803:
463:, an intestine, and a short rectum. The pharynx is muscular and lined by teeth. Three of the five extant families have gone through a significant miniaturization and become detritivores (Tubiluchidae and Meiopriapulidae) and filter feeders (Chaetostephanidae). The two remaining families Priapulidae and Halicryptidae are larger carnivores that feed on other animals, although some species also consume detritus as larvae. The shape of the teeth reflect these different lifestyles, and seem to be adapted mainly towards grasping prey or raking detritus from the sediment into the mouth. The anus is terminal, although in
734:
668:
823:
556:
142:
539:
714:
1428:
120:
1926:
648:
773:
418:
longitudinal ridges. The body is ringed and often has circles of spines, which are continued into the slightly protrusible pharynx. Family
Priapulidae have species with a tail or a pair of caudal appendages. A slender tail or tail filament is also found in family Tubiluchidae. Appendages are absent in the remaining families. The body has a
521:, the 80 μm egg undergoes a total and radial cleavage following a symmetrical and subequal pattern. Development is remarkably slow, with the first cleavage taking place 15 hours after fertilization, gastrulation after several days and hatching of the first 'lorica' larvae after 15 to 20 days. The species
508:
and other animals, and these probably function as excretory organs. As the animals mature, diverticula arise on the tubes of these organs, which develop either spermatozoa or ova. These sex cells pass out through the ducts. The perigenital area of the genus
Tubiluchus exhibit sexual dimorphism.
417:
Priapulids are cylindrical worm-like animals, ranging from 0.2–0.3 to 39 centimetres (0.08–0.12 to 15.35 in) long, with a median anterior mouth quite devoid of any armature or tentacles. The body is divided into a main trunk or abdomen and a somewhat swollen proboscis region ornamented with
377:
is identical with that of priapulids, indicating that their mouth is an original trait inherited from the last common ancestor of both priapulids and arthropods, even if modern arthropods no longer possess it. Among
Ecdysozoa, their nearest relatives are
587:(corresponding to the various teeth and spines that line the pharynx and introvert) are widespread in Cambrian deposits, allowing the distribution of priapulids – and even individual species – to be tracked widely through Cambrian oceans.
525:
have direct development. In current systematics, they are described as protostomes, despite having a deuterostomic development. Because the group is so ancient, it is assumed the deuterostome condition which appears to be ancestral for
2094:
Dunn, C. W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D. Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W. E.; Smith, S. A.; Seaver, E.; Rouse, G. W.; Obst, M. (10 April 2008). "Broad
Phylogenomic Sampling Improves Resolution of the Animal Tree of Life".
405:. They were likely major predators of the Cambrian period. However, crown-group priapulids cannot be recognized until the Carboniferous. 22 extant species of priapulid worms are known, half of them being of
802:
2931:
601:
period, suggesting that priapulids, or at least close anatomical relatives, evolved around this time. Crown-group priapulid body fossils are first known from the
Carboniferous.
2906:
504:. They comprise a pair of branching tufts, each of which opens to the exterior on one side of the anus. The tips of these tufts enclose a flame-cell like those found in
4573:
1965:
Oeschger, R.; Janssen, H. H. (September 1991). "Histological studies on
Halicryptus spinulosus (Priapulida) with regard to environmental hydrogen sulfide resistance".
517:
Priapulid development has been reappraised recently because early studies reported abnormal development caused by high temperature of embryo culture. For the species
5278:
5165:
5191:
583:, where their soft-part anatomy is preserved, often in conjunction with their gut contents – allowing a reconstruction of their diets. In addition, isolated
422:
cuticle that is moulted as the animal grows. Members of the family
Chaetostephanidae also secretes a gelatinous tube, open in both ends, which they live in.
2002:"Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816"
1950:
2275:
5139:
2771:
Vannier, J.; Calandra, I.; Gaillard, C.; Zylinska, A. (2010). "Priapulid worms: Pioneer horizontal burrowers at the
Precambrian-Cambrian boundary".
5178:
4279:
1941:
2916:
2493:
2344:
2317:
2285:
2184:
2157:
2064:
2039:
The phylogeny, classification and zoogeography of the class
Priapulida. II. Revision of the family Priapulidae and zoogeography of priapulids
312:. The name of the phylum relates to the Greek god of fertility, because their general shape and their extensible spiny introvert (eversible)
320:. They live in the mud and in comparatively shallow waters up to 90 metres (295 ft) deep. Some species show a remarkable tolerance for
336:
appears to prefer brackish shallow waters. They can be quite abundant in some areas. In an
Alaskan bay as many as 85 adult individuals of
340:
per square meter has been recorded, while the density of its larvae can be as high as 58,000 per square meter (5,390 per square foot).
2993:
2334:
2000:
Kolbasova, Glafira; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Syomin, Vitaly; Bredikhin, Danila; Morozov, Taras; Neretina, Tatiana (January 2023).
5240:
3030:
2365:"Geometric morphometrics of macro- and meiofaunal priapulid pharyngeal teeth provides a proxy for studying Cambrian "tooth taxa""
2147:
2054:
3025:
2200:
Shirley, Thomas C.; Storch, Volker (1999). "Halicryptus higginsi n.sp. (Priapulida): A Giant New Species from Barrow, Alaska".
1419:
2666:
Higgins, Robert P.; Storch, Volker (January 1991). "Evidence for Direct Development in Meiopriapulus fijiensis (Priapulida)".
1894:"Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in the Collection of the Swedish State Museum (Riksmuseum). II. Priapulids, Echiurids etc"
5183:
500:, having two separate sexes (i.e. male and female). Their male and female organs are closely associated with the excretory
3109:
3099:
3082:
5113:
5100:
4272:
2806:
Slater, Ben J.; Harvey, Thomas H. P.; Guilbaud, Romain; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (January 2017). Rahman, Imran (ed.).
