392:
of a formalized jail setting in hopes to avoid offenders re-offending and keep recidivism rates low. In countries like the United States they have used incarceration as a means of politics, and their incarceration rates show it. The basis of the new
Finnish model is "humane neoclassical crime policy” (Lappi-Seppala, 2002). By shifting their focus onto situational crime prevention tactics and enforcing local crime rehabilitation measures Finland has been able to successfully go from one of the highest incarceration rates in the world to one of the lowest. In recent years Finland has made moves to increase the length of its prison sentences, which are some of the shortest in the world. The longest sentences are awarded to acts of drug trafficking of about 8–9 years and manslaughter 8–12 years (up to 15 years if multiple crimes). However, murder does receive a life sentence with the option of probation after as little as 12 years (10 years if the prisoner was under 21 when committing the crime) with the possibility of presidential amnesty(Putkonen). Life sentence takes usually 14–15 years, sometimes more, but no maximum duration has been set for it.
132:
388:
corresponding township or commute to the mainland for either work or study. Prisoners can rent flat-screen televisions, sound systems, and mini-refrigerators with the prison-labor wages that they can earn—wages range between 4.10 and 7.3 Euros per hour (US$ 5.30 to $ 9.50). With electronic monitoring, prisoners are also allowed to visit their families in
Helsinki and eat together with the prison staff. Prisoners are permitted to wear their own clothes.
348:
276:
782:
35:
462:
726:
359:
339:, and the number of prisoners per 100,000 residents were 254, which is the third highest rate in the EU. These figures include pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners. It is, however, a much lower rate than in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the Estonian prison population reached almost 5,000 persons.
569:
wrote a public letter of
Russian prisons in 2013 receiving international attention on the Russian prison conditions. According to Ilya Shablinsky, a member of the presidential human-rights council who audited her prison, conditions where close to those of a “slave labour”. Auditor found women prisons
391:
Finnish prison reform had led to the decrease and extremely low incarceration rates that the country now experiences. This model focuses more on the humane treatment of prisoners and due process in regard to courtroom proceeding. They have expanded their alternative programs to keep more citizens out
184:
labour in the 19th century. During the 1990s, various state governments in
Australia engaged private sector correctional corporations to build and operate prisons whilst several older government run institutions were decommissioned. Operation of federal detention centres was also privatised at a time
543:
officially declared 90,199 prisoners (13,374 pre-trial; 76,434 serving sentences; 391 others; 2,743 prisoners were female), giving an imprisonment rate per 100,000 inhabitants of about 234. The overpopulation rate (number of prisoners held compared to number of places for prisoners) was estimated by
482:
According to a mid-June 2013 report by Dutch television station NOS, 19 Dutch prisons will be closed due to a declining crime rate and budgetary cuts. As a result of the closures, a higher number of prisoners will be required to share cells and electronic tagging will become a favoured option during
839:
Approximately half of the U.S. jail population consists of pretrial detainees who have not been convicted or sentenced. Prisoners serving terms longer than one year are typically housed in prison facilities operated by state governments. Unlike most state prisons, a jail usually houses both men and
428:
has 194 prisons (of which 19 are open institutions). Official statistics showed 80,214 places on March 31, 2007. On the same day, there were 75,719 prisoners (of which 13,168 pre-trial; 60,619 serving sentences; 1,932 others, i.e. mainly civil prisoners; 4,068 were female). This is less than the
761:
are operated by the federal government, and are for those who have been sentenced to serve more than 2 years of custody. The boundary of two years separating provincial and federal custody underlies the sentencing of some offenders to "two years less a day", so they can serve their sentences in
387:
The
Suomenlinna Island facility in Finland is an example of an "open" correctional facility that are also established in Scandinavian nations. The prison has been open since 1971 and, as of September 2013, the facility's 95 male prisoners leave the prison grounds on a daily basis to work in the
836:, though some jails in larger communities may be as large and hold as many inmates as regular prisons. As with prisons, some jails have different wings for certain types of offenders, and have work programs for inmates who demonstrate good behavior.
1007:
Lappi-Seppala, T. (2002). Penal policy and incarceration rates in finland. Corrections Today, 64, 30-33. FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Kumottu säädös Laki rangaistusmääräysmenettelystä (kumottu) 692/1993. (n.d.). Retrieved from:
237:, and is governed by the Prisons Act, 1894 and the Prison Manuals of the respective State Governments. Thus, states have the primary role, responsibility and authority to change the current prison laws, rules and regulations. The
407:'s French Prison Service division has 194 prisons in mainland and the overseas territories. As of 1 January 2009, statistics showed approximately 52,000 available places, with around 58,000 "hosted" prisoners. France is home to
867:
journal, the study also found that stress was found to be higher than that of a comparable sample of police officers, while alcoholism and divorce rates were higher for correctional officers than for the general US population.
