20:
327:) are just some of the angiosperms found both today and in the Princeton Chert. Seeds have also been found which share adaptations with living aquatics. On the other hand, terrestrial fossils have rarely been found. The few that are, are represented mainly by seeds, some of which may have been transported by birds.
182:
and during the Early Eocene
Climatic Optimum. During this time the sea warmed approximately 4 °C and terrestrial temperatures were several degrees warmer than today, meaning little or no ice was present at the poles. The temperature difference between poles and equator was small. This long term
226:
conditions. More recent analysis of the fossil flora, however reconstructs for the
Princeton Chert flora a moist warm temperate climate with mean annual temperature 13.1 ± 3.1 °C, with mild winters (cold month mean temperature 5.3 ± 2.8 °C), and mean annual precipitation 114 ± 42 cm
235:
into the low lying basin where the
Princeton chert was located. Here, the water surrounded organisms as they grew, along with plant debris which had been accumulated. Many organisms were preserved in situ, in the lake or small pond environment in which they lived. The preservation must have been
79:
found, which has preserved plants and animals in minute 3D detail, with exceptional internal cellular detail. This has meant anatomical descriptions and reconstruction of whole plants from isolated parts has been possible in many species. Few plant fossils elsewhere in the world exhibit such
288:
lacunae surrounded by a ring of cells with thickened inner walls. Further evidence is provided by the fossils’ clear affinities with modern aquatic angiosperms. Many extant plants show these adaptations and are similar to the organisms found in the chert. For example, water lilies
74:
The
Princeton Chert (Ashnola shale in older sources) and its fossils have been known since the 1950s, but have attracted increased attention in the late 1970 and on. This may be due to the rare type of silica permineralized fossil
236:
rapid, due to the minute cellular detail which has been conserved. This sequence of events is thought to have been replicated up to 50 times, as the basin allowed peat to re-accumulate each time, producing the multiple layers.
2765:
Greenwood, DR; Archibald, SB; Mathewes, RW; Moss, PT (2005). "Fossil biotas from the
Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape".
140:. 49 chert layers, ranging in thickness from 1 to 55 cm (0.39 to 21.65 in) have been recognized and described, though each is not unique in organisms preserved. Despite this, trends are evident throughout the
4650:
Klymiuk, A. A. (2016). "Paleomycology of the
Princeton Chert. III. Dictyosporic microfungi, Monodictysporites princetonensis gen. et sp. nov., associated with decayed rhizomes of an Eocene semi-aquatic fern".
231:
layers, indicating nearby volcanic activity. It is thought that fossils were pervaded with silicic acid due to this volcanic activity. Subsequently, water charged with minerals flowed from springs or
244:
Sampling into the
Princeton Chert has been carried out, but presently the data has not been analysed in detail. Across the outcrop, trends in taxa can be seen; in the topmost layers fossil organs of
4082:
Pigg, K. B.; Stockey, R. A.; Maxwell, S. L. (1993). ""Paleomyrtinaea", a new genus of permineralized myrtaceous fruits and seeds from the Eocene of
British Columbia and Paleocene of North Dakota".
2454:
Moss, PT; Greenwood, DR; Archibald, SB (2005). "Regional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene
Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia - Washington State) from palynology".
4746:
4593:
Klymiuk, A.A.; Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L.; Krings, M. (2013). "Paleomycology of the
Princeton Chert I. Fossil hyphomycetes associated with the early Eocene aquatic angiosperm,
4766:
2663:
Ickert, RB; Thorkelson, DJ; Marshall, DD; Ullrich, TD (2009). "Eocene adakitic volcanism in southern British Columbia: Remelting of arc basalt above a slab window".
3032:
Mustoe, G. E. (2010). "Cyclic sedimentation in the Eocene Allenby Formation of south-central British Columbia and the origin of the Princeton Chert fossil beds".
2698:
Dillhoff, RM; Dillhoff, TA; Greenwood, DR; DeVore, ML; Pigg, KB (2013). "The Eocene Thomas Ranch flora, Allenby Formation, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada".
2954:
Bijl, P. K.; Houben, A. J. P.; Schouten, S.; Bohaty, S. M.; Sluijs, A.; Reichart, G.; Damsté, S.; Brinkhuis, H. (2010). "Transient Middle Eocene Atmospheric CO
3857:
Erwin, D.M.; Stockey, R.A. (1994). "Permineralized monocotyledons from the middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia: Arecaceae".
178:
at this time was warm; it had reached a maximum during a series of warming events during the Early Eocene with the Princeton Chert likely deposited after the
4756:
4109:
Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1989). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Nymphaeaceae".
3119:
Erwin, DM; Stockey, RA (1989). "Permineralized monocotyledons from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia: Alismataceae".
280:
or lake environment. The plant fossils found show many structural and anatomical adaptations to an aquatic environment, including a reduced vascular system,
3985:
Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1988). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Lythraceae".
3942:
Little, Stefan A.; Stockey, Ruth A.; Penner, Bonnie (March 2009). "Anatomy and development of fruits of Lauraceae from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert".
2281:
Pigg, KB; Stockey, RA (1996). "The significance of the Princeton chert permineralized flora to the middle Eocene upland biota of the Okanogan Highlands".
4359:
Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1990). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Vitaceae".
3761:
Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1991). "Silicified monocotyledons from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia, Canada".
23:
Close up of Princeton Chert outcrop showing volcanic ash (white layer at base), peaty coal (dark layer), and Chert layers (grey). Layer 36 is labelled.
4751:
4055:
Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1990). "Vegetative remains of the Magnoliaceae from the Princeton chert (middle Eocene) of British Columbia".
4461:
Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1992). "Vegetative body of a permineralized monocotyledon from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia".
4282:
Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1990). "Sapindaceous flowers from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia, Canada".
264:, after a huge ash fall, though few angiosperms occur in these layers. A large number of angiosperms have been found along with several types of
3418:
Karafit, S. J.; Rothwell, G. W.; Stockey, R. A.; Nishida, H. (2006). "Evidence for sympodial vascular architecture in a filicalean fern rhizome:
2305:
Cevallos-Ferriz, S; Stockey, RA (1988). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton Chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Araceae".
3802:
pollen from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of North America and West Greenland: Implications for the origin and palaeobiogeography of the genus"
2232:"A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA"
2054:
381:
330:
Additional support for the aquatic nature of the Princeton Chert deposits comes from animal fossils. Several fossils of a freshwater fish,
4146:"The first Odonata from the early Eocene Allenby Formation of the Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada (Anisoptera, Aeshnidae and
4726:
4434:
Robison, C. R.; Person, C. P. (1973). "A silicified semiaquatic dicotyledon from the Eocene Allenby Formation of British Columbia".
