conquest of
692:
strangers who had disturbed his reign". William
Monteith recalled that Alexander "never showed any pride of birth, nor did he gave way to useless regrets for the loss of his fortune and princely dignity, though he had no hesitation in talking of his adventures, or giving any information that was asked for concerning them."
968:(18 August 1826 – 27 April 1882), pursued an officer's career in the Russian army. Irakli's only son of his marriage to Princess Tamar Chavchavadze, Alexander, died at the age of 2 in 1879. His daughters, Yelizaveta (1870–1942) and Yekaterina (1872–1917), were married to the princes Mamuka Orbeliani and
625:
tarnish Russia's image "in the eyes of all Europe", but authorized
Colonel Ladinsky to bribe Alexander's Turkish companions or local guides to murder the prince. All these efforts failed and, after months of delay by the local Ottoman authorities, Alexander managed to safely reach Persia in January 1819.
761:
821:
According to the
British officer William Monteith, Alexander’s Circassian wife died two years after her marriage. Monteith was involved in various missions in Persia during twenty years between 1810 to 1829; and he knew Alexander personally and accompanied him during two occasions of his raid into
797:
in 1696). Her original name is unknown, but she was given the name Nino at baptism. Unfortunately, the new bride Nino fell ill of a cold and died so suddenly and unexpectedly. Thus, Alexander never saw Nino due to her untimely death. This circumstance probably caused the whole palace to suffer and
781:
Alexander’s first marriage is recorded with some variations in different sources. They all agree that some form of arrangement was made to marry Nino and that she died soon. However, some sources say he did not even see the girl, some say he was engaged to her, and some say that she died two years
691:
in 1819 and noted his "bold independence of spirit" and irreconcilability to the
Russian possession of Georgia, compared the refuge prince to "the royal lion hunted from his hereditary waste, yet still returning to hover near, and roar in proud loneliness of his ceaseless threatening to the human
624:
wanted
Alexander if not alive, then dead so as to have his remains interred "with some honors" in Tiflis and preclude “all sorts of concoctions”. Pursuant to Yermolov's instructions, General Veliyaminov avoided directly encroaching on an Ottoman or Persian territory to kill Alexander so as not to
584:
highlanders. The
Russians under General Stahl proceeded with ravaging the Khevsur villages, putting Alexander into flight to the Avars and other mountainous tribes of the Caucasus. The Russian authorities vainly pressured the mountaineers into surrendering the fugitive prince; they evinced toward
836:
invested in
Alexander to ascend him to the Georgian throne and repeatedly raised concerns regarding Alexander’s heir. Alexander, having no heir to date, did not think it was possible to prolong the case for a long time and decided to fulfill the wish of Abbas Mirza. He saw Mariam, Melik Sahak's
748:
against the
Russian rule. According to their plan, the principal Russian officials were to be invited to a ball where they would be either arrested or killed. Then Alexander would be invited to assume the crown of Georgia, possibly as a constitutional monarch. Alexander corresponded with the
716:
from that period noted that
Alexander, "one of the principal refugee chiefs" in Iran and "a man of an enterprize", had lost confidence among the Georgians who were suspicious of his use of Dagestani auxiliaries and showed no "disposition to rise on the present occasion against their rulers."
822:
Georgia and his escape to Persia between 1810 to 1811. Monteith, however, raised concerns about effective communication with Alexander because conversations were through Alexander’s secretary translating from Georgian to Turkish, in which Monteith could understand with some difficulty.
2212:
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The problem of protection offered by Iran to Alexander was one of the main points at issue during the ambassadorial mission of Semyon I. Mazarovich, sent in 1819 by the Russian government to Iran as a permanent resident diplomatic mission, to which the young poet
652:. Both Alexander and the Persian government hoped that this marriage would secure Armenian support against the Russians. During his refuge life in Persia, Alexander maintained contacts with the European diplomats and travelers. Among these was the
368:, and refused to obey the new king. Being in ill-health and weakened, George XII relied on the Russian protection. Alexander, suspecting that the Russian presence in the country would eventually lead to an outright annexation, was persuaded by the
728:, in order to cause unrest in Kakheti. But, the Persian army was forced to flee due to the barrage of arrows and grenades of the Russian army. Thus, Alexander’s plan to get into Kakheti was destroyed. Simonich describes him as a "restless man".
