Sawfish - Knowledge

2200: 1516: 929: 2576: 1404:. They can certainly all reach about 6 m (20 ft) in total length and there are reports of individuals larger than 7 m (23 ft), but these are often labeled with some uncertainty. Typically reported maximum total lengths of these three are from 7 to 7.6 m (23–25 ft). Large individuals may weigh as much as 500–600 kg (1,102–1,323 lb), or possibly even more. Old unconfirmed and highly questionable reports of much larger individuals do exist, including one that reputedly had a length of 9.14 m (30 ft), another that had a weight of 2,400 kg (5,300 lb), and a third that was 9.45 m (31 ft) long and weighed 2,591 kg (5,712 lb). 2706:. An example of this is the largetooth sawfish in Lake Nicaragua where once abundant. The population rapidly crashed during the 1970s when tens of thousands were caught. It was protected by the Nicaraguan government in the early 1980s, but remains rare today. Nevertheless, there are indications that at least the smalltooth sawfish population may be able to recover at a faster pace than formerly believed, if well-protected. Uniquely in this family, the narrow sawfish has a relatively fast reproduction rate (generation length about 4.6 years, less than one-third the time of the other species), it has experienced the smallest contraction of its range (30%) and it is one of only two species considered 1792: 2158:, but require very large tanks. In a review of 10 North American and European public aquariums that kept sawfish, their tanks were all very large and ranged from about 1,500,000 to 24,200,000 L (400,000–6,390,000 US gal). Individuals in public aquariums often function as "ambassadors" for sawfish and their conservation plight. In captivity they are quite robust, appear to grow faster than their wild counterparts (perhaps due to consistent access to food). Some individuals have lived for decades, but breeding them has proven difficult. In 2012, four smalltooth sawfish pups were born at 1236: 2140: 2052: 705: 141: 1130: 150: 2324:, as it easily becomes entangled in fishing nets. Sawfish can also be difficult or dangerous to release from nets, meaning that some fishers will kill them even before bringing them aboard the boat, or cut off the saw to keep it/release the fish. Because it is their main hunting device, the long-term survival of saw-less sawfish is highly questionable. In Australia where sawfish have to be released if caught, the narrow sawfish has the highest mortality rate, but it is still almost 50% for dwarf sawfish caught in 1745:"pin". If a prey item such as a fish is located in the open water, the sawfish uses the first method, making a rapid swipe at the prey with its saw to incapacitate it. It is then brought to the seabed and eaten. The "saw on substrate" is similar, but used on prey at the seabed. The saw is highly streamlined and when swiped it causes very little water movement. The final method involves pinning the prey against the seabed with the underside of the saw, in a manner similar to that seen in 1885: 1109: 184: 902: 2454: 1594: 2600:), as well as South Africa. The only relatively large remaining population of the largetooth sawfish in the Atlantic region is at the Amazon estuary in Brazil, but there are smaller in Central America and West Africa, and this species is also found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The smalltooth sawfish is only found in the Atlantic region and it is possibly the most threatened of all the species, as it had the smallest original range (range 643: 2295:, skin ulcers, diarrhea and stomach problems, but there is no evidence supporting any of these uses. The saws are used in ceremonies and as curiosities. Until relatively recently many saws were sold to visiting tourists, or through antique stores or shell shops, but they are now mostly sold online, often illegally. In 2007 it was estimated that the fins and saw from a single sawfish potentially could earn a fisher more than 1067: 2626:

how-to guide has been published. In 2003 an attempt of adding the largetooth sawfish to the Endangered Species Act was denied, in part because this species does not occur in the United States anymore (last confirmed US record in 1961). However, it was added in 2011, and all the remaining sawfish species were added in 2014, restricting trade in them and their parts in the United States. In 2020, a Florida fisherman used a

1216: 846: 1424: 752: 1373: 1554:, and its young spend the first years of their life in freshwater. In contrast, the smalltooth, green and dwarf sawfish typically avoid pure freshwater, but may occasionally move far up rivers, especially during periods when there is an increased salinity. There are reports of narrow sawfish seen far upriver, but these need confirmation and may involve misidentifications of other species of sawfish. 1562:

illustrated by their (original) distributions that ranged further north and south of the strictly warm-water species. Sawfish are bottom-dwellers, but in captivity it has been noted that at least the largetooth and green sawfish readily take food from the water surface. Sawfish are mostly found in places with soft bottoms such as mud or sand, but may also occur over hard rocky bottoms or at

796: 1088: 880: 825: 778: 734: 673: 1661:, generally staying in the same fairly small area in the first part of their lives. In the green and dwarf sawfish there are indications that both sexes remain in the same overall region throughout their lives with little mixing between the subpopulations. In the largetooth sawfish the males appear to move more freely between the subpopulations, while mothers 2634: 1199:). The number of teeth varies depending on the species and can range from 14 to 37 on each side of the rostrum. It is common for a sawfish to have slightly different tooth counts on each side of its rostrum. (The difference typically does not surpass three.) In some species, females on average have fewer teeth than males. Each tooth is peg-like in 1713: 1975:. In some other parts of coastal Africa, sawfish are considered extremely dangerous and supernatural, but their powers can be used by humans, as their saw is seen to retain powers against disease, bad luck and evil. Among most African groups, consumption of sawfish meat is entirely acceptable, but among some (the 1657:

lives, occasionally moving upriver when there is an increase in salinity. The exception is the largetooth sawfish where the young move upriver into freshwater where they stay for 3–5 years, sometimes as much as 400 km (250 mi) from the sea. In at least the smalltooth sawfish the young show a degree of

1618:. In the smalltooth and green sawfish this equals a total length of 3.7–4.15 m (12.1–13.6 ft), in the largetooth sawfish at 2.8–3 m (9.2–9.8 ft), in the dwarf sawfish about 2.55–2.6 m (8.4–8.5 ft), and in the narrow sawfish at 2–2.25 m (6.6–7.4 ft). This means that the 1415:, are considerably smaller, but are still large fish with a maximum total length of at least 3.2 m (10.5 ft) and 3.5 m (11.5 ft) respectively. In the past it was often reported that the dwarf sawfish only reaches about 1.4 m (4.6 ft), but this is now known to be incorrect. 2175:, as already practiced with a few captive sharks, is also being considered. Tracking studies indicate that if sawfish are released to the wild after spending a period in captivity (for example, if they outgrow their exhibit), they rapidly adopt a movement pattern similar to that of fully wild sawfish. 1270:

the skin is largely smooth. The mouth and nostrils are placed on the underside of the head. There are about 88–128 small, blunt-edged teeth in the upper jaw of the mouth and about 84–176 in the lower jaw (not to be confused with the teeth on the saw). These are arranged in 10–12 rows on each jaw, and

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regulations, Australia was the only country that could export wild-caught sawfish for the aquarium trade from 2007 to 2013 (no country afterwards). This strictly involved the largetooth sawfish where the Australian population remains relatively robust, and only living individuals "to appropriate and

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fishing nets. The exception is the dwarf sawfish which was relatively widespread in the Indo-Pacific, but by the early 1900s it had already disappeared from most of its range, only surviving for certain in Australia (there is a single recent possible record from the Arabian region). The saw has been

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Old stories often describe sawfish as highly dangerous to humans, sinking ships and cutting people in half, but today these are considered myths and not factual. Sawfish are actually docile and harmless to humans, except when captured; they can inflict serious injuries when defending themselves, by

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as the first marine fish. This makes it "illegal to harm, harass, hook, or net sawfish in any way, except with a permit or in a permitted fishery". The fine is up to US$ 10,000 for the first violation alone. If accidentally caught, the sawfish has to be released as carefully as possible and a basic

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with their saw (claims now known to be entirely untrue), but there are also stories of them saving people. In one case, it was described how a ship almost sank during a storm in Italy in 1573. The sailors prayed and made it safely ashore, where they discovered a sawfish that had "plugged" a hole in

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have been observed trying to escape sawfish. Prey fish are typically swallowed whole and not cut into small pieces with the saw, although on occasion one may be split in half during capture by the slashing motion. Prey choice is therefore limited by the size of the mouth. A 1.3 m (4.3 ft)

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is found in all cartilaginous fishes and some bony fishes. In sawfish the sensory organs are packed most densely on the upper- and underside of the rostrum, varying in position and numbers depending on the species. Utilizing their saw as an extended sensing device, sawfish are able to examine their

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The dwarf and largetooth sawfish are strictly warm-water species that generally live in waters that are 25–32 °C (77–90 °F) and 24–32 °C (75–90 °F) respectively. The green and smalltooth sawfish also occur in colder waters, in the latter down to 16–18 °C (61–64 °F), as

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Sawfishes are relatively slow breeders and the females give birth to live young. They feed on fish and invertebrates that are detected and captured with the use of their saw. They are generally harmless to humans, but can inflict serious injuries with the saw when captured and defending themselves.

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5,000 in Kenya and in 2014 a single rostral tooth sold as cockfighting spurs in Peru or Ecuador had a value of up to US$ 220. Secondary uses are the meat for consumption and the skin for leather. Historically the saws were used as weapons (large saws) and combs (small saws). Oil from the liver was

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Exactly how they use their saw after the prey has been located has been debated, and some scholarship on the subject has been based on speculations rather than real observations. In 2012 it was shown that there are three primary techniques, informally called "saw in water", "saw on substrate" and

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the rostrum is flexible and it only hardens shortly before birth. To protect the mother the saws of the young have a soft cover, which falls off shortly after birth. The pupping grounds are in coastal and estuarine waters. In most species the young generally stay there for the first part of their

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Sawfish are mostly found in relatively shallow waters, typically at depths less than 10 m (33 ft), and occasionally less than 1 m (3.3 ft). Young prefer very shallow places and are often found in water only 25 cm (10 in) deep. Sawfish can occur offshore, but are rare

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maintains the International Sawfish Encounter Database where people worldwide are encouraged to report any sawfish encounters, whether it was living or a rostrum seen for sale in a shop/online. Its data is used by biologists and conservationists for evaluating the habitat, range and abundance of

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including 16 individuals in North America in 2014, 5 individuals in Europe in 2013 and 13 individuals in Australia in 2017; this was followed by the green sawfish, with 13 individuals in North America, and 6 in Europe. Both of these species are also kept at public aquariums in Asia, and the only

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The combined range of the five sawfish species encompassed 90 countries, but today they have certainly disappeared entirely from 20 of these and possibly disappeared from several others. Many more have lost at least one of their species, leaving only one or two remaining. Of the five species of

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The length of the full lifespan of sawfish is labeled with considerable uncertainty. A green sawfish caught as a juvenile lived for 35 years in captivity, and a smalltooth sawfish lived for more than 42 years in captivity. In the narrow sawfish it has been estimated that the lifespan is about 9

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in Florida; these remain the only times a member of this family has been successfully bred in captivity. Unsuccessful breeding attempts had taken place earlier at the same facility, including a miscarriage in 2003. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this success may be the first step in a captive

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continues and in many countries enforcement of fishing laws is lacking. Even in Australia where relatively well-protected, people are occasionally caught illegally trying to sell sawfish parts, especially the saw. The saw is distinctive, but it can be difficult to identify flesh or fins as

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Espinoza, M.; Bonfil-Sanders, R.; Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Chevis, M.; Dulvy, N.K.; Everett, B.; Faria, V.; Ferretti, F.; Fordham, S.; Grant, M.I.; Haque, A.B.; Harry, A.V.; Jabado, R.W.; Jones, G.C.A.; Kelez, S.; Lear, K.O.; Morgan, D.L.; Phillips, N.M.; Wueringer, B.E. (2022).