89:
2609:
Wilson, MVH (1980). "Eocene lake environments: Depth and distance-from-shore variation in fish, insect, and plant assemblages".
4761:
1879:
2491:"Great Canadian Lagerstätten 1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)"
195:
decarbonation reactions. This happened because the ocean between India and Asia was disappearing and being replaced by the
4721:
3722:
Klymiuk, A. A.; Stockey, R. A.; Rothwell, G. W. (2011). "The first organismal concept for an extinct species of Pinaceae:
3543:
Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A.; Pigg, K. B. (1991). "The Princeton chert: evidence for in situ aquatic plants".
3288:
LePage, B. A.; Currah, R. S.; Stockey, R. A.; Rothwell, G. W. (1997). "Fossil ectomycorrhizae from the middle Eocene".
4561:
Currah, R.S.; Stockey, R.A.; LePage, B.A. (1998). "An Eocene tar spot on a fossil palm and its fungal hyperparasite".
4523:
gen. et sp. nov., a permineralized monocotyledon from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada".
3457:
Stockey, R. A.; Nishida, H.; Rothwell, G. W. (1999). "Permineralized ferns from the middle Eocene Princeton chert. I.
2094:
191:
is unknown, but it is hypothesised that it was due to an increase in ocean floor being recycled via volcanic arcs and
105:
63:
3104:
Stockey, RA; Wehr, WC (1996). "Flowering plants in and around Eocene lakes of the interior". In Ludvigsen, R. (ed.).
1250:
2110:
1621:
1292:
658:
276:
The array of floral and faunal fossils found in the Princeton Chert has offered unequivocal evidence that it was a
93:
3899:
Hesse, M.; Zetter, R. (2005). "Ultrastructure and diversity of recent and fossil zona-aperturate pollen grains".
589:
336:(bowfin), have been found in the shale overlying the plant deposits, along with remains of the freshwater fishes
3250:
Currah, RA; Stockey, RA; LePage, BA (1998). "An Eocene tar spot on a fossil palm and its fungal hyperparasite".
2874:
1416:
1132:
1012:
179:
4741:
1779:
972:
934:
626:
2644:
Hills, LV; Baadsgaard, H (1967). "Potassium-argon dating of some Lower Tertiary strata in British Columbia".
3066:
Cevallos-Ferriz, SRS; Stockey, RA; Pigg, KB (1991). "Princeton chert: evidence for in situ aquatic plants".
1813:
557:
4696:
1979:
4736:
2044:
2019:
1207:
868:
2853:
Greenwood, D.R.; Wing, S.L. (1995). "Eocene continental climates and latitudinal temperature gradients".
2415:
1934:
1769:
1442:
757:
1739:
1542:
2084:
1584:
3192:
Pollen Cones from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia, Canada".
1706:
1378:
1240:
1122:
813:
648:
260:
4731:
4493:
4206:
3908:
3813:
3770:
3587:
3552:
3075:
2967:
2912:
2862:
2817:
2775:
2734:
2725:
Bohaty, SM; Zachos, JC (2003). "Significant Southern Ocean warming event in the late middle Eocene".
2672:
2618:
2583:
2463:
2243:
1332:
791:
109:
2215:
Boneham, R.F. (1968). "Palynology of three Tertiary coal basins in south-central British Columbia".
1282:
835:
223:
1002:
579:
305:
4676:
4632:
4540:
4264:
4243:"Vegetative remains of the Rosaceae from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia"
4171:
4126:
4037:
3967:
3924:
3743:
3678:
3603:
3525:
3486:
3439:
3400:
3321:
3305:
3267:
3209:
3170:
3001:
2936:
2878:
2357:
2322:
2070:
1893:
1054:
924:
156:
97:
3340:
1958:
1803:
1551:
1532:
3341:"An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world"
1913:
1406:
616:
4668:
4624:
4416:
4336:
3959:
3839:
3508:
gen. et sp. nov.(Blechnaceae): a permineralized fern from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert".
3478:
3313:
2993:
2928:
2835:
1869:
1348:
215:
164:
137:
59:
55:
51:
2547:
Stockey, R. A. (1987). "A permineralized flower from the Middle Eocene of British Columbia".
2490:
1696:
4660:
4614:
4606:
4570:
4532:
4501:
4484:(Magnoliopsida; family indet.) from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia".
4443:
4406:
4368:
4326:
4291:
4254:
4214:
4161:
4118:
4091:
4064:
4029:
3994:
3951:
3916:
3829:
3821:
3778:
3735:
3670:
3634:
3595:
3560:
3517:
3470:
3431:
3392:
3352:
3297:
3259:
3201:
3162:
3128:
3083:
3041:
2983:
2975:
2920:
2870:
2825:
2783:
2742:
2707:
2680:
2626:
2591:
2556:
2471:
2431:
2391:
2382:, gen. et sp. nov., permineralized flowers (Rosaceae) from the Eocene of British Columbia".
2349:
2314:
2261:
2251:
1729:
1322:
667:
371:
315:
291:
219:
85:
32:
19:
1216:
1197:
1096:
1074:
954:
410:
200:
47:
76:
4701:
4497:
4210:
3912:
3817:
3774:
3591:
3556:
3079:
2971:
2916:
2866:
2821:
2779:
2738:
2676:
2622:
2587:
2467:
2247:
413:
from the fossil record, with the fungi suggested as close to the modern pine symbiotics
4716:
3834:
3797:
3381:
Robison and Person from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert locality of British Columbia"
2560:
2340:
Lepage, BA; Currah, RS; Stockey, RA (1994). "The fossil fungi of the Princeton chert".
1687:
943:
376:
4219:
4195:(Cornaceae, Mastixioideae) from the middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia"
4190:
2489:
Archibald, S.B.; Greenwood, D.R.; Smith, R.Y.; Mathewes, R.W.; Basinger, J.F. (2012).
4710:
4505:
4175:
3782:
3564:
3376:
3339:
Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Labandeira, Conrad; Davis, Donald; Mitter, Charles (30 April 2012).
