Charles Edward Stuart - Knowledge (XXG)

491: 700: 1667: 1355: 6725: 264: 1013:

with some of the Scots to become irretrievably damaged. On 6 December, the Jacobites and Charles left Derby and began their march north back to Scotland. Charles's route north was the same as the one that he had taken on the journey south. He returned to Manchester on 9 December and after some light resistance from the local population, Charles demanded £5,000 from the town, eventually receiving £2,500 in payment. Charles then proceeded on through Preston, Lancaster and Kendal, until the Jacobite forces eventually met the government forces at

1675: 56: 6083: 891: 558: 354: 1440:. In Florence, he used the title "Count of Albany" as an alias, and his wife Louise was normally referred to as the "Countess of Albany". Charles's health deteriorated in later life, and he was reported to have suffered from asthma, high blood pressure, swollen legs and ulcers. In 1774, while in Florence, he suffered constantly from his illnesses, which required him to be carried by his servants to and from his carriage. Charles was also known to be an alcoholic, a condition that worsened with age. 1343: 1481: 928:. Charles was said to have been only 50 paces from the front-line of the battle, and he later expressed remorse that the victory involved killing his own subjects. It was reported during the battle that Charles and Lord Murray had argued with each other over the disposition of forces. The historian Hugh Douglas argues this was to result in an ever worsening relationship between the two that would culminate with ultimate defeat later at Culloden. 1464:. Charles also gave her the title "Duchess of Albany" in the peerage of Scotland and the style "Her Royal Highness", but these honours did not give Charlotte any right of succession to the throne. Charlotte lived with her father in Florence and Rome for the next five years. Eventually, she survived her father by less than two years, dying unmarried at Bologna in November 1789. In April 1784, Charles was persuaded by the visiting King 1205: 8149: 1377:, which his father had lived in for over 40 years. Charles wrote to both the Kings of France and Spain on his accession, but recognition as King Charles III was not granted by either monarch. Charles returned to his social life in Rome, making visits to the Pope and indulging in pastimes such as hunting, shooting, balls, concerts, operas and plays. One notable occasion, was when he met and heard 5923: 5651: 6106: 1555: 1083: 1213: 1472:, Louise was thereby legally permitted to live separately from her husband, even though she had been doing so for some time. Charles spent the majority of his last years living between Florence and Rome. However, he left Florence for the last time in 1785 and returned to Rome. It was reported that he was limited to light travelling by his doctors owing to his fragility. 1069:

battlefield. He hoped that Cumberland's army would attack first, and he had his men stand exposed to the accurate fire from government artillery batteries. Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order could be delivered. The Jacobite attack was uncoordinated, charging into withering musket fire and

1322:. Charles failed to make a good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations. Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England involving upwards of 100,000 men, to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles that he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance. 1448:. Another cause was stated to be Charles himself, who was reported as becoming increasingly irrational and drunk. In November 1780, Louise formally left Charles. After separating, she claimed that Charles had physically abused her. This claim was generally believed by contemporaries. The historian Douglas states that Charles had been drinking following 550:

father continued to rely on foreign aid in his attempts to restore himself to the British and Irish thrones. However, Charles became increasingly supportive of the idea of rebellion unassisted by invasion or by support of any kind from abroad. On 23 December 1743, owing to his limited ability to travel to Britain, James named his son Charles

1397:. Charles returned to Paris in early 1771 with the permission of the French authorities under the Duc de Choiseul, who once again wished to discuss the possibility of a Jacobite invasion. However, on the day of the meeting, Charles was reported to be so intoxicated that he was unable to speak coherently, so the discussions were abandoned. 645: 481:

and Father Vinceguerra, a Catholic priest. He quickly became conversant in English, French and Italian, although it was said that he never fully mastered any language and was partially illiterate. During his childhood, he was reported to enjoy hunting, horsemanship, a form of golf, music and dancing.

1400:

By the time Charles entered his 51st year, concern was raised by his Jacobite supporters and the French that he had not yet married, and that only his brother, a priest sworn to celibacy, remained as the only male heir. The French also wished to continue the Stuart line as a potential weapon against

1012:

decided to return to Scotland given the lack of English Jacobite and French support, as well as rumours that large government forces were being amassed. Charles admitted that he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France despite claiming the contrary; this caused his relationship

944:

later claimed that his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles's autocratic style and fears he was overly influenced by his Irish advisors. A "Prince's Council" of senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the

339:

in 1772. In his later life, Charles's health declined greatly and he was said to be an alcoholic. However, his escapades during the 1745 and 1746 uprising, as well as his escape from Scotland, led to his portrayal as a romantic figure of heroic failure. His life and the once possible prospects of a

1452:

celebrations, and after accusing Louise of infidelities, may have attempted to rape her, resulting in her screaming to the extent that the household servants intervened. In the years that followed, the Pope awarded Louise half of Charles's papal pension, and Charles's international reputation was

568:

In January 1744, his father believed he had managed to obtain the de facto renewed support of the French government. Following this mistaken belief, Charles Edward travelled covertly to France from Rome, initially under the guise of a hunting party. However, neither the French Government nor King

1262:

After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scottish crowns while he remained a Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant. Accordingly, he visited

1188:

29 September] 1746. On his return, he was initially received warmly by King Louis XV, but as far as obtaining additional military or political assistance was concerned, his efforts proved fruitless. However, he became at once the popular hero and idol of many Parisians on account of his

549:

By the time he had reached 20, he had become a notable member of upper-class society in Rome and had developed a fondness for alcohol and fine clothes, often in excess of his allowance. He had become increasingly distant from his brother due to Henry's devotion to prayer and religious study. His

1401:

the government in Britain. In 1771, while he was in Paris, Charles dispatched Sir Edmund Ryan, an Irish officer in Berwick's regiment, to seek out a bride for him. Despite some potential negotiations with prospective brides, he was unable to find a wife. A few months later, Charles's companion,

669:

on behalf of intervention, Charles resolved to launch an expedition to Scotland. The ultimate aim was to instigate a rebellion that would place his father on the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. To assist with funding the expedition, Charles borrowed some 180,000 livres from the Paris

660:

In both Rome and Paris, Charles met numerous supporters of the Stuart cause; he was aware that there were Jacobite representatives in every key European court. He had now taken a considerable share in correspondence and other actual work connected with the promotion of his own and his father's

460:

was born 5 years later on 6 March 1725. His mother and father were regularly at disagreement with each other, leading to one notable incident in which Clementina left the palace shortly after Henry's birth in 1725 and moved to a convent, not returning until 1727. As the legitimate heirs to the

1090:

After the defeat, Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight. Charles thought that he was betrayed, however, and decided to abandon the Jacobite cause. Some 20 miles from the battlefield, Charles rested briefly at Gorthleck, the home of his dubious

1068:

and chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground, where his forces were exposed to superior firepower from government troops. To ensure his safety, his officers requested that Charles command his army from a position behind the front lines, which prevented him from gaining a clear view of the

1283:

chapels. Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jacobite whose house in Theobald's Row was one of Charles's safe-houses for the visit, is the most likely to have celebrated the communion. A chapel in Gray's Inn, used by the nonjurors, was suggested as the venue as early as 1788. This rebuts

514:, his first exposure to war. While at Gaeta, he observed the final stages of the siege and was said to have come under fire in the trenches of the siegeworks. He returned to Rome in late 1734. In January 1735, shortly after his fourteenth birthday, Charles's mother Clementina died of 831:. Previously pardoned for his participation in the 1715 and 1719 risings, Murray took over from O'Sullivan due to his better understanding of Highland military customs, and the Jacobites spent the next week re-organising their forces. On 14 September, Charles and his forces took 1073:

fired from the cannons, and it met with little success. In the centre, the Jacobites reached the first line of government troops, but this attack was eventually repulsed by a second line of soldiers. The remaining Jacobite survivors in the front line then fled. However, the

866:

did not surrender and was blockaded until Charles later called off the siege owing to a lack of artillery. On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh, accompanied by around 2,400 men. During this time, Charles also gave trophies to his supporters, a prominent example being

306:

to restore the Stuart monarchy under his father. When the French fleet was partly wrecked by storms, Charles resolved to proceed to Scotland following discussion with leading Jacobites. This resulted in Charles landing by ship on the west coast of Scotland, leading to the

1443:

Charles and Louise left Florence in 1777 and returned to Rome. Their relationship had become increasingly quarrelsome. One cause was said to be the speculation regarding Louise's adulterous relationships with the courtiers Carl Bonstetten and the Italian poet Count

1488:

Charles died in Rome of a stroke on 30 January 1788, aged 67. His brother the Cardinal Duke of York, who was present at the death, had the record read that he died on the morning of 31 January, as it was deemed unlucky to have him declared dead on the same date as

6109: 1558: 1032:. However, while the town surrendered immediately, the castle's artillery proved too strong for the Jacobite forces to approach and seize the castle. Government forces also attempted a relief of the siege, which resulted in a victory for Charles in the ensuing 775:. Aware of the potential impact of defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities. Undeterred, Charles set sail again and arrived at the bay of 1103:, always barely ahead of the government forces. Many Highlanders aided him during his escape, and none of them betrayed him for the £30,000 reward. While Charles was in the Hebrides, funds had arrived from Spain and France on two ships that called at 1146:

by taking him in a boat disguised as her maid "Betty Burke". Charles remained on Skye until July, when he then crossed back to the mainland. With the aid of a few loyal servants and local supporters, Charles hid from government forces in the western

766:

cause, and Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. However, receiving a cool reception from the clan leaders there, many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including

510:, passed through Rome. He offered to take Charles on his expedition, and the boy of thirteen was appointed general of artillery by Don Carlos. On 30 July 1734, he departed Rome with an escort and proceeded with his cousin to the French and Spanish 625:, following repeated attempts by the French to encourage him to leave the Paris region. However, Charles continued to travel regularly to Paris during this period, often incognito and frequenting the hotels of the city to meet with supporters. 521:

As Charles grew older, he was introduced by his father and the Pope to Italian society. In 1737, James sent his son on a tour through major Italian cities to complete his education as a prince and man of the world. Charles proceeded to visit

1565:

painted Charles entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse. Charles and the Jacobites would also be depicted in numerous drawings, prints and on objects, his likeness and coat of arms even depicted on objects such as engraved drinking glasses.

613:. With news of this and following the failed invasion, the French attempted to encourage Charles to return to Italy by refusing to pay him a monthly subsidy. However, when he could no longer afford the rent on the house in Montmartre, the 490: 795:, after Charles provided "security for the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive." Thereafter, support continued to grow. It is recorded that during this time, Charles began to take lessons in conversational 330:

With the Jacobite cause lost, Charles spent the remainder of his life on the continent, except for one secret visit to London. On his return, Charles lived briefly in France before he was exiled in 1748 under the terms of the

6088: 585:

with the purpose of accompanying a French Army across to England. The invasion never materialised, as the French fleet was scattered by a storm in the spring equinox, losing 11 ships. By the time it regrouped, the

1078:

units fighting on the north-eastern side of the battlefield, as well as Irish and Scots regulars in the second line, retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards.