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In Asia, sawfish are a powerful symbol in many cultures. Asian shamans use sawfish rostrums for exorcisms and other ceremonies to repel demons and disease. They are believed to protect houses from ghosts when hung over doorways. Illustrations of sawfish are often found at

2501:, a primary stronghold for the species, since 2000. In December 2018, the largest recorded mass fish death in the river occurred when more than 40 sawfish died, mainly because of heat and a severe lack of rainfall during a poor wet season. A 14-day research expedition in 1704:

entire surroundings from a position close to the seafloor. It appears that sawfish can detect potential prey by electroreception from a distance of about 40 cm (16 in). Some waters where sawfish live are very murky, limiting the possibility of hunting by sight.

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on the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia consider sawfish as rescuers of drowning people, and protectors against dangerous sea creatures. Also in Panama, sawfish were recognized as containing powerful spirits that could protect humans against supernatural enemies.

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and covered in skin. The rostrum length is typically about one quarter to one third of the total length of the fish, but it varies depending on species, and sometimes with age and sex. The rostral teeth are not teeth in the traditional sense, but heavily modified

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with the adult females giving birth to live young once a year or every second year. In general, males appear to reach sexual maturity at a slightly younger age and smaller size than females. As far as known, sexual maturity is reached at an age of 7–12 years in

2718:. The other rated as Endangered is the dwarf sawfish, but this primarily reflects that its main decline happened at least 100 years ago and IUCN ratings are based on the time period of the last three generations (estimated about 49 years in dwarf sawfish). 2653:, which allowed trade to public aquariums only. Following reviews Australia did not use this option after 2011 and in 2013 it too was moved to Appendix I. In addition to Australia and the United States, sawfish are protected in the European Union, Mexico, 2591:

The status of the two species of the Atlantic region, the smalltooth and largetooth sawfish, is comparable to the Indo-Pacific. For example, sawfish have been entirely extirpated from most of the Atlantic coast of Africa (only survives for certain in

1735:. Old stories of sawfish attacking large prey such as whales and dolphins by cutting out pieces of flesh are now considered to be wholly unsubstantiated. Humans are far too large to be considered potential prey. In captivity they are typically fed 2548:, which captured more than 500 sawfish between 2002 and 2018, concluded that the survival of the sawfish could be at risk from dams or major water diversions on the Fitzroy River. It found that the fish are completely reliant on the Kimberley's 1645:, United States, it appears that about 3% of the smalltooth sawfish offspring are the result of parthenogenesis. It is speculated that this may be in response to being unable to find a partner, allowing the females to reproduce anyway. 4227:

Wiley; Simpfendorfer; Faria; McDavitt (2008). "Range, sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry of rostral tooth counts in the smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata Latham (Chondrichthyes: Pristidae) of the southeastern United States".

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The extinct family Sclerorhynchidae resemble sawfish. They are known only from Cretaceous fossils, and usually reached lengths only of approximately 1 m (3.3 ft). Some have suggested that sawfish and sclerorhynchids form a

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2,100,000 km or 810,000 sq mi) and has experienced the greatest contraction (disappeared from c. 81% of its original range). It only survives for certain in six countries, and it is possible that the only remaining

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Last, P.R.; Séret, B.; Naylor, G.J.P. (2016). "A new species of guitarfish, Rhinobatos borneensis sp. nov. with a redefinition of the family-level classification in the order Rhinopristiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)".

1546:) and also found in freshwater. The largetooth sawfish, alternatively called the freshwater sawfish, has the greatest affinity for freshwater. For example, it has been reported as far as 1,340 km (830 mi) up the 2409:), with 18 countries with at least one species of sawfish missing and 28 countries with at least two. The United States and Australia appear to be the last strongholds of the species, where sawfish are better protected. 1778:

thrashing the saw from side to side. The saw is also used in self-defense against predators, such as sharks, that may eat sawfish. In captivity, they have been seen using their saws during fights over hierarchy or food.

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Endangered sawfish and other fish in Florida are showing strange behaviors and dying because of environmental toxins. These toxins, produced by microalgae near the sea bottom, affect the neurological systems of fish.

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Naylor, G.J.P.; Caira, J.N.; Jensen, K.; Rosana, K.A.M.; Straube, N.; Lakner, C. (2012). "Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species". In Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.).

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floods to complete their breeding cycle; in recent drier years, the population has suffered. There has been debate about using water from the river for agriculture and to grow fodder crops for cattle in the region.

1633:, the mating appears to be rough, with the sawfish often sustaining lacerations from its partner's saw. However, through genetic testing it has been shown that at least the smalltooth sawfish also can reproduce by 4903:

Seitz, J.C.; G.R. Poulakis (2002). "Recent occurrence of the smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pristidae), in Florida Bay and the Florida Keys, with comments on sawfish ecology".

573:. Three species are in the smalltooth group, and there is only a single in the largetooth group. Three poorly defined species were formerly recognized in the largetooth group, but in 2013 it was shown that 2215:

Sawfish were once common, with habitat found along the coastline of 90 countries, locally even abundant, but they have declined drastically and are now among the most threatened groups of marine fish.

4146: 3727:; De Carvalho, M.R.; Corrigan, S.; Naylor, G.J.P.; Séret, B.; Yang, L. (2016). "The Rays of the World project - an explanation of nomenclatural decisions". In Last, P.R.; Yearsley, G.R. (eds.). 2311:. In most regions the major population decline in sawfish started in the 1960s–1980s. This coincided with a major growth in demand of fins for shark fin soup, the expansion of the international 6382: 2199: 6751: 1558:

deeper than 100 m (330 ft). An unidentified sawfish (either a largetooth or smalltooth sawfish) was captured off Central America at a depth in excess of 175 m (575 ft).

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Moore, A.L.B. (2015). "A review of sawfishes (Pristidae) in the Arabian region: diversity, distribution, and functional extinction of large and historically abundant marine vertebrates".

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in the sawfish family has historically caused considerable confusion and was often described as chaotic. Only in 2013 was it firmly established that there are five living species in two

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sawfish around the world. In an attempt of increasing the knowledge of their plight the first "Sawfish Day" was held on 17 October 2017, and this was repeated on the same date in 2018.

2344:, are often degraded by human developments and pollution, and these are important habitats for sawfish, especially their young. In a study of juvenile sawfish in Western Australia's 2494:

acceptable aquaria for primarily conservation purposes". Numbers traded were very low (eight between 2007 and 2011), and following a review Australia did not export any after 2011.

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Henningsen; Smale; Gordon; Garner; Marin-Osorno; Kinnunen (2004). "Captive Breeding and Sexual Conflict in Elasmobranchs". In Smith, M.; D. Warmolts; D. Thoney; R. Hueter (eds.).

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Sharks and Rays Australia (SARA) are conducting a citizen science investigation to understand the sawfish's historical habitats. Citizen can report their sawfish sighting online.

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or in set amounts that (per week) equal 1–4% of the total weight of the sawfish, but there are indications that captives grow considerably faster than their wild counterparts.

2649:, which prohibits international trade in them and their parts. The only exception was the relatively robust Australian population of the largetooth sawfish that was listed on 1483:

occasionally has been included in their range, the only known Pacific Mexican records of sawfish are from south of its mouth. They were widespread in the western and central

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believe the saw can protect their family, house and livestock. In the same general region, they are recognized as ancestral spirits who use the saw as a magic weapon. The

1749:. The "pin" is also used to manipulate the position of the prey, allowing fish to be swallowed head-first and thus without engaging any possible fin spines. The spines of 4298:

Whitty; Phillips; Thorburn; Simpfendorfer; Field; Peverell; Morgan (2013). "Utility of rostra in the identification of Australian sawfishes (Chondrichthyes: Pristidae)".

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are typically found much deeper, often at depths in excess of 200 m (660 ft), and when shallower mostly in colder subtropical or temperate waters than sawfish.

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Poulakis, Gregg R.; Stevens, Philip W.; Timmers, Amy A.; Stafford, Christopher J.; Chapman, Demian D.; Feldheim, Kevin A.; Heupel, Michelle R.; Curtis, Caitlin (2016).

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Sawfish fishing goes back several thousand years, but until relatively recently it typically involved traditional low-intensity methods such as simple hook-and-line or

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White, S.; K. Duke; Squire, L. Jr (2017). "Husbandry of sawfishes". In Mark Smith; Doug Warmolts; Dennis Thoney; Robert Hueter; Michael Murray; Juan Ezcurra (eds.).

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In cartoons and humorous popular culture, the sawfish—particularly its rostrum ("nose")—has been employed as a sort of living tool. Examples of this can be found in

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Chapman, Demian D.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Wiley, Tonya R.; Poulakis, Gregg R.; Curtis, Caitlin; Tringali, Michael; Carlson, John K.; Feldheim, Kevin A. (2011).