3087:
3005:
2882:
2630:
1998:
1387:
338:
148:
4544:
4268:
4130:
4041:
3971:
3747:
3682:
3607:
3529:
3490:
3443:
3404:
3325:
3213:
3174:
3149:
Smith, SY; Stockey, RA (2003). "Aroid seeds from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert (
2940:
2361:
4680:
4636:
4574:
4016:(Lythraceae) from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert with anatomical comparisons to
3928:
3825:
2036:
2012:
1972:
1951:
1611:
1341:
1313:
1260:
1231:
1063:
915:
739:
300:
296:
228:
168:
129:
40:
360:
have been recorded on the leaves and other organs of some vascular plants. Fossil
4697:
Fossil protection in British Columbia (Land Act: Reserves, Sections 15, 16 or 17)
2684:
2063:
1888:
1860:
1593:
1566:
1554:
1523:
766:
747:
700:
678:
635:
608:
598:
566:
539:
402:
386:
192:
2806:"An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics"
4259:
4242:
3920:
3357:
2140:
2103:
1927:
1905:
1788:
1748:
1368:
1189:
1021:
981:
962:
547:
415:
344:
324:
285:
281:
277:
208:
104:, about 160 km (160,000 m) NNW of the Princeton Chert beds, and the
2595:
2979:
2924:
1752:
1360:
1301:
1273:
1171:
1153:
1141:
1113:
1036:
366:
320:
204:
196:
4672:
4628:
4420:
4340:
4331:
4310:
3963:
3843:
3482:
3317:
2997:
2932:
2839:
2256:
2231:
159:
techniques provided a date of 48.7 mya, placing the Princeton Chert in the
80:
excellence in both preservation and diversity. Similar aged fossil beds in
4411:
4390:
2711:
254:(pine) and monocotyledons increase in number. There is a huge increase in
183:
warmth is thought to be due to increased greenhouse gases, particularly CO
1822:
1673:
1653:
1630:
1604:
1574:
1398:
776:
265:
160:
101:
4166:
4145:
3955:
2830:
2805:
3599:
3309:
3271:
2988:
2326:
2146:
1024:
993:
686:
421:
310:
232:
175:
152:
141:
4619:
2266:
155:, freshwater fish, and potassium-argon dates. Recently, more accurate
3702:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan
3696:
Miller Jr, C. N. (1973). "Silicified cones and vegetative remains of
2746:
2198:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan
2179:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan
1755:
1509:
1489:
1469:
1451:
1433:
495:
332:
81:
44:
36:
4447:
4372:
4295:
4095:
4068:
3998:
3638:
3504:
Smith, S. Y.; Stockey, R. A.; Nishida, H.; Rothwell, G. W. (2006). "
3301:
3263:
3132:
3045:
2787:
2574:
Russell, LS (1935). "A middle Eocene mammal from British Columbia".
2475:
2435:
2395:
2318:
4664:
4610:
4536:
4122:
4033:
3739:
3674:
3578:
Collinson, M. E. (2001). "Cainozoic ferns and their distribution".
3521:
3474:
3435:
3396:
3205:
3166:
2353:
2230:
Greenwood, D.R.; Pigg, K.B.; Basinger, J.F.; DeVore, M.L. (2016).
1715:
1222:
Little & Stockey (2003) provided a whole plant reconstruction
1082:
1045:
782:
405:, and found to be very similar. The mycorrhizal relationship with
362:
357:
250:
133:
125:
18:
2196:
Arnold, C. A. (1955). "A Tertiary Azolla from British Columbia".
2173:
Miller, C.N. (1975). "Silicified cones and vegetative remains of
268:, ferns, and several unidentified fossils from various families.
877:
844:
822:
800:
255:
227:
per year. Several of the smaller chert layers are separated by
121:
3796:
Grímsson, F.; Zetter, R.; Halbritter, H.; Grimm, G. W. (2014).
2217:
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
4311:"Establishing a fossil record for the perianthless Piperales:
3106:
Life in Stone: A natural history of British Columbia's Fossils
1110:
4315:
sp. nov.(Saururaceae) from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert"
187:
trapping more heat. The reason for this sudden increase in CO
120:
The Princeton Chert is an interbedded sequence consisting of
4480:
Stockey, R. A.; Pigg, K. B. (1991). "Flowers and fruits of
2875:
10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1044:ECCALT>2.3.CO;2
203:
due to the collision of tectonic plates. Also at the time,
4012:
Little, S.A.; Stockey, R.A. (2003). "Vegetative growth of
3019:
3018:
Scotese, C. R. (2003) Paleomap Project. . Available from:
214:
The Princeton Chert fossils indicate that the area was an
144:, with certain taxa appearing and disappearing with time.
3625:
from the Middle Eocene of southern British Columbia".
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
2529:
Stockey, RA (2001). Briggs, DEG; Crowther, PR (eds.).
3880:
from the Princeton chert, British Columbia, Canada".
4588:
4586:
4584:
2420:
from the Middle Eocene of southern British Columbia"
147:
The Princeton Chert was originally considered to be
4189:Stockey, R. A.; LePage, B. A.; Pigg, K. B. (1998).
3144:
3142:
3652:
3650:
3648:
2542:
2540:
2300:
2298:
2296:
3153:, Araceae): comparisons with extant Lasioideae".
2611:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
369:have tar spot fungi on their leaves described as
284:in tissues (air spaces to provide buoyancy), and
163:stage (47.8–56.0 mya), consistent with the whole
62:, 8.5 km (5.3 mi) south of the town of
54:and diversity. It is located in exposures of the
3621:Basinger, J. F. (1981). "The vegetative body of
2760:
2758:
2756:
401:these associations have been compared to extant
4395:(Vitaceae) and implications for phytogeography"
4354:
4352:
4350:
4241:Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1990).
3227:Wilson, MVH (1982). "A new species of the fish
4556:
4554:
3717:
3715:
3370:
3368:
3099:
3097:
2894:
2892:
2533:. Oxford, Blackwell Science. pp. 359–362.
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2373:
2371:
4747:Eocene paleontological sites of North America
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
3876:Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. (1995). "Fruits of
3283:
3281:
3231:from the Middle Eocene of British Columbia".
3188:Phipps, CJ; Osborn, JM; Stockey, RA (1995). "
2899:Pearson, PN (2010). "Increased atmospheric CO
2799:
2797:
8:
4384:
4382:
2804:Zachos, JC; Dickens, GR; Zeebe, ZE (2008).
2449:
2447:
2445:
4144:Archibald, S. B.; Cannings, R. A. (2022).
1838:
893:
717:
518:
431:
4767:Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen
4618:
4410:
4330:
4258:
4218:
4165:
3833:
3356:
3108:. Vancouver, UBC Press. pp. 234–247.