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against Karabakh. Back in Georgia, in July 1795, Alexander raised a force of Turkic mercenaries brought from Karabakh against the anticipated Iranian advance. Fighting by his father's side, Alexander witnessed the sack of Tiflis in a disastrous
559:
with some 100 followers to invigorate an anti-Russian movement in the region. His force of Georgian rebels and Dagestani auxiliaries fought a series of engagements with the Russian troops until its final defeat at the hands of General Dimitri
403:
that the Avar army was being assembled not to ravage the country, but to defend Alexander's right to the throne. At the same time, he sent letters to his mother and brothers, assuring that they would be saved from the Russian oppression.
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issued a manifesto, declaring the Georgian monarchy abolished and imposing a Russian administration. As the Russians began deporting the Georgian royal family members to Russia proper, many princes openly revolted. Alexander's brothers,
539:, where he, the last reigning Georgian king, died in 1815. Alexander's disillusioned nephew Teimuraz, prompted by his tutor the poet Petre Laradze, escaped from the Persian camp and surrendered to the Russian authorities.
226:
protection. After the Russian annexation of Georgia in 1801, Alexander fled the country and spent decades in a series of attempts to undermine the Russian control of his homeland. Eventually, Alexander's reliance on the
2400:
Kars and Erzeroum; with the campaigns of Prince Paskiewitch, in 1828 and 1829; and an account of the conquests of Russia beyond the Caucasus from the time of Peter the Great to the treaty of Turcoman Chie and
817:
According to the Russian historian Petr Butkov (1775-1857), Alexander was engaged to the princess of the large Kabardian family of Misostov. She was already brought to Georgia, but died before marriage.
356:. The conflict between the sons of Heraclius had already been brewing during their father's lifetime, and now evolved into an open confrontation. Alexander occupied the Muslim-majority districts of
516:, forcing General Tsitsianov to withdraw back in Georgia in September 1804. At the same time, Alexander sent letters to all principal dignitaries in Georgia as well as the rebellious Georgian and
2659:
825:
In 1811, Monteith described Alexander’s character as someone with no romance, enterprise, or energy, which suggests that Alexander had no relationship after Nino’s death until at least 1811.
2227:
940:(Russian for "of Georgia") and lived on a state-granted pension until her death in 1882. Mariam's remains were moved to Tiflis and interred there, at the northern wall of the Armenian
275:
in 1783. Alexander became involved in the politics and administration of his country at a very young age. In 1793, he was entrusted by Heraclius with the government of the district of
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2179:
423:
of Karabakh, and then to Dagestan. In the meantime, the defeat of his allies convinced Fath-Ali not to proceed with his planned invasion of Georgia and he recalled his army to
235:
mercenaries deprived him of popular support. After his last major rebellion was defeated in 1812, Alexander permanently settled in Persia, where he died in obscurity in 1844.
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2679:
863:, maintained good relations with Sahak and played an instrumental role in arranging the marriage. Through her mother, Mariam was a cousin of the prominent Armenian writer
2689:
391:
Fath-Ali rewarded Alexander's defection by promising to support his claim to the Georgian throne. Alexander began raising an army and issued an appeal to the people of
2623:
The Trade in Papers Marked with Non-Latin Characters / Le commerce des papiers à marques à caractères non-latins: Documents and History / Documents et histoire, vol. 1
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In 1820, on May 20, Alexander (age 50) married Mariam (12 August 1808 – 7 October 1882), the 12-year-old daughter of the Armenian dignitary Sahak Melik-Aghamalyan, in
750:
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with the Russian Empire and demanded Georgia's reversal to traditional allegiance to Iran. Disappointed by his failure, Heraclius, then over 75, retired to his native
2714:
547:
576:, who knew Alexander personally and accompanied him during his raid into Georgia, the rebellious prince, finding it impossible to raise the means of paying his
604:, the future leader of Caucasian resistance to the Russian expansion, was his natural son. Apollon Runovsky, an officer in charge of Shamil in captivity at
531:, Alexander's nephew. However, the Ottoman mobilization was delayed and a Persian force was dispersed in a surprise nighttime attack by the Russians near
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2699:
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218:, who entrusted him various military and administrative tasks. After the death of Heraclius in 1798, he opposed the accession of his half-brother
712:, he was in the Char community, trying to mobilize the local clans for a planned invasion of Kakheti, which failed to materialize. A report in
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2384:
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Khantadze, Shota (1961). "მასალები ალექსანდრე ბატონიშვილის ბიოგრაფიისათვის" [Materials for the Biography of Prince Royal Alexander].