141:
2363:
Wernström, Joel Vikberg; Slater, Ben J.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Crampton, Denise; Altenburger, Andreas (2023-08-12).
478:
and longitudinal and transversal neurites consistent with an orthogonal organisation. The nervous system retains a
5196:
4416:
2174:
584:
559:
5273:
733:
4501:
3114:
667:
2942:
Adrianov A. V, Malakhov V. V. 2001. Symmetry of priapulids (Priapulida). 1. Symmetry of adults. 247:99–110.
1849:
Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (May 2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla".
425:
There is a wide body-cavity, which has no connection with the renal or reproductive organs, so it is not a
5053:
4265:
2986:
2080:
5118:
5217:
4729:
4379:
3077:
2964:
2038:
1017:
2932:
2019 Annual Checklist : Browse taxonomic classification phylum: Cephalorhyncha, class: Priapulida
822:
5245:
5126:
4394:
2877:
2819:
2780:
2718:
2248:
2104:
2013:
474:
consists of a nerve ring around the pharynx and a prominent cord running the length of the body with
1042:
5268:
479:
446:
1731:
1646:
1258:
912:
4724:
4406:
3542:
3094:
3072:
3060:
3035:
2754:
2683:
2593:
2542:
2435:
2236:
2217:
2128:
2001:
1982:
1874:
1773:
438:
434:
136:
128:
5222:
1795:
555:
5204:
4516:
3964:
3884:
3234:
3104:
3067:
3055:
3045:
2979:
2912:
2736:
2648:
2585:
2561:
2489:
2396:
2340:
2313:
2281:
2180:
2153:
2120:
2060:
1866:
1609:
1133:
896:
593:
543:
538:
5209:
391:
5232:
4792:
4671:
4563:
4506:
4446:
4441:
4369:
4354:
3019:
2885:
2837:
2827:
2788:
2726:
2675:
2638:
2628:
2577:
2532:
2522:
2511:"A new meiobenthic priapulid (Priapulida, Tubiluchidae) from a Mediterranean submarine cave"
2466:
2427:
2386:
2376:
2256:
2209:
2112:
2021:
1974:
1931:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1858:
1665:
1450:
1285:
576:
456:
321:
305:
5091:
713:
5170:
4965:
4870:
4832:
4787:
4719:
4476:
4436:
4421:
4314:
4245:
4151:
4002:
3905:
3762:
3295:
1222:
966:
501:
490:
4257:
2881:
2823:
2784:
2722:
2252:
2108:
2017:
5025:
4970:
4960:
4802:
4616:
4568:
4481:
4456:
4451:
4431:
4426:
4329:
4319:
3910:
3706:
3618:
3596:
3559:
3050:
2643:
2612:
2235:
Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Rothe, Birgen H.; Martínez, Alejandro García (November 2013).
1937:
1862:
1687:
1116:
471:
1427:
5262:
4749:
4734:
4696:
4621:
4557:
4543:
4491:
4486:
4400:
4389:
4384:
4364:
4359:
4334:
4055:
3959:
3458:
2808:"A cryptic record of Burgess Shale-type diversity from the early Cambrian of Baltica"
2581:
2470:
2050:
1945:
1932:
1655:
1603:
1459:
1156:
1062:
755:
588:
580:
548:
497:
325:
77:
2597:
2546:
2453:
Rothe, B. H.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Winter 2010). "Structure of the nervous system in
1986:
1893:
1878:
4945:
4940:
4915:
4890:
4880:
4807:
4676:
4550:
4511:
4496:
4471:
4466:
4411:
4344:
4161:
4156:
4044:
3900:
3786:
3672:
3575:
3554:
3424:
3375:
3331:
3312:
2132:
1741:
1709:
1555:
1027:
729:
630:
449:
442:
387:
373:
245:
5105:
355:, but consistent morphological and molecular evidence supports their belonging to
119:
5152:
5085:
5000:
4975:
4920:
4895:
4817:
4812:
4777:
4767:
4461:
4374:
4122:
4093:
4079:
4069:
3654:
3470:
3383:
3165:
2701:
Martín-Durán, J. M.; Janssen, R.; Wennberg, S.; Budd, G. E.; Hejnol, A. (2012).
1508:
1201:
1179:
1163:
1126:
991:
768:
663:
647:
493:, but there are sensory nerve endings in the body, especially on the proboscis.
406:
379:
186:
52:
2381:
2364:
5033:
4995:
4925:
4900:
4885:
4855:
4827:
4782:
4772:
4744:
4739:
4681:
4656:
4349:
4324:
4219:
4204:
4199:
4180:
4175:
4103:
4050:
4020:
4012:
3954:
3828:
3820:
3803:
3583:
3495:
3448:
3350:
3324:
3170:
3155:
2731:
2702:
2527:
2510:
2260:
2025:
1677:
1082:
818:
798:
467:
one or two hollow ventral diverticula of the body-wall stretch out behind it.
395:
383:
368:
222:
97:
62:
45:
2400:
4950:
4930:
4822:
4701:
4636:
4626:
4611:
4606:
4587:
4339:
4185:
4132:
4127:
4098:
4087:
4036:
4031:
3983:
3895:
3888:
3682:
3677:
3639:
3488:
3480:
3409:
3361:
3282:
3269:
3250:
3245:
3204:
2956:
1816:
1783:
1751:
1719:
1305:
939:
785:
696:
620:
527:
360:
356:
348:
313:
232:
212:
199:
173:
153:
102:
17:
2740:
2652:
2589:
2124:
1870:
2633:
5076:
5070:
5005:
4985:
4980:
4955:
4935:
4910:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4691:
4666:
4646:
4306:
4209:
4193:
4116:
4108:
4063:
4026:
4007:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3833:
3774:
3750:
3647:
3528:
3417:
3301:
3192:
3183:
3089:
2858:
2416:"Evidence for Direct Development in Meiopriapulus fijiensis (Priapulida)"
709:
598:
505:
483:
475:
430:
402:
364:
352:
329:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
2537:
2277:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
2116:
2056:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
1954:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 313.