847:
found that 62 percent of people in jails have not been convicted, and are awaiting trial. As of 2005, local jails held or supervised 819,434 individuals. Nine percent of these individuals were in programs such as
693:, the word "prison" means any prison, young offender institution, young offenders centre or remand centre which is under the general superintendence of, or is provided by, the Secretary of State under the
604:
are classified as closed, semi-open and open prisons. Closed prisons are separated into different kinds according to its structure and the number of prisoners held. Examples are A type, B type, E type and
473:
with a total bed capacity of 4,106 as of the 31 December 2009. The daily average number of prisoners in custody in 2009 was 3,881. However, most of these prisons currently operate at or above capacity.
547:
The growth rate of imprisonment in Poland during 2006–2007 was approximately 4% annually, based on the August 2007 estimate of 90,199 prisoners and the June 2005 estimate of 82,572 prisoners.
656:, the word "prison" means, in the case of a person who is under the age of 21 years arrested in England and Wales, any place in which he could be detained under section 12(10) of the
578:(2013) change would demand a deeper reform of the police and the courts. Despite the actuality and awareness of the problem the women prisons slave work in Russia was not reason for
840:
women in separate portions of the same facility. Some jails lease space to house inmates from the federal government, state prisons or other counties as a revenue-raising method.
245:
schools, facilities to women offenders, vocational training, modernization of prison industries, training to prison personnel, and for the creation of high security enclosures.
465:
Mountjoy Campus, North
Circular Road, Dublin 7, Ireland, containing 4 prisons including: Mountjoy Prison; the DĂłchas Centre; St. Patrick's Institution; and, The Training Unit.
574:
brought down the prison population by 17.5%. Prisons were divided still in 2013 as the “red” run by prison authorities and the “black” administered by inmates. According to
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A study released in 1982 stated that the life expectancy of a US correctional officer is 59 years, compared to 75 years for the national average. Published in the
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307:
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is a facility used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the state, including accused persons awaiting trial and those who have been convicted of a
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701:(c. 18 (N.I.)), or, any prison, young offenders institution or remand centre which is under the general superintendence of the Scottish Ministers under the
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provides assistance to the states to improve security in prisons, for the repair and renovation of old prisons, medical facilities, development of
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519:(And for a similar incident later in 2011, the police district was not fined because it had already been fined for the first incident).
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working 14 hours a day and one day off a month. In 2013 Russia had the world tenth-highest share of prisons of population. In 2010
963:
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860:, and other alternative programs. As of 2013, ethnic and racial minorities are represented by 60% of the US prison population.
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claims that a United
Nations' committee has criticized practices in regard to the imprisonment of children in Norway.
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currently maintains five prisons around the country: Harku Prison, Murru Prison, Tallinn Prison, Tartu Prison and
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and are serving a sentence of less than one year. Jails are generally small prisons run by individual
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which is under the general superintendence of, or is provided by, the
Secretary of State under the
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Vangide arv Eestis 1991-2005 ja selle vähendamise karistusõiguslikud ja kriminoloogilised alused.
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of various categories: Cells used by prisoners in police custody most often belong to category
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233:. The management and administration of prisons falls exclusively in the domain of the
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Doris J. James, Profile of Jail
Inmates, 2002, 2 (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2002)
676:
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381:
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1186:(in Polish). Prison Service, Poland (Służba Więzienna). August 2007. Archived from
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17:
1323:. Office of the Executive Secretary, Supreme Court of Virginia. December 16, 2003
1217:(in Polish). Prison Service, Poland (Służba Więzienna). June 2006. Archived from
781:
498:
377:
332:
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34:
705:, and includes any contracted out prison, within the meaning of Part IV of the
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660:, and, in the case of a person under that age arrested in Northern Ireland, a
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649:, the word "prison" does not include a naval, military or air force prison.
177:
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In 2010, 473,600 people were incarcerated in
Brazilian prisons and jails.
713:, and any legalised police cells within the meaning of section 14 of the
683:, including a contracted out prison within the meaning of Part IV of the
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225:, and its administration, is a state subject covered by item 4 under the
1122:"The Netherlands is closing prisons due to a serious prisoner shortage"
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Slave labour and criminal culture The Economist October 19th 2013
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http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/kumotut/1993/19930692
335:. In March 2011, there were 3,405 persons incarcerated in
483:
sentencing procedures for people convicted of a crime/s.
515:
50 000 in 2011 for holding a prisoner for 8 days in a
1022:"Les Chiffres Clés de l'Administration Pénitentiaire"
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highest value of 81,176 prisoners on March 31, 2003.
207:
China's prison population is estimated at 2 million.
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1149:
1147:
609:. F types are high security prisons, known in the
744:, it now functions as a medium security facility.