973:. After much discussion, Charles persuaded his council to agree to an invasion of England. By November, Charles was marching south at the head of an army numbering approximately 6,000 men. On 10 November, 1299:(later known as Countess von Alberstrof), whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 rebellion. She was suspected by many of Charles's supporters of being a spy planted by the 452:. However, Charles was instructed in a regime of exercise and dancing to help improve his constitution, which strengthened his legs by later years. Charles spent much of his early childhood in Rome and 1536:

would later be erected. His mother Maria is also buried nearby at St Peter's. Charles's heart remained in Frascati Cathedral, where it is contained in a small urn beneath the floor, under a monument.

7833: 5743:

A Short account of the affairs of Scotland in the years 1744, 1745, 1746 by David, Lord Elcho printed from the original manuscript at Gasford with a memoir and annotations by the Hon. Evan Charteris

940:. Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed with supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, which seemed to validate claims of French backing. However, 376:. Historians differ as to who carried out his baptism ceremony. Kybett reports that it was presided over by Pope Clement, whereas Douglas and Pininski state it was carried out by the Bishop of 473:. While the Pope had raised initial concerns over Charles's religious education under a Protestant governor, James agreed that Charles would be raised as a Catholic. Among his tutors were the 742:

was forced to return to Brest for repairs, taking the majority of Charles's supplies, including some 1,800 broadswords, 8 artillery pieces and most of the 1,500 muskets he had purchased. The

429:. Many Protestants, including a number of prominent parliamentarians, had been worried that King James aimed to return England fully to the Catholic faith. Since the exile of James and the 1406: 1231:, that resulted in a short-lived son named Charles (born 28 July 1748, died 18 January 1749). In December 1748, he was arrested by the French authorities while attending the opera at the 546:" (an historic title adopted by Scottish royals in the 14th century). Despite being Catholic, many European states wished to avoid antagonising Britain, the only exception being Venice. 2511: 4063: 411:). Charles Edward's grandfather, James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, ruled the kingdoms from 1685 to 1688. He was deposed when the English Parliament invited the 8219: 661:

interests. While in Paris and Soissons, Charles sought funding and support for the restoration of the monarchy. Following conversations with Irish and Scottish exiles such as

8204: 5290: 1197:, but the King rejected the idea of Spain providing help to restore the Stuarts. His relationship with his brother Henry deteriorated during this time, when Henry accepted a 1232: 3246: 1326:, which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at 5461:

Governments of greater European powers: a comparative study of the governments and political culture of Great Britain, France, Germany, and the Soviet Union, Volume 1

1402: 1307:. Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the Jacobite cause led to his problem with alcohol, and mother and daughter separated from Charles with his father 2037: 437:" had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, which had been united in 1603 under James VI and I, with the parliaments joined by the 8229: 7213: 6951: 2257:

Charles would stay again at Callendar House before the Battle of Falkirk Muir. The Earl however would later be executed for his support of Charles in August 1746.

542:. The Italian tour was a shock for Charles, who had believed he would be welcomed as a royal prince. Instead, most European courts would only receive him as the " 7324: 6882: 1385:

on 6 April. However, he would periodically shut himself away in his rooms, and was said to have formed no new friendships in his later life. He made visits to

899: 6910: 3375: 499: 8244: 8239: 6805: 5947: 5671: 8199: 1453:

greatly damaged. He was said to live an increasingly isolated and unhappy life, especially after his brother Henry agreed to house Louise at his estate.

335:. Charles eventually returned to Italy, where he spent much of his later life living in Florence and Rome. He had a number of mistresses before marrying 6534: 1040:, then Inverness. With a halt in operations until the weather improved, Charles forces then rested at Inverness, including a stay of some four days at 699: 469:. Charles spent much of his early years in the company of older men, several of whom acted as his tutors. Charles Edward's governor was the Protestant 302:

Born in Rome to the exiled Stuart court, he spent much of his early and later life in Italy. In 1744, he travelled to France to take part in a planned

8194: 7966: 6710: 6705: 6700: 2315: 1323: 670:

bankers John Waters and George Waters. Part of these funds had been raised through support from loyalists in Britain such as Sir Henry Bedingfield of

574: 518:. She had been in a poor state of declining health for many months; however, Charles was said to have been deeply distressed after his mother passed. 324: 303: 263: 8264: 6594: 5938: 2323: 7076: 6986: 3587: 1319: 6041:

Stewart, James A. Jr. (2001). "Highland Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745–46: 'Forcing Out,' Traditional Documentation and Gaelic Poetry".

3564: 8209: 7404: 6815: 876: 470: 60: 38: 31: 6604: 6917: 6519: 5974: 5545: 5483: 4973: 2515: 1548:

and later Victorian representations of the Jacobites. Charles's departure from Scotland in 1746 is depicted in an engraving of a painting by

1224: 1036:

in January 1746. A failure to take the castle, however, resulted in the abandonment of the siege and the Jacobite forces moving northward to

1259:. In the following years, he was reported to have made several visits in secret to Paris, but was not discovered by the French authorities. 8189: 6262: 2231:, however British sources often cite his date of birth as 20 December 1720, as Britain did not switch to the Gregorian calendar until 1752. 954: 840: 618: 5422: 7444: 7149: 6192: 4486: 2157: 1461: 1304: 1216: 1118:

Donald Macleod of Galtrigill and Captain Con O'Neill, who took him to Benbecula. From 16 April until 28 June, Charles travelled through

191: 1373:

did not give Charles the same recognition as "Charles III". However, on 23 January, with the Pope's permission, Charles moved into the

6944: 6887: 6654: 6050: 6031: 6012: 5993: 5911: 5892: 5873: 5854: 5835: 5816: 5730: 5630: 5611: 1410: 1358: 1049: 336: 159: 7971: 4183: 1611: 6664: 6589: 6078: 5711: 5689: 5666: 4983: 1575: 1201:

hat in July 1747. He also deliberately broke off communication with his father in Rome (who had approved of his brother's action).

946: 7500: 5282: 1666: 1228: 8234: 6444: 5504: 4492: 2099: 1641: 1240: 859: 847: 800: 665:

who assured him of the strength of the Jacobite movement in Scotland, as well as following receipt of a petition to Charles from

332: 1024:

Charles and his forces reached Glasgow on 26 December where they rested until 3 January 1746. The decision was then made to lay

617:

agreed to lend him his country estate near Paris where he stayed until January 1745. Charles then moved to the country house of

8249: 8044: 7802: 7369: 6862: 6684: 5248: 4207: 1621: 1456:

By 1783, Charles's health continued to decline, and for a time, he fell seriously ill such to the extent that he was given the

1025: 772: 666: 609:

in May 1744. Owing to his expenditure on his wardrobe, attendants and drinking, Charles became in debt to the amount of 30,000

2419: 1608:

The legacy of Charles Stuart and his role in Jacobitism has also influenced songs and music. Examples include the folk songs "

1504:

On his death, a cast of his face was made, and his body was embalmed and placed in a coffin of cypress wood. Adorned with the

1460:. Although Charles recovered, he agreed to create a new will, and signed an act of legitimation for his illegitimate daughter 8254: 8174: 7917: 7159: 6825: 6639: 6609: 6292: 6204: 5359: 1244: 819:, where their control of the pass persuaded advancing government forces to withdraw from the area. Stopping briefly first at 578: 7349: 8152: 7581: 7490: 7228: 6937: 6867: 6820: 6584: 6549: 6544: 6529: 1646: 1529: 1497:. Charles's will left most of his estate to his heir, his daughter Charlotte. There were a few exceptions, including some 1185: 1092: 854:, leaving the south country undefended. On 16 September, Charles and his army encamped outside the city at Gray's Mill in 1044:. Charles and his troops were then required to move after word reached them of the pursuit against them by the forces of 8269: 8019: 7976: 6810: 6644: 6365: 5934: 5578: 1625: 1354: 1065: 958: 828: 779:. He had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was not forthcoming and he decided to raise an army in Scotland. 755: 711:, Charles and his party set sail on 5 July for Scotland. During the voyage north, Charles's squadron were fired upon by 6760: 8224: 7546: 7394: 6903: 6847: 6353: 6163: 2125: 1821: 1308: 970: 396: 276: 232: 86: 682:, which had passed down to him through his mother. He used these extensive funds to purchase weapons and fit out the 5312: 8279: 7981: 7591: 7516: 7454: 7429: 7379: 7319: 6790: 6385: 6309: 5565: 1198: 1151:

for several weeks. He ultimately evaded capture and on 19 September, he left the country aboard the French frigate

1045: 662: 478: 4487:"Gordon, Robert (Bap. 1703, d. 1779), Jacobite sympathizer and the last bishop of the nonjuring Church of England" 3368: 7536: 7243: 7164: 6892: 6877: 6674: 6649: 6599: 6559: 6429: 6380: 2063: 1795: 1156: 895: 868: 863: 788: 404: 242: 1369:

had recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland as "James III and VIII", but over 40 years later

8259: 8214: 7576: 7541: 7110: 6795: 6554: 6494: 6255: 6117: 2358: 2348:, claimed, without any foundation, that their father, Thomas Allen, was a legitimate son of Charles and Louise. 1674: 950: 941: 442: 377: 7344: 1468:

to grant Louise a decree of separation. While not a formal divorce, as no such legal procedure existed in the

1288:'s suggestion that it took place at a church in the Strand. and biographers such as Kybett who have suggested 389: 924:. On 21 September, Charles and his forces defeated Cope's army, the only government army in Scotland, at the 8274: 7807: 7797: 7774: 7739: 7521: 7485: 7409: 6872: 6629: 6574: 6509: 6464: 6449: 6419: 1683: 1433: 1378: 1289: 1236: 768: 759: 634: 593:

After the failure of the planned invasion, Charles remained in France, staying at several places, including

308: 55: 8089: 7991: 7948: 7688: 7095: 7040: 6897: 6724: 6669: 6484: 6370: 6339: 6113: 3538: 2280: 1549: 1528:, where they were laid to rest next to those of his brother and father. This was below the spot where the 1521: 1490: 1327: 1131: 1033: 890: 687: 614: 430: 418: 316: 145: 7782: 5334: 1099:, on 16 April. Charles then hid in the moors of the Highlands of Scotland, before making a flight to the 1086:'Lochaber No More – Prince Charlie leaving Scotland', an 1863 painting by the artist John Blake MacDonald 936:

Morale was high following the battle at Prestonpans, and Charles returned to Edinburgh, holding court at

7874: 7660: 7599: 7495: 7006: 6857: 6769: 6659: 6619: 6564: 6459: 6225: 2005: 1679: 1585: 1517: 1457: 1296: 1194: 1018: 966: 925: 872: 511: 474: 466: 457: 340:

restored Stuart monarchy have left an enduring historical legend that continues to have a legacy today.