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auxiliaries, had to consent to their carrying of Georgian slaves. As a result, Alexander's army was disbanded and he fled to the
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In August 1826, according to the Russian commander Count Simonich, Alexander was staying in the camp of the Persian commander
600:
Alexander's association with the Avars gave origin to a legend widespread in the area in the 19th century, according to which
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Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c. during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820, Vol. II
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broke out openly in June 1804, the Persian army under Abbas Mirza and Alexander fought the Russian troops inconclusively at
2607:
923:. However, Alexander together with Elizabeth managed to escape from being entrapped in Erivan unlike Mariam and Irakli.
2719:
608:, claimed in his diaries that Shamil himself forged this legend in an attempt to win the support of Georgian highlanders.
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and Teimuraz as a commander of artillery. As tensions were mounting along the Caucasus frontier, Alexander, along with
509:
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on Russian Paper in the National Library of Russia (two first decades of the 19th century)". In Regourd, Anne (ed.).
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government in 1930, her marble gravestone with a trilingual Russian, Armenian, and Georgian epitaph was moved to the
919:, which was soon conquered by Russia. This indicates that Alexander's family had a secondary residence which was in
852:. The crown was placed on his already graying head. Abbas Mirza personally paid all the expenses for the marriage.
24:
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474:
427:. Declared by the Russians a traitor to be taken dead or alive, Alexander thus began three decades of resistance.
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283:. Around the same time, Alexander was present with the army sent by Heraclius in support of his grandson, King
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2115:(2013). "From confidence to apprehension: early Iranian interaction with Russia". In Cronin, Stephanie (ed.).
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Alexander continued his efforts to foment anti-Russian revolts in various provinces of Georgia. During the
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In 1790, King Heraclius himself began making arrangements for Alexander to marry Nino, the daughter of a
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missionaries at the court of his father. At age 12 or 13, he was tutored by and served as an aide to the
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Alexander's daughter, Princess Elizabeth (13 July 1821 – 17 September 1836), who was the second wife of
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in September 1810. Barely escaping from captivity, Alexander fell back to Tabriz and Solomon retired to
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Omar Khan of Avary hosting Prince Alexander as imagined by the artist Khalil-Bek Musayasul (1897–1949).
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army. Samson's son of this marriage, Jibrail-Khan, subsequently served as an aide-de-camp to the shah
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2148:(in Russian). Tiflis: Typography of the Chief Administration of the Viceroy of Caucasus. p. 595.
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and joined the ranks of the reformed Persian army, Alexander as a senior adviser to the Crown Prince
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395:, trying to justify his new alliance with the traditional foes of the Georgians and swearing by the
324:
268:
2228:"Deserters, Converts, Cossacks and Revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian Military Service 1800–1920"
860:
802:, Heraclius’s daughter, expressed this mourning in a poem in Georgian which can be interpreted as:
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highlanders, promising them that he would be arriving with Persian armies to end the Russian rule.
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In 1803, Alexander attempted to win over the newly appointed Russian commander in Georgia, Prince
411:, but they were met and decisively defeated by a combined Russo-Georgian army on the banks of the
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2489:Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях. Том 2-й. Ермоловское время
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venture of invasion of Georgia, also supported by Solomon II, the fugitive king of Imereti, and
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against the Iranian encroachment. In June, the allies fought back a 20,000-strong force sent by
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The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia
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Persian War, Campaign of 1826, from the notes of Count Simonich, Caucasian collection Vol. 22
2580:"Some Unknown Details about the Contradiction between Iran and Kartl-Kakheti Kingdom (1795)"
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Atkin, Muriel (Winter–Spring 1979). "The Strange Death of Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Qarabagh".