2987:
2829:
2265:
2255:
167:being now dated radiometrically as being
2531:The Princeton Chert In: Palaeobiology II
4022:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3728:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3510:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3463:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3424:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3385:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3194:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3155:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2342:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2165:
500:Bones preserved in the Princeton Chert
4519:Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1991). "
4463:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
4391:"Seed morphology of modern and fossil
3657:Stockey, R. A. (1984). "Middle Eocene
2646:Canadian Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
2177:from the Eocene of British Columbia".
2132:Ectomycorrhizae fungi associated with
470:Not described to family/genus/species
84:lake sediments are found elsewhere in
4486:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
4309:Smith, S. Y.; Stockey, R. A. (2007).
4199:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3806:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3763:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3545:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3068:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2055:Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis
1633:fruit of uncertain generic placement
389:have also been preserved in roots of
382:Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis
7:
4389:Chen, I.; Manchester, S. R. (2007).
1676:fruit of uncertain generic placement
1656:fruit of uncertain generic placement
1346:Not to be confused with the odonate
375:, which is in turn parasitized by a
211:, was beginning to move northwards.
4757:Natural history of British Columbia
3700:from Eocene of British Columbia".
3034:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2768:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2561:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1987.tb08790.x
2456:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2236:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2151:Not described to genus or species
96:in northern British Columbia, the
14:
4150:Cephalozygoptera, Dysagrionidae)"
1792:flower of uncertain affiliation.
849:First described for ovulate cones
4752:Stratigraphy of British Columbia
3661:remains from British Columbia".
3461:gen. et sp. nov.(Athyriaceae)".
3422:gen. et sp. nov.(Athyriaceae)".
2095:Monodictysporites princetonensis
90:Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park
3901:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1622:"Ampelocissus" similkameenensis
1251:Liriodendroxylon princetonensis
4575:10.1080/00275514.1998.12026955
3826:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.09.005
3375:Stockey, R.; Pigg, K. (1994).
1880:Palaeoserenomyces allenbyensis
1220:Initially described from seeds
409:was the fist documentation of
348:, plus a soft-shelled turtle.
1:
4702:Princeton Chert website (ASU)
4220:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00038-4
3859:Palaeontographica Abteilung B
2958:and Temperature Variations".
2111:Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata
1825:genus of uncertain placement
1293:Paleomyrtinaea princetonensis
659:Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata
248:cease to be represented, yet
116:Location and geologic setting
4506:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90084-G
3783:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90083-F
3565:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90085-H
3088:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90085-H
2631:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90029-2
1503:"Princeton chert species 3"
1483:"Princeton chert species 2"
1463:"Princeton chert species 1"
1176:Briefly described by Little
851:A whole plant reconstruction
3459:Makotopteris princetonensis
2903:during the middle Eocene".
2685:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.10.007
2576:American Journal of Science
590:Makotopteris princetonensis
106:Klondike Mountain Formation
64:Princeton, British Columbia
4783:
4727:Paleogene British Columbia
4436:Canadian Journal of Botany
4399:American Journal of Botany
4361:Canadian Journal of Botany
4319:American Journal of Botany
4284:Canadian Journal of Botany
4191:"Permineralized fruits of
4084:Canadian Journal of Botany
4057:Canadian Journal of Botany
3987:Canadian Journal of Botany
3944:American Journal of Botany
3882:American Journal of Botany
3627:Canadian Journal of Botany
3290:American Journal of Botany
3121:Canadian Journal of Botany
2549:American Journal of Botany
2424:Canadian Journal of Botany
2384:Canadian Journal of Botany
2380:Paleorosa similkameenensis
2307:American Journal of Botany
1417:Paleorosa similkameenensis
704:Not identified to species
272:In situ lacustrine fossils
4260:10.1163/22941932-90001183
4154:The Canadian Entomologist
3921:10.1007/s00606-005-0358-9
3358:10.11646/zootaxa.3286.1.1
2035:
1950:
1685:
1640:
1603:
1514:Not described to species
1494:Not described to species
1474:Not described to species
1431:
1397:
1133:Pararisteapollis stockeyi
1013:Keratosperma allenbyensis
853:includes the synonymized
780:
775:
607:
538:
387:mycorrhizal relationships
313:) and rushes and sedges (
4482:Princetonia allenbyensis
3506:Trawetsia princetonensis
3151:Keratosperma allenbyense
2596:10.2475/ajs.s5-29.169.54
1891:fungus on the host palm
1780:Princetonia allenbyensis
973:Aponogeton longispinosum
935:Heleophyton helobieoides
627:Trawetsia princetonensis
180:Eocene Thermal Maximum 2
58:on the east bank of the
31:is a fossil locality in
3420:Dickwhitea allenbyensis
3020:http://www.scotese.com/
2980:10.1126/science.1193654
2925:10.1126/science.1197894
2017:Noted to be similar to
1977:Noted to be similar to
1932:Noted to be similar to
1718:of uncertain affinity.
942:An aquatic or emergent
558:Dickwhitea allenbyensis
468:A lepidopteran forewing
4762:Paleontology in Canada
4521:Soleredera rhizomorpha
4332:10.3732/ajb.94.10.1642
3377:"Vegetative growth of
2378:Basinger, JF (1976). "
2257:10.1139/cjes-2015-0177
2045:Cryptodidymosphaerites
2025:In situ decomposer of
2020:Thielaviopsis basicola
1985:In situ decomposer of
1940:In situ decomposer of
1814:Soleredera rhizomorpha
207:, which was joined to
112:, south of Princeton.
24:
4412:10.3732/ajb.94.9.1534
4018:Decodon verticillatus
2712:10.1139/cjb-2012-0313
2414:Basinger, JF (1984).