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or only survive in very low numbers in the Indo-Pacific region. For example, among the four species only two (narrow and largetooth sawfish) certainly survive in

2366: 2067:, illustrations of sawfish were placed on navy ships, and used as symbols by both American and Nazi German submarines. Sawfish served as the emblem of the German 7431: 6873:"Commercialization of a critically endangered species (largetooth sawfish, Pristis perotteti) in fish markets of northern Brazil: Authenticity by DNA analysis" 5957: 5788: 2613:

to New York, but its numbers have declined by at least 95% and today it is essentially restricted to Florida. However, the Florida population retains a high

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region of New Guinea, locals admire sawfish, but also see them as punishers, who will unleash heavy rainstorms on anyone breaking fishing taboos. Among the

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spurs and the saw as a novelty item. Despite being rays rather than sharks, sawfish have some of most prized fins for use in shark fin soup, on level with

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sawfish). The position of the first dorsal fin compared to the pelvic fins varies and is a useful feature for separating some of the species. There are no

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Kriwet, J. (2004). "The systematic position of the Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfishes (Elasmobranchii, Pristiorajea)". In G. Arratia; A. Tintori (eds.).

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It had been suggested that sawfish use their saw to dig/rake in the bottom for prey, but this was not observed during a 2012 study, or supported by later

976: 1207:. A combination of features, including fins and rostrum, are typically used to separate the species, but it is possible to do it by the rostrum alone. 6720: 3588:"A DNA sequence-based approach to the identification of shark and ray species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology" 3380: 5471: 4932: 7531: 7379: 7079: 4768: 4588: 4198: 3703: 3231: 7418: 6599: 6193: 5123: 2621:

for the smalltooth sawfish has been in effect since 2002. It has been strictly protected in the United States since 2003 when it was added to the

2575: 2112: 1838:, the scientific name formalised for sawfish by Linnaeus in 1758, was also in use as a name even before his publication. For example, sawfish or " 6069:

Grant, M.I.; Charles, R.; Fordham, S.; Harry, A.V.; Lear, K.O.; Morgan, D.L.; Phillips, N.M.; Simeon, B.; Wakhida, Y.; Wueringer, B.E. (2022).

5909: 5088: 4963: 4355: 1801: 1515: 6773: 6298: 5932: 5892: 5713: 5688: 5576: 5297: 5072: 4740: 4620: 4556: 4417: 4177: 3988: 3958: 3930: 3736: 3081: 2903: 2191:. In 2014, studbooks included 12 smalltooth sawfish in North America, and the only ones kept elsewhere are at a public aquarium in Colombia. 5448: 5380:

Wueringer, B. E.; Peverell, S. C.; Seymour, J.; et al. (1 January 2011). "Sensory Systems in Sawfishes. 1. The Ampullae of Lorenzini".

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Wueringer, B.E.; L. Squire Jr.; S.P. Collin (2009). "The biology of extinct and extant sawfish (Batoidea: Sclerorhynchidae and Pristidae)".

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Sawfish and their parts have been used for numerous things. In approximate order of impact, the four most serious threats today are use in

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and several other countries, meaning that sawfish caught by accident have to be released and violations can be punished with hefty fines.

6033:"Traditional fisher perceptions on the regional disappearance of the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis from the central coast of Brazil" 3119: 5861: 4646: 1682: 6118:

Giglio, V.J.; O.J. Luiz; M.S. Reis; L.C. Gerhardinge (April 2016). "Memories of sawfish fisheries in a southwestern Atlantic estuary".

4795: 4147:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Endangered Listing of Five Species of Sawfish Under the Endangered Species Act" 6694: 5089:"FSUCML scores another scientific first: Dr. Dean Grubbs and colleagues document and assist pregnant sawfish give birth in the wild" 4848: 2722: 2513:

fishing in the north had contributed to the decline in numbers, but now that fishers had started working with the conservationists,

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Schwartz, F. (2003). "Bilateral asymmetry in the rostrum of the smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata (Pristiformes: Pristidae)".

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to remove a smalltooth sawfish's rostrum and then released the maimed fish; he received a fine, community service and probation.

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The only remaining stronghold of the four species in the Indo-Pacific region (narrow, dwarf, largetooth and green sawfish) is in

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lasts several months. There are 1–23 young in each sawfish litter, which are 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long at birth. In the

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Cicimurri, D.J. (2009). "A Partial Rostrum of the Sawfish Pristis lathami Galeotti, 1837, from the Eocene of South Carolina".

1691:, plays a significant role in both locating and capturing prey. The head and rostrum contain thousands of sensory organs, the 3757: 2721:

There are several research projects aimed at sawfish in Australia and North America, but also a few in other continents. The

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with their saws. Among European sailors, sawfish were often feared as animals that could sink ships by piercing/sawing the

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Nunes; Rincon; Piorski; Martins (2016). "Near-term embryos in a Pristis pristis (Elasmobranchii: Pristidae) from Brazil".

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breeding program for the threatened sawfish. It is speculated that seasonal variations in water temperature, salinity and

1897: 1475:, but a review of records strongly suggests that this sea had a breeding population. In the East Pacific they ranged from 481: 3435: 7072: 4049:"Evolutionary origins and development of saw-teeth on the sawfish and sawshark rostrum (Elasmobranchii; Chondrichthyes)" 2272: 2068: 2016: 7526: 7327: 7314: 5657:

Robillard, M.; Séret, B. (2006). "Cultural importance and decline of sawfish (Pristidae) populations in West Africa".

4456: 3476: 2051: 1951:, the saws indicate courage; the more saws are on display in a house, the more courageous the owner is seen to be. In 1235: 764: 656: 526: 7012: 6510:"Do sawfish Pristis spp. represent South Africa's first local extirpation of marine elasmobranchs in the modern era?" 6404: 4763: 4579: 3753: 3699: 410:

Once common, sawfish have experienced a drastic decline in recent decades, and the only remaining strongholds are in

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prized for use in boat repairs and street lights, and as recent as the 1920s in Florida it was regarded as the best

1291:. The position of the gill openings separates them from the superficially similar yet generally much smaller (up to 704: 6952: 3447: 1828: 183: 140: 7436: 5961: 1947:

off West Africa, dancing dressed as sawfish and other sea creatures is part of men's coming-of-age ceremonies. In

1187:. The rostral teeth grow in size throughout the life of the sawfish and a tooth is not replaced if it is lost. In 6999: 3700:"Pristis pristis — Freshwater Sawfish, Largetooth Sawfish, River Sawfish, Leichhardt's Sawfish, Northern Sawfish" 2702:

testing. If protected their relatively low reproduction rates make these animals especially slow to recover from

2606: 2506: 1673:

sawfish it has been estimated that it varies from about 30 to more than 50 years depending on the exact species.

5190:"Whole mitogenome sequencing refines population structure of the Critically Endangered sawfish Pristis pristis" 2973: 2159: 2143: 2045: 270: 31: 6974: 3921:

Cappetta, H. (2012). "Chondrichthyes — Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth". In Schultze, H.P. (ed.).

3896: 149: 5240:

Phillips, N.; B. Wueringer (Autumn 2015). "Sawfish. Ancient predators in need of modern conservation tools".

3068: 2517:

and water diversions to the river flows had become a bigger problem in the north. Also, impact of successful

2352:

or droughts, can increase the risk faced by sawfish young by bringing them into more contact with predators.

7065: 6728: 2172: 1721: 1251:(bottom). Notice especially the structure of the saw, tail and pectoral fins, and the position of the first 2044:

the ship with its saw. A sawfish rostrum said to be from this miraculous event is kept at the sanctuary of

7254: 6909: 2622: 2478: 2028: 1754: 1431:

is the only species found strictly in the Atlantic region and the only that survives in the United States.

1276: 1129: 1108: 649: 505:(superorder Batoidea). The sawfish family has traditionally been considered the sole living member of the 472: 446:

since 2007, restricting international trade in them and their parts. They are protected in Australia, the

6815: 6795:. The Hague: Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. 3–15 June 2007. pp. CoP14 Prop. 17 6560:"Status and the potential for extinction of the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis in the Atlantic Ocean" 5984: 4881: 4482: 4202: 3553:

Faria, V. V.; McDavitt, M. T.; Charvet, P.; Wiley, T. R.; Simpfendorfer, C. A.; Naylor, G. J. P. (2013).

2521:

conservation is a negative one on sawfish populations. However, there were still good populations in the

7457: 7332: 6787: 4107:

Slaughter, Bob H.; Springer, Stewart (1968). "Replacement of Rostral Teeth in Sawfishes and Sawsharks".

3235: 2711: 2686: 1692: 1619: 1314:, and a tail with a distinct upper lobe and a variably sized lower lobe (lower lobe relatively large in 875:

common sawfish, wide sawfish, freshwater sawfish, river sawfish, Leichhardt's sawfish, northern sawfish

423: 323: 6197: 5862:"3 endangered sawfish born at SeaWorld – the first successful captive birth of the species in the U.S." 5533:"Use of Pristis spp. (Elasmobranchii: Pristidae) by Hunter-Gatherers on the Coast of São Paulo, Brazil" 1388:

Sawfish are large to very large fish, but the maximum size of each species is generally uncertain. The

7475: 5157:"Long-term site fidelity of endangered small-tooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) from different mothers" 3673: 7498: 7353: 7301: 6521: 6258: 6138: 5341: 5201: 5001: 4513: 4060: 3194: 3152: 2820: 2674: 2502: 2287:) sawfish parts, oil or powder have been claimed to work against respiratory ailments, eye problems, 2228: 1299:, in which the slits are on the side of the neck. Unlike sawfish, sawsharks also have a pair of long 1266:

sawfish have a rough sandpaper-like skin texture because of the covering of dermal denticles, but in

1174:

with a row of whitish teeth (rostral teeth) on either side of it. The rostrum is an extension of the

558: 525:

and the like. Sawfish quite resemble guitarfish, except that the latter group lacks a saw, and their

435: 363: 5600: 4433: 3555:"Species delineation and global population structure of Critically Endangered sawfishes (Pristidae)" 1884: 6930: 6613: 6590: 6093: 5137: 5114: 4641: 4547:

Curtis, Lee K.; Dennis, Andrew J.; McDonald, Keith R.; Kyne, Peter M.; Debus, Stephen J.S. (2012).