772:
5144:
5010:
4990:
4686:
4661:
4651:
4641:
4597:
4534:
4169:
4145:
4137:
4074:
3988:
3808:
3795:
3728:
3719:
3664:
3589:
2890:
2832:
2807:
2687:
2439:
2415:
2391:
2221:
1978:
1805:
1566:
Species T. arcticus (Adrianov, Malakhov, Tchesunov & Tzetlin, 1989)
591:
that are morphologically almost identical to modern priapulid burrows (
460:
344:
293:
107:
82:
5157:
2971:
2842:
4850:
4842:
4711:
4214:
3948:
3238:
3148:
3135:
3006:
3003:
2792:
1761:
1433:
564:
426:
419:
163:
5047:
2679:
2431:
2213:
401:
Priapulid-like fossils are known at least as far back as the Middle
2312:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 873–877.
4759:
4631:
554:
537:
487:
317:
2149:
Meiobenthology: The Microscopic Motile Fauna of Aquatic Sediments
4797:
4289:
2857:
Smith, M. R.; Harvey, T. H. P.; Butterfield, N. J. (July 2015).
1578:
Species T. pardosi (Scmidt-Rhaesa, Panpeng & Yamasaki, 2017)
1575:
Species T. lemburgi (Schmidt-Rhaesa, Rothe & Martínez, 2013)
309:
5051:
4261:
3267:
2975:
1587:
Species T. soyoae (Scmidt-Rhaesa, Panpeng & Yamasaki, 2017)
2237:"Tubiluchus lemburgi, a new species of meiobenthic Priapulida"
5131:
2859:"The macro- and microfossil record of the Cambrian priapulid
2560:
Wennberg, S. A.; Janssen, R.; Budd, G. E. (May–June 2008).
2176:
Multicellular Animals: Order in Nature – System Made by Man
486:, forming part of the body wall. There are no specialized
2611:
Janssen, R.; Wennberg, S. A.; Budd, G. E. (26 May 2009).
1851:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
2905:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (3 March 2020).
2755:"Penis worms show the evolution of the digestive system"
2241:
Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology
2081:"Ancestor of arthropods had the mouth of a penis worm"
1593:
Species T. vanuatensis (Adrianov & Malakhov, 1991)
390:
clade named after the spines covering the introvert (
2488:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 454.
367:. Fossil findings show that the mouth design of the
5060:
5023:
4841:
4758:
4710:
4595:
4586:
4533:
4305:
3938:
3819:
3794:
3785:
3761:
3739:
3704:
3663:
3638:
3631:
3616:
3568:
3541:
3526:
3479:
3457:
3437:
3408:
3401:
3374:
3359:
3348:
3311:
3280:
3203:
3164:
3133:
2562:"Early embryonic development of the priapulid worm
1590:
Species T. troglodytes (Todaro & Shirley, 2003)
394:). They feed on slow-moving invertebrates, such as
2668:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
2420:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
2274:Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael J. (2009-03-19).
4574:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
1470:Species H. higginsi (Shirley & Storch, 1999)
2509:Todaro, M. Antonio; Shirley, Thomas C. (2003).
2766:
2764:
1898:Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar
1581:Species T. philippinensis (van der Land, 1985)
4273:
2987:
2703:"Deuterostomic development in the protostome
1533:Species P. cnidephorus (Salvini-Plawen, 1973)
8:
2358:
2356:
1569:Species T. australensis (van der Land, 1985)
1547:Species P. tuberculatospinosus (Baird, 1868)
2414:Higgins, Robert P.; Storch, Volker (1991).
1572:Species T. corallicola (van der Land, 1968)
5048:
4592:
4530:
4302:
4298:
4280:
4266:
4258:
3935:
3791:
3767:
3743:
3712:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3547:
3538:
3534:
3463:
3441:
3434:
3405:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3345:
3317:
3288:
3277:
3264:
3176:
3141:
3130:
2994:
2980:
2972:
2613:"The hatching larva of the priapulid worm
1844:
1842:
1840:
441:systems, but the body cavity does contain
118:
31:
2889:
2841:
2831:
2730:
2642:
2632:
2536:
2526:
2390:
2380:
1473:Species H. spinulosus (von Siebold, 1849)
482:configuration with a connection with the
3332:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1530:Species P. bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869)
1426:
459:is straight, consisting of an eversible
300:, diminutive), sometimes referred to as
2053:; Chapman, Michael J. (19 March 2009).
1836:
1584:Species T. remanei (van der Land, 1982)
5279:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
3326:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
3296:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
2333:Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (2012-12-21).
1527:Species P. australis (de Guerne, 1886)
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
445:amoebocytes and cells containing the
351:, they were once placed in the taxon
7:
3597:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1620:Species M. cirratus (Malakhov, 1979)
1541:Species P. abyssorum (Menzies, 1959)
2339:. Vol. 11. Walter de Gruyter.