1980:Culcitalna achraspora
1424:A rose family flower
1180:(2009) but not named
39:, which comprises an
22:
4722:Eocene North America
4014:Decodon allenbyensis
1333:Allenbya collinsonae
1208:Decodon allenbyensis
869:Pinus princetonensis
299:), water plantains (
110:Republic, Washington
4498:1991RPaPa..70..163S
4211:1998RPaPa.103..223S
4167:10.4039/tce.2022.16
3956:10.3732/ajb.0800318
3913:2005PSyEv.255..145H
3818:2014RPaPa.200..161G
3775:1991RPaPa..70..147E
3623:Metasequoia milleri
3592:2001Britt..53..173C
3557:1991RPaPa..70..173C
3080:1991RPaPa..70..173C
2972:2010Sci...330..819B
2917:2010Sci...330..763P
2867:1995Geo....23.1044G
2831:10.1038/nature06588
2822:2008Natur.451..279Z
2780:2005CaJES..42..167G
2739:2003Geo....31.1017B
2677:2009Tectp.464..164I
2623:1980PPP....32...21W
2588:1935AmJS...29...54R
2468:2005CaJES..42..187M
2418:Metasequoia milleri
2248:2016CaJES..53..548G
1935:Xylomyces giganteus
1787:A possibly aquatic
1443:Prunus allenbyensis
855:P. similkameenensis
758:Metasequoia milleri
668:dennstaedtioid fern
395:Metasequoia milleri
246:Metasequoia milleri
151:based on data from
43:preserved flora of
3769:((1-2)): 147–162.
3600:10.1007/BF02812700
2283:Washington Geology
2071:Uhlia allenbyensis
1894:Uhlia allenbyensis
1740:Ethela sargentiana
1543:Wehrwolfea striata
1144:pollen morphotype
1055:Uhlia allenbyensis
98:McAbee Fossil Beds
25:
4525:Botanical Gazette
4325:(10): 1642–1657.
4313:Saururus tuckerae
4111:Botanical Gazette
3663:Botanical Gazette
3633:(12): 2379–2410.
2966:(6005): 819–821.
2911:(6005): 763–764.
2861:(11): 1044–1048.
2816:(7176): 279–283.
2733:(11): 1017–1020.
2555:(12): 1878–1887.
2495:Geoscience Canada
2390:(20): 2293–2305.
2158:
2157:
2085:Monodictysporites
1870:Palaeoserenomyces
1832:
1831:
1585:Saururus tuckerae
1217:swamp loosestrife
887:
886:
711:
710:
701:osmundaceous fern
636:blechnacious fern
599:athyriaceous fern
567:athyriaceous fern
507:
506:
216:aquatic ecosystem
165:Allenby Formation
138:Allenby Formation
60:Similkameen River
56:Allenby Formation
52:species abundance
4774:
4685:
4684:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4622:
4595:Eorhiza arnoldii
4590:
4579:
4578:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4492:(1–2): 163–172.
4477:
4471:
4470:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4442:(7): 1373–1377.
4431:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4405:(9): 1534–1553.
4386:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4290:(9): 2025–2034.
4279:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4238:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4205:(3–4): 223–234.
4186:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4063:(6): 1327–1339.
4052:
4046:
4045:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3812:(100): 161–187.
3793:
3787:
3786:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3654:
3643:
3642:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3551:(1–2): 173–185.
3540:
3534:
3533:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3469:(5): 1047–1055.
3454:
3448:
3447:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3379:Eorhiza arnoldii
3372:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3127:(9): 2636–2645.
3116:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3074:(1–2): 173–185.
3063:
3050:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2991:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2762:
2751:
2750:
2747:10.1130/g19800.1
2722:
2716:
2715:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2671:(1–4): 164–185.
2660:
2654:
2653:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2503:
2502:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2313:(8): 1099–1113.
2302:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2259:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2170:
2027:Eorhiza arnoldii
1987:Eorhiza arnoldii
1942:Eorhiza arnoldii
1839:
1707:Eorhiza arnoldii
1555:soapberry family
1379:Diplopanax eydei
1241:Liriodendroxylon
1123:Pararisteapollis
894:
814:Pinus andersonii
718:
649:Dennstaedtiopsis
519:
432:
372:Paleoserenomyces
261:Dennstaedtiopsis
86:British Columbia
33:British Columbia
16:Fossilized Flora
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4707:
4706:
4693:
4688:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4592:
4591:
4582:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4448:10.1139/b73-172
4433:
4432:
4428:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4373:10.1139/b90-039
4358:
4357:
4348:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4296:10.1139/b90-265
4281:
4280:
4276:
4240:
4239:
4228:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4096:10.1139/b93-001
4081:
4080:
4076:
4069:10.1139/b90-169
4054:
4053:
4049:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3999:10.1139/b88-050
3984:
3983:
3979:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3656:
3655:
3646:
3639:10.1139/b81-291
3620:
3619:
3615:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3302:10.2307/2446014
3287:
3286:
3279:
3264:10.2307/3761225
3249:
3248:
3244:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3133:10.1139/b89-340
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3046:10.1139/e10-085
3031:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3013:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:10.1139/E04-100
2764:
2763:
2754:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2506:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2476:10.1139/E04-095
2453:
2452:
2443:
2436:10.1139/b84-045
2416:"Seed cones of
2413:
2412:
2403:
2396:10.1139/b76-246
2377:
2376:
2369:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2319:10.2307/2444092
2304:
2303:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2137:
2107:
2067:
2024:
2016:
1984:
1976:
1939:
1931:
1837:
1791:
1714:A semi-aquatic
1677:
1657:
1513:
1493:
1473:
1345:
1221:
1219:
1175:
1100:
1075:Grossulariaceae
955:Aponogetonaceae
892:
852:
850:
848:
792:Pinus allisonii
716:
703:
517:
512:
499:
469:
430:
411:ectomycorrhizae
354:
274:
242:
201:Tibetan plateau
190:
186:
118:
88:, including in
72:
50:age, with rich
29:Princeton Chert
17:
12:
11:
5:
4780:
4778:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4691:External links
4689:
4687:
4686:
4665:10.3852/15-022
4659:(5): 882–890.
4642:
4611:10.3852/12-272
4605:(3): 521–529.
4580:
4569:(4): 667–673.
4550:
4537:10.1086/337885
4531:(2): 231–247.
4511:
4472:
4453:
4426:
4378:
4367:(2): 288–295.
4346:
4301:
4274:
4253:(3): 261–280.
4226:
4181:
4136:
4123:10.1086/337765
4117:(2): 207–217.
4101:
4074:
4047:
4034:10.1086/367811
4028:(3): 453–469.
4004:
3993:(2): 303–312.
3977:
3950:(3): 637–651.
3934:
3907:(3): 145–176.
3891:
3868:
3849:
3788:
3753:
3740:10.1086/657649
3734:(2): 294–313.
3724:Pinus arnoldii
3711:
3688:
3675:10.1086/337455
3669:(2): 262–274.
3644:
3613:
3586:(2): 173–235.
3570:
3535:
3522:10.1086/501034
3516:(3): 711–719.