4381: 4359: 4330: 2518: 2337: 2188: 2078: 2024: 2008: 1919:

had Aztec names referring to sawfish. In the same general region, sawfish teeth have been found in

1867: 493: 6683: 6325: 5423: 2182:

species are known to be kept in public aquariums. The most common is the largetooth sawfish, with

1873:

Sawfish have been found among archaeological remains in several parts of the world, including the

7521: 6537: 5761:"The cultural significance of sharks and rays in Aboriginal societies across Australia's top end" 5513: 5405: 4913: 4280: 4245: 4124: 3818: 3615: 3455: 2836: 2707: 2638: 2580: 2541: 2530: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2336:

Although fishing is the main cause of the drastic decline in sawfish, another serious problem is

2147: 2105: 1847: 1717: 1695:, that allow the sawfish to detect and monitor the movements of other organisms by measuring the 1598: 1520: 1480: 1472: 1428: 1393: 1389: 1240: 1220: 1135: 1114: 1030: 870: 771: 538: 419: 411: 178: 157: 6247:"An upstream migration fought with danger: freshwater sawfish fending off sharks and crocodiles" 1066: 7462: 6160: 1162:

varies and dark individuals can be almost black. The underside is pale, and typically whitish.

7444: 7340: 7177: 6662: 6654: 6276: 5888: 5709: 5684: 5572: 5397: 5359: 5293: 5068: 5019: 4736: 4616: 4552: 4529: 4413: 4173: 4145:

Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (12 December 2014).

4086: 3984: 3954: 3926: 3732: 3532: 3123: 3077: 2899: 2650: 2614: 2545: 2321: 2208: 2040: 1920: 1889: 1859: 1649: 1171: 1149: 906: 901: 758: 510: 389: 351: 255: 7485: 7410: 6752:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for the Largetooth Sawfish" 6509: 1605:

Relatively little is known about the reproductive habits of the sawfish, but all species are

955: 7449: 6884: 6644: 6608: 6571: 6529: 6299:"More than 40 dead sawfish on Gina Rinehart's cattle station fuels concern about water plan" 6266: 6088: 6044: 5544: 5505: 5389: 5349: 5209: 5168: 5132: 5009: 4684: 4521: 4307: 4272: 4237: 4116: 4076: 4068: 3846: 3810: 3668: 3607: 3599: 3566: 3524: 3414: 3202: 2988: 2828: 2646: 2565: 2453: 2410: 2348:

about 60% had bite marks from bull sharks or crocodiles. Changes to river flows, such as by

2256: 2163: 2100: 1944: 1700: 1593: 1504: 1452: 1357: 1300: 1244: 1159: 1026: 642: 522: 459: 355: 343: 296: 3779: 3292: 7215: 6750:

Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (12 July 2011).

6013: 5739: 4799: 3587: 3459: 2755: 2735: 2690: 2341: 2155: 1928: 1634: 1353: 1195:, there are no teeth on the basal one-quarter of the rostrum (about one-sixth in juvenile 1184: 994: 964: 915: 852: 802: 711: 570: 506: 59: 7292: 5933:"When sawfish go wild: Released aquarium animals learn to swim with current, study finds" 5813: 5760: 5624: 4852: 6525: 6350: 6262: 5732: 5345: 5205: 5005: 4517: 4064: 3650: 3329: 3198: 2824: 2609:

is in the United States. In the United States the smalltooth sawfish once occurred from

2445:

as the nations where urgent action could make a big contribution to saving the species.

1049:, while others believe the groups are not particularly close, making the proposed clade 7167: 7147: 7130: 7089: 6459:"Sawfish researchers call for protection of crucial global stronghold in the Kimberley" 4081: 4048: 2522: 2260: 2252: 2224: 2204: 2036: 2004: 1972: 1696: 1629:, organs at the pelvic fins, into the female to fertilize the eggs. As known from many 1622:

is about 4.6 years in the narrow sawfish and 14.6–17.2 years in the remaining species.

1551: 1500: 1464: 1412: 1248: 1215: 1175: 1072: 845: 808: 663: 594: 431: 235: 225: 5328:

Wueringer, Barbara E.; Squire, Lyle; Kajiura, Stephen M.; et al. (1 March 2012).

1423: 1087: 751: 7515: 7120: 6079: 6070: 3822: 3724: 3659: 3571: 3554: 3443: 3297: 3148: 2887: 2593: 2534: 2370: 2312: 2264: 1810: 1796: 1758: 1658: 1630: 1606: 1468: 1460: 1408: 1397: 1381: 1377: 1093: 993:

species (both of these genera are also represented by living species). Historically,

859: 815: 724: 717: 447: 310: 166: 98: 6541: 6219: 6031:

Reis-Filho; Freitas; Loiola; Leite; Soeiro; Oliveira; Sampaio; Nunes; Leduc (2016).

6006: 5549: 5532: 5409: 4689: 4672: 3619: 3586:

Naylor, G.J.P.; J.N. Caira; K. Jensen; K.A.M. Rosana; W.T. White; P.R. Last (2012).

1372: 1005:. In contrast, several additional extinct genera are occasionally listed, including 585:

do not differ in morphology or genetics. As a consequence, recent authorities treat

7345: 7200: 7172: 7152: 7057: 6889: 6872: 6559: 2840: 2597: 2308: 2146:

became the world's first place to breed a member of this family in captivity, when

2094: 2064: 1984: 1980: 1924: 1912: 1874: 1863: 1766: 1662: 1547: 1507:

and Australia. Today sawfish have disappeared from much of their historical range.

1492: 1484: 1401: 1361: 1334: 1330: 1288: 1228: 1191:

sawfish, the teeth are found along the entire length of the rostrum, but, in adult

1148:

Notice difference in tooth shape and absence/presence of teeth on basal quarter of

1050: 1046: 1013: 681: 633: 549: 439: 404: 287: 7306: 6533: 1287:, five on each side, are placed on the underside of the body near the base of the 7319: 7039: 2485:

121,900. The narrow sawfish does not receive the same level of protection as the

2365:

sawfish, three are critically endangered and two are endangered according to the

2328:. In an attempt of lowering this, a guide to sawfish release has been published. 1769:

studies. Large sawfish often have rostral teeth with tips that are notably worn.

403:

Sawfish have been known and hunted for thousands of years, and play an important

7392: 7286: 7229: 7182: 7162: 6432:"'I can't say it was unexpected': Sawfish research team comes home empty-handed" 5470:

Stevens, J.D.; R.B. McAuley; C.A. Simpfendorfer; R.D. Pillans (September 2008).

3900: 2703: 2695: 2394: 2236: 2168: 2124: 1992: 1976: 1960: 1956: 1936: 1476: 1441: 1272: 795: 562: 513:, an order that now includes the sawfish family, as well as families containing 367: 292: 73: 6789:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

3352: 2572:, and only two (narrow and green sawfish) certainly survive in Southeast Asia. 985:, a monotypic genus only known from fossil remains, as well as several extinct 7210: 7114: 5354: 5329: 5014: 4989: 3528: 2832: 2658: 2569: 2549: 2426: 2390: 2288: 2284: 2268: 2244: 2240: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1688: 1563: 1543: 1539: 1311: 1307: 1256: 1252: 981: 960: 934: 514: 463: 396:(family Xiphiidae) which have a similar name but a very different appearance. 305: 118: 83: 7277: 6658: 6166:. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. 2004 6120:

SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin

3458:, with the assistance of McKenzie, Roderick. Oxford: Clarendon Press. In the 7366: 7157: 6649: 6632: 5789:"The endangered Smalltooth Sawfish gives birth at Atlantis, Paradise Island" 4673:"Putative extinction of two sawfish species in Mexico and the United States" 4671:

Monte-Luna; Castro-Aguirre; Brook; de la Cruz-Agüero; Cruz-Escalona (2009).

2654: 2627: 2442: 2248: 2232: 2120: 2116: 1532: 1284: 1280: 1224: 1179: 1007: 968: 950: 518: 393: 381:

waters, as well as freshwater rivers and lakes. All species are endangered.

378: 195: 123: 17: 6666: 6280: 6016:

FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 389. Rome, FAO. Retrieved 17 March 2009.

5401: 5363: 5091:. Florida State University, Coastal and Marine Laboratory. 25 December 2016 5023: 4533: 4090: 3536: 2974:"Ghosts of the coast: Global extinction risk and conservation of sawfishes" 1795:

Engraving showing a whale and several fish, including a sawfish, in China (

1467:. There are old reports (last in the late 1950s or shortly after) from the 7047: 6484: 3871: 7271: 7237: 7192: 7108: 7102: 6137:

Morgan; Wringer; Allen; Ebner; Whitty; Gleiss; Beatty (2 February 2016).

3953:. Mesozoic Fishes. Vol. 3. Munich: Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 57–73. 3847:"A Brief Review of the Fossil Record of the Pristids and Sclerorhynchids" 3334: 3157: 2972:

Dulvy; Davidson; Kyne; Simpfendorfer; Harrison; Carlson; Fordham (2014).

2422: 2418: 2402: 2325: 2301: 2183: 2073: 2035:

and rays created the land. The ancestral sawfish carved out the river of

1916: 1908: 1844:

Libri de piscibus marinis in quibus verae piscium effigies expressae sunt

1577: 1571: 1567: 1535: 1338: 1323: 1296: 1262:

Sawfish have a strong shark-like body, a flat underside and a flat head.

1158:

Sawfish are dull brownish, greyish, greenish or yellowish above, but the

1037:. Fossils of sawfish have been found around the world in all continents. 972: 502: 385: 375: 371: 347: 245: 215: 113: 108: 93: 88: 78: 42: 38: 6871:

Palmeira; Rodrigues-Filho; Sales; Vallinoto; Schneider; Sampaio (2013).

4990:"Facultative parthenogenesis in a critically endangered wild vertebrate" 4917: 4284: 4249: 4072: 1223:

showing its nostrils (near the base of the saw), mouth, and two rows of

879: 824: 777: 733: 672: 5517: 5173: 5156: 4128: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2633: 2584: 2510: 2505:

in October 2019 did not spot a single sawfish. Expert Dr Peter Kyne of

2292: 2276: 1996: 1968: 1952: 1750: 1732: 1642: 1638: 1626: 1488: 1456: 1448: 1346: 1025:, but recent authorities generally include the first two in the family 942: 692: 467: 415: 318: 128: 103: 5393: 5214: 5189: 4525: 2465:, which is the only remaining stronghold for four of the five species. 7397: 6575: 6271: 6246: 6049: 6032: 4933:"Researchers Discover Critical Clue in the Mystery of Sawfish Mating" 4311: 3611: 3206: 2993: 2678: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2406: 2398: 2128: 1948: 1932: 1878: 1753:, a common prey, have been found imbedded in the rostrum of sawfish. 1653: 1524: 946: 910: 542: 509:

Pristiformes, but recent authorities have generally subsumed it into

205: 7384: 7248: 6376:"Non detriment finding for the freshwater sawfish, Pristis microdon" 5509: 4276: 4241: 4120: 4047:

Welten, M.; M.M. Smith; C. Underwood; Z. Johanson (September 2015).