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2530:ПЕРСИДСКАЯ ВОЙНА,КАМПАНИЯ 1826 ГОДА, ИЗ ЗАПИСОК ГРАФА СИМОНИЧА, Кавказский сборник. Том 22
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Ephraim, Alexander married Mariam, a daughter of Sahak Aghamalyan, the secular chief (
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In spite of a thorough Russian search, in September 1818, Alexander fought his way to
477:, a son of the late king George XII and the future historian, joined him in Dagestan.
19:"Alexander Bagrationi" and "Alexander Mirza" redirect here. For the chess player, see
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2323:(1980). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: IV: The Siwnid Origins of Xač'atur Abovean".
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Princess Maria Aghamalyan, wife of Alexander. A painting by Giorgio Corradini, 1859.
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At this time, Alexander's main residence was in the Armenian-populated district of
664:. The prince served to Wolff as a source of information about the genealogy of the
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after marriage. From this marriage, no child is recorded in any of these sources.
271:, who played a role in the Russian–Georgian diplomacy until his retirement to the
2013:
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Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan
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The Sabres of Paradise: Conquest and Vengeance in the Caucasus, Revised Edition
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Second marriage (in 1820; to Mariam Aghamalyan; Children: Elizabeth and Irakli)
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on 7 November 1800. Wounded in action, Umma Khan retreated to the mountains of
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488:, the mountainous communities sheltering Alexander and Teimuraz. Both fled to
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291:. In 1795, Alexander led a Georgian contingent dispatched to help the allied
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decisively defeated Abbas Mirza's attempt to advance towards Georgia in the
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In 1821, on July 13, Alexander's daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was born in
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Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission, Vol. VI, Part 1
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Materials of the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803. Volume I
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2137:Акты, собранные Кавказскою Археографическою коммиссиею. Том VI. Часть 1
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2107:]. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Polytechnic University.
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23:. For the Canadian American entrepreneur, investor, and author, see
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Bournoutian, George A. (2004). "ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI".
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Historiography, religious studies and cultural studies of the East
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death in December 1800, the Russian government prevented his heir
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The King called her as a daughter-in-law, to beautify the court,
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him, in the words of Monteith, "a fidelity equal to that of the
407:
In November 1800, Alexander and Umma Khan led their forces into
369:
173:
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Missionary journal and memoir of the Rev. Jeseph Wolf, Vol. III
744:
In 1832, a number of leading Georgian nobles and intellectuals
2424:] (in Russian). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences.
2117:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
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First marriage (after 1790; to Nino, the Circassian; No child)
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more closely under its control. On 12 September 1801, Emperor
2303:
Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia, 1760–1819
2214:Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год, т. I
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773:(1826-1882), according to the Georgian Genealogical Society.
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By the power of the Lord, she was created without blemish."
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in November 1812. In the meantime, in October 1812, General
2043:(1/2). International Society for Iranian Studies: 79–107.
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The shah gave Alexander a pension and possession of some
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in the Ottoman territory. The Russian commander-in-chief
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daughter, and was immediately captivated by her beauty.
2563:(2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2404:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p.
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Noble families of the Russian Empire. Volume 3: Princes
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In 1834, the Russian government ordered her to move to
352:, led opposition to the accession of his half-brother,
2500:(in Russian). St. Petersburg: E. Evdokimov Typography.
2464:] (in Georgian). პარიზი : დ.ხელაძის გამოცემა.
1920:
1918:
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by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who resented Heraclius's
2101:Историография, религиоведение и культурология Востока
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Samson-Khan (Samson Yakovlevich Makintsev; 1770–1853)
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Muromov, I. A. (1999). "Самсон Яковлевич Макинцев".
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Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
316:, leaving Alexander in charge of restoring Tiflis.
206:Alexander was a son of the penultimate king of the
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2245:Дворянские роды Российской империи. Том 3. Князья
2221:] (in Russian). Tiflis: Enfyandjyants and Co.
388:and an erstwhile enemy of Heraclius II, in 1799.
279:and in 1794 he was invested with the appanage in
2617:Yastrebova, Olga (2018). "Collection of Persian
2478:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
944:. After the demolition of the cathedral by the
893:to Mariam a month prior to her 13th birthday.