3496:
3475:10.1086/314191
3449:
3436:10.1086/501036
3430:(3): 721–727.
3410:
3397:10.1086/297199
3391:(5): 606–616.
3364:
3331:
3296:(3): 410–412.
3277:
3258:(4): 667–673.
3242:
3219:
3206:10.1086/297232
3200:(1): 117–124.
3180:
3167:10.1086/346164
3161:(2): 239–250.
3138:
3111:
3093:
3051:
3024:
3011:
2955:
2946:
2900:
2888:
2845:
2793:
2774:(2): 167–185.
2752:
2717:
2706:(8): 514–529.
2690:
2665:Tectonophysics
2655:
2636:
2601:
2582:(169): 54–55.
2566:
2536:
2504:
2481:
2462:(2): 187–204.
2441:
2430:(2): 281–289.
2401:
2367:
2354:10.1086/297221
2348:(6): 828–836.
2332:
2292:
2273:
2242:(6): 548–564.
2222:
2207:
2188:
2185:(10): 101–118.
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2099:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1744:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1688:incertae sedis
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:Not described
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:Not described
1649:
1644:
1642:incertae sedis
1638:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1579:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1287:
1283:Paleomyrtinaea
1277:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:Not described
1092:
1087:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:Coryphoid palm
1059:
1050:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1017:
1007:
997:
989:
988:
986:
977:
967:
958:
950:
949:
947:
944:water-plantain
939:
929:
919:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
891:
888:
885:
884:
882:
873:
862:
861:
859:
840:
836:Pinus arnoldii
829:
828:
826:
818:
807:
806:
804:
796:
786:
779:
773:
772:
770:
762:
752:
743:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
715:
712:
709:
708:
706:
696:
691:
682:
674:
673:
671:
663:
653:
642:
641:
639:
631:
621:
611:
605:
604:
602:
594:
584:
573:
572:
570:
562:
552:
542:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
504:
502:
491:
486:
481:
475:
474:
472:
465:
460:
455:
449:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
429:
426:
353:
350:
273:
270:
241:
238:
188:
184:
117:
114:
71:
68:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4779:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Eocene plants
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3239:(2): 413–424.
3238:
3234:
3233:Palaeontology
3230:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:(4): 155–164.
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2013:microascalean
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:Thielaviopsis
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1973:microascalean
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1594:lizard's-tail
1590:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1004:
998:
996:
995:
991:
990:
987:
985:
983:
982:Cape-pondweed
978:
976:
975:
974:
968:
966:
965:
964:
959:
957:
956:
952:
951:
948:
946:
945:
940:
938:
937:
936:
930:
928:
927:
926:
920:
918:
917:
913:
912:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
889:
883:
881:
879:
874:
872:
871:
870:
864:
863:
860:
858:
856:
846:
841:
839:
838:
837:
831:
830:
827:
825:
824:
819:
817:
816:
815:
809:
808:
805:
803:
802:
797:
795:
794:
793:
787:
785:
784:
778:
774:
771:
769:
768:
763:
761:
760:
759:
753:
751:
750:
749:
744:
742:
741:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
713:
707:
705:
702:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:
688:
683:
681:
680:
676:
675:
672:
670:
669:
664:
662:
661:
660:
654:
652:
651:
650:
644:
643:
640:
638:
637:
632:
630:
629:
628:
622:
620:
619:
618:
612:
610:
606:
603:
601:
600:
595:
593:
592:
591:
585:
583:
582:
581:
575:
574:
571:
569:
568:
563:
561:
560:
559:
553:
551:
550:
549:
543:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
515:Pteridophytes
514:
509:
503:
501:
497:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
471:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
427:
425:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
373:
368:
365:
364:
359:
351:
349:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
293:
287:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:
247:
239:
237:
234:
230:
225:
221:
218:, growing in
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Middle Eocene
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
4742:Lagerstätten
4656:
4652:
4645:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4566:
4562:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4402:
4398:
4393:Ampelocissus
4392:
4364:
4360:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4250:
4247:IAWA Journal
4246:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4184:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4139:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3791:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3293:
3289:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3071:
3067:
3040:(1): 25–43.
3037:
3033:
3027:
3014:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2908:
2904:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2813:
2809:
2771:
2767:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2552:
2548:
2530:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2459:
2455:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2310:
2306:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:Undescribed
2126:
2122:Undescribed
2121:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2037:Pleosporales
2026:
2018:
2010:
2006:undescribed
2005:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1966:undescribed
1965:
1957:
1956:
1952:Microascales
1941:
1933:
1925:
1921:undescribed
1920:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1789:magnoliopsid
1786:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1674:grape family
1671:
1666:
1654:grape family
1651:
1646:
1641:
1631:grape family
1628:
1620:
1618:
1612:Ampelocissus
1610:
1609:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1507:
1502:
1487:
1482:
1467:
1462:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1314:Nymphaeaceae
1312:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1264:-like wood.
1261:Liriodendron
1259:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1232:Magnoliaceae
1230:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1177:
1169:
1165:Undescribed
1164:
1160:Undescribed
1159:
1152:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1109:
1094:
1090:Undescribed
1089:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1003:Keratosperma
1001:
999:
992:
979:
971:
969:
961:
960:
953:
941:
933:
931:
923:
921:
916:Alismataceae
914:
875:
867:
865:
854:
842:
834:
832:
821:A 3-needled
820:
812:
810:
799:A 2-needled
798:
790:
788:
781:
767:dawn redwood
764:
756:
754:
746:
745:
740:Cupressaceae
738:
698:
694:Undescribed
693:
685:
684:
677:
665:
657:
655:
647:
645:
633:
625:
623:
615:
613:
596:
588:
586:
580:Makotopteris
578:
576:
564:
556:
554:
546:
544:
493:
489:undescribed
488:
484:Undescribed
483:
479:Undescribed
478:
467:
463:Undescribed
462:
458:Undescribed
457:
453:Undescribed
452:
420:
414:
406:
398:
394:
390:
385:. Symbiotic
380:
377:mycoparasite
370:
361:
355:
343:
337:
331:
329:
314:
306:Keratosperma
304:
301:Alismataceae
297:Nymphaeaceae
290:
275:
259:
249:
245:
243:
229:volcanic ash
213:
173:
169:Early Eocene
146:
130:volcanic ash
119:
77:Lagerstätten
73:
41:anatomically
28:
26:
4732:Eocene fish
2989:1874/385803
2204:(4): 37–45.