312: 96: 7787: 6439: 5220: 5211: 1449: 573:

had officially invited Charles. Nevertheless, by February, the French government had agreed to support

557: 353: 6074: 3556: 1520:

was bishop. At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains (except his heart) were moved to the crypt of

8184: 8179: 8139: 7999: 7961: 7933: 7912: 7812: 7556: 7526: 7354: 7069: 6960: 6614: 6399: 6395: 1857: 1737: 1505: 1494: 1465: 1268: 1264: 1108: 1107:. Too late to assist Charles following Culloden, only the Spanish gold was landed but much of it was 1075: 962: 855: 751: 503: 385: 381: 311:. The Jacobite forces under Charles initially achieved several victories in the field, including the 7882: 7566: 7439: 7414: 7334: 7303: 6839: 6755: 6479: 6474: 6348: 6334: 6329: 6304: 6287: 6248: 6217: 1763: 1509: 1315: 1223:

While back in France, Charles had numerous mistresses. He had a relationship with his first cousin

982: 462: 426: 388:, Louis for the King of France, Casimir after the kings of Poland, and Sylvester as he was born on 5761:"The Drama of Charles Edward Stuart, Jacobite Propaganda, and French Political Protest, 1745–1750" 7892: 7754: 7744: 7729: 7719: 7673: 7561: 7105: 6774: 6765: 6679: 6524: 6499: 6343: 6314: 6299: 6056: 5788: 5780: 5682:

Art and Identity in Scotland. A Cultural History from the Jacobite Rising of 1745 to Walter Scott

5192: 5112: 4434: 2266:

Cope and his army's disastrous defence against the Jacobites was later immortalised in the song "

2228: 1629: 1513: 1148: 1061: 994: 816: 708: 438: 422: 320: 7864: 7384: 7033: 6434: 4866: 1480: 5587:. Translated by des Maizeaux. London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, A. Battesworth. p. 106. 1650:

could be in reference to him as a way to refer to him but also to any woman. It was covered by

1342: 8097: 7938: 7902: 7897: 7859: 7849: 7698: 7614: 7609: 7551: 7399: 7389: 7359: 7154: 7011: 6539: 6489: 6469: 6454: 6375: 6046: 6027: 6008: 5989: 5970: 5907: 5888: 5869: 5850: 5831: 5812: 5747: 5726: 5707: 5685: 5626: 5607: 5582: 5541: 5479: 4979: 1979: 1370: 1256: 1160: 974: 920:, a decision he would soon regret. On 20 September, Charles mustered and joined his forces at 812: 679: 675: 507: 408: 186: 3247:"Sir Henry Bedingfield: National Trust unmasks landowner who spied for Bonnie Prince Charlie" 8102: 7817: 7734: 7714: 7683: 7374: 7339: 7283: 6410: 6324: 6188: 5772: 5533: 5182: 4497: 4430: 2345: 1915: 1498: 1445: 1300: 1280: 1164: 1041: 1014: 978: 796: 400: 323:, which effectively ended the Stuart cause. Although there were subsequent attempts such as 280: 17: 5529: 945:

daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions. The council was said to include

7907: 7792: 7668: 7630: 7449: 7293: 7288: 7090: 6996: 6196: 6184: 6132: 4211: 4175: 3955: 2512:"Charles Edward Stuart – Jacobites, Enlightenment and the Clearances – Scotland's History" 1569:

Charles has been depicted on stage as well as in film and television. He was portrayed by

1366: 1331: 1204: 1139: 1029: 937: 836: 824: 712: 598: 456:

in the company of a small retinue and a close but often argumentative family. His brother

448:

Charles was said to have suffered from weak legs at an early age, possibly as a result of

373: 252: 222: 7956: 862:

controlled the city, which quickly surrendered, although the castle under the command of

787:

Although several clan chiefs initially discouraged him, he gained the crucial support of

653: 590:

realised the diversion that had deceived them and resumed their position in the Channel.

562: 6082: 2564: 1593:'s book series. His life has formed a component of numerous historical plays, including 283:, and the Stuart claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1766 as 8079: 8029: 7887: 7764: 7759: 7749: 7645: 7571: 7480: 7475: 7298: 7273: 7253: 7238: 7223: 7208: 6800: 5338: 2319: 1883: 1633: 1617: 1590: 1533: 1429: 1414: 1413:

as a prospective bride. Accordingly, on 28 March 1772, Charles married Princess Louise

1115: 880: 649: 543: 6116:, engraved for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 with a poetical illustration by 5500: 4860: 1544:

Charles has been depicted in painting since the 18th century, much of it belonging to

8168: 8107: 8064: 8034: 8014: 7678: 7604: 7531: 7434: 7364: 7278: 7233: 7218: 7115: 7064: 6282: 5942: 5929: 5792: 5699: 5662: 5657: 5394: 5196: 4064:"Prince Charles Edward Stuart Itinerary and Map (Supplement to the Lyon in Mourning)" 2357:

published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839, with a poetical illustration by

1651: 1637: 1135: 1096: 884: 776: 551: 465:, James and his household lived with a sense of pride, and staunchly believed in the 358: 5560: 4204: 8117: 8112: 8059: 8049: 8024: 8004: 7724: 7693: 7640: 7635: 7419: 7329: 7268: 7248: 7135: 7059: 2267: 2245: 1694: 1580: 1525: 1469: 1382: 1374: 1318:, Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the 1219:

was the only child of Charles to survive infancy (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton)

1143: 1009: 820: 792: 671: 610: 412: 365: 119: 6097:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic & Allan Macinnes ( 4509: 1252: 846:

Charles's progress onto Edinburgh was helped by the action of the British leader,

4975:

Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth: A Study in Portraiture, 1720–1892

8069: 7854: 7650: 7424: 7263: 7142: 7125: 7120: 7084: 4501: 2241: 1655: 1570: 1562: 1545: 1276: 990: 921: 903: 827:

on 4 September. At Perth, his ranks were joined by more sympathisers, including

5741: 1082: 8074: 8054: 8039: 8009: 7258: 7169: 7026: 7001: 6991: 6319: 6271: 6105: 5751: 1554: 1285: 1272: 1212: 1127: 1123: 998: 986: 804: 763: 719: 606: 594: 587: 434: 415: 68: 372:, Italy, on 31 December 1720, where his father had been given a residence by 7100: 7021: 6154: 6094: 5951:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 940–942. 5313:"For Bonnie Prince Charlie, starring Julia Marlowe & Robert Taber, 1897" 3251: 2406: 1421:

on 17 April 1772, where the marriage was reported to have been consummated.

1346:

Charles Edward Stuart in his later years (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton,

1303:

government of Great Britain. On 29 October 1753, the couple had a daughter,

1119: 1070: 887:

and, as of 2016, was on display at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.

851: 808: 5776: 7459: 7054: 7047: 6750: 3369:"The Second Jacobite Rebellion of 1745: Triumph and Tragedy for Scotland" 2401:

Additional Manuscripts, British Library, 30,090, quoted in Frank McLynn,

1687: 1425: 1418: 1386: 1168: 1104: 1100: 1021:

allowing them to continue north through Carlisle and back into Scotland.

762:. Many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant, still supported the 622: 570: 527: 6060: 5784: 5760: 894:

Bonnie Prince Charlie entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse flanked by

6929: 5675:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 587. 1248: 977:

surrendered to Charles. Continuing south, Charles and his army reached

832: 747: 582: 535: 453: 449: 217: 5986:

The Road to Culloden Moor. Bonnie Prince Charlie and the 45' Rebellion

5187: 5174: 1275:

the Catholic faith and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving

7130: 5396:

Airs and Melodies peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland and the Isles

1295:

Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress,

1263:

London incognito in 1750, staying for several weeks primarily at the

1190: 1060:

Government forces caught up with Charles and his army at the ensuing

1037: 917: 539: 515: 1484:

Tomb of Charles, his father and brother in St Peter's Basilica, Rome

758:, an Irish exile and former French officer, and Charles's secretary 644: 5283:"Outlander' Q&A: Andrew Gower on Playing Bonnie Prince Charlie" 1501:

for his brother Henry, as well as some annuities for his servants.

879:

while he was in Edinburgh, which survived in the collection of the

7016: 5928:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5704:

Charles Edward Stuart: The Life and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie

5656:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

1673: 1665: 1479: 1341: 1211: 1203: 1081: 1005: 889: 815:

by the last week of August. Charles's forces continued on via the

698: 643: 602: 556: 531: 523: 489: 352: 5623:

The Love of a Prince – Bonnie Prince Charlie in France, 1744–1748

1628:". Charles's subsequent flight from Scotland is commemorated in " 807:

and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march towards

319:

in January 1746. However, by April 1746, Charles was defeated at

6390: 5809:

Valour does not wait. The rise and fall of Charles Edward Stuart

4108:(Edinburgh: HMSO, The National Library of Scotland, 1995), p. 27 1390: 369: 357:

Charles painted as a five year old in 1725 by the court painter

7190: 6971: 6933: 6244: 3861: 3859: 1394: 6240: 5538:

Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

4116: 4114: 3798: 3796: 2335:

The title is frequently used for him in European publications

1189:

exploits in Scotland. In March 1747, he travelled briefly to

703:

A 1907 illustration of Prince Charles seen on the battlefield

3588:"Unique Bonnie Prince Charlie painting secured for Scotland" 2279:

A first-hand account of these events is given by James, the

989:

on the 29 November. His army progressed as far south as the

327:

in 1759, Charles was unable to restore the Stuart monarchy.

37:"Bonnie Prince Charlie" redirects here. For other uses, see 5828:

Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography of Charles Edward Stuart

5219:

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "poetical illustration".

2479: 2477: 1064:

on 16 April. Charles ignored the advice of his subordinate

461:

thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland—according to the

5080: 5078: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5019: 5017: 5004: 5002: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4902: 4900: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4827: 4825: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4771: 4769: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4701: 4699: 4278: 4276: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4234: 4232: 4146: 4144: 4070:. XXIII 1897: 46 – via National Library of Scotland. 4009: 4007: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3735: 3733: 3731: 2218:

Charles may have also been given the middle name Severino.

1693:

During his pretence as Prince of Wales, Charles claimed a

1239:, he was then expelled from France under the terms of the 916:

Meanwhile, Sir John Cope had brought his forces by sea to

275:(31 December 1720 – 30 January 1788) was the elder son of 5095: 5093: 5034: 5032: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4353: 4351: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 2838: 2836: 2811: 2809: 2772: 2770: 2527: 2525: 2344:

John Hay Allen and Charles Manning Allen, later known as

674:. As security for the loans, Charles was able to use the 5847:

Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945

5540:(2nd ed.). London: Little, Brown. pp. 27, 50. 4614: 4612: 3658: 3656: 3473: 3471: 3446: 3444: 3314: 3312: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3229: 3227: 3133: 3131: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 2946: 2944: 2544: 2542: 2540: 1512:

and the Cross of St George, Charles was first buried in

1267:

London residence of Lady Primrose, the widow of the 3rd

949:, Lord George Murray, Thomas Sheridan, John O'Sullivan, 726:, with Charles on board, made sail to escape, while the 273:

Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart

208:

Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart

5958:

The Life and Adventures of Prince Charles Edward Stuart

5604:

Kings over the water: the saga of the Stuart pretenders

3557:"Lost Bonnie Prince Charlie portrait found in Scotland" 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2692: 2690: 2653: 2651: 2626: 2624: 2420:"Britain's new monarch to be known as King Charles III" 1017:

in Cumbria on 18 December. The Jacobite forces won the

750:

on 23 July 1745. The group would later be known as the

4135:

A Selection of Arms Authorised by the Laws of Heraldry

2587: 2585: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 1184:

Charles landed back in France on 10 October [

1171:

from which he made his final departure from Scotland.