523:In 1810, Alexander joined the combined Persian-
512:on 20 June 1804 and then successfully defended
500:, was placed at the head of a Persian force in
158:, who headed several insurrections against the
2277:"Genealogical chart of the Bagrationi Dynasty"
908:to Mariam a few days after her 18th birthday.
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2377:Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume 2
344:in 1798, Alexander, together with his mother
186:
167:
8:
751:St. Thaddeus and Bartholomew Armenian Church
636:. With the help of his friend, Crown Prince
419:, while Alexander and his followers fled to
376:, to leave Georgia and join his forces with
1907:
1880:
1472:
1438:
148:) (1770–1844) was a Georgian royal prince (
2685:19th-century people from Georgia (country)
2680:18th-century people from Georgia (country)
2357:] (in Russian). Moscow: Aspekt Press.
1948:
1577:
995:
805:"Kabardo was one sun shining brilliantly,
555:In September 1812, Alexander crossed into
473:in western Georgia, while his half-nephew
29:
2251:] (in Russian). Moscow: Linkominvest.
1996:
1972:
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911:In 1827, Mariam together with their son,
2690:Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Iran
2338:Sakartvelos Sakhelmtsipo Muzeumis Moambe
2203:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5
1936:
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2355:Russian Biographical Dictionary, vol. 8
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267:-based German adventurer and physician
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2510:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
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2418:Армянская эпиграфика Грузии: Тбилиси
2351:Русский биографический словарь, т. 8
2211:Butkov, Pyotr Grigoriyevich (1869).
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2099:Bazilenko, Igor Vadimovich (2011).
572:. According to the British officer
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21:Alexander Bagrationi (chess player)
1812:Georgian Genealogical Society 2015
14:
2561:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2527:Simonich, Ivan Osipovich (1901).
2068:. University of Minnesota Press.
2700:People of the Russo-Persian Wars
2084:"Asiatic Intelligence. – Persia"
38:
2665:Military personnel from Tbilisi
960:Children (Elizabeth and Irakli)
2020:Persia and the Georgians there
710:Russo-Persian war of 1826–1828
328:The battle on the Iori in 1800
25:Alexander Mirza (entrepreneur)
1:
2457:დიდი სახეები პატარა ჩარჩოებში
2015:სპარსეთი და იქაური ქართველები
704:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
436:Russo-Persian war (1804–1813)
2590:. Tbilisi State University.
2578:Tabuashvili, Apolon (2012).
2349:Lepyokhin, Mikhail (2000).
2325:Revue des études Arméniennes
855:The Iranian governor of the
188:Царевич Александр Ираклиевич
2710:People of the Caucasian War
2625:. Brill. pp. 227–246.
2462:Great faces in small frames
2379:. London: Burke's Peerage.
798:mourn, and the tender poet
33:Prince Alexander of Georgia
2736:
2512:. London: Reaktion Books.
2416:Muradyan, Paruyr (1988).
2284:The Royal House of Georgia
2226:Cronin, Stephanie (2012).
2188:. Vol. 8. p. 826
2066:Russia and Iran, 1780–1828
2012:Agniashvili, Lado (1896).
1382:Prince Teimuraz of Georgia
1228:
1105:
1002:
676:, and the presence of the
648:) of the Armenians of the
18:
2410:alexander mirza georgian.
2049:10.1080/00210867908701551
1310:
1291:
1283:
1258:
1236:
1232:
1194:
1175:
1167:
1139:
1117:
1113:
1077:
1058:
1050:
1022:
1006:
930:, where she was known as
259:. He was educated by the
208:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
187:
140:
53:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
37:
2434:100 великих авантюристов
2417:
2350:
2244:
1275:6. Katsia-Giorgi Dadiani
915:, settled in her native
301:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
123:Georgian Orthodox Church
2612:. London: James Duncan.
2119:. New York: Routledge.
1096:Heraclius II of Georgia
687:, who saw Alexander in
632:-populated villages in
431:Struggle against Russia
243:Alexander was a son of
160:Russian rule in Georgia
146:aleksandre batonishvili
103:Heraclius II of Georgia
16:Prince Royal of Georgia
2470:Porter, Sir Robert Ker
2454:Papava, Tamar (1937).