1623:Species M. tentaculatus (Por, 1973)
1544:Species P. caudatus (Lamarck, 1816)
1424:There are 22 known extant species:
1277:
1250:
1192:
1185:
1152:
1122:
1033:
1023:
1013:
984:
958:
930:
888:
881:
791:
761:
702:
692:
636:
626:
616:
597:) officially mark the start of the
579:are known from the Middle Cambrian
272:
3194:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
1863:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x
1491:Species M. fijiensis (Morse, 1981)
429:; it is probably a blood-space or
316:may resemble the shape of a human
27:Phylum of unsegmented marine worms
25:
1519:Species A. horridus (Théel, 1911)
997:(Spiny crown worms; Mud dragons)
970:Conway Morris & Robinson 1986
386:, with which they constitute the
4238:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2582:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00241.x
2471:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00185.x
1924:
821:
801:
771:
732:
712:
666:
646:
140:
1420:List of bilateral animal orders
3425:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
2911:. Princeton University Press.
1777:Huang, Vannier & Chen 2004
1:
2957:"Evolution of the penis worm"
2908:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
2146:Giere, Olav (November 2008).
1724:Walcott 1911 non Hemsley 1884
1504:(assigned its own order by )
4037:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
2486:Biology of the Invertebrates
1892:Théel, Hjalmar (1905–1906).
1735:Adrianov & Malakhov 1995
1650:Adrianov & Malakhov 1995
1502:Adrianov & Malakhov 1995
916:Adrianov & Malakhov 1995
513:Reproduction and development
4094:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
3834:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
3649:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
3560:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
3449:Loricifera (corset animals)
2570:Evolution & Development
1263:Koren & Danielssen 1875
5295:
3984:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
3730:Annelida (segmented worms)
3555:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
3471:Onychophora (velvet worms)
2515:Italian Journal of Zoology
2382:10.1007/s00435-023-00617-4
1437:, a prehistoric priapulid.
1417:
4529:
4301:
4297:
4292:phyla/divisions by domain
4234:
4032:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3934:
3927:
3878:
3829:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
3810:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
3770:
3746:
3715:
3655:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
3627:
3550:
3537:
3466:
3444:
3433:
3384:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
3370:
3344:
3320:
3291:
3276:
3263:
3228:
3179:
3156:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
3144:
3129:
3013:
2732:10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.037
2528:10.1080/11250000309356499
2261:10.1016/j.jcz.2013.08.004
2026:10.1016/j.jcz.2022.11.013
1482:Order Meiopriapulomorpha
1302:
1282:
1275:
1255:
1248:
1218:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1160:
1150:
1130:
1120:
1079:
1059:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1011:
989:
982:
963:
956:
935:
928:
909:
893:
886:
816:
796:
789:
766:
759:
727:
707:
700:
690:
661:
641:
634:
624:
270:
265:
137:Scientific classification
135:
126:
117:
41:Late Pennsylvanian–Recent
34:
3590:Rotifera (wheel animals)
3389:Priapulida (penis worms)
2484:Pechenik, J. A. (2009).
2173:Ax, Peter (2003-04-08).
568:, Cambrian). From Smith
4502:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3804:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
3776:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
3497:Tardigrada (waterbears)
3490:Arthropoda (arthropods)
1951:Encyclopædia Britannica
1938:Shipley, Arthur Everett
1516:Genus Acanthopriapulus
1485:Family Meiopriapulidae
523:Meiopriapulus fijiensis
3979:Anthozoans inc. corals
3678:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
2615:Halicryptus spinulosus
2455:Tubiluchus troglodytes
2308:Barnes, R. D. (1982).
1613:Por & Bromley 1974
1438:
573:
562:of a priapulid tooth (
552:
530:have been maintained.
359:, which also includes
334:Halicryptus spinulosus
308:of unsegmented marine
5218:Paleobiology Database
4730:Neocallimastigomycota
4109:Hexapods inc. insects
3419:Nematoda (roundworms)
2965:University of Bristol
2634:10.1186/1742-9994-6-8
2006:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1500:Order Priapulomorpha
1430:
577:Stem-group priapulids
558:
541:
4395:Coprothermobacterota
3302:Chordata (chordates)
2621:Frontiers in Zoology
2459:Invertebrate Biology
2310:Invertebrate Zoology
2202:Invertebrate Biology
1488:Genus Meiopriapulus
288:, from Gr. πριάπος,
3752:Mollusca (molluscs)
3237:of the animal root
2882:2015Palgy..58..705S
2824:2017Palgy..60..117S
2785:2010Geo....38..711V
2723:2012CBio...22.2161M
2336:Handbook of Zoology
2253:2013ZooAn.253..158S
2117:10.1038/nature06614
2109:2008Natur.452..745D
2018:2023ZooAn.302..113K
1524:Genus Priapulopsis
1463:Salvini-Plawen 1974
1454:Salvini-Plawen 1974
496:The priapulids are
447:respiratory pigment
4725:Blastocladiomycota
3965:Calcareous sponges
3150:Porifera (sponges)
2891:10.1111/pala.12168
2833:10.1111/pala.12273
2705:Priapulus caudatus
2564:Priapulus caudatus
2280:. Academic Press.
2059:. Academic Press.
1979:10.1007/BF00017494
1821:Conway Morris 1977
1746:Conway Morris 1977
1713:Conway Morris 1977
1681:Conway Morris 1977
1670:Conway Morris 1977
1659:Conway Morris 1977
1467:Genus Halicryptus
1439:
1018:Meiopriapulomorpha
875:Internal phylogeny
610:External phylogeny
574:
553:
519:Priapulus caudatus
338:Priapulus caudatus
129:Priapulus caudatus
5256:
5255:
5205:Open Tree of Life
5054:Taxon identifiers
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5019:
5018:
4582:
4581:
4525:
4524:
4517:Verrucomicrobiota
4255:
4254:
4230:
4229:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3397:
3396:
3340:
3339:
3259:
3258:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
2918:978-0-691-17025-1
2717:(22): 2161–2166.