561:

Charles, painted in 1742, by the French court painter

425:, King James's eldest daughter, to replace him in the 4865:(Second ed.). London: Methuen & Co. p. 2314:

Charlotte went on to have illegitimate children with

1697:

consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a

1417:. The couple met shortly after for the first time at 648:

Charles Edward as the Jacobite leader (a painting in

380:. Regardless, he was given the names Charles for his 1095:, before retreating to Invergarry Castle, by way of 707:

Encouraged by the French victory in May 1745 at the

8088: 7990: 7947: 7926: 7873: 7842: 7826: 7773: 7707: 7659: 7623: 7590: 7509: 7468: 7312: 7201: 6838: 6783: 6743: 6734: 6693: 6628: 6573: 6508: 6418: 6409: 5625:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 1559:

Prince Charles Edward, bidding adieu to his friends

1428:in 1774, where he was provided with a residence by 1393:in 1770, where he took to the waters at the city's 803:. On 19 August, he raised his father's standard at 258: 248: 238: 228: 216: 202: 185: 153: 140: 126: 106: 102: 92: 82: 74: 67: 48: 4485: 30:For other people named Charles Edward Stuart, see 5866:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World 3956:"Battle of Culloden (showing Duke of Cumberland)" 3545:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 27 December 2023. 5811:. Prestonpans: Prestoungrange University Press. 2559: 2557: 746:successfully landed him and seven companions at 1114:Charles was assisted by supporters such as the 1008:, despite Charles's objections, his council at 554:, giving him the authority to act in his name. 5501:"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family" 5360:"New Pretender avoids toll with boat crossing" 2346:John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart 494:Portrait by William Mosman, painted circa 1737 6945: 6256: 5885:Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts 5335:"Finding glory in the tale of Prince Charlie" 5210:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "picture". 4176:"Charles Edward Stewart: The Young Pretender" 2403:Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts 783:Early stages and victory at Prestonpans: 1745 287:. During his lifetime, he was also known as " 8: 8220:Peers created by James Francis Edward Stuart 7074: 7045: 7031: 6043:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 6005:Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion 4496:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4106:The 'Forty-Five. The Last Jacobite Rebellion 2038:Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien 1163:marks the traditional spot on the shores of 407:, a Polish noblewoman (the granddaughter of 7140: 2283:in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746". 1609: 1424:They lived first in Rome and then moved to 1247:. He moved first to the Papal territory at 577:, hoping to remove British forces from the 8205:Collection of Derby Museum and Art Gallery 7198: 7187: 6979: 6968: 6952: 6938: 6930: 6740: 6415: 6263: 6249: 6241: 6123: 6081: 2506: 2504: 1718: 1709: 1279:communion, likely at one of the remaining 811:. The force proceeded eastwards, reaching 640:Preparations and journey to Scotland: 1745 395:Charles was the son of the Old Pretender, 54: 45: 6354:"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender 6075:Portraits of Prince Charles Edward Stuart 5746:. Edinburgh: Published by David Douglas. 5684:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5524: 5522: 5446: 5409: 5380: 5186: 1365:Charles's father died on 1 January 1766. 5084: 4816: 4760: 4531: 4405: 4393: 4342: 4214:ALBA – The Escape of the Young Pretender 3930: 3894: 3877: 3423: 2866: 2842: 2815: 2788: 2720: 2669: 2531: 2324:Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart 2292:The Duchy was annexed to France in 1766. 1353: 686:, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the 5235: 5160: 5148: 5136: 5069: 5050: 5023: 5008: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4906: 4891: 4843: 4831: 4804: 4792: 4775: 4743: 4722: 4705: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4567: 4555: 4493:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4431:"The visit of Prince Charles to London" 4417: 4381: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4267: 4250: 4238: 4223: 4150: 4080: 4049: 4037: 4013: 3998: 3979: 3865: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3710: 3674: 3662: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3525: 3501: 3477: 3462: 3450: 3435: 3411: 3354: 3330: 3233: 3206: 3170: 3086: 3055: 2986: 2950: 2911: 2899: 2800: 2776: 2708: 2681: 2642: 2615: 2548: 2495: 2483: 2456: 2373: 2211: 1670:Arms used by Charles as Prince of Wales 399:(himself son of the exiled Stuart King 5906:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 5269: 5222:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 5213:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 5099: 5038: 4854: 4852: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4543: 4471: 4454: 4369: 4357: 4330: 4318: 4162: 4120: 4092: 4025: 3942: 3918: 3906: 3814: 3802: 3722: 3686: 3489: 3399: 3342: 3318: 3303: 3284: 3272: 3218: 3194: 3182: 3149: 3137: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3067: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2974: 2962: 2935: 2923: 2887: 2854: 2827: 2761: 2749: 2732: 2696: 2657: 2630: 2603: 2591: 2468: 2444: 2389: 2079: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1837: 1727: 1723: 730:, with her greater firepower, engaged 678:crown jewels of his great-grandfather 199: 39:Bonnie Prince Charlie (disambiguation) 32:Charles Edward Stuart (disambiguation) 8230:People of the Jacobite rising of 1745 6091:at the National Galleries of Scotland 5584:The works of Monsieur de St. Evremond 4186:from the original on 25 November 2007 3698: 3567:from the original on 21 February 2014 3539:"Charles Edward, the Young Pretender" 3513: 2155: 2145: 2141: 2129: 2123: 2113: 2097: 2087: 2083: 2067: 2061: 2051: 2035: 2025: 2021: 2009: 2003: 1993: 1977: 1967: 1963: 1939: 1929: 1913: 1903: 1899: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1855: 1845: 1841: 1825: 1819: 1809: 1793: 1783: 1779: 1767: 1761: 1751: 1735: 1731: 1678:Coat of arms of The Young Pretender ( 1409:suggested the latter's sister-in-law 471:James Murray, Jacobite Earl of Dunbar 295:"; in popular memory, he is known as 7: 5474:Publications, Wise (30 March 2011). 5293:from the original on 1 December 2017 4205:Queen Anne and the 1707 Act of Union 3381:from the original on 8 November 2021 1001:, arriving there on the 4 December. 4859:Mayne, Ethel Colburn (6 May 1909). 4522:Royal Stuart Journal Number 1, 2009 2227:Charles was born in Rome under the 2158:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 1573:in the 1948 semi-biographical film 1217:Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany 1138:. On 28 June, Charles was aided by 1056:Culloden and return to France: 1746 192:Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany 8240:Italian people of Scottish descent 6359:"Charles III", The Young Pretender 5507:from the original on 13 March 2017 5175:"Victorian Representations of War" 2318:, an ecclesiastical member of the 1713:Ancestors of Charles Edward Stuart 1583:in the historical dramatic series 1411:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 1359:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 1225:Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne 1050:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 349:Childhood and education: 1720–1734 337:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 160:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 25: 8200:Scottish people of Polish descent 6761:Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 6079:National Portrait Gallery, London 5644:. London: Williams & Norgate. 5179:Cahiers Victoriens et Édouardiens 3586:Ferguson, Brian (30 March 2016). 3367:Oestman, Olivia (19 April 2019). 1858:Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena 823:, Charles and his forces reached 506:in his struggle for the crown of 175: 8195:18th-century Jacobite pretenders 8148: 8147: 6806:Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746 6723: 6104: 5921: 5649: 2100:Philip William, Elector Palatine 1579:. Charles was also portrayed by 1553: 801:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair 262: 136:Palazzo Muti, Rome, Papal States 78:1 January 1766 – 30 January 1788 8265:Violence against women in Italy 8245:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica 6685:Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore 5706:. London: Thames & Hudson. 900:Alexander Forbes, Lord Pitsligo 171: 6826:Old military roads of Scotland 6640:War of the Austrian Succession 6610:Capture of Eilean Donan Castle 6293:Independent Highland Companies 6213:Reason for succession failure: 5476:The Beatles: Music Roots (PVG) 5362:. Herald Scotland. 29 May 1996 4104:Michael Hook and Walter Ross, 3960:National Galleries of Scotland 2240:The name was later adopted by 1508:, the Cross of St Andrew, the 1314:In 1759, at the height of the 1245:War of the Austrian Succession 1193:via Lyon for an audience with 932:Invasion of England: 1745–1746 860:Lord Provost Archibald Stewart 652:, attributed to the circle of 579:War of the Austrian Succession 61:Portrait by Allan Ramsay, 1745 27:Jacobite pretender (1720–1788) 1: 8210:Earls in the Jacobite peerage 6821:Traitors Transported Act 1746 6585:War of the Quadruple Alliance 5967:Bonnie Prince Charlie. A Life 5935:Vaughan, Herbert Millingchamp 5640:Chidsey, Donald Barr (1928). 4978:. Bucknell University Press. 1647:My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean 1530:monument to the Royal Stuarts 1516:near Rome, where his brother 1347: 1142:, who helped him sail to the 907: 605:, leasing a hilltop house in 575:a planned invasion of England 502:, who was proceeding to join 7077:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 6376:Sophie, Electress of Hanover 6089:Prince Charles Edward Stuart 5740:Elcho, David Wemyss (1907). 