3814: 2119:

currency. This was due to it being a mythological representation of

7371: 4025:. Government of Western Australia, Fisheries Department. April 2011 3234:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from 1827:

Sawfish were occasionally mentioned in antiquity, in works such as

1809:

The largetooth sawfish was among the species formally described by

1712: 553:

contains a single living species that historically was included in

7470: 7139: 5496:

Breder, C. M. (1952). "On the utility of the saw of the sawfish".

5113:

D'Anastasi, B.; Simpfendorfer, C. & van Herwerden, L. (2013).

4764:"Pristis zijsron — Green Sawfish, Dindagubba, Narrowsnout Sawfish" 3603: 2895: 2670: 2632: 2610: 2574: 2490: 2452: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2316: 2280: 2198: 2138: 2050: 2020: 1988: 1964: 1904: 1893: 1883: 1790: 1711: 1592: 1514: 1496: 1422: 1371: 1364:, which increases the surface area available for food absorption. 1342: 1234: 1214: 1042: 971:

rather than a sawfish. Indisputable sawfish genera emerged in the

927: 900: 443: 4988:

Fields, A.T.; K.A. Feldheim; G.R. Poulakis; D.D. Chapman (2015).

3381:"Queensland fisherman caught selling bills of endangered sawfish" 2481:

can legally catch them. Violations can result in a fine of up to

1152:(each red or black section on ruler is 10 cm or 3.9 in) 3752:

Eschmeyer, W.N.; R. Fricke; R. van der Laan (17 November 2017).

2715: 2414: 2378: 619: 427: 7252: 7061: 5483:

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

2482: 2373:. The sawfish is now presumed extinct in 55 nations (including 2296: 1903:

The cultural significance of sawfish varies significantly. The

4172:(3 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 44–45. 2699: 2641:

briefly captured for tagging as part of a conservation project

2514: 2349: 2131:

bronze weight, used for exchanges in the trade of gold powder.

1762:

sawfish had a 33 cm (13 in) catfish in its stomach.

359: 7358: 5188:

Feutry; Kyne; Pillans; Chen; Marthick; Morgan; Grewe (2015).

3503:(2 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 31–56. 3436: 3076:. IUCN Species Survival Commission's Shark Specialist Group. 1824:, but sawfish were already known thousands of years earlier. 6774:"Man fined $ 2000 for killing endangered smalltooth sawfish" 6558:

Fernandez-Carvalho; Imhoff; Faria; Carlson; Burgess (2013).

4956:"Rare Fish Performs "Virgin Births"—First Known in The Wild" 2665:, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, 2617:, has now stabilised and appears to be slowly increasing. A 2063:

Sawfish have been used as symbols in recent history. During

1923:

graves. The sawfish saw is part of the dancing masks of the

6814:

Fordham, S.V.; Jabado, R.; Kyne, P.M.; Dulvy, N.K. (2018).

6383:

Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

1345:), and have a skeleton consisting of cartilage. Males have 486: 6714: 6712: 6678: 6676: 5472:"Spatial distribution and habitat utilisation of sawfish ( 1170:

The most distinctive feature of sawfish is their saw-like

975:

age about 60 million years ago, relatively soon after the

7048:

Report your sawfish sighting to Sharks and Rays Australia

6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 5910:"Endangered Sawfish takes up residence at Dubai Aquariam" 2340:. Coastal and estuarine habitats, including mangrove and 2089:(Battle Badge of Small Combat Units) depicted a sawfish. 1802:

Het gezantschap der Neêrlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie

5619: 5617: 2754:

Correct rostral tooth count refers to visible teeth and

2689:

or entirely extirpated from several of these countries.

2162:

in the Bahamas and, in 2023, another three were born at

1911:. Numerous sawfish rostra have been found buried at the 5449:"Sawfish are the ultimate stealth hunters, study finds" 4170:

Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South East Asia

2207:

caught by a local fisherman about 100 years ago in the

407:

and spiritual role in many societies around the world.

392:(order Rajiformes) which have a similar appearance, or 6508:

Everett; Cliff; Dudley; Wintner; van der Elst (2015).

5569:

Demon Fish: Travels Through the Hidden World of Sharks

4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 2981:

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

2890:; White; de Carvalho; Séret; Stehmann; Naylor (2016). 1862:

in 1613. Outside Europe, sawfish are mentioned in old

5290:

Zombie birds, astronaut fish, and other weird animals

4789: 4787: 3866: 3864: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 941:

In addition to the living sawfish, there are several

820:

longcomb sawfish, narrowsnout sawfish, olive sawfish

569:

contains four living, valid species divided into two

7000:"Experts warn Australian sawfish close to dying out" 5292:. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media. pp. 55–58. 4325: 4323: 4321: 3891: 3889: 2645:

Since 2007, all sawfish species have been listed on

959:

whose remains date back 100 million years, from the

7261: 7228: 7191: 7138: 7129: 7013:"Australian endangered species: Largetooth Sawfish" 6721:"Sawfish Is First Sea Fish on U.S. Endangered List" 6405:"Australian endangered species: Largetooth Sawfish" 6220:"Photos show crocodile eating sawfish in Australia" 5952: 5950: 5783: 5781: 5601:"Sawfish Recovery — Is a Mythical Fish Recovering?" 4842: 4840: 4350: 4348: 3981:

A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Texas to Maine

3470: 3468: 1447:Historically they ranged in the East Atlantic from 7025:"Searching for the world's last remaining sawfish" 6842:"Searching for the world's last remaining sawfish" 6245:Morgan; Somaweera; Gleiss; Beatty; Whitty (2017). 5476:spp) in relation to fishing in northern Australia" 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 3592:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2473:, but they have also experienced a decline there. 2332:Habitat destruction and vulnerability to predators 1531:Sawfish are primarily found in coastal marine and 6553: 6551: 6485:"Sharks And Rays Australia Research Organisation" 5837:"Sawfish welcomed to new home at Cairns Aquarium" 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 3674:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T18584848A58336780.en 2694:originating from sawfish when cut up for sale at 2123:and prosperity. The image takes its form from an 1203:sawfish, and flattened and broadly triangular in 616:Common names (most frequently used listed first) 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5375: 5373: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5261:"Discovery Kingdom's sawfish off to New Orleans" 5108: 5106: 5035: 5033: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4476: 4474: 4265:Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science 4102: 4100: 3693: 3691: 3347: 3345: 3143: 3141: 3113: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 1637:where no male is involved and the offspring are 1275:road. They have small eyes and behind each is a 905:Extinct sawfish are often only known from their 6626: 6624: 6589:Carlson, J.; Wiley, T. & Smith, K. (2013). 6351:"'Hedge trimmer' fish facing global extinction" 6326:"What's Killing Endangered Sawfish in Florida?" 6064: 6062: 6060: 5985:"'Hedge trimmer' fish facing global extinction" 5754: 5752: 5562: 5560: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5150: 5148: 5042:"'Virgin births' won't save endangered sawfish" 4403: 4401: 4399: 3951:Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 1451:to South Africa, and in the West Atlantic from 418:, United States. The five species are rated as 6955:. Ripley's Aquarium of Canada. 12 October 2017 6906:"Recovery: Smalltooth Sawfish Flickering Back" 6614:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T18175A43398238.en 6292: 6290: 6196:. Sawfish Conservation Society. Archived from 6113: 6111: 6094:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T39390A68641215.en 5960:. Sawfish Conservation Society. Archived from 5674: 5672: 5571:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 57–66. 5283: 5281: 5138:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39389A18620409.en 4851:. Sawfish Conservation Society. Archived from 4798:. Sawfish Conservation Society. Archived from 4358:. Sawfish Conservation Society. Archived from 4201:. Sawfish Conservation Society. Archived from 3983:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 82. 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3303:International Union for Conservation of Nature 3122:. Sawfish Conservation Society. Archived from 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2685:and South Africa, but they are likely already 2367:International Union for Conservation of Nature 2178:Among the five sawfish species, only the four 2007:and neighbouring languages) are often used in 1967:see sawfish as an authority symbol. There are 1306:Sawfish have two relatively high and distinct 7073: 5727: 5725: 4983: 4981: 4042: 4040: 3944: 3942: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 2315:fishing fleet, and a proliferation of modern 2275:, but also known from Mexico, Brazil, Kenya, 66: 8: 6026: 6024: 6022: 5887:. Ohio Biological Survey. pp. 237–248. 5808: 5806: 4666: 4664: 4222: 4220: 4193: 4191: 4189: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3731:. CSIRO Special Publication. pp. 1–10. 3729:Rays of the World: Supplementary Information 3548: 3546: 3323: 3321: 3319: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2477:sawfish are protected in Australia and only 2082: 1440:Sawfish are found worldwide in tropical and 1356:contain an internal partition shaped like a 5706:Archaeology, language, and the African past 5627:. Save Our Seas Foundation. 18 October 2017 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 3897:"Family Pristidae Bonaparte 1838 (sawfish)" 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3070:Sawfish: A Global Strategy for Conservation 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 350:characterized by a long, narrow, flattened 7249: 7135: 7080: 7066: 7058: 6816:"Saving Sawfish – Progress and Priorities" 4735:. Ohio Biological Survey. pp. 75–85. 4455:Sullivan, T.; C. Elenberger (April 2012). 4140: 4138: 3475:Sullivan, T.; C. Elenberger (April 2012). 2509:said that habitat change in the south and 2497:Largetooth sawfish have been monitored in 1856:De piscibus libri V, et De cetis lib. vnus 1471:and these have typically been regarded as 388:(order Pristiophoriformes) or the extinct 358:teeth, arranged in a way that resembles a 148: 139: 49: 7216:Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives) 6888: 6648: 6612: 6270: 6092: 6048: 5548: 5443: 5441: 5353: 5213: 5172: 5136: 5013: 4688: 4080: 3672: 3570: 3559:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3067:Harrison, L.R.; N.K. Dulvy, eds. (2014). 2992: 1727:Sawfish are predators that feed on fish, 1663:return to the region where they were born 6754:. Federal Register. pp. 40822–40836 4769:Department of the Environment and Energy 4589:Department of the Environment and Energy 4149:. Federal Register. pp. 73977–74005 3704:Department of the Environment and Energy 2564:Except for Australia, sawfish have been 2115:to appear on coins and banknotes of the 1866:texts, such as 13th century writings by 1479:(Mexico) to northern Peru. Although the 895:Marine waters, estuaries, rivers, lakes 603: 7148:Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks) 6840:Casselman, A. Sawfish (18 April 2019). 6684:"Recovery Plan for Smalltooth Sawfish ( 6600:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6007:Shark utilization, marketing and trade. 5124:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4637:"The Mediterranean's Missing Sawfishes" 2770: 2747: 2113:Central Bank of the West African States 1279:, which is used to draw water past the 7537:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 7043:Australian Marine Conservation Society 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6139:"What is the fate of amputee sawfish?" 5451:. Australian Geographic. 24 March 2017 4794:Whitty, J.; N. Phillips; R. Scharfer. 4615:. IKAN Unterwasserarchiv. p. 28. 3698:Department of the Environment (2017). 3454:, revised and augmented throughout by 2271:. As traditional medicine (especially 1896:, Papua New Guinea, now housed at the 501:Despite their appearance, sawfish are 438:, their teeth and saw. They also face 354:, or nose extension, lined with sharp 6564:Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst 6465:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 6438:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 6305:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5067:. Carolrhoda Books, Inc. p. 38. 4613:Mediterranean and Atlantic Fish Guide 4485:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research 3501:Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives 2171:are necessary to encourage breeding. 2111:A stylized sawfish was chosen by the 2085:Kampfabzeichen der Kleinkampfverbände 2057:Kampfabzeichen der Kleinkampfverbände 1971:with sawfish in the African language 1625:Mating involves the male inserting a 1566:. They are often found in areas with 7: 7476:FD1087D9-FFA4-4A55-FF67-A1B44C73F89F 7211:Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes) 5958:"Sawfish in Aquariums and the Media" 5766:. Marine Education Society Australia 4584:— Dwarf Sawfish, Queensland Sawfish" 4551:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 80–87. 2813:Review in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2059:(Battle Badge of Small Combat Units) 977:Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction 668:knifetooth sawfish, pointed sawfish 458:The scientific names of the sawfish 7168:Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks) 6457:Moodie, Claire (24 December 2019). 6324:Mazzei, Patricia (April 15, 2024). 6080:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5759:McDavitt, M. T. (6–13 March 2005). 5426:. University of Florida. 2017-05-02 5330:"The function of the sawfish's saw" 4884:. University of Florida. 2017-05-04 4384:. University of Florida. 2017-05-03 4333:. University of Florida. 2017-05-03 3660:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3417:. University of Florida. 2017-05-16 3330:"Sawfish protection acquires teeth" 1683:Electroreception and electrogenesis 1487:, ranging from South Africa to the 5983:Briggs, Helen (11 February 2021). 5683:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 4849:"Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758)" 4796:"Pristis pectinata (Latham, 1794)" 2758:("tooth sockets") from lost teeth. 2077:, and was later the symbol of the 1665:to give birth to their own young. 529:likely was similar to guitarfish. 430:. They are hunted for their fins ( 25: 7178:Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks) 6977:. NOAA Fisheries. 17 October 2018 6695:National Marine Fisheries Service 6514:African Journal of Marine Science 6430:Kilvert, Nick (17 October 2019). 5835:Batesman, D. (28 November 2017). 5679:Helfman, G.; B. Collette (2011). 4645:. 22 January 2015. Archived from 3925:. Vol. 3E. Verlag F. Pfeil. 2723:Florida Museum of Natural History 1787:In history, culture and mythology 949:remains. The oldest known is the 945:species that only are known from 384:They should not be confused with 7173:Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks) 6975:"International Sawfish Day 2018" 6904:Williams, T. (30 January 2018). 5908:Campbell, F. (14 October 2017). 4733:Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual II 4408:Compagno; Dando; Fowler (2004). 4020:"Fisheries Fact Sheet — Sawfish" 3979:Kells, V.; K. Carpenter (2015). 3572:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x 3415:"Why Report Sawfish Encounters?" 3328:Black, Richard (June 11, 2007). 3232:"Cultural Importance of Sawfish" 2499:Fitzroy River, Western Australia 1999:, the saws of sawfish (known as 1881:, coastal Brazil and elsewhere. 1687:The rostrum (saw), unique among 1128: 1107: 1086: 1065: 878: 844: 823: 794: 776: 750: 732: 703: 671: 641: 182: 7532:Extant Eocene first appearances 7201:Torpediniformes (electric rays) 7031:. 18 April 2019. Archived from 5931:Herrick, R. (27 October 2014). 5681:Fishes: The Animal Answer Guide 5625:"Sawfish Cultural Significance" 5550:10.1590/S1679-62252005000300010 4690:10.1590/S1679-62252009000300020 4549:Queensland's Threatened Animals 1915:, and two locations in coastal 1407:The two remaining species, the 7158:Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks) 6933:. Sawfish Conservation Society 6890:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.017 6297:Moodie, Claire (1 June 2019). 6161:"A guide to releasing sawfish" 5259:Jones, C. (16 November 2010). 5194:Marine Ecology Progress Series 3758:California Academy of Sciences 2371:Red List of Threatened Species 1295:1.5 m or 5 ft long) 442:. Sawfish have been listed by 1: 7183:Lamniformes (mackerel sharks) 7163:Squatiniformes (angel sharks) 7153:Squaliformes (dogfish sharks) 7011:Kyne, Peter (17 April 2014). 6821:. IUCN Shark Specialist Group 6534:10.2989/1814232X.2015.1027269 5885:Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual 5382:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 5040:Zielinski, S. (5 June 2015). 4412:. Collins. pp. 131–136. 3778:Pollerspöck, J.; N. Straube. 2601: 2187:captive dwarf sawfish are in 2071:, known for its portrayal in 1898:Ethnological Museum of Berlin 1877:region, the Pacific coast of 1292: 967:), though it may represent a 6141:. American Fisheries Society 5791:. Bahamas Local. 31 May 2012 3923:Handbook of Paleoichthyology 3379:Slezak, M. (3 August 2016). 2698:. This can be resolved with 2017:Buddhist temples in Thailand 1499:and southern Japan, through 989:species and several extinct 887: 869: 850: 832: 814: 800: 785: 770: 756: 741: 723: 709: 680: 662: 647: 487: 5531:Gonzalez, M. M. B. (2005). 3257:Platt, J.R. (2 July 2013). 