2305:. New York: Palgrave.
2256:Gammer, Moshe (1994).
2232:Middle Eastern Studies
2160:. London: I.B.Tauris.
2064:Atkin, Muriel (1980).
1188:11. Rusudan of Kabarda
1041:Teimuraz II of Georgia
1015:Heraclius I of Kakheti
766:
757:Family and descendants
741:
552:
337:
329:
183:Aleksandr Irakliyevich
141:ალექსანდრე ბატონიშვილი
2439:100 Great Adventurers
2243:Dumin, S.V. (1996).
2134:Berge, Adolf (1874).
2094:. July–December 1827.
1132:Vakhtang VI of Kartli
842:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
764:
739:
550:
454:Alexander I of Russia
335:
327:
320:Break with George XII
285:Solomon II of Imereti
255:, and his third wife
2720:People of Qajar Iran
2185:Encyclopædia Iranica
1071:9. Ana Cholokashvili
698:Alexander Griboyedov
543:Rebellion in Kakheti
287:, against his rival
132:Alexander of Georgia
2675:Battle of Krtsanisi
2557:Suny, Ronald Grigor
2537:] (in Russian).
2344:. Tbilisi: 239–274.
2299:Gvosdev, Nikolas K.
2206:. pp. 519–520.
2180:"Alexander, Prince"
2176:Bournoutian, George
2022:] (in Georgian)
1883:, pp. 519–520.
1750:The Asiatic Journal
1691:, pp. 201–208.
1628:, pp. 138–139.
1616:, pp. 273–274.
1592:, pp. 126–129.
1580:, pp. 229–231.
1550:, pp. 102–103.
861:Hossein Khan Sardar
800:Mariam Batonishvili
740:Tabriz in the 1840s
714:The Asiatic Journal
700:was also attached.
642:Armenian Catholicos
498:Pir Qoli Khan Qajar
421:Ibrahim Khalil Khan
374:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
340:After the death of
293:Ibrahim Khalil Khan
2441:] (in Russian)
1304:13. Tamar Gelovani
767:
742:
670:a claim of descent
666:Bagrationi dynasty
595:battle of Culloden
570:battle of Aslanduz
566:Pyotr Kotlyarevsky
553:
338:
330:
162:. He was known as
156:Bagrationi dynasty
93:Bagrationi dynasty
2570:978-0-253-20915-3
2519:978-1-78023-030-6
2395:Monteith, William
2386:978-0-85011-029-6
2364:978-5-7567-0079-4
2321:Hewsen, Robert H.
2312:978-0-312-22990-0
2267:978-0-7146-8141-2
2167:978-1-85043-403-0
2126:978-0-415-62433-6
1487:, pp. 80–81.
1387:Iranian Georgians
1372:
1371:
964:Alexander's son,
865:Khachatur Abovian
685:Robert Ker Porter
506:Russo-Persian war
128:
127:
2727:
2670:Georgian princes
2636:
2613:
2599:
2574:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2523:
2506:Rayfield, Donald
2501:
2499:
2479:
2465:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2425:
2412:
2390:
2373:Montgomery, Hugh
2368:
2345:
2332:
2316:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2271:
2252:
2239:
2222:
2207:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2171:
2149:
2147:
2130:
2108:
2095:
2079:
2060:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1911:
1908:Agniashvili 1896
1905:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1881:Bournoutian 2004
1878:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1473:Bournoutian 1985
1470:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1439:Tabuashvili 2012
1436:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1251:Bezhan I Dadiani
996:
972:, respectively.
936:Maria Isaakovna
928:Saint Petersburg
654:Jewish Christian
622:Aleksey Yermolov
574:William Monteith
482:Pavel Tsitsianov
190:
189:
171:
170:
143:
142:
81:Irakli Gruzinsky
42:
30:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2705:Burials in Iran
2695:Georgian exiles
2640:
2639:
2633:
2616:
2602:
2577:
2571:
2555:
2539:
2526:
2520:
2504:
2497:
2482:
2468:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2430:
2419:
2415:
2393:
2387:
2371:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2340:(in Georgian).