4510:UK public library membership 1699:label argent of three points 1235:. Briefly imprisoned at the 581:. Charles then travelled to 486:Travels in Europe: 1734–1745 18:Prince Charles Edward Stuart 8190:18th-century British people 7046: 6816:Treason Outlawries Act 1748 6218:Grandfather deposed in 1688 6164:James Francis Edward Stuart 6003:Riding, Jacqueline (2016). 2426:. Reuters. 8 September 2022 2126:Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg 1822:James Francis Edward Stuart 1622:Wha'll be King but Charlie? 1271:. While in London, Charles 397:James Francis Edward Stuart 279:making him the grandson of 277:James Francis Edward Stuart 233:James Francis Edward Stuart 8296: 6310:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 5765:Eighteenth-Century Studies 5579:de Saint-Évremond, Charles 5423:"Charlie, he's my darling" 2073: 1957: 1831: 1725: 1642:Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill 1493:of his great-grandfather, 1208:Clementina Walkinshaw 1760 632: 315:in September 1745 and the 36: 29: 8134: 7197: 7186: 7091:Methodological skepticism 6982: 6978: 6967: 6721: 6430:Williamite War in Ireland 6278: 6222: 6175: 6160: 6153: 6126: 6022:Silverman, Jerry (2010). 5845:Longmate, Norman (1993). 5826:Kybett, Susan M. (1988). 5621:Bongie, Laurence (1986). 5113:"Monument to the Stuarts" 4972:Nicholson, Robin (2002). 2143: 2135: 2107: 2085: 2081: 2064:Maria Klementyna Sobieska 2045: 2023: 2015: 1987: 1965: 1961: 1923: 1901: 1893: 1865: 1843: 1839: 1803: 1796:Henrietta Maria of France 1781: 1773: 1745: 1729: 1612:Óró sé do bheatha abhaile 1610: 1595:For Bonnie Prince Charlie 1407:Charles Fitz-James Stuart 1241:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1180:Life in Europe: 1746–1766 896:Donald Cameron of Lochiel 839:, where he persuaded the 789:Donald Cameron of Lochiel 405:Maria Clementina Sobieska 333:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 325:a planned French invasion 243:Maria Clementina Sobieska 207: 198: 53: 6796:Act of Proscription 1746 6595:Marquess of Tullibardine 6118:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 5965:Pininski, Peter (2010). 5807:Johnston, Arran (2010). 5428:. Royal Collection Trust 5399:. Edinburgh. p. 47. 4210:14 February 2007 at the 4068:Scottish History Society 2565:"Bonnie Prince Charlies" 2359:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 1634:Sir Harold Edwin Boulton 1632:" by the English author 1229:Jules, Prince of Guéméné 619:Anne, Duchess of Berwick 443:Kingdom of Great Britain 364:Charles was born in the 8235:British Roman Catholics 6600:General Joseph Wightman 6465:Battle of Killiecrankie 6026:. Melbay Publications. 5984:Preston, Diana (1995). 5956:Norie, William (1907). 5948:Encyclopædia Britannica 5830:. London: Unwin Hyman. 5759:Kaiser, Thomas (1997). 5680:Coltman, Viccy (2019). 5672:Encyclopædia Britannica 5566:Encyclopædia Britannica 5315:. Vanderbilt University 5251:. The National Archives 5249:"Jacobite wine glasses" 5225:. Fisher, Son & Co. 5216:. Fisher, Son & Co. 5173:Teulié, Gilles (2007). 4502:10.1093/ref:odnb/105934 1684:Palazzo di San Clemente 1636:and in the Irish song " 1438:Palazzo del Pretendente 1434:Palazzo di San Clemente 1379:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1290:St Martin-in-the-Fields 1233:Théâtre du Palais-Royal 985:on the 26 November and 799:under the tutorship of 696:), a 16-gun privateer. 635:Jacobite rising of 1745 309:Jacobite rising of 1745 8250:Knights of the Thistle 7141: 7075: 7041:Enlightened absolutism 7032: 6670:Battle of Falkirk Muir 6485:Declaration of Finglas 6371:Act of Settlement 1701 6128:Charles Edward Stuart 6114:Francis William Topham 6095:The Jacobite Rebellion 5902:McLynn, Frank (1985). 5883:McLynn, Frank (1988). 5864:McLynn, Frank (2005). 5721:Douglas, Hugh (1975). 5602:Aronson, Theo (1979). 5393:Fraser, Simon (1816). 2281:Chevalier de Johnstone 1690: 1671: 1550:Francis William Topham 1485: 1362: 1351: 1251:, and then in 1749 to 1220: 1209: 1087: 1034:Battle of Falkirk Muir 913: 869:Prince Charlie's Targe 835:and Charles stayed at 704: 657: 565: 495: 361: 317:Battle of Falkirk Muir 8255:Knights of the Garter 8175:Charles Edward Stuart 7007:Counter-Enlightenment 6660:Battle of Prestonpans 6620:Battle of Coille Bhan 6605:Anglo-French Alliance 6565:Battle of Sheriffmuir 6530:1715 general election 6226:Henry Benedict Stuart 6178:— TITULAR — 6170:as James III and VIII 6110:Prince Charles Edward 5887:. London: Routledge. 5777:10.1353/ecs.1997.0035 5723:Charles Edward Stuart 5642:Bonnie Prince Charlie 5478:. Wise Publications. 5459:Herman Finer (1956). 4484:Robb, Steven (2013). 2322:. Their only son was 2006:Jakub Ludwik Sobieski 1942:Charles Edward Stuart 1680:Royal Arms of England 1677: 1669: 1626:Charlie is my darling 1576:Bonnie Prince Charlie 1483: 1357: 1345: 1297:Clementina Walkinshaw 1215: 1207: 1195:Ferdinand VI of Spain 1085: 1019:Clifton Moor Skirmish 981:on 21 November, then 926:Battle of Prestonpans 893: 850:, who had marched to 848:General Sir John Cope 702: 647: 615:Archbishop of Cambrai 560: 498:In 1734, his cousin, 493: 467:divine right of kings 458:Henry Benedict Stuart 439:Acts of Union in 1707 390:Saint Sylvester's Day 356: 313:Battle of Prestonpans 297:Bonnie Prince Charlie 49:Charles Edward Stuart 6961:Age of Enlightenment 6848:"James III and VIII" 6615:Battle of Glen Shiel 6400:Royal Stuart Society 6396:Neo-Jacobite Revival 6340:William III & II 5463:. Holt. p. 178. 4133:Burke, Sir Bernard. 3563:. 22 February 2014. 2518:on 10 November 2015. 2303:Gentleman's Magazine 1738:Charles I of England 1506:Order of the Thistle 1466:Gustav III of Sweden 1403:the Duc d'Aiguillion 1361:(1752–1824), c. 1772 1338:Pretender: 1766–1788 1269:Viscount of Primrose 1237:Château de Vincennes 752:Seven Men of Moidart 386:Edward the Confessor 174: 1772; 122:, Rome, Papal States 87:"James VIII and III" 8270:Jacobite pretenders 7967:Feijóo y Montenegro 7918:Vorontsova-Dashkova 6840:Jacobite succession 6480:Battle of the Boyne 6475:Massacre of Glencoe 6460:General Hugh Mackay 6349:Jacobite succession 6335:Glorious Revolution 6305:Union of the Crowns 6205:Jacobite succession 5868:. London: Pimlico. 5606:. London: Cassell. 5499:Francois R. Velde. 5117:St Peter's Basilica 3945:, pp. 377–378. 3921:, pp. 328–329. 3909:, pp. 209–216. 3817:, pp. 304–305. 3805:, pp. 299–300. 3725:, pp. 175–176. 3492:, pp. 123–125. 3402:, pp. 465–467. 3357:, pp. 152–153. 1764:James II of England 1644:. The popular song 1540:Cultural depictions 1522:St Peter's Basilica 1510:Order of the Garter 1436:, now known as the 1324:The French invasion 951:Murray of Broughton 877:portrait of Charles 663:Sir Thomas Sheridan 479:Sir Thomas Sheridan 463:Jacobite succession 293:the Young Chevalier 289:the Young Pretender 146:St Peter's Basilica 8225:Nobility from Rome 7106:Natural philosophy 6775:Indemnity Act 1717 6766:Disarming Act 1715 6680:Battle of Culloden 6675:Siege of Inverness 6655:Duke of Cumberland 6645:Lord George Murray 6560:Siege of Inverness 6500:Treaty of Limerick 6440:King William's War 6330:James II & VII 6155:Titles in pretence 6045:. 20/21: 141–173. 5238:, p. 149-158. 4435:The National Trust 4123:, p. 216-217. 3868:, p. 135-136. 2569:The Jacobite Trail 2229:Gregorian calendar 1691: 1672: 1630:The Skye Boat Song 1514:Frascati Cathedral 1486: 1450:Saint Andrew's Day 1363: 1352: 1221: 1210: 1149:Grampian Mountains 1088: 1066:Lord George Murray 1062:Battle of Culloden 995:Swarkestone Bridge 914: 841:Earl of Kilmarnock 829:Lord George Murray 817:Corrieyairack Pass 769:MacDonald of Sleat 709:Battle of Fontenoy 705: 692:(sometimes called 667:Sir Hector Maclean 658: 566: 496: 427:Revolution of 1688 362: 69:Jacobite pretender 8280:Scottish folklore 8162: 8161: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8125: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7155:Scientific method 7012:Critical thinking 6927: 6926: 6888:"Robert I and IV" 6834: 6833: 6811:Sheriffs Act 1747 6729:a Jacobite banner 6719: 6718: 6665:Siege of Carlisle 6555:Battle of Preston 6495:Siege of Limerick 6490:Battle of Aughrim 6470:Battle of Dunkeld 6455:Patrick Sarsfield 6239: 6238: 6235: 6232:as Henry IX and I 6223:Succeeded by 6180: 6173: 6024:Songs of Scotland 5976:978-1-84868-194-1 5849:. HarperCollins. 5547:978-0-316-84820-6 5534:Maclagan, Michael 5503:. Heraldica.org. 5485:978-1-78323-981-8 5188:10.4000/cve.10379 4862:Enchanters of Men 4508:(Subscription or 3345:, pp. 83–84. 2203: 2202: 2199: 2198: 1980:John III Sobieski 1405:, and his cousin 1371:Pope Clement XIII 1257:Duchy of Lorraine 813:Invergarry Castle 680:John III Sobieski 500:the Duke of Liria 431:Act of Settlement 409:John III Sobieski 382:great-grandfather 270: 269: 212: 211: 16:(Redirected from 8287: 8151: 8150: 7199: 7188: 7146: 7080: 7051: 7037: 6980: 6969: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6931: 6858:"Henry IX and I" 6741: 6737:and later events 6727: 6450:Sir Ewen Cameron 6416: 6411:Jacobite risings 6325:The Killing Time 6265: 6258: 6251: 6242: 6229: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6176: 6167: 6161:Preceded by 6149: 6142: 6141:31 December 1720 6124: 6108: 6085: 6064: 6037: 6018: 5999: 5980: 5961: 5952: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5898: 5879: 5860: 5841: 5822: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5755: 5736: 5725:. London: Hale. 5717: 5695: 5676: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5636: 5617: 5589: 5588: 5575: 5569: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5287:Access Hollywood 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5082: 5073: 5067: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5027: 5021: 5012: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4910: 4904: 4895: 4889: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4856: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4779: 4773: 4764: 4758: 4747: 4741: 4726: 4720: 4709: 4703: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4505: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4271: 4265: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4002: 3996: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2561: 2552: 2546: 2535: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2514:. Archived from 2508: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2486:, p. 13–19. 