2138:similar to
2104:ascomycotan
2064:ascomycetan
1928:jahnulalean
1889:ascomycetan
1861:Dothideales
1770:Princetonia
1749:cyperaceous
1567:Saururaceae
1552:dodonaecous
1550:A possible
1524:Sapindaceae
1140:A possible
1027:seed genus
1025:arum family
925:Heleophyton
890:Angiosperms
748:Metasequoia
679:Osmundaceae
609:Blechnaceae
540:Athyriaceae
403:mycorrhizae
399:Metasequoia
356:Pathogenic
240:Known biota
224:subtropical
193:metamorphic
157:radiometric
4711:Categories
4620:1808/14620
4469:: 309–327.
4193:Diplopanax
4160:(1): e29.
4090:(1): 1–9.
3800:Aponogeton
3708:: 101–118.
2652:: 138–149.
2267:1807/71961
2161:References
2141:Rhizopogon
2108:hosted on
2068:hosted on
1959:Culcitalna
1906:Jahnulales
1804:Soleredera
1753:juncaceous
1533:Wehrwolfea
1390:relative.
1369:Diplopanax
1302:Myrtaceous
1190:Lythraceae
1172:lauraceous
1142:iridaceous
963:Aponogeton
548:Dickwhitea
510:Paleoflora
428:Paleofauna
416:Rhizopogon
345:Libotonius
325:Cyperaceae
303:), arums (
286:protoxylem
282:aerenchyma
278:lacustrine
258:, such as
209:Antarctica
4653:Mycologia
4599:Mycologia
4563:Mycologia
4176:250035713
3726:Miller".
3580:Brittonia
3351:(1): 59.
3252:Mycologia
3006:206528256
2883:129182092
2617:: 21–44.
1914:Xylomyces
1823:lilialean
1667:"Type 2"
1647:"Type 1"
1407:Paleorosa
1361:Nyssaceae
1344:relative.
1342:waterlily
1274:Myrtaceae
1154:Lauraceae
1114:Iridaceae
1037:Arecaceae
878:pinaceous
617:Trawetsia
321:Juncaceae
205:Australia
197:Himalayas
4673:27302048
4629:23233506
4545:85180086
4421:21636520
4341:21636361
4269:85023353
4131:86651676
4042:83630351
3972:38272445
3964:21628220
3865:: 19–40.
3844:24926107
3748:84137991
3683:85063424
3608:19984401
3530:85160532
3491:33465214
3483:10506480
3444:85348245
3405:85094707
3326:29913925
3318:21708594
3214:84598167
3175:84905098
2998:21051636
2941:20253252
2933:21051620
2840:18202643
2362:85107282
2289:: 32–36.
1848:species
1758:monocot
1605:Vitaceae
1596:species
1575:Saururus
1399:Rosaceae
1349:Allenbya
1323:Allenbya
903:Species
843:A basal
777:Pinaceae
727:Species
714:Conifers
528:species
441:species
292:Allenbya
266:conifers
220:tropical
199:and the
161:Ypresian
102:Kamloops
100:west of
94:Smithers
4681:7871220
4637:3450242
4494:Bibcode
4207:Bibcode
3929:1964359
3909:Bibcode
3835:4047627
3814:Bibcode
3771:Bibcode
3588:Bibcode
3553:Bibcode
3345:Zootaxa
3310:2446014
3272:3761225
3076:Bibcode
2968:Bibcode
2960:Science
2913:Bibcode
2905:Science
2863:Bibcode
2855:Geology
2818:Bibcode
2776:Bibcode
2735:Bibcode
2727:Geology
2673:Bibcode
2619:Bibcode
2584:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2327:2444092
2244:Bibcode
2147:Suillus
1854:Images
1756:poalean
1697:Eorhiza
1557:flower
1510:prunoid
1490:prunoid
1470:prunoid
1452:prunoid
1198:Decodon
1097:current
1022:lasioid
994:Araceae
984:pollen
909:Images
897:Family
733:Images
721:Family
687:Osmunda
534:Images
522:Family
447:Images
435:Family
422:Suillus
311:Araceae
233:geysers
176:climate
153:mammals
142:outcrop
136:in the
108:around
70:History
4679:
4671:
4635:
4627:
4543:
4419:
4339:
4267:
4174:
4129:
4040:
3970:
3962:
3927:
3842:
3832:
3746:
3681:
3606:
3528:
3489:
3481:
3442:
3403:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3270:
3212:
3173:
3004:
2996:
2939:
2931:
2881:
2838:
2810:Nature
2700:Botany
2360:
2325:
2106:fungus
2066:fungus
2015:fungi.
1975:fungi.
1930:fungi.
1851:Notes
1845:Genus
1842:Order
1730:Ethela
1454:wood.
1434:Prunus
1304:fruit
1174:fruit.
906:Notes
900:Genus
730:Notes
724:Genus
531:Notes
525:Genus
496:turtle
444:Notes
438:Genus
339:Amyzon
316:Ethela
132:, and
82:Eocene
45:Eocene
37:Canada
4717:Chert
4677:S2CID
4633:S2CID
4541:S2CID
4265:S2CID
4172:S2CID
4127:S2CID
4038:S2CID
3968:S2CID
3925:S2CID
3878:Ribes
3744:S2CID
3698:Pinus
3679:S2CID
3659:Pinus
3604:S2CID
3526:S2CID
3487:S2CID
3440:S2CID
3401:S2CID
3322:S2CID
3306:JSTOR
3268:JSTOR
3210:S2CID
3190:Pinus
3171:S2CID
3002:S2CID
2937:S2CID
2879:S2CID
2358:S2CID
2323:JSTOR
2175:Pinus
2136:roots
2134:Pinus
1835:Fungi
1716:dicot
1512:seed.
1492:seed.
1472:seed.
1388:tuplo
1178:et al
1099:fruit
1083:Ribes
1046:Uhlia
880:cone
783:Pinus
407:Pinus
397:. In
391:Pinus
367:palms
363:Uhlia
358:fungi
352:Fungi
256:ferns
251:Pinus
134:chert
126:shale
92:near
48:Epoch
4669:PMID
4625:PMID
4417:PMID
4337:PMID
3960:PMID
3888:(6).
3840:PMID
3479:PMID
3349:3286
3314:PMID
3229:Amia
2994:PMID
2929:PMID
2836:PMID
2144:and
845:Pine
823:Pine
801:Pine
419:and
393:and
342:and
333:Amia
174:The
122:coal
27:The
4661:doi
4657:108
4615:hdl
4607:doi
4603:105
4597:".
4571:doi
4533:doi
4529:152
4502:doi
4467:147
4444:doi
4407:doi
4369:doi
4327:doi
4292:doi
4255:doi
4215:doi
4203:103
4162:doi
4158:154
4148:cf.
4119:doi
4115:150
4092:doi
4065:doi
4030:doi
4026:164
4020:".
3995:doi
3952:doi
3917:doi
3905:255
3863:234
3830:PMC
3822:doi
3810:200
3779:doi
3736:doi
3732:172
3671:doi
3667:145
3635:doi
3596:doi
3561:doi
3518:doi
3514:167
3471:doi
3467:160
3432:doi
3428:167
3393:doi
3389:155
3353:doi
3298:doi
3260:doi
3202:doi
3198:156
3163:doi
3159:164
3129:doi
3084:doi
3042:doi
2984:hdl
2976:doi
2964:330
2921:doi
2909:330
2871:doi
2826:doi
2814:451
2784:doi
2743:doi
2708:doi
2681:doi
2669:464
2627:doi
2592:doi
2557:doi
2472:doi
2432:doi
2392:doi
2350:doi
2346:155
2315:doi
2262:hdl
2252:doi
2102:An
2062:An
1887:An
1751:or
1111:Cf.
857:.
699:An
597:An
565:An
222:to
4713::
4675:.
4667:.
4655:.
4631:.
4623:.
4613:.
4601:.
4583:^
4567:90
4565:.
4553:^
4539:.
4527:.
4500:.
4490:70
4488:.
4465:.
4440:51
4438:.
4415:.
4403:94
4401:.
4397:.
4381:^
4365:68
4363:.
4349:^
4335:.
4323:94
4321:.
4317:.
4288:68
4286:.
4263:.
4251:11
4249:.
4245:.
4229:^
4213:.
4201:.
4197:.
4170:.
4156:.
4152:.
4125:.
4113:.
4088:71
4086:.
4061:68
4059:.
4036:.
4024:.
3991:66
3989:.
3966:.
3958:.
3948:96
3946:.
3923:.
3915:.
3903:.
3886:82
3884:.
3861:.
3838:.
3828:.
3820:.
3808:.
3804:.
3777:.
3767:70
3765:.
3742:.
3730:.
3714:^
3706:24
3704:.
3677:.
3665:.
3647:^
3631:59
3629:.
3602:.
3594:.
3584:53
3582:.
3559:.
3549:70
3547:.
3524:.
3512:.
3485:.
3477:.
3465:.
3438:.
3426:.
3399:.
3387:.
3383:.
3367:^
3347:.
3343:.
3320:.
3312:.
3304:.
3294:84
3292:.
3280:^
3266:.
3256:90
3254:.
3237:25
3235:.
3208:.
3196:.
3169:.
3157:.
3141:^
3125:67
3123:.
3096:^
3082:.
3072:70
3070:.
3054:^
3038:48
3036:.
3000:.
2992:.
2982:.
2974:.
2962:.
2935:.
2927:.
2919:.
2907:.
2891:^
2877:.
2869:.
2859:23
2857:.
2834:.
2824:.
2812:.
2808:.
2796:^
2782:.
2772:42
2770:.
2755:^
2741:.
2731:31
2729:.
2704:91
2702:.
2679:.
2667:.
2650:15
2648:.
2625:.
2615:32
2613:.
2590:.
2580:29
2578:.
2553:74
2551:.
2539:^
2507:^
2499:38
2497:.
2493:.
2470:.
2460:42
2458:.
2444:^
2428:62
2426:.
2422:.
2404:^
2388:54
2386:.
2370:^
2356:.
2344:.
2321:.
2311:75
2309:.
2295:^
2287:24
2285:.
2260:.
2250:.
2240:53
2238:.
2234:.
2202:12
2200:.
2183:24
2181:.
2011:A
1971:A
1926:A
1821:A
1747:A
1672:A
1652:A
1629:A
1592:A
1508:A
1488:A
1468:A
1450:A
1386:A
1340:A
1300:A
1258:A
1215:A
1170:A
1095:A
1062:A
1020:A
980:A
876:A
765:A
666:A
634:A
494:A
379:,
319:,
309:,
295:,
171:.
128:,
124:,
66:.
35:,
4683:.
4663::
4639:.
4617::
4609::
4577:.
4573::
4547:.
4535::
4508:.
4504::
4496::
4450:.
4446::
4423:.
4409::
4375:.
4371::
4343:.
4329::
4298:.
4294::
4271:.
4257::
4223:.
4217::
4209::
4178:.
4164::
4133:.
4121::
4098:.
4094::
4071:.
4067::
4044:.
4032::
4001:.
3997::
3974:.
3954::
3931:.
3919::
3911::
3846:.
3824::
3816::
3798:"
3785:.
3781::
3773::
3750:.
3738::
3685:.
3673::
3641:.
3637::
3610:.
3598::
3590::
3567:.
3563::
3555::
3532:.
3520::
3493:.
3473::
3446:.
3434::
3407:.
3395::
3361:.
3355::
3328:.
3300::
3274:.
3262::
3216:.
3204::
3177:.
3165::
3135:.
3131::
3090:.
3086::
3078::
3048:.
3044::
3022:.
3008:.
2986::
2978::
2970::
2956:2
2943:.
2923::
2915::
2901:2
2885:.
2873::
2865::
2842:.
2828::
2820::
2790:.
2786::
2778::
2749:.
2745::
2737::
2714:.
2710::
2687:.
2683::
2675::
2633:.
2629::
2621::
2598:.
2594::
2586::
2563:.
2559::
2478:.
2474::
2466::
2438:.
2434::
2398:.
2394::
2364:.
2352::
2329:.
2317::
2270:.
2264::
2254::
2246::
2219:.
2092:†
2082:†
2052:†
2042:†
2023:.
1983:.
1938:.
1877:†
1867:†
1811:†
1801:†
1777:†
1767:†
1737:†
1727:†
1704:†
1694:†
1619:†
1582:†
1540:†
1530:†
1440:†
1414:†
1404:†
1376:†
1330:†
1320:†
1290:†
1280:†
1248:†
1238:†
1205:†
1130:†
1120:†
1043:†
1010:†
1000:†
970:†
932:†
922:†
866:†
847:,
833:†
811:†
789:†
755:†
656:†
646:†
624:†
614:†
587:†
577:†
555:†
545:†
498:,
323:/
289:(
189:2
185:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