2335:
2319:
2313:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2225:
2210:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2152:
2145:
2133:
2127:
2113:Behrooz, Maziar
2111:
2098:
2082:
2076:
2063:
2037:Iranian Studies
2034:
2025:
2023:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1949:Montgomery 1980
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1578:Yastrebova 2018
1576:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1378:
1373:
1329:Darejan Dadiani
1158:Tamar of Kartli
993:
962:
952:in Tiflis (now
831:
791:Greater Kabarda
779:
759:
734:
706:
678:Jews in Georgia
614:
545:
471:King of Imereti
438:
433:
380:, the ruler of
322:
257:Darejan Dadiani
253:eastern Georgia
241:
233:North Caucasian
197:Alexander Mirza
113:Darejan Dadiani
63:
51:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2614:
2600:
2575:
2569:
2553:
2524:
2518:
2502:
2480:
2466:
2451:
2427:
2426:
2413:
2391:
2385:
2375:, ed. (1980).
2369:
2363:
2346:
2333:
2327:. New series.
2317:
2311:
2295:
2272:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2223:
2208:
2197:
2172:
2166:
2154:Blanch, Lesley
2150:
2131:
2125:
2109:
2096:
2080:
2075:978-0816609246
2074:
2061:
2032:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1999:, p. 294.
1997:Bazilenko 2011
1989:
1977:
1973:Lepyokhin 2000
1965:
1963:, p. 153.
1953:
1941:
1929:
1912:
1897:
1895:, p. 465.
1885:
1873:
1871:, p. 139.
1858:
1856:, p. 118.
1846:
1844:, p. 505.
1831:
1816:
1804:
1802:, p. 208.
1792:
1780:
1778:, p. 281.
1768:
1756:
1754:, p. 255.
1741:
1729:
1717:
1715:, p. 521.
1705:
1703:, p. 143.
1693:
1681:
1679:, p. 305.
1669:
1657:
1655:, p. 250.
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1604:, p. 268.
1594:
1582:
1567:
1565:, p. 106.
1552:
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 260.
1516:
1514:, p. 826.
1504:
1489:
1477:
1475:, p. 826.
1454:
1442:
1431:
1429:, p. 239.
1427:Khantadze 1961
1416:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
989:
961:
958:
942:Vank cathedral
900:, was born in
857:Erivan Khanate
830:
827:
778:
775:
758:
755:
746:plotted a coup
733:
730:
705:
702:
650:Erivan Khanate
613:
612:Life in Persia
610:
591:Charles Edward
544:
541:
450:Kartli-Kakheti
437:
434:
432:
429:
393:Kartli-Kakheti
321:
318:
273:Russian Empire
269:Jacob Reineggs
249:Kartli-Kakheti
240:
237:
201:Western Europe
164:Eskandar Mīrzā
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
60:
56:
55:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2732:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2634:
2632:9789004360877
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:Wolff, Joseph
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:Potto, Vasily
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:September 14,
2285:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2238:(2): 147–182.
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2026:September 18,
2021:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1975:, p. 49.
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1951:, p. 66.
1950:
1945:
1942:
1939:, p. 62.
1938:
1937:Muradyan 1988
1933:
1930:
1927:, p. 73.
1926:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1910:, p. 57.
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1829:, p. 46.
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1790:, p. 71.
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:Rayfield 2012
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:Simonich 1901
1760:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1739:, p. 62.
1738:
1733:
1730:
1727:, p. 78.
1726:
1725:Monteith 1856
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1667:, p. 46.
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:, p. 73.
1639:
1638:Monteith 1856
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:Rayfield 2012
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:Rayfield 2012
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1538:, p. 85.
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:Rayfield 2012
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:, p. 81.
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1452:, p. 77.
1451:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1414:, p. 77.