2481: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2410: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2312: 2306: 2301:Reported in the 2299: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2216: 1916:Laura Martinozzi 1719: 1710: 1615: 1614: 1557: 1476:Death and burial 1446:Vittorio Alfieri 1349: 1316:Seven Years' War 1042:Kilravock Castle 1028:to Stirling and 912: 909: 475:Chevalier Ramsay 401:James II and VII 281:James VII and II 266: 200: 179: 177: 173: 133: 117:31 December 1720 116: 114: 97:"Henry IX and I" 58: 46: 21: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8260:Sobieski family 8215:House of Stuart 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8144: 8122: 8084: 7986: 7943: 7922: 7869: 7838: 7834:Carvalho e Melo 7822: 7769: 7703: 7655: 7619: 7586: 7505: 7464: 7308: 7193: 7174: 7160:Spanish America 7034:Encyclopédistes 6997:Civil liberties 6974: 6963: 6958: 6928: 6923: 6830: 6791:Jurors Act 1745 6779: 6736: 6730: 6728: 6715: 6689: 6631: 6624: 6576: 6569: 6511: 6504: 6445:Viscount Dundee 6435:Nine Years' War 6421: 6405: 6274: 6269: 6228: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6202: 6201: 6185:King of England 6181: 6166: 6148:31 January 1788 6143: 6137: 6136: 6133:House of Stuart 6129: 6071: 6053: 6040: 6034: 6021: 6015: 6002: 5996: 5983: 5977: 5964: 5955: 5933: 5922: 5920: 5914: 5901: 5895: 5882: 5876: 5863: 5857: 5844: 5838: 5825: 5819: 5806: 5797: 5795: 5758: 5739: 5733: 5720: 5714: 5698: 5692: 5679: 5665:, ed. (1911). " 5661: 5650: 5648: 5639: 5633: 5620: 5614: 5601: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5528: 5527: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5289:. 15 May 2016. 5281: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4913: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4782: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4750: 4742: 4729: 4721: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4212:Wayback Machine 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4142: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3046:Longmate p. 149 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001:, p. xvii. 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2547: 2538: 2530: 2523: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2239: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 1707: 1664: 1599:Young Pretender 1542: 1478: 1381:perform at the 1367:Pope Clement XI 1340: 1320:Duc De Choiseul 1311:'s assistance. 1243:that ended the 1182: 1177: 1155:, commanded by 1140:Flora MacDonald 1058: 1030:Stirling Castle 938:Holyrood Palace 934: 910: 837:Callendar House 785: 756:John O'Sullivan 642: 637: 631: 488: 384:, Edward after 374:Pope Clement XI 351: 346: 181: 178: 1780) 169: 165: 162: 149: 135: 131: 130:30 January 1788 118: 112: 110: 63: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8293: 8291: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8275:Exiled royalty 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8167: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8094: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7596: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7304:Wollstonecraft 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7043: 7038: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6983: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6801:Dress Act 1746 6798: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6784:The Forty-Five 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6745: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630:The Forty-Five 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6590:Earl Marischal 6587: 6581: 6579: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6346: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6283:Scottish clans 6279: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6237: 6236: 6224: 6221: 6174: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6130: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6102: 6101:, 8 May 2003). 6092: 6086: 6070: 6069:External links 6067: 6066: 6065: 6052:978-0674023833 6051: 6038: 6033:978-1609749316 6032: 6019: 6014:978-1408819128 6013: 6007:. Bloomsbury. 6000: 5995:978-0094761704 5994: 5981: 5975: 5962: 5953: 5943:Chisholm, Hugh 5939:Charles Edward 5918: 5913:978-0710201652 5912: 5899: 5894:979-8646825446 5893: 5880: 5875:978-0099526391 5874: 5861: 5856:978-0091748371 5855: 5842: 5837:978-0044403876 5836: 5823: 5818:978-0850111248 5817: 5804: 5771:(4): 365–381. 5756: 5737: 5732:978-0709148159 5731: 5718: 5712: 5700:Daiches, David 5696: 5690: 5677: 5663:Chisholm, Hugh 5646: 5637: 5632:978-0774802581 5631: 5618: 5613:978-0304303243 5612: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5570: 5561:Mary of Modena 5553: 5546: 5518: 5491: 5484: 5466: 5451: 5447:Silverman 2010 5439: 5414: 5410:Silverman 2010 5402: 5385: 5381:Silverman 2010 5373: 5351: 5326: 5304: 5274: 5262: 5240: 5228: 5202: 5181:(66 Automne). 5165: 5163:, p. 147. 5153: 5141: 5139:, p. 272. 5129: 5104: 5102:, p. 446. 5089: 5074: 5072:, p. 269. 5055: 5053:, p. 361. 5043: 5041:, p. 311. 5028: 5026:, p. 267. 5013: 5011:, p. 263. 4998: 4984: 4964: 4962:, p. 942. 4952: 4950:, p. 353. 4940: 4938:, p. 122. 4928: 4926:, p. 262. 4911: 4909:, p. 260. 4896: 4894:, p. 258. 4879: 4848: 4846:, p. 256. 4836: 4834:, p. 257. 4821: 4809: 4807:, p. 307. 4797: 4795:, p. 255. 4780: 4778:, p. 251. 4765: 4748: 4746:, p. 250. 4727: 4725:, p. 249. 4710: 4708:, p. 247. 4695: 4693:, p. 246. 4683: 4681:, p. 406. 4671: 4669:, p. 242. 4659: 4657:, p. 241. 4647: 4645:, p. 450. 4635: 4623: 4608: 4596: 4594:, p. 375. 4584: 4582:, p. 344. 4572: 4570:, p. 265. 4560: 4558:, p. 254. 4548: 4536: 4524: 4515: 4476: 4474:, p. 268. 4459: 4457:, p. 267. 4447: 4422: 4420:, p. 307. 4410: 4398: 4386: 4384:, p. 210. 4374: 4362: 4360:, p. 365. 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4309:, p. 211. 4299: 4297:, p. 203. 4287: 4285:, p. 201. 4272: 4270:, p. 200. 4255: 4253:, p. 226. 4243: 4241:, p. 196. 4228: 4226:, p. 192. 4216: 4197: 4167: 4165:, p. 233. 4155: 4153:, p. 169. 4140: 4137:. p. 113. 4125: 4110: 4097: 4095:, p. 239. 4085: 4083:, p. 170. 4073: 4062:Blaikie, W B. 4054: 4052:, p. 201. 4042: 4040:, p. 165. 4030: 4028:, p. 427. 4018: 4016:, p. 163. 4003: 4001:, p. 162. 3984: 3982:, p. 160. 3972: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3882: 3870: 3855: 3853:, p. 133. 3843: 3841:, p. 132. 3831: 3829:, p. 130. 3819: 3807: 3792: 3790:, p. 131. 3780: 3778:, p. 127. 3768: 3766:, p. 126. 3756: 3754:, p. 125. 3744: 3742:, p. 127. 3727: 3715: 3713:, p. 119. 3703: 3701:, p. 289. 3691: 3689:, p. 185. 3679: 3677:, p. 112. 3667: 3652: 3650:, p. 105. 3640: 3638:, p. 103. 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592:Edinburgh News 3578: 3548: 3530: 3528:, p. 111. 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3467: 3455: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3321:, p. 105. 3308: 3306:, p. 117. 3289: 3287:, p. 116. 3277: 3275:, p. 115. 3265: 3238: 3223: 3221:, p. 112. 3211: 3199: 3197:, p. 104. 3187: 3185:, p. 103. 3175: 3173:, p. 941. 3154: 3152:, p. 108. 3142: 3140:, p. 107. 3127: 3125:, p. 101. 3115: 3113:, p. 100. 3103: 3091: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2832: 2820: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2779:, p. 940. 2766: 2754: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2647: 2635: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2581: 2553: 2536: 2521: 2500: 2488: 2473: 2461: 2459:, p. 305. 2449: 2447:, p. 449. 2437: 2411: 2394: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2328: 2307: 2294: 2285: 2272: 2259: 2250: 2233: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1884:Mary of Modena 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1663: 1660: 1618:Bonnie Charlie 1591:Diana Gabaldon 1541: 1538: 1534:Antonio Canova 1495:King Charles I 1477: 1474: 1430:Prince Corsini 1339: 1336: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1161:Prince's Cairn 1157:Richard Warren 1057: 1054: 933: 930: 881:Earl of Wemyss 864:George Preston 784: 781: 773:Norman MacLeod 738:withdrew, the 650:Traquair House 641: 638: 633:Main article: 630: 627: 544:Duke of Albany 512:siege of Gaeta 487: 484: 435:Jacobite Cause 421:and his wife, 350: 347: 345: 342: 268: 267: 260: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 214: 213: 210: 209: 205: 204: 196: 195: 194:(illegitimate) 189: 183: 182: 167: 163: 158: 157: 155: 151: 150: 148:, Vatican City 144: 142: 138: 137: 134:(aged 67) 128: 124: 123: 108: 104: 103: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 65: 64: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8292: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8154: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8133: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8090:United States 8087: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7850:Budai-Deleanu 7848: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Ashley-Cooper 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7185: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7116:Progressivism 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Individualism 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:"Charles III" 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Clan Act 1715 6754: 6752: 6751:Riot Act 1714 6749: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6726: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6550:Baronet Munro 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6300:The Highlands 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6227: 6219: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5988:. Constable. 5987: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5930:public domain 5919: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5904:The Jacobites 5900: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5713:0-500-25034-0 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5691:9781108278133 5687: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5658:public domain 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5449:, p. 65. 5448: 5443: 5440: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5412:, p. 66. 