Prithviraj Chauhan - Knowledge (XXG)

285: 754:. Mahil then secretly informed Prithviraj that Chandela kingdom had become weak in absence of its strongest generals. Prithviraj invaded the Chandela kingdom and besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Udal's cousin Malkhan. After failing to win over Malkhan through peaceful methods and losing eight generals, Prithviraj captured the fort. The Chandelas then appealed for a truce, and used this time to recall Alha and Udal from Kannauj. In support of the Chandelas, Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons. The combined Chandela-Gahadavala army attacked Prithviraj's camp, but was defeated. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked Mahoba. He then dispatched his general Chavand Rai to 1472:(dated 15th century or earlier) states the Ghurids placed Prithviraj in gold chains and brought him to Delhi. Prithviraj reproached the Ghurid king for not following his example of releasing the captured enemy. Some days later, while imprisoned in Ajmer, Prithviraj asked his ex-minister Kaimbasa for his bow-and-arrows to kill Muhammad in the court, which was held in front of the house where he was imprisoned. The treacherous minister supplied him the bow-and-arrows, but secretly informed Muhammad of his plan. As a result, Muhammad did not sit at his usual place, and instead kept a metal statue there. Prithviraj fired an arrow at the statue, breaking it into two. As a punishment, Muhammad had him cast into a pit and 49: 1406:, Prithviraj's minister Kaimbasa and his spear-bearer Pratapasimha were not on good terms. Kaimbasa once complained to king against Pratapasimha, who convinced the king that Kaimbasa was aiding the Ghurids. An angry Prithviraj attempted to kill Kaimbasa with an arrow one night, but ended up killing another man. When his bard Chand Baliddika admonished him, the king dismissed both the bard and the minister. At the time of Ghurid invasion of Delhi, Prithviraj had been sleeping for ten days. When the Ghurids came close, his sister woke him up: Prithviraj tried to flee on a horse, but Kaimbasa helped the Ghurids capture him by telling them about a certain sound that caused his horse to prance. 2844:, p. 268: "Finally, when his preparations were complete, Muhammad Ghori advanced in AD 1192 with 1,20,000 men to Lahore. From here he continued towards Tarain, the scene of his rout the year before. At the same time, an emissary from Muhammad was sent to Ajmer with a proposal that Prithviraj acknowledged Ghori suzerainty. The proposal was met with contempt by the Chauhan king. Instead, he marched to meet his enemy with a vast army that included cavalry, elephants, and a large body of infantry soldiers. As many as one hundred and fifty Rajput chiefs mustered to his banner" 1266: 763:

die or retire immediately after the Chauhan victory; in fact, he continued ruling as a sovereign nearly a decade after Prithviraj's death. Cynthia Talbot asserts that Prithviraj only raided Jejakabhukti, and Paramardi regained control of his kingdom soon after his departure from Mahoba. Talbot continues that Prithviraj was not able to annex the Chandela territory to his kingdom. Conversely, according to R.B. Singh, it is probable that some part of Chandela territory was annexed by Chahmanas albeit for a short time.

1430:. Sometime later, Prithviraj rebelled against Muhammad, and was killed for treason. This is corroborated by numismatic evidence: some 'horse-and-bullman'-style coins bearing names of both Prithviraj and "Muhammad bin Sam" were issued from the Delhi mint, although another possibility is that the Ghurids initially used Chahamana-style coinage to ensure greater acceptance of their own coinage in the former Chahamana territory. After Prithviraj's death, Muhammad installed the Chahamana prince 1893: 1350:, Muhammad assigned a few men to keep the fires in his camp burning at night, while he marched off in another direction with the rest of his army. This gave the Chahamanas an impression that the Ghurid army was still encamped, observing the truce. After reaching several miles away, Muhammad formed four divisions, with 10,000 archers each. He kept the rest of his army in reserve. He ordered the four divisions to launch an attack on the Chahamana camp, and then pretend a retreat. 1415: 990: 1752: 845:, a chief named Abhayada once sought Jagaddeva's permission to attack and rob the wealthy visitors from Sapadalaksha country (the Chahamana territory). In response, Jagaddeva told Abhayada that he had concluded a treaty with Prithviraj with much difficulty. Jaggadeva then threatened to have Abhayada sewn in a donkey's belly if he harassed the people of Sapadalaksha. Historian 917:(husband-selection) ceremony for his daughter, but did not invite Prithviraj. Nevertheless, Prithviraj marched to Kannauj with a hundred warriors and eloped with Samyogita. Two-thirds of his warriors sacrificed their life in fight against the Gahadavala army, allowing him to escape to Delhi with Samyogita. In 3175:

All these wars waged by Prithviraja against his neighbours do not seems to have resulted in any acquisition of territory. He inherited from his predecessors a kingdom which extends upto Hissar and Sirhind in Patial, on the north-west, and Delhi on the north. It was bounded on south by the kingdom of

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by the 15th-century Jain scholar Nayachandra Suri states that after his initial defeat, the Ghurid king raised a fresh army with the support of a neighboring king, and marched to Delhi. Before the battle, he bribed Prithviraj's master of horses and musicians with gold coins. The master of horses had

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Prithviraj had been left without any allies as a result of his wars against the neighbouring Hindu kings. Nevertheless, he managed to gather a large army to counter the Ghurids. Prithviraj successfully marshaled a sizeable army composed of over 100 Rajput rulers, mainly War elephants, cavalrymen and

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inscription states that Bhima's prime minister Jagaddeva Pratihara was "the moon to the lotus-like queens of Prithviraja" (a reference to the belief that the moon-rise causes a day-blooming lotus to close its petals). Since Bhima was a minor at the time, it appears that Jagaddeva led the campaign on

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The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable. The Madanpur inscriptions establish that Prithviraj sacked Mahoba, but historical evidence suggests that his occupation of Chandela territory is either a fabrication by the bards, or did not last long. It is known that Paramardi did not

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Meanwhile Prithviraja III (probably born in c. VS 1223 or 1166 A.D), had asecended the throne of Chauhans of Shakambari-Ajmer as a minor in VS 1234. AD. 1177, upon the death of his father Someshwara. He inherited a kingdom that stretched from Thaneshwar (the famed capital of seventh century emperor

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attributed the success of the Ghurid army to the 10,000 mounted archers which eventually overthrow the "infidel host". However, scholars like Dashratha Sharma and R.B. Singh argue that Ghoris' triumph was more a result of deceitful and treacherous strategies rather than the inherent strength of his

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At dawn