1413:
1412:Monteith 1856
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1109:
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1097:
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1074:
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2445:18 September
2443:. Retrieved
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2190:. Retrieved
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2104:
2100:
2091:
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2019:
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1985:Muromov 1999
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1888:
1876:
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1807:
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1759:
1749:
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1737:Behrooz 2013
1732:
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1672:
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1609:
1597:
1590:Gvosdev 2000
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1563:Gvosdev 2000
1548:Gvosdev 2000
1543:
1536:Gvosdev 2000
1531:
1519:
1507:
1500:Gvosdev 2000
1485:Gvosdev 2000
1480:
1450:Gvosdev 2000
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1212:
985:Naser al-Din
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668:, including
658:Joseph Wolff
627:
615:
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554:
522:
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446:Prince David
442:George XII's
439:
406:
390:
382:Avar Khanate
348:and brother
339:
245:Heraclius II
242:
231:support and
216:Heraclius II
205:
196:
182:
177:
163:
151:batonishvili
149:
145:
131:
129:
2655:1844 deaths
2650:1770 births
2260:. F. Cass.
1961:Cronin 2012
1893:Hewsen 1980
1869:Papava 1937
1854:Papava 1937
1842:Butkov 1869
1827:Papava 1937
1713:Porter 1822
1665:Blanch 2004
1653:Gammer 1994
970:Ivan Ratiev
938:Gruzinskaya
834:Abbas Mirza
789:chief from
732:Later years
722:Sohrab Khan
656:missionary
638:Abbas Mirza
618:Akhaltsikhe
602:Imam Shamil
587:Highlanders
533:Akhalkalaki
504:. When the
494:Abbas Mirza
486:Jar-Balakan
440:After King
210:in eastern
169:اسکندرمیرزا
2644:Categories
2401:Adrianople
2331:: 459–470.
2192:2013-01-07
2006:References
1925:Dumin 1996
1800:Potto 1887
1701:Wolff 1829
1689:Potto 1887
1677:Berge 1874
1626:Atkin 1980
1512:Atkin 1979
876:Azerbaijan
787:Circassian
640:, and the
510:Echmiadzin
467:Solomon II
465:, fled to
413:Iori river
401:Saint Nino
366:Shamshadil
354:George XII
247:, king of
239:Early life
220:George XII
2596:1987-8583
2543:cite book
1788:Suny 1994
1213:Alexander
562:Orbeliani
537:Trabizond
378:Umma Khan
372:of Iran,
342:Heraclius
179:tsarevich
154:) of the
2606:(1829).
2559:(1994).
2508:(2012).
2486:(1887).
2472:(1822).
2397:(1856).
2301:(2000).
2178:(1985).
2156:(2004).
1376:See also
991:Ancestry
933:tsarevna
662:Khosrova
630:Armenian
589:towards
518:Ossetian
475:Teimuraz
417:Dagestan
386:Dagestan
362:Borchalo
297:Karabakh
281:Somkhiti
261:Catholic
136:Georgian
119:Religion
2619:farmāns
2584:Spekali
2057:4310310
954:Tbilisi
582:Khevsur
557:Kakheti
525:Ottoman
463:Parnaoz
409:Kakheti
346:Darejan
229:Persian
224:Russian
212:Georgia
130:Prince
88:Dynasty
2629:
2594:
2567:
2516:
2496:]
2383:
2361:
2309:
2264:
2164:
2144:]
2123:
2072:
2055:
946:Soviet
921:Erivan
917:Erivan
913:Irakli
906:Persia
902:Erivan
891:Persia
887:Erivan
880:Persia
872:Salmas
850:Persia
846:Erivan
689:Tabriz
634:Salmas
606:Kaluga
578:Lezgin
514:Erivan
490:Tabriz
425:Tabriz
364:, and
358:Qazakh
314:Telavi
306:attack
277:Qazakh
265:Tiflis
195:, and
193:Russia
174:Persia
138::
109:Mother
99:Father
69:Persia
65:Tehran
2533:[
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2053:JSTOR
2018:[
1393:Notes
981:Qajar
726:Tovuz
724:near
674:David
672:from
646:melik
502:Ganja
459:Iulon
397:grave
350:Iulon
289:David
191:) in
172:) in
76:Issue
2627:ISBN
2592:ISSN
2565:ISBN
2549:link
2514:ISBN
2447:2024
2381:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2342:22-B
2307:ISBN
2291:2024
2262:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2121:ISBN
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2070:ISBN
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1752:1827
1249:12.
1130:10.
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