3120:"How sawfish use their saw" 2579:Sign for the protection of 2533:, and the Fitzroy River in 1337:(instead controlling their 1219:The whitish underside of a 7553: 7238:Chimaeriformes (chimaeras) 6719:Walker, C. (4 June 2003). 5288:Crew, Becky (2013-04-18). 4935:. Florida State University 4053:Royal Society Open Science 3437: 3353:"Appendices I, II and III" 3259:"Last Chance for Sawfish?" 2081:. The German World War II 2046:Carmine Maggiore in Naples 1680: 476: 36: 29: 7097: 6953:"Celebrating the Sawfish" 6489:Sharks And Rays Australia 5864:CBS News. 18 October 2023 5355:10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.055 5015:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.018 4954:Lee, J.J. (1 June 2015). 4847:Whitty, J.; N. Phillips. 3529:10.11646/zootaxa.4117.4.1 2833:10.1007/s11160-009-9112-7 2507:Charles Darwin University 2031:, the ancestral sawfish, 1310:, wing-like pectoral and 840: 836:Marine waters, estuaries 789:Marine waters, estuaries 745:Marine waters, estuaries 699: 690: 686:Marine waters, estuaries 631: 606: 557:, but the two genera are 283: 278: 179:Scientific classification 177: 156: 147: 138: 52: 7206:Pristiformes (sawfishes) 4931:FSUCML (14 April 2017). 4821:Seitz, J. (2017-05-10). 4199:"Sawfish Identification" 3667:: e.T18584848A58336780. 3161:. November 2017 version. 3151:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2219:Fishing for various uses 2195:Decline and conservation 2160:Atlantis Paradise Island 2144:Atlantis Paradise Island 2055:The German World War II 1782:Relationship with humans 1303:on the rostrum ("saw"). 935:Propristis schweinfurthi 924:Extinct (fossil) species 607:Genus and species group 37:Not to be confused with 32:Sawfish (disambiguation) 5599:Sohn, E. (March 2015). 5537:Neotropical Ichthyology 5265:San Francisco Chronicle 4825:. University of Florida 4677:Neotropical Ichthyology 4506:Journal of Fish Biology 4459:. University of Florida 3803:Journal of Paleontology 3479:. University of Florida 3460:Perseus Digital Library 3456:Jones, Sir Henry Stuart 3452:A Greek–English Lexicon 3355:. CITES. 4 October 2017 2687:functionally extirpated 2320:described as sawfish's 2173:Artificial insemination 2154:Sawfish are popular in 2150:pups were born in 2012. 1722:Shanghai Ocean Aquarium 1589:Breeding and life cycle 1227:(at the base of either 565:highly distinct. Today 498:'saw, sawyer'. 6910:The Nature Conservancy 6194:"Sawfish Conservation" 6192:Smith, K.; J. Whitty. 5731:Raloff, Janet (2007). 5704:Blench, Roger (2006). 5117:Anoxypristis cuspidata 3782:. shark-references.com 2642: 2623:Endangered Species Act 2588: 2479:Indigenous Australians 2466: 2291:, pain, inflammation, 2212: 2151: 2083: 2060: 2029:Indigenous Australians 1900: 1888:A mask with a sawfish 1806: 1724: 1602: 1542:(can adapt to various 1528: 1432: 1400:are among the world's 1385: 1341:with a large oil-rich 1259: 1232: 1077:Anoxypristis cuspidata 1057:Appearance and anatomy 938: 920: 650:Anoxypristis cuspidata 454:Taxonomy and etymology 7458:Paleobiology Database 6650:10.1093/jhered/esr098 6607:: e.T18175A43398238. 6087:: e.T39390A68641215. 6005:Vannuccini, S. 1999. 5567:Eilperin, J. (2012). 5131:: e.T39389A18620409. 5063:Walker, S.M. (2003). 4611:Debelius, H. (1997). 3444:Liddell, Henry George 2712:Critically Endangered 2636: 2578: 2456: 2202: 2142: 2054: 1887: 1794: 1715: 1693:ampullae of Lorenzini 1681:Further information: 1596: 1538:waters, but they are 1518: 1426: 1376:Compare the sizes of 1375: 1318:; small to absent in 1238: 1218: 1029:and the last two are 931: 909:teeth, here from the 904: 884:Critically endangered 829:Critically endangered 782:Critically endangered 738:Critically endangered 677:Critically endangered 471:are derived from the 424:Critically Endangered 362:. They are among the 6037:Endanger Species Res 5746:vol. 172, pp. 90-92. 4823:"Knifetooth Sawfish" 4457:"Largetooth Sawfish" 4300:Aquatic Conservation 3845:Seitz, J.C. (2014). 3477:"Largetooth Sawfish" 3187:Aquatic Conservation 2675:United Arab Emirates 2503:Far North Queensland 2231:, rostral teeth for 2229:traditional medicine 1773:Saw and self-defense 1641:of their mother. In 1523:in shallow water at 1495:, east and north to 1271:somewhat resemble a 436:traditional medicine 30:For other uses, see 6846:National Geographic 6725:National Geographic 6637:Journal of Heredity 6526:2015AfJMS..37..275E 6263:2017Ecol...98.1465M 6200:on 30 November 2017 5346:2012CBio...22.R150W 5206:2015MEPS..533..237F 5006:2015CBio...25.R446F 4960:National Geographic 4855:on 18 November 2017 4649:on November 9, 2018 4642:National Geographic 4518:2016JFBio..89.1112N 4410:Sharks of the World 4073:10.1098/rsos.150189 4065:2015RSOS....250189W 3754:"Catalog of Fishes" 3462:, Tufts University. 3263:Scientific American 3199:2015ACMFE..25..656M 3126:on 30 November 2017 2825:2009RFBF...19..445W 2519:saltwater crocodile 2360:21st century status 2338:habitat destruction 2079:9th U-boat Flotilla 1995:region of southern 1868:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1854:" were included in 1842:" were included in 1455:(United States) to 1211:Head, body and fins 1178:("skull"), made of 997:have not separated 729:Queensland sawfish 434:), use of parts as 370:regions in coastal 7527:Ovoviviparous fish 7090:cartilaginous fish 7035:on April 18, 2019. 6931:"Sawfish Research" 6776:. 25 January 2020. 6330:The New York Times 6012:2017-08-02 at the 5816:. Georgia Aquarium 5738:2008-04-17 at the 5708:. Altamira Press. 5242:Wildlife Australia 5174:10.7755/fb.114.4.8 4483:"Big Fish Stories" 4481:Martin, R. Aidan. 4362:on 31 October 2020 4205:on 19 October 2019 4168:Allen, G. (1999). 3238:on 1 December 2017 3153:"Family Pristidae" 2898:. pp. 57–66. 2643: 2639:smalltooth sawfish 2589: 2581:smalltooth sawfish 2546:Indigenous rangers 2542:Murdoch University 2531:Northern Territory 2471:Northern Australia 2467: 2463:Northern Australia 2459:largetooth sawfish 2283:, Iran, India and 2213: 2152: 2148:smalltooth sawfish 2106:Demons of the Deep 2061: 2033:Yukwurrirrindangwa 1901: 1848:Guillaume Rondelet 1807: 1725: 1718:largetooth sawfish 1669:years, and in the 1603: 1599:smalltooth sawfish 1529: 1521:smalltooth sawfish 1481:Gulf of California 1433: 1429:smalltooth sawfish 1394:largetooth sawfish 1390:smalltooth sawfish 1386: 1260: 1239:Comparison of the 1233: 1221:largetooth sawfish 1136:Largetooth sawfish 1115:Smalltooth sawfish 979:. Among these are 939: 921: 871:Largetooth sawfish 772:Smalltooth sawfish 537:The species level 462:Pristidae and its 412:Northern Australia 158:Largetooth sawfish 7509: 7508: 7445:Open Tree of Life 7255:Taxon identifiers 7246: 7245: 7224: 7223: 7140:Selachii (sharks) 7006:. 8 January 2019. 6852:on April 18, 2019 6686:Pristis pectinata 6593:Pristis pectinata 5894:978-0-86727-152-2 5715:978-0-7591-0465-5 5690:978-1-4214-0223-9 5578:978-0-307-38680-9 5394:10.1159/000329515 5299:978-1-4405-6026-2 5215:10.3354/meps11354 5074:978-1-57505-172-7 5000:(11): R446–R447. 4906:Florida Scientist 4802:on 7 October 2022 4742:978-0-86727-166-9 4622:978-3-925919-54-1 4558:978-0-643-09614-1 4526:10.1111/jfb.12946 4419:978-0-00-713610-0 4382:"Sawfish Anatomy" 4356:"Sawfish Anatomy" 4331:"Sawfish Biology" 4179:978-0-7309-8363-7 3990:978-0-8018-9838-9 3960:978-3-89937-053-9 3932:978-3-89937-148-2 3780:"Pristis pristis" 3738:978-1-4863-0801-9 3083:978-0-9561063-3-9 2905:978-0-643-10914-8 2892:Rays of the World 2651:CITES Appendix II 2615:genetic diversity 2607:viable population 2560:Rest of the world 2304:for consumption. 2209:Dutch East Indies 1860:Ulisse Aldrovandi 1620:generation length 1614:and 2–3 years in 1333:, sawfish lack a 1119:Pristis pectinata 899: 898: 885: 867: 830: 812: 783: 768: 759:Pristis pectinata 739: 721: 678: 660: 511:Rhinopristiformes 497: 485: 338:, also known as 333: 332: 327: 314: 300: 274: 256:Rhinopristiformes 16:(Redirected from 7544: 7502: 7501: 7489: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7466: 7465: 7453: 7452: 7440: 7439: 7427: 7426: 7414: 7413: 7401: 7400: 7388: 7387: 7375: 7374: 7362: 7361: 7349: 7348: 7336: 7335: 7323: 7322: 7310: 7309: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7250: 7136: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7059: 7036: 7020: 7017:The Conversation 7007: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6848:. Archived from 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6794: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6727:. Archived from 6716: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6692: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6652: 6628: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6576:10.1002/aqc.2394 6555: 6546: 6545: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6409:The Conversation 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6380: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6347: 6334: 6333: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6274: 6272:10.1002/ecy.1737 6257:(5): 1465–1467. 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6189: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6066: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050:10.3354/esr00711 6028: 6017: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5814:"Saving Sawfish" 5810: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5756: 5747: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5676: 5667: 5666: 5654: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5621: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5596: 5583: 5582: 5564: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5424:"Sawfish Basics" 5420: 5414: 5413: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5357: 5340:(5): R150–R151. 5325: 5304: 5303: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5237: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5161:Fishery Bulletin 5152: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5037: 5028: 5027: 5017: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4962:. Archived from 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4878: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4844: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4760: 4747: 4746: 4728: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4576: 4563: 4562: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4512:(1): 1112–1120. 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4405: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4327: 4316: 4315: 4312:10.1002/aqc.2398 4295: 4289: 4288: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4184: 4183: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4084: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4024: 4016: 3995: 3994: 3976: 3965: 3964: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3874:. Fossil Sawfish 3868: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3849:. Fossil Sawfish 3842: 3827: 3826: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3645: 3624: 3623: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3472: 3463: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3411: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3376: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3325: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3289: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3228: 3211: 3210: 3207:10.1002/aqc.2441 3182: 3163: 3162: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3115: 3088: 3087: 3075: 3064: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994:10.1002/aqc.2525 2978: 2969: 2910: 2909: 2884: 2845: 2844: 2808: 2759: 2752: 2647:CITES Appendix I 2603: 2544:researchers and 2411:Science Advances 2342:seagrass meadows 2273:Chinese medicine 2164:SeaWorld Orlando 2156:public aquariums 2101:Fighting Fantasy 2088: 1945:Bissagos Islands 1701:Electroreception 1505:Papua New Guinea 1459:, including the 1354:small intestines 1294: 1255:compared to the 1185:dermal denticles 1132: 1111: 1090: 1069: 1027:Sclerorhynchidae 995:palaeontologists 883: 882: 857: 848: 828: 827: 807: 798: 781: 780: 763: 754: 737: 736: 716: 707: 695: 676: 675: 654: 645: 636: 613:Scientific name 604: 492: 490: 480: 478: 390:sclerorhynchoids 340:carpenter sharks 322: 309: 291: 269: 187: 186: 152: 143: 133: 70: 63: 56:Temporal range: 50: 27:Family of fishes 21: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7497: 7492: 7484: 7482: 7474: 7469: 7461: 7456: 7448: 7443: 7435: 7430: 7422: 7417: 7409: 7404: 7396: 7391: 7383: 7378: 7370: 7365: 7357: 7352: 7344: 7339: 7331: 7326: 7318: 7313: 7305: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7257: 7247: 7242: 7220: 7193:Batoidea (rays) 7187: 7125: 7093: 7086: 7056: 7023: 7010: 6998: 6995: 6993:Further reading 6990: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6731:on June 6, 2003 6718: 6717: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6681: 6674: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6557: 6556: 6549: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6493: 6491: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6411:. 