5411: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5386: 5383:, p. 69. 5382: 5377: 5374: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5272:, p. xv. 5271: 5266: 5263: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5214: 5206: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5151:, p. 43. 5150: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5087:, p. 97. 5086: 5085:Pininski 2010 5081: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4987: 4985:9780838754955 4981: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4819:, p. 80. 4818: 4817:Pininski 2010 4813: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4763:, p. 81. 4762: 4761:Pininski 2010 4757: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4636: 4633:, p. 81. 4632: 4627: 4624: 4621:, p. 84. 4620: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4606:, p. 82. 4605: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4546:, p. 78. 4545: 4540: 4537: 4534:, p. 70. 4533: 4532:Pininski 2010 4528: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4408:, p. 65. 4407: 4406:Pininski 2010 4402: 4399: 4396:, p. 63. 4395: 4394:Pininski 2010 4390: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4372:, p. 35. 4371: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4345:, p. 61. 4344: 4343:Pininski 2010 4339: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4201: 4198: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3931:Chisholm 1911 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3897:, p. 42. 3896: 3895:Pininski 2010 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3880:, p. 41. 3879: 3878:Pininski 2010 3874: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3665:, p. 99. 3664: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3626:, p. 86. 3625: 3620: 3617: 3614:, p. 98. 3613: 3608: 3605: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3516:, p. 54. 3515: 3510: 3507: 3504:, p. 90. 3503: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3480:, p. 87. 3479: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3465:, p. 73. 3464: 3459: 3456: 3453:, p. 70. 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3438:, p. 79. 3437: 3432: 3429: 3426:, p. 32. 3425: 3424:Pininski 2010 3420: 3417: 3414:, p. 77. 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3333:, p. 74. 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3236:, p. 44. 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3209:, p. 65. 3208: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3101:, p. 98. 3100: 3095: 3092: 3089:, p. 63. 3088: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3070:, p. 97. 3069: 3064: 3061: 3058:, p. 58. 3057: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3037:, p. 92. 3036: 3031: 3028: 3025:, p. 90. 3024: 3019: 3016: 3013:, p. 89. 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2989:, p. 56. 2988: 2983: 2980: 2977:, p. 80. 2976: 2971: 2968: 2965:, p. 76. 2964: 2959: 2956: 2953:, p. 53. 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2938:, p. 60. 2937: 2932: 2929: 2926:, p. 47. 2925: 2920: 2917: 2914:, p. 47. 2913: 2908: 2905: 2902:, p. 30. 2901: 2896: 2893: 2890:, p. 45. 2889: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2869:, p. 24. 2868: 2867:Johnston 2010 2863: 2860: 2857:, p. 40. 2856: 2851: 2848: 2845:, p. 29. 2844: 2843:Johnston 2010 2839: 2837: 2833: 2830:, p. 38. 2829: 2824: 2821: 2818:, p. 28. 2817: 2816:Johnston 2010 2812: 2810: 2806: 2803:, p. 40. 2802: 2797: 2794: 2791:, p. 26. 2790: 2789:Pininski 2010 2785: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2764:, p. 37. 2763: 2758: 2755: 2752:, p. 31. 2751: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2735:, p. 33. 2734: 2729: 2726: 2723:, p. 25. 2722: 2721:Pininski 2010 2717: 2714: 2711:, p. 37. 2710: 2705: 2702: 2699:, p. 32. 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2684:, p. 30. 2683: 2678: 2675: 2672:, p. 23. 2671: 2670:Pininski 2010 2666: 2663: 2660:, p. 28. 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2645:, p. 29. 2644: 2639: 2636: 2633:, p. 30. 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2618:, p. 16. 2617: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2551:, p. 25. 2550: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2534:, p. 22. 2533: 2532:Pininski 2010 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2392:, p. 20. 2391: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1652:Tony Sheridan 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1638:Mo Ghile Mear 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589:, based upon 1588: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:the execution 1482: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1396: 1395:thermal baths 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1344: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1165:Loch nan Uamh 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:Isle of Lewis 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:Fort Augustus 1094: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1076:Jacobite Army 1072: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 939: 931: 929: 927: 923: 919: 905: 902:, painted by 901: 897: 892: 888: 886: 885:Gosford House 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 843:to join him. 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 782: 780: 778: 777:Loch nan Uamh 774: 770: 765: 761: 757: 754:and included 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716: 710: 701: 697: 695: 691: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 664: 655: 651: 646: 639: 636: 629:1745 uprising 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 588:British fleet 584: 580: 576: 572: 564: 559: 555: 553: 552:prince regent 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 492: 485: 483: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423:Princess Mary 420: 417: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Montefiascone 375: 371: 367: 360: 359:Antonio David 355: 348: 343: 341: 338: 334: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 265: 261: 257: 254: 251: 247: 244: 241: 237: 234: 231: 227: 224: 221: 219: 215: 206: 201: 197: 193: 190: 188: 184: 161: 156: 152: 147: 143: 139: 129: 125: 121: 109: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 66: 62: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8138: 7883:Catherine II 7335:Beaumarchais 7165:Universality 7136:Reductionism 7083: 7060:Human rights 6916: 6909: 6902: 6898:"Francis II" 6863:"Charles IV" 6852: 6735:Consequences 6575:The Nineteen 6520:…in Cornwall 6420:First rising 6358: 6231: 6230: 6203: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6169: 6168: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6098: 6042: 6023: 6004: 5985: 5969:. Amberley. 5966: 5957: 5946: 5903: 5884: 5865: 5846: 5827: 5808: 5796:. Retrieved 5768: 5764: 5742: 5722: 5703: 5681: 5670: 5641: 5622: 5603: 5583: 5573: 5564: 5556: 5537: 5509:. Retrieved 5494: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5442: 5430:. Retrieved 5417: 5405: 5395: 5388: 5376: 5364:. Retrieved 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5329: 5317:. Retrieved 5307: 5295:. Retrieved 5286: 5277: 5265: 5253:. Retrieved 5243: 5236:Coltman 2019 5231: 5221: 5212: 5205: 5178: 5168: 5161:Coltman 2019 5156: 5149:Douglas 1975 5144: 5137:Douglas 1975 5132: 5120:. Retrieved 5116: 5107: 5070:Douglas 1975 5051:Aronson 1979 5046: 5024:Douglas 1975 5009:Douglas 1975 4989:. Retrieved 4974: 4967: 4960:Vaughan 1911 4955: 4948:Aronson 1979 4943: 4936:Douglas 1975 4931: 4924:Douglas 1975 4907:Douglas 1975 4892:Douglas 1975 4870:. Retrieved 4861: 4844:Douglas 1975 4839: 4832:Douglas 1975 4812: 4805:Douglas 1975 4800: 4793:Douglas 1975 4776:Douglas 1975 4744:Douglas 1975 4723:Douglas 1975 4706:Douglas 1975 4691:Douglas 1975 4686: 4679:Aronson 1979 4674: 4667:Douglas 1975 4662: 4655:Douglas 1975 4650: 4638: 4626: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4568:Douglas 1975 4563: 4556:Douglas 1975 4551: 4539: 4527: 4518: 4491: 4479: 4450: 4438:. Retrieved 4425: 4418:Aronson 1979 4413: 4401: 4389: 4382:Douglas 1975 4377: 4365: 4338: 4333:, p. 2. 4326: 4321:, p. 1. 4314: 4307:Douglas 1975 4302: 4295:Douglas 1975 4290: 4283:Douglas 1975 4268:Douglas 1975 4251:Preston 1995 4246: 4239:Douglas 1975 4224:Douglas 1975 4219: 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4180:The Scotsman 4179: 4170: 4158: 4151:Douglas 1975 4134: 4128: 4105: 4100: 4088: 4081:Douglas 1975 4076: 4067: 4057: 4050:Preston 1995 4045: 4038:Douglas 1975 4033: 4021: 4014:Douglas 1975 3999:Douglas 1975 3980:Douglas 1975 3975: 3963:. Retrieved 3959: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3873: 3866:Douglas 1975 3851:Douglas 1975 3846: 3839:Douglas 1975 3834: 3827:Douglas 1975 3822: 3810: 3788:Preston 1995 3783: 3776:Preston 1995 3771: 3764:Preston 1995 3759: 3752:Preston 1995 3747: 3740:Douglas 1975 3718: 3711:Douglas 1975 3706: 3694: 3682: 3675:Douglas 1975 3670: 3663:Douglas 1975 3648:Douglas 1975 3643: 3636:Douglas 1975 3631: 3624:Preston 1995 3619: 3612:Douglas 1975 3607: 3595:. Retrieved 3591: 3581: 3569:. Retrieved 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3526:Douglas 1975 3521: 3509: 3502:Douglas 1975 3497: 3485: 3478:Douglas 1975 3463:Preston 1995 3458: 3451:Preston 1995 3436:Douglas 1975 3431: 3419: 3412:Douglas 1975 3407: 3395: 3383:. Retrieved 3362: 3355:Stewart 2001 3350: 3338: 3331:Douglas 1975 3326: 3280: 3268: 3256:. Retrieved 3250: 3241: 3234:Preston 1995 3214: 3207:Douglas 1975 3202: 3190: 3178: 3171:Vaughan 1911 3145: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3087:Douglas 1975 3063: 3056:Douglas 1975 3051: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2987:Douglas 1975 2982: 2970: 2958: 2951:Douglas 1975 2931: 2919: 2912:Douglas 1975 2907: 2900:Preston 1995 2895: 2862: 2850: 2823: 2801:Douglas 1975 2796: 2784: 2777:Vaughan 1911 2757: 2728: 2716: 2709:Douglas 1975 2704: 2682:Douglas 1975 2677: 2665: 2643:Douglas 1975 2638: 2616:Douglas 1975 2611: 2606:, p. 8. 2599: 2594:, p. 6. 2574:17 September 2572:. Retrieved 2568: 2549:Douglas 1975 2516:the original 2498:, p. x. 2496:Douglas 1975 2491: 2484:Preston 1995 2471:, p. 8. 