2495:978-0-07-302826-2
2346:978-3-11-027253-6
2319:978-0-03-056747-6
2287:978-0-08-092014-6
2186:978-3-540-00146-1
2159:978-3-540-68661-3
2103:(7188): 745–749.
2066:978-0-08-092014-6
1822:
1811:
1800:
1789:
1788:Luo & Hu 1999
1778:
1767:
1756:
1747:
1736:
1725:
1714:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1660:
1651:
1614:
1610:Chaetostephanidae
1563:Genus Tubiluchus
1560:
1559:van der Land 1970
1513:
1503:
1464:
1455:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1291:
1290:van der Land 1970
1264:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1207:
1169:
1139:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:van der Land 1968
1068:
1048:
996:
971:
945:
917:
897:Archaeopriapulida
871:
870:
867:>529 mya
861:
860:
852:
851:
843:
842:
834:
833:
745:
744:
679:
678:
594:Treptichnus pedum
551:. Middle Cambrian
544:Ottoia tricuspida
279:
278:
261:
16:(Redirected from
5286:
5249:
5248:
5236:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5213:
5212:
5200:
5199:
5187:
5186:
5174:
5173:
5161:
5160:
5148:
5147:
5135:
5134:
5122:
5121:
5109:
5108:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5049:
4793:Anthocerotophyta
4672:Hemimastigophora
4593:
4564:Nitrososphaerota
4531:
4507:Thermomicrobiota
4447:Kiritimatiellota
4442:Ignavibacteriota
4407:Deferribacterota
4370:Campylobacterota
4355:Bdellovibrionota
4303:
4299:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4259:
3936:
3892:
3792:
3768:
3744:
3713:
3709:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3548:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3464:
3442:
3435:
3406:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3318:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3265:
3242:
3177:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3042:
3022:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2968:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2867:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2835:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2793:10.1130/G30829.1
2768:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2029:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1906:
1905:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1846:
1820:
1809:
1798:
1787:
1776:
1765:
1754:
1745:
1734:
1723:
1712:
1691:
1680:
1669:
1658:
1649:
1617:Genus Maccabeus
1612:
1558:
1538:Genus Priapulus
1511:
1501:
1462:
1453:
1451:Halicryptomorpha
1431:Illustration of
1309:
1289:
1286:Acanthopriapulus
1278:
1262:
1251:
1226:
1205:
1193:
1186:
1168:von Siebold 1849
1167:
1153:
1137:
1123:
1086:
1066:
1046:
1034:
1024:
1014:
994:
985:
969:
959:
943:
931:
915:
889:
882:
825:
805:
792:
775:
762:
736:
716:
703:
693:
670:
650:
637:
627:
617:
457:alimentary canal
322:hydrogen sulfide
259:
145:
144:
122:
112:
49:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5274:Ecdysozoa phyla
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5244:
5239:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5216:
5208:
5203:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5164:
5156:
5151:
5143:
5138:
5130:
5125:
5117:
5112:
5104:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5056:
5046:
5037:
5015:
4966:Gnathostomulida
4871:Xenacoelomorpha
4837:
4833:Flowering plant
4788:Marchantiophyta
4754:
4720:Chytridiomycota
4706:
4578:
4521:
4477:Planctomycetota
4437:Gemmatimonadota
4422:Elusimicrobiota
4315:Acidobacteriota
4293:
4286:
4256:
4251:
4226:
4152:Phylactolaemata
3940:
3930:
3929:
3915:
3906:Xenambulacraria
3882:
3838:
3815:
3781:
3763:Kryptotrochozoa
3757:
3735:
3705:
3692:
3683:Monoblastozoa (
3659:
3617:
3604:
3576:Micrognathozoa
3564:
3527:
3502:
3475:
3453:
3429:
3393:
3360:
3349:
3336:
3307:
3281:
3272:
3255:
3232:
3216:
3199:
3168:
3160:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3040:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2711:Current Biology
2700:
2699:
2695:
2680:10.2307/3226738
2665:
2664:
2660:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2457:(Priapulida)".
2452:
2451:
2447:
2432:10.2307/3226738
2413:
2412:
2408:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2288:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2214:10.2307/3227009
2199:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1936:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1909:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1703:Palaeoscolecida
1636:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1238:
1223:Xiaoheiqingella
1107:
1098:
1047:Han et al. 2004
967:Palaeoscolecida
877:
872:
862:
853:
844:
835:
746:
680:
612:
607:
536:
515:
433:. There are no
415:
286:priapulid worms
258:
139:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5292:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5237:
5227:
5214:
5201:
5188:
5175:
5162:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5110:
5097:
5082:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5029:
5026:Incertae sedis
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4971:Micrognathozoa
4968:
4963:
4961:Acanthocephala
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Lycopodiophyta
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Ancyromonadida
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4569:Thermoproteota
4566:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Pseudomonadota
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:Mycoplasmatota
4454:
4452:Lentisphaerota
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4432:Fusobacteriota
4429:
4427:Fibrobacterota
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Armatimonadota
4327:
4322:
4320:Actinomycetota
4317:
4311:
4309:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4117:Platyhelminths
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3911:Centroneuralia
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3716:
3710:
3707:Lophotrochozoa
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3622:
3619:Platytrochozoa
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3581:
3578:(Limnognathia)
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3532:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3365:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3207:(Triploblasts)
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3188:and relatives)
3180:
3174:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:Mesomycetozoea
3112:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3051:Diaphoretickes
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2961:Press Releases
2951:
2950:External links
2948:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2924:
2917:
2897:
2876:(4): 705–721.
2849:
2818:(1): 117–140.
2798:
2779:(8): 711–714.
2760:
2746:
2693:
2658:
2603:
2576:(3): 326–338.
2552:
2501:
2494:
2476:
2445:
2406:
2375:(4): 411–421.