17 April 2014 6403: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6337: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6296: 6295: 6288: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6226:. 12 April 2017 6218: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6191: 6190: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6117: 6116: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6073:Pristis clavata 6068: 6067: 6058: 6030: 6029: 6020: 6014:Wayback Machine 6004: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5740:Wayback Machine 5730: 5723: 5716: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5656: 5655: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5586: 5579: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5510:10.2307/1438539 5495: 5494: 5490: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5334:Current Biology 5327: 5326: 5307: 5300: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5239: 5238: 5223: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5112: 5111: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5031: 4994:Current Biology 4987: 4986: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4966:on June 2, 2015 4953: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4882:"Sawfish Myths" 4880: 4879: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4762: 4761: 4750: 4743: 4730: 4729: 4698: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4582:Pristis clavata 4578: 4577: 4566: 4559: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4407: 4406: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4319: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4277:10.2307/1442018 4262: 4261: 4257: 4242:10.2307/1442018 4226: 4225: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4187: 4180: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4121:10.2307/1442018 4106: 4105: 4098: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017: 3998: 3991: 3978: 3977: 3968: 3961: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3830: 3815:10.1666/05086.1 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3653:Pristis pristis 3647: 3646: 3627: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3327: 3326: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3291: 3290: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3214: 3184: 3183: 3166: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3117: 3116: 3091: 3084: 3073: 3066: 3065: 3002: 2976: 2971: 2970: 2913: 2906: 2886: 2885: 2848: 2810: 2809: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2736:Threatened rays 2732: 2691:Illegal fishing 2562: 2489:sawfish. Under 2451: 2362: 2334: 2221: 2211:(now Indonesia) 2197: 2137: 2025:Warnindhilyagwa 1935:, Mexico. The 1831:Natural History 1820:Systema Naturae 1815:Squalus pristis 1789: 1784: 1775: 1710: 1697:electric fields 1685: 1679: 1677:Electrolocation 1635:parthenogenesis 1591: 1586: 1513: 1438: 1421: 1370: 1213: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1140:Pristis pristis 1133: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1112: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1098:Pristis zijsron 1091: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1059: 965:Late Cretaceous 926: 916:Pristis lathami 891: 889: 874: 856: 853:Pristis pristis 819: 806: 803:Pristis zijsron 762: 728: 715: 712:Pristis clavata 693: 667: 653: 634: 595:junior synonyms 559:morphologically 535: 527:common ancestor 456: 268: 181: 171:Pristis zijsron 165: 162:Pristis pristis 134: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 69:for discussion) 64: 60:Late Cretaceous 58: 57: 54: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7550: 7548: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7514: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7490: 7480: 7467: 7454: 7441: 7428: 7415: 7402: 7389: 7376: 7363: 7350: 7337: 7324: 7311: 7298: 7283: 7267: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7197: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7133: 7131:Elasmobranchii 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7055: 7054:External links 7052: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7037: 7021: 7008: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6966: 6944: 6922: 6896: 6883:(1): 249–252. 6863: 6832: 6806: 6779: 6765: 6742: 6708: 6672: 6643:(6): 643–652. 6620: 6581: 6570:(4): 478–497. 6547: 6520:(2): 275–284. 6500: 6476: 6449: 6422: 6396: 6367: 6335: 6316: 6286: 6237: 6211: 6177: 6152: 6129: 6107: 6056: 6043:(3): 189–200. 6018: 5998: 5975: 5946: 5923: 5912:. The National 5900: 5893: 5875: 5853: 5827: 5802: 5777: 5748: 5721: 5714: 5696: 5689: 5668: 5638: 5613: 5584: 5577: 5556: 5543:(3): 421–426. 5523: 5488: 5462: 5437: 5415: 5388:(2): 139–149. 5369: 5305: 5298: 5277: 5251: 5221: 5180: 5167:(4): 461–475. 5144: 5102: 5080: 5073: 5055: 5029: 4977: 4946: 4923: 4912:(4): 256–266. 4895: 4866: 4836: 4813: 4783: 4748: 4741: 4696: 4683:(3): 508–512. 4660: 4628: 4621: 4603: 4564: 4557: 4539: 4496: 4470: 4447: 4425: 4418: 4395: 4373: 4344: 4317: 4306:(6): 791–804. 4290: 4255: 4216: 4185: 4178: 4160: 4134: 4115:(3): 499–506. 4096: 4036: 3996: 3989: 3966: 3959: 3938: 3931: 3913: 3885: 3872:"Introduction" 3860: 3828: 3809:(3): 597–601. 3793: 3770: 3744: 3737: 3716: 3687: 3625: 3578: 3542: 3523:(4): 451–475. 3506: 3490: 3464: 3428: 3397: 3366: 3341: 3315: 3275: 3249: 3212: 3193:(5): 656–677. 3164: 3149:Froese, Rainer 3137: 3118:Wueringer, B. 3089: 3082: 3000: 2987:(1): 134–153. 2911: 2904: 2846: 2819:(4): 445–464. 2769: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2561: 2558: 2523:Adelaide River 2450: 2447: 2361: 2358: 2333: 2330: 2322:Achilles' heel 2225:shark fin soup 2220: 2217: 2205:narrow sawfish 2196: 2193: 2136: 2133: 2069:U-96 submarine 2037:Groote Eylandt 1987:people) it is 1850:in 1554, and " 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1709: 1706: 1678: 1675: 1601:being released 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1552:Lake Nicaragua 1512: 1509: 1501:Southeast Asia 1465:Gulf of Mexico 1437: 1434: 1420: 1417: 1413:narrow sawfish 1369: 1366: 1331:elasmobranches 1249:narrow sawfish 1212: 1209: 1176:chondrocranium 1167: 1164: 1147: 1146: 1134: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1113: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1092: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1073:Narrow sawfish 1071: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1055: 925: 922: 897: 896: 893: 886: 876: 868: 849: 842: 838: 837: 834: 831: 821: 813: 799: 791: 790: 787: 784: 774: 769: 755: 747: 746: 743: 740: 730: 722: 708: 701: 698: 688: 687: 684: 679: 669: 664:Narrow sawfish 661: 646: 639: 629: 628: 627:Main habitats 625: 622: 617: 614: 611: 608: 571:species groups 534: 533:Living species 531: 455: 452: 432:shark fin soup 331: 330: 329: 328: 315: 301: 281: 280: 276: 275: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 236:Elasmobranchii 233: 229: 228: 226:Chondrichthyes 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 175: 174: 154: 153: 145: 144: 136: 135: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 71: 55: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7549: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7121:Gnathostomata 7118: 7116: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7091: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7069: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6864: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6833: 6817: 6810: 6807: 6791: 6790: 6783: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6766: 6753: 6746: 6743: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6501: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6450: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6423: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6384: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6317: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6238: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6140: 6133: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5986: 5979: 5976: 5964:on 8 May 2021 5963: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5934: 5927: 5924: 5911: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5876: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5828: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733:Hammered Saws 5728: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5561: 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2339: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2313:shark finning 2310: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027:, a group of 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1811:Carl Linnaeus 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797:Johan Nieuhof 1793: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1719: 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Retrieved 3124:the original 3069: 2984: 2980: 2891: 2816: 2812: 2750: 2720: 2710:rather than 2696:fish markets 2644: 2598:Sierra Leone 2590: 2563: 2555: 2539: 2496: 2486: 2474: 2468: 2363: 2354: 2335: 2306: 2233:cockfighting 2222: 2214: 2179: 2177: 2153: 2135:In aquariums 2110: 2099: 2095:Vicke Viking 2093: 2091: 2072: 2065:World War II 2062: 2032: 2013: 2000: 1942: 1913:Templo Mayor 1902: 1875:Persian Gulf 1872: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834:(77–79 AD). 1830: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1808: 1800: 1776: 1767:hydrodynamic 1764: 1743: 1736: 1726: 1686: 1670: 1667: 1647: 1624: 1616:Anoxypristis 1615: 1611: 1604: 1576: 1560: 1556: 1548:Amazon River 1530: 1493:Persian Gulf 1485:Indo-Pacific 1446: 1439: 1419:Distribution 1406: 1402:largest fish 1387: 1362:spiral valve 1351: 1335:swim bladder 1328: 1319: 1316:Anoxypristis 1315: 1305: 1268:Anoxypristis 1267: 1263: 1261: 1229:pectoral fin 1205:Anoxypristis 1204: 1200: 1197:Anoxypristis 1196: 1193:Anoxypristis 1192: 1188: 1169: 1157: 1139: 1118: 1097: 1076: 1051:polyphyletic 1047:Pristiorajea 1039: 1035:Anoxypristis 1034: 1022: 1018: 1014:Onchopristis 1012: 1006: 1002: 999:Anoxypristis 998: 991:Anoxypristis 990: 986: 980: 954: 940: 933: 914: 851: 841:Largetooths 801: 757: 710: 700:Smalltooths 691: 682:Indo-Pacific 648: 635:Anoxypristis 632: 598: 591:P. perotteti 590: 586: 583:P. perotteti 582: 578: 574: 566: 554: 550:Anoxypristis 548: 547: 536: 500: 466: 457: 440:habitat loss 409: 405:mythological 402: 398: 383: 364:largest fish 339: 335: 334: 317: 304: 288:Anoxypristis 286: 265: 242:Superorder: 170: 161: 47: 18:Pristiformes 7393:iNaturalist 7287:Wikispecies 7230:Holocephali 6959:17 November 6937:17 November 6915:28 February 6799:17 November 6758:17 November 6735:17 November 6469:24 December 6415:27 November 6389:17 November 6230:17 November 6204:17 November 6170:17 November 6145:17 November 5991:12 February 5968:17 November 5939:28 February 5916:28 February 5846:28 February 5841:Cairns Post 5820:28 February 5795:17 November 5770:17 November 5665:(4): 23–30. 5631:17 November 5455:28 February 5430:17 November 5270:17 November 5248:(1): 14–17. 5200:: 237–244. 5095:17 November 5048:17 November 4970:28 February 4888:19 November 4859:17 November 4829:27 November 4806:17 November 4776:17 November 4596:17 November 4489:17 November 4463:11 November 4440:17 November 4388:17 November 4366:17 November 4337:17 November 4209:17 November 4153:17 November 4029:17 November 3906:17 December 3901:Fossilworks 3878:17 November 3853:17 November 3786:17 November 3763:11 November 3709:17 November 3565:: 136–164. 3483:17 November 3421:17 November 3390:17 November 3359:17 November 3308:17 November 3293:"Pristidae" 3268:17 November 3242:17 November 3130:17 November 2704:overfishing 2540:A study by 2413:identifies 2395:El Salvador 2391:Timor-Leste 2169:photoperiod 2009:masquerades 1993:Niger Delta 1961:Akan people 1957:Lebu people 1937:Kuna people 1729:crustaceans 1699:they emit. 1597:A juvenile 1564:coral reefs 1442:subtropical 1360:, called a 1329:Like other 1312:pelvic fins 1308:dorsal fins 1273:cobblestone 1257:pelvic fins 1023:Mesopristis 620:IUCN status 587:P. microdon 579:P. microdon 563:genetically 368:subtropical 7516:Categories 7115:Vertebrata 7113:Subphylum 6825:9 November 6494:2020-04-02 6442:22 October 6361:2021-02-12 6100:17 October 5987:. 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