2464: 2457:Aronson 1979 2452: 2440: 2428:. Retrieved 2423: 2414: 2402: 2397: 2353: 2340: 2331: 2320:Rohan family 2310: 2302: 2297: 2288: 2275: 2268:Johnnie Cope 2262: 2253: 2246:Elizabeth II 2236: 2223: 2214: 1941: 1698: 1695:coat of arms 1692: 1645: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1597:(1897), the 1594: 1584: 1581:Andrew Gower 1574: 1568: 1543: 1503: 1487: 1470:Papal States 1455: 1442: 1437: 1423: 1399: 1383:Chigi Palace 1375:Palazzo Muti 1364: 1328:Quiberon Bay 1313: 1294: 1265:Essex Street 1261: 1222: 1183: 1152: 1144:Isle of Skye 1113: 1089: 1059: 1023: 1010:Exeter House 1003: 935: 915: 873:Allan Ramsay 845: 821:Blair Castle 793:Clan Cameron 786: 760:George Kelly 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 714: 706: 693: 688: 683: 672:Oxburgh Hall 659: 654:Louis Tocqué 592: 567: 563:Louis Tocqué 548: 520: 497: 447: 394: 366:Palazzo Muti 363: 329: 301: 296: 292: 288: 284: 272: 271: 132:(1788-01-30) 120:Palazzo Muti 43: 8185:1788 deaths 8180:1720 births 8140:Romanticism 7962:Charles III 7803:Poniatowski 7740:Leeuwenhoek 7720:de la Court 7708:Netherlands 7552:Mendelssohn 7547:Lichtenberg 7425:Montesquieu 7143:Sapere aude 7126:Rationalism 7121:Rationality 7111:Objectivity 6878:"Francis I" 6535:Earl of Mar 6525:…in England 6510:The Fifteen 6320:Covenanters 6315:Restoration 6099:In Our Time 5530:Louda, Jiří 5270:Kybett 1988 5255:29 December 5100:McLynn 1988 5039:Kybett 1988 4643:McLynn 1988 4631:McLynn 2005 4619:McLynn 2005 4604:McLynn 2005 4592:McLynn 1985 4580:McLynn 1988 4544:McLynn 2005 4472:Kybett 1988 4455:Kybett 1988 4370:McLynn 1985 4358:Kaiser 1997 4331:Bongie 1986 4319:Bongie 1986 4163:McLynn 1988 4121:Kybett 1988 4093:McLynn 1988 4026:Riding 2016 3943:Riding 2016 3919:Riding 2016 3907:Riding 2016 3815:Riding 2016 3803:Riding 2016 3723:Riding 2016 3687:Riding 2016 3597:15 February 3571:23 February 3490:Riding 2016 3400:Riding 2016 3343:Riding 2016 3319:McLynn 1988 3304:Kybett 1988 3285:Kybett 1988 3273:Kybett 1988 3219:Kybett 1988 3195:Kybett 1988 3183:Kybett 1988 3150:Kybett 1988 3138:Kybett 1988 3123:Kybett 1988 3111:Kybett 1988 3099:Kybett 1988 3068:Kybett 1988 3035:Kybett 1988 3023:Kybett 1988 3011:Kybett 1988 2999:Kybett 1988 2975:Kybett 1988 2963:Kybett 1988 2936:Kybett 1988 2924:Kybett 1988 2888:Kybett 1988 2855:Kybett 1988 2828:Kybett 1988 2762:Kybett 1988 2750:Kybett 1988 2733:Kybett 1988 2697:Kybett 1988 2658:Kybett 1988 2631:Kybett 1988 2604:Kybett 1988 2592:Kybett 1988 2469:McLynn 1988 2445:McLynn 1988 2430:8 September 2409:, 1988), 8. 2390:Kybett 1988 2242:Charles III 1656:the Beatles 1601:(1996) and 1571:David Niven 1563:John Pettie 1561:. In 1892, 1546:Romanticism 991:River Trent 953:, Lochiel, 922:Duddingston 911: 1892 904:John Pettie 791:, Chief of 419:William III 285:Charles III 253:Catholicism 83:Predecessor 75:Pretendence 8169:Categories 7982:Villarroel 7977:Jovellanos 7913:Radishchev 7860:Micu-Klein 7798:Niemcewicz 7765:Swammerdam 7755:Nieuwentyt 7745:Mandeville 7600:Farmakidis 7486:Burlamaqui 7395:La Mettrie 7370:Fontenelle 7325:d'Argenson 7320:d'Alembert 7244:Harrington 7170:Utopianism 7070:Liberalism 7027:Empiricism 7002:Classicism 6992:Capitalism 6883:"Mary III" 6545:Lord Lovat 6366:Queen Anne 6288:Clan chief 6272:Jacobitism 5752:1033725714 5432:27 January 4512:required.) 3965:8 November 3699:Elcho 1907 3543:Britannica 3514:Norie 1907 3385:8 November 2368:References 1458:Sacraments 1301:Hanoverian 1286:David Hume 1281:non-juring 1227:, wife of 1199:cardinal's 1175:Later life 1134:, and the 1128:North Uist 1124:South Uist 1093:Lord Lovat 1091:supporter 999:Derbyshire 987:Manchester 959:Clanranald 942:Lord Elcho 875:painted a 805:Glenfinnan 744:Du Teillay 724:Du Teillay 720:Celtic Sea 689:Du Teillay 607:Montmartre 595:Gravelines 504:Don Carlos 416:Protestant 344:Early life 113:1720-12-31 8103:Jefferson 8045:Hutcheson 7934:Obradović 7903:Lomonosov 7898:Kheraskov 7808:Śniadecki 7572:Weishaupt 7567:Thomasius 7557:Pufendorf 7400:Lavoisier 7385:d'Holbach 7380:Helvétius 7360:Descartes 7355:Condorcet 7350:Condillac 7284:Priestley 7101:Modernity 7022:Democracy 6873:"Mary II" 6386:George II 6210:1766–1788 5960:. Caxton. 5937:(1911). " 5798:28 August 5793:155039620 5536:(1999) . 5366:21 August 5344:21 August 5319:21 August 5197:249113802 4991:19 August 4440:21 August 3258:21 August 3252:The Times 2407:Routledge 2405:(London: 2316:Ferdinand 2244:, son of 1682:) in the 1658:in 1961. 1603:The Glory 1586:Outlander 1462:Charlotte 1305:Charlotte 1253:Lunéville 1153:L'Heureux 1120:Benbecula 1071:grapeshot 1046:George II 971:Lochgarry 856:Longstone 852:Inverness 809:Edinburgh 740:Elisabeth 728:Elisabeth 684:Elisabeth 599:Chantilly 259:Signature 93:Successor 8153:Category 8098:Franklin 8065:Playfair 8035:Ferguson 7992:Scotland 7939:Mrazović 7893:Kantemir 7888:Fonvizin 7827:Portugal 7793:Krasicki 7788:Konarski 7783:Kołłątaj 7735:Koerbagh 7684:Genovesi 7669:Beccaria 7631:Berkeley 7562:Schiller 7527:Humboldt 7501:Saussure 7496:Rousseau 7460:Voltaire 7415:Maréchal 7390:Jaucourt 7345:Châtelet 7340:Chamfort 7289:Reynolds 7192:Thinkers 7096:Midlands 7085:Lumières 7055:Humanism 7048:Haskalah 6694:Abortive 6381:George I 6189:Scotland 6061:41219594 5785:30053865 5702:(1973). 5581:(1728). 5505:Archived 5291:Archived 4208:Archived 4184:Archived 3565:Archived 3561:BBC News 3376:Archived 1705:Ancestry 1688:Florence 1605:(2000). 1426:Florence 1419:Macerata 1415:by proxy 1387:Florence 1277:Anglican 1169:Lochaber 1105:Lochaber 1101:Hebrides 975:Carlisle 967:Ardsheal 764:Jacobite 694:Doutelle 676:Sobieski 623:Soissons 571:Louis XV 528:Florence 321:Culloden 304:invasion 249:Religion 8108:Madison 8080:Stewart 8020:Burnett 8015:Boswell 8000:Beattie 7972:Moratín 7957:Cadalso 7908:Novikov 7843:Romania 7818:Wybicki 7813:Staszic 7760:Spinoza 7730:Huygens 7725:Grotius 7679:Galvani 7674:Galiani 7624:Ireland 7605:Feraios 7577:Wieland 7542:Lessing 7537:Leibniz 7510:Germany 7491:Prévost 7476:Abauzit 7440:Quesnay 7430:Morelly 7420:Meslier 7405:Leclerc 7365:Diderot 7254:Johnson 7229:Collins 7224:Bentham 7209:Addison 7202:England 7150:Science 6987:Atheism 6650:Lochiel 6540:Rob Roy 6391:Toryism 6344:Mary II 6197:Ireland 6077:at the 5945:(ed.). 5932:: 5660:: 5596:Sources 5563:at the 5297:12 June 5122:26 June 2424:Reuters 2305:, 1788. 1624:" and " 1526:Vatican 1524:in the 1273:abjured 1255:in the 1249:Avignon 1048:'s son 1015:Clifton 983:Preston 979:Penrith 963:Glencoe 955:Keppoch 833:Falkirk 748:Eriskay 734:. When 718:in the 583:Dunkirk 536:Bologna 454:Bologna 450:rickets 441:as the 433:, the " 403:), and 291:" and " 180: 168: 164: 8060:Newton 8050:Hutton 8030:Cullen 7927:Serbia 7875:Russia 7865:Șincai 7775:Poland 7715:Bekker 7689:Pagano 7651:Toland 7615:Korais 7610:Kairis 7592:Greece 7522:Herder 7517:Goethe 7481:Bonnet 7469:Geneva 7455:Turgot 7445:Raynal 7435:Pascal 7375:Gouges 7313:France 7299:Tindal 7294:Sidney 7269:Newton 7264:Milton 7239:Godwin 7234:Gibbon 7131:Reason 6973:Topics 6918:Joseph 6911:Sophie 6893:Albert 6868:Victor 6632:(1745) 6577:(1719) 6512:(1715) 6422:(1689) 6193:France 6144: 6059: 6049: 6030: 6011: 5992: 5973: 5941:". In 5926: 5910: 5891: 5872: 5853: 5834: 5815: 5791: 5783: 5750: 5729: 5710: 5688: 5667:Cawdor 5654: 5629: 5610: 5544: 5482: 5195: 4982: 4872:28 May 4506: 4182:. UK. 1499:plates 1432:, the 1191:Madrid 1159:. The 1132:Harris 1038:Crieff 918:Dunbar 797:Gaelic 722:. The 611:livres 540:Venice 516:scurvy 508:Naples 239:Mother 229:Father 223:Stuart 154:Spouse 141:Burial 8118:Paine 8113:Mason 8075:Smith 8025:Burns 8010:Blair 8005:Black 7949:Spain 7855:Maior 7750:Meyer 7694:Verri 7661:Italy 7646:Swift 7641:Burke 7636:Boyle 7582:Wolff 7410:Mably 7330:Bayle 7279:Price 7259:Locke 7249:Hooke 7219:Bacon 7017:Deism 6744:Early 6146:Died: 6139:Born: 6112:. by 6057:JSTOR 5789:S2CID 5781:JSTOR 5511:5 May 5426:(PDF) 5193:S2CID 4190:5 May 3379:(PDF) 3372:(PDF) 2207:Notes 1640:" by 1518:Henry 1350:1785) 1332:Lagos 1309:James 1116:pilot 1026:siege 1006:Derby 947:Perth 825:Perth 603:Paris 532:Parma 524:Genoa 413:Dutch 218:House 203:Names 187:Issue 170:( 166: 8070:Reid 8055:Mill 8040:Hume 7699:Vico 7532:Kant 7450:Sade 7274:Pope 6770:1725 6768:and 6711:1759 6706:1744 6701:1708 6342:and 6195:and 6047:ISBN 6028:ISBN 6009:ISBN 5990:ISBN 5971:ISBN 5908:ISBN 5889:ISBN 5870:ISBN 5851:ISBN 5832:ISBN 5813:ISBN 5800:2022 5748:OCLC 5727:ISBN 5708:ISBN 5686:ISBN 5627:ISBN 5608:ISBN 5542:ISBN 5513:2010 5480:ISBN 5434:2023 5368:2022 5346:2022 5321:2022 5299:2017 5257:2022 5124:2020 4993:2019 4980:ISBN 4874:2016 4442:2022 4192:2010 3967:2021 3599:2020 3573:2014 3387:2021 3260:2022 2576:2024 2432:2022 2156:15. 2098:14. 2036:13. 1978:12. 1914:11. 1856:10. 1662:Arms 1654:and 1620:", " 1616:", " 1391:Pisa 1389:and 1330:and 1186:O.S. 1109:lost 969:and 898:and 771:and 736:Lion 732:Lion 715:Lion 713:HMS 601:and 538:and 370:Rome 176:sep. 127:Died 107:Born 6904:Max 5773:doi 5669:". 5339:TES 5183:doi 4867:206 4498:doi 2124:7. 2062:3. 2004:6. 1940:1. 1882:5. 1820:2. 1794:9. 1762:4. 1736:8. 1686:in 1532:by 1167:in 1004:At 997:in 993:at 883:at 621:in 368:in 8171:: 6191:, 6187:, 6055:. 5787:. 5779:. 5769:30 5767:. 5763:. 5532:; 5521:^ 5337:. 5285:. 5191:. 5177:. 5115:. 5092:^ 5077:^ 5058:^ 5031:^ 5016:^ 5001:^ 4914:^ 4899:^ 4882:^ 4851:^ 4824:^ 4783:^ 4768:^ 4751:^ 4730:^ 4713:^ 4698:^ 4611:^ 4490:. 4462:^ 4433:. 4350:^ 4275:^ 4258:^ 4231:^ 4178:. 4143:^ 4113:^ 4066:. 4006:^ 3987:^ 3958:. 3885:^ 3858:^ 3795:^ 3730:^ 3655:^ 3590:. 3559:. 3541:. 3470:^ 3443:^ 3374:. 3311:^ 3292:^ 3249:. 3226:^ 3157:^ 3130:^ 3075:^ 2943:^ 2874:^ 2835:^ 2808:^ 2769:^ 2740:^ 2689:^ 2650:^ 2623:^ 2584:^ 2567:. 2556:^ 2539:^ 2524:^ 2503:^ 2476:^ 2422:. 2376:^ 2270:". 1701:. 1552:, 1348:c. 1334:. 1292:. 1130:, 1126:, 1122:, 1111:. 1052:. 965:, 961:, 957:, 908:c. 906:, 871:. 858:. 597:, 534:, 530:, 526:, 477:, 445:. 392:. 299:. 172:m. 8142:→ 6953:e 6946:t 6939:v 6402:) 6398:( 6264:e 6257:t 6250:v 6120:. 6063:. 6036:. 6017:. 5998:. 5979:. 5916:. 5897:. 5878:. 5859:. 5840:. 5821:. 5802:. 5775:: 5754:. 5735:. 5716:. 5694:. 5635:. 5616:. 5550:. 5515:. 5488:. 5436:. 5370:. 5348:. 5323:. 5301:. 5259:. 5199:. 5185:: 5126:. 4995:. 4876:. 4504:. 4500:: 4444:. 4194:. 3969:. 3933:. 3601:. 3575:. 3389:. 3262:. 2578:. 2434:. 2361:. 2326:. 2248:. 656:) 115:) 111:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index