2352:
2345:
2325:
2318:
2293:
2286:
2266:
2247:(2): 158–163.
2227:
2208:(4): 404–413.
2192:
2185:
2165:
2158:
2138:
2086:
2072:
2065:
2051:Margulis, Lynn
2042:
2031:
1992:
1957:
1946:Chisholm, Hugh
1907:
1884:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1748:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1635:
1634:Extinct groups
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1415:
1414:Classification
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:Priapulimorpha
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1043:Paratubiluchus
1037:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
988:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
962:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
934:
929:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
892:
887:
885:
880:
876:
873:
869:
868:
864:
863:
859:
858:
855:
854:
850:
849:
846:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:
832:
831:
828:
827:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
795:
790:
788:
782:
781:
778:
777:
765:
760:
758:
752:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
738:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
706:
701:
699:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
673:
672:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
640:
635:
633:
625:
623:
615:
611:
608:
606:
603:
535:
532:
514:
511:
502:protonephridia
472:nervous system
414:
411:
343:Together with
277:
276:
268:
267:
263:
262:
253:
249:
248:
243:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
48:from Cambrian)
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5291:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4750:Basidiomycota
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Glomeromycota
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Stramenopiles
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Apusomonadida
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4558:Nanoarchaeota
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4544:Euryarchaeota
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Spirochaetota
4490:
4488:
4487:Rhodothermota
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Dictyoglomota
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4401:Cyanobacteria
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Chrysiogenota
4388:
4386:
4385:Chloroflexota
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Calditrichota
4363:
4361:
4360:Caldisericota
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Atribacterota
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4247:
4246:dubious phyla
4243:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:Hemichordates
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Glass sponges
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Deuterostomia
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:of Bilateria
3886:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3720:Cycliophora (
3718:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Panarthropoda
3456:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Stramenopiles
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:(major groups
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2967:. 2006-08-09.
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:Palaeontology
2864:
2862:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:Palaeontology
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:Zoomorphology
2366:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:Hydrobiologia
1961:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1933:public domain
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:(2): 253–95.
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:Ancalagonidae
1653:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:Seticoronaria
1601:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:Halicryptidae
1457:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:Halicryptidae
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:Meiopriapulus
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:Reinhard 1887
993:
987:
986:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
968:
961:
960:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
942:
941:
933:
932:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
914:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
891:
890:
884:
883:
879:
874:
866:
865:
857:
856:
848:
847:
839:
838:
830:
829:
826:
824:
820:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
804:
800:
794:
793:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
774:
770:
764:
763:
757:
756:Panarthropoda
754:
753:
750:
749:
741:
740:
737:
735:
731:
725:
724:
721:
720:
717:
715:
711:
705:
704:
698:
695:
694:
688:
687:
684:
683:
675:
674:
671:
669:
665:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
649:
645:
639:
638:
632:
629:
628:
622:
619:
618:
614:
609:
604:
602:
600:
596:
595:
590:
589:Trace fossils
586:
582:
581:Burgess Shale
578:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
550:
549:Burgess Shale
546:
545:
540:
534:Fossil record
533:
531:
529:
524:
520:
512:
510:
507:
503:
499:
498:gonochoristic
494:
492:
489:
485:
481:
480:basiepidermal
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
412:
410:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
274:
269:
264:
257:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
229:Superphylum:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
131:
130:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
47:
33:
30:
19:
5061:
5032:
5024:
4946:Orthonectida
4941:Gastrotricha
4916:Nematomorpha
4905:
4891:Chaetognatha
4881:Hemichordate
4808:Pteridophyta
4677:Malawimonada
4551:Korarchaeota
4512:Thermotogota
4497:Synergistota
4472:Nitrospirota
4467:Nitrospinota
4412:Deinococcota
4345:Bacteroidota
4244:Potentially
4239:
4192:
4168:
4162:Gymnolaemata
4157:Stenolaemata
4146:Ectoproctans
4144:
4115:
4086:
4062:
4056:Pterobranchs
4043:
4019:
3995:
3971:
3947:
3941:within phyla
3939:Major groups
3809:
3796:Bryozoa s.l.
3787:Lophophorata
3775:
3751:
3729:
3721:
3684:
3673:Orthonectida
3648:
3595:
3588:
3577:
3496:
3489:
3418:
3388:
3376:Scalidophora
3325:
3313:Ambulacraria
3300:
3213:(see below↓)
3193:
3185:
3149:
3100:Opisthokonta
2960:
2938:
2927:
2907:
2900:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2852:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2776:
2772:
2749:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2674:(1): 37–46.
2671:
2667:
2661:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2538:11380/303453
2518:
2514:
2504:
2485:
2479:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2426:(1): 37–46.
2423:
2419:
2409:
2372:
2368:
2335:
2328:
2309:
2276:
2269:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2179:. Springer.
2175:
2168:
2152:. Springer.
