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resisted fire, humidity, and being buried underground. Camphor, like sulfur, arsenic, mercury, and ammonia, belonged to the "spirits" because it was volatile. Glass belonged among the metals because, like them, it could be melted. And since the seven known metals – gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, lead, and mercury – were characterized by their capacity to be melted, what made a metal a metal was defined by reference to the only metal that was liquid at room temperature, mercury or quicksilver. But "common" mercury differed from the mercuric principle, which was cold and wet. Like all other metals, it involved another "principle", which was hot and dry, sulfur.
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Thus the four principles, earth, air, fire, and water, were principles both of the chemist's operations and of the mixts they operated upon. As instruments they were, unlike specific chemical reagents, "natural and general," always at work in every chemical operation. As constituent elements, they
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The classification of substances varies from one author to the next, but it generally relied on tests to which materials could be submitted or procedures that could be applied to them. "Test" must be understood here in a double sense, experimental and moral: gold was considered noble because it
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did not contradict the chemistry of displacement but transcended it: the chemist could never isolate or characterize an element as he characterized a body; an element was not isolable, for it could not be separated from a mixt without re-creating a new mixt in the process.
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181:"attributed two functions to principles: that of forming mixts and that of being an agent or instrument of chemical principles."
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criticized the traditional understanding of the composition of materials and initiated the modern understanding of
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are principles, where Earth is distinguished into three kinds. Stahl also ascribes to Earth the "principle of
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Stahl recounts theories of chemical principles according to
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94:A Principle is defined,
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252:A History of Chemistry
287:Alchemical substances
51:The Sceptical Chymist
44:as principles in his
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54:of 1661,
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120:Mercury
27:taste.
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132:Spirit
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152:Water
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88:Mixts
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