1027:(in French). Ministère de la Justice. 2009-06-02
469:There are currently 14 prisons operating in the
796:, serves as a jail and the headquarters of the
1430:Number of people incarcerated in Brazil - 2010
1349:. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from
937:
935:
308:List of correctional facilities in New Zealand
8:
1165:"(Police forgot asylum seeker in glattcelle)
966:Europe - Prison Population Rates per 100,000
1341:
1339:
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1305:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
691:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
443:There are currently 6 prisons operating in
1321:"Glossary of Terms Commonly Used in Court"
1106:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
711:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
411:, Europe's largest correctional facility.
1347:"Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005"
964:International Centre for Prison Studies:
942:International Centre for Prison Studies:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1379:"Number of US Inmates Rises Two Percent"
1167:Politiet glemte asylsøker på glattcelle
1089:. Dublin. pp. 3, 7. Archived from
984:"Why Scandinavian Prisons Are Superior"
906:
304:Department of Corrections (New Zealand)
1403:F Cheek; M D S Miller (October 1982).
1099:
897:National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)
762:provincial correctional institutions.
671:, the word "prison" means any prison,
376:has 26 prisons, of which there may be
1045:Official Prison Statistics of Germany
977:
975:
544:the official prison service as 119%.
7:
1047:(from the German statistics office).
497:Prisoners in Norway are assigned to
290:, a neighbourhood just south of the
57:adding citations to reliable sources
135:The main cell block of the retired
982:Doran Larson (24 September 2013).
806:Incarceration in the United States
699:Prison Act (Northern Ireland) 1953
582:or the participants to cancel the
25:
1270:, section 38B(5) (as inserted by
255:List_of_prisons § .C2.A0Iran
191:mandatorily detained in Australia
1377:Elizabeth White (May 22, 2006).
915:China torture 'still widespread'
641:United Kingdom prison population
523:Ombudsman for Children in Norway
172:Mandatory detention in Australia
33:
1405:"Publications - NCJRS Abstract"
631:Northern Ireland Prison Service
229:in the Seventh Schedule of the
44:needs additional citations for
1128:. 25 June 2013. Archived from
917:". BBC News. December 2, 2005.
818:the United States penal system
798:Harris County Sheriff's Office
539:As of the end of August 2007,
1:
1080:Irish Prison Service (2010).
168:Immigration detention centres
1411:. U.S. Department of Justice
845:Bureau of Justice Statistics
757:(often known as prisons) in
627:Her Majesty's Prison Service
715:Prisons (Scotland) Act 1989
703:Prisons (Scotland) Act 1989
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1181:"Statistics - August 2007"
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1276:Criminal Justice Act 1982
843:In 2005, a report by the
812:Federal Bureau of Prisons
709:or section 106(4) of the
707:Criminal Justice Act 1991
685:Criminal Justice Act 1991
658:Criminal Justice Act 1982
1289:Prison Security Act 1992
669:Prison Security Act 1992
282:is a 19th-century brick
742:maximum security prison
730:Dorchester Penitentiary
635:Scottish Prison Service
1212:"Statistics June 2006"
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745:
740:. Opened in 1880 as a
662:young offenders centre
652:In section 38B of the
567:Nadezhda Tolokonnikova
466:
370:
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1385:. The Washington Post
1268:Criminal Law Act 1977
895:Further information:
881:Further information:
858:electronic monitoring
856:, weekend reporting,
804:Further information:
784:
770:Further information:
734:New Brunswick, Canada
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654:Criminal Law Act 1977
507:("smooth cell"). The
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409:Fleury-MĂ©rogis Prison
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302:Further information:
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266:Penal system of Japan
264:Further information:
253:Further information:
231:Constitution of India
215:Further information:
201:Further information:
162:Further information:
134:
1383:The Associated Press
1068:University of Bremen
969:Retrieved 2011-07-29
954:Retrieved 2011-07-29
689:In section 4 of the
667:In section 1 of the
584:2014 Winter Olympics
509:police force of Oslo
68:"Prisons by country"
53:improve this article
471:Republic of Ireland
405:Ministry of Justice
351:Aerial view of the
1447:Prisons by country
1062:2011-11-30 at the
950:2012-03-22 at the
927:Prisons of Estonia
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772:Prisons in Jamaica
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439:Prisons in Iceland
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18:Prisons in Finland
865:Corrections Today
850:community service
785:The 1200 Jail in
755:52 penitentiaries
596:Prisons in Turkey
557:Prisons in Russia
535:Prisons in Poland
493:Prisons in Norway
280:Mount Eden Prison
235:State Governments
141:Western Australia
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333:Viru Prison
296:New Zealand
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1389:2013-08-21
1327:2010-10-11
1272:section 52
1228:2007-10-07
1197:2007-10-07
1066:(from the
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902:References
810:See also:
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639:See also:
563:Pussy Riot
517:glattcelle
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565:activist
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