2148:
2141:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2075:
2055:
2045:
2034:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1949:
1942:Priapuloidea
1901:
1897:
1887:
1854:
1850:
1815:
1810:Walcott 1911
1804:
1799:Walcott 1911
1782:
1766:Walcott 1911
1760:
1755:Walcott 1911
1742:Scolecofurca
1740:
1732:Ottoiomorpha
1718:
1710:Selkirkiidae
1702:
1701:Stem-group †
1700:
1692:Walcott 1912
1686:
1664:
1647:Ancalagonida
1640:Scalidophora
1639:
1638:Stem-group †
1637:
1556:Tubiluchidae
1442:
1440:
1432:
1423:
1310:Lamarck 1816
1304:
1303:
1284:
1283:
1259:Priapulopsis
1257:
1256:
1221:
1219:
1200:
1198:
1162:
1161:
1132:
1131:
1081:
1080:
1061:
1060:
1041:
1039:
1028:Tubiluchidae
1007:
990:
964:
938:
936:
913:Ancalagonida
910:
894:
878:
817:
797:
767:
730:Nematomorpha
728:
708:
662:
643:
642:
631:Scalidophora
613:
592:
585:microfossils
575:
569:
563:
542:
522:
518:
516:
495:
469:
464:
454:
450:haemerythrin
424:
416:
400:
388:Scalidophora
374:Pambdelurion
372:
342:
337:
333:
301:
297:
289:
285:
281:
280:
271:
255:
246:Scalidophora
239:
219:(unranked):
206:
193:
180:
170:Subkingdom:
127:
29:
18:Priapuloidea
5153:iNaturalist
5086:Wikispecies
5001:Brachiopoda
4976:Cycliophora
4921:Onychophora
4896:Kinorhyncha
4818:Ginkgophyta
4813:Cycadophyta
4778:Chlorophyta
4768:Glaucophyta
4462:Myxococcota
4380:Chlorobiota
4375:Chlamydiota
4220:Tusk shells
4205:Cephalopods
4176:Polychaetes
4123:Turbellaria
4104:Crustaceans
4080:Secernentea
4070:Chromadorea
4051:Acorn worms
4021:Echinoderms
4013:Vertebrates
3955:Demosponges
3889:is disputed
3351:Protostomia
3239:is disputed
3166:ParaHoxozoa
2392:10037/30213
2012:: 113–130.
1774:Corynetidae
1509:Priapulidae
1445:Théel 1906
1206:Schram 1973
1202:Priapulites
1180:Priapulidae
1164:Halicryptus
1127:Maccabeidae
992:Kinorhyncha
944:Valkov 1983
769:Onychophora
664:Kinorhyncha
560:Microfossil
528:bilaterians
439:respiratory
407:meiobenthic
380:Kinorhyncha
371:-arthropod
302:penis worms
260:Théel, 1906
223:Protostomia
187:ParaHoxozoa
5269:Priapulida
5263:Categories
5106:Priapulida
5092:Priapulida
5062:Priapulida
5034:Parakaryon
4996:Entoprocta
4931:Arthropoda
4926:Tardigrada
4906:Priapulida
4901:Loricifera
4886:Echinoderm
4856:Ctenophora
4828:Gnetophyta
4783:Charophyta
4773:Rhodophyta
4745:Ascomycota
4740:Zygomycota
4682:Metamonada
4657:Euglenozoa
4642:Ciliophora
4350:Balneolota
4325:Aquificota
4200:Gastropods
4181:Clitellata
4088:Arthropods
4027:Sea lilies
3973:Cnidarians
3891:; see also
3821:Brachiozoa
3584:Syndermata
3543:Gnathifera
3241:; see also
3186:Trichoplax
3184:Placozoa (
3171:Planulozoa
2843:2381/38663
1904:(4): 8–13.
1831:References
1796:Miskoiidae
1678:Fieldiidae
1512:Gosse 1855
1443:Priapulida
1418:See also:
1083:Tubiluchus
1067:Morse 1981
1008:Priapulida
819:Arthropoda
799:Tardigrada
644:Priapulida
443:phagocytic
396:polychaete
384:Loricifera
361:arthropods
282:Priapulida
256:Priapulida
46:Stem-group
35:Priapulida
4951:Dicyemida
4823:Pinophyta
4702:Telonemia
4637:Cryptista
4627:Breviatea
4612:Amoebozoa
4607:Alveolata
4588:Eukaryote
4340:Bacillota
4186:Sipuncula
4133:Monogenea
4128:Trematoda
4099:Myriapods
4064:Nematodes
4008:Tunicates
4003:Lancelets
3997:Chordates
3989:Myxozoans
3896:Nephrozoa
3885:phylogeny
3685:Salinella
3640:Rouphozoa
3481:Tactopoda
3410:Nematoida
3362:Ecdysozoa
3283:Bilateria
3270:Bilateria
3251:Benthozoa
3246:Eumetazoa
3235:phylogeny
3205:Bilateria
3095:Amoebozoa
3073:Alveolata
3061:Cryptista
3036:Eukaryota
2521:: 79–87.
2465:: 39–58.
2401:1432-234X
1940:(1911). "
1817:Louisella
1784:Corynetis
1752:Ottoiidae
1720:Selkirkia
1666:Ancalagon
1306:Priapulus
1134:Maccabeus
940:Markuelia
786:Tactopoda
697:Nematoida
621:Ecdysozoa
605:Phylogeny
506:flatworms
465:Priapulus
420:chitinous
365:nematodes
357:Ecdysozoa
349:Sipuncula
314:proboscis
296:' + Lat.
233:Ecdysozoa
213:Nephrozoa
200:Bilateria
174:Eumetazoa
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
5071:Wikidata
5011:Annelida
5006:Mollusca
4986:Phoronid
4981:Nemertea
4956:Rotifera
4936:Flatworm
4911:Nematoda
4876:Chordate
4866:Cnidaria
4861:Placozoa
4692:Rhizaria
4667:Haptista
4647:Cercozoa
4307:Bacteria
4210:Bivalves
4194:Molluscs
4170:Annelids
3529:Spiralia
3136:Animalia
3090:Amorphea
3068:Rhizaria
3056:Hacrobia
3046:Excavata
3031:Bacteria
2741:23103190
2653:19470151
2598:11175247
2590:18460094
2547:84539380
2125:18322464
1987:31342308
1973:: 1–12.
1879:39772232
1871:10881389
1794:Family †
1772:Family †
1750:Family †
1708:Family †
1676:Family †
1654:Family †
1138:Por 1973
710:Nematoda
599:Cambrian
484:ectoderm
435:vascular
431:hemocoel
403:Cambrian
353:Gephyrea
330:salinity
328:and low
273:See text
252:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
5210:1085175
5145:5963150
4991:Bryozoa
4687:Provora
4662:Jakobea
4652:Discoba
4598:Protist
4535:Archaea
4288:Extant
4215:Chitons
4138:Cestoda
4075:Enoplea
3949:Sponges
3722:Symbion
3665:Mesozoa
3105:Animals
3026:Archaea
3002:Extant
2878:Bibcode
2820:Bibcode
2781:Bibcode
2773:Geology
2719:Bibcode
2688:3226738
2644:2693540
2440:3226738
2249:Bibcode
2222:3227009
2133:4397099
2105:Bibcode
2014:Bibcode
1948:(ed.).
1935::
1814:Genus †
1806:Miskoia
1803:Genus †
1781:Genus †
1759:Genus †
1739:Genus †
1730:Order †
1717:Genus †
1688:Fieldia
1685:Genus †
1663:Genus †
1645:Order †
1608:Family
1554:Family
1507:Family
1458:Family
1441:Phylum
1227:Hu 2002
547:in the
476:ganglia
461:pharynx
413:Anatomy
398:worms.
392:scalids
345:Echiura
304:, is a
294:Priapus
290:priāpos
266:Orders
5246:101063
5233:230487
5230:uBio:
5223:272411
5184:155153
5158:151838
5119:392644
4851:Sponge
4843:Animal
4240:bolded
3083:Plants
3020:Domain
3004:animal
2915:
2861:Ottoia
2739:
2686:
2651:
2641:
2596:
2588:
2545:
2492:
2438:
2399:
2343:
2316:
2284:
2220:
2183:
2156:
2131:
2123:
2097:Nature
2063:
1985:
1944:". In
1929:
1877:
1869:
1762:Ottoia
1602:Order
1449:Order
1434:Ottoia
570:et al.
565:Ottoia
491:organs
427:coelom
409:size.
326:anoxia
306:phylum
5241:WoRMS
5197:33467
5166:IRMNG
5077:Q5184
4760:Plant
4712:Fungi
4632:CRuMs
3402:N+L+P
3110:Fungi
3007:phyla
2866:(PDF)
2684:JSTOR
2627:: 8.
2594:S2CID
2543:S2CID
2436:JSTOR
2218:JSTOR
2129:S2CID
1983:S2CID
1875:S2CID
488:sense
318:penis
310:worms
240:Clade
207:Clade
194:Clade
181:Clade
5192:NCBI
5179:ITIS
5140:GBIF
5132:1533
5114:BOLD
4798:Moss
4290:life
3883:The
3233:The
2913:ISBN
2737:PMID
2649:PMID
2586:PMID
2490:ISBN
2397:ISSN
2341:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2121:PMID
2061:ISBN
1867:PMID
572:2015
470:The
455:The
382:and
369:stem
363:and
347:and
298:-ul-
53:PreꞒ
5171:249
5127:EoL
5101:AFD
3740:M+K
3632:R+M
3569:M+S
3438:L+P
2886:doi
2838:hdl
2828:doi
2789:doi
2727:doi
2676:doi
2672:110
2639:PMC
2629:doi
2578:doi
2533:hdl
2523:doi
2467:doi
2463:129
2428:doi
2424:110
2387:hdl
2377:doi
2373:142
2257:doi
2245:253
2210:doi
2206:118
2113:doi
2101:452
2022:doi
2010:302
1975:doi
1971:222
1859:doi
437:or
5265::
5243::
5220::
5207::
5194::
5181::
5168::
5155::
5142::
5129::
5116::
5103::
5088::
5073::
2963:.
2959:.
2884:.
2874:58
2872:.
2868:.
2836:.
2826:.
2816:60
2814:.
2810:.
2787:.
2777:38
2775:.
2763:^
2735:.
2725:.
2715:22
2713:.
2709:.
2682:.
2670:.
2647:.
2637:.
2623:.
2619:.
2592:.
2584:.
2574:10
2572:.
2568:.
2541:.
2531:.
2519:70
2517:.
2513:.
2461:.
2434:.
2422:.
2418:.
2395:.
2385:.
2371:.
2367:.
2355:^
2296:^
2255:.
2243:.
2239:.
2216:.
2204:.
2127:.
2119:.
2111:.
2099:.
2020:.
2008:.
2004:.
1981:.
1969:.
1910:^
1902:40
1900:.
1896:.
1873:.
1865:.
1855:75
1853:.
1839:^
452:.
332:.
324:,
242::
209::
196::
183::
103:Pg
4600:"
4596:"
4560:"
4556:"
4553:"
4549:"
4546:"
4542:"
4403:"
4399:"
4281:e
4274:t
4267:v
4248:†
3724:)
3689:†
3687:)
3173:)
3169:(
3117:)
2995:e
2988:t
2981:v
2921:.
2894:.
2888::
2880::
2863:"
2846:.
2840::
2830::
2822::
2795:.
2791::
2783::
2757:.
2743:.
2729::
2721::
2707:"
2690:.
2678::
2655:.
2631::
2625:6
2617:"
2600:.
2580::
2566:"
2549:.
2535::
2525::
2498:.
2473:.
2469::
2442:.
2430::
2403:.
2389::
2379::
2349:.
2322:.
2290:.
2263:.
2259::
2251::
2224:.
2212::
2189:.
2162:.
2135:.
2115::
2107::
2083:.
2069:.
2028:.
2024::
2016::
1989:.
1977::
1881:.
1861::
1220:†
1199:†
1040:†
965:†
937:†
911:†
895:†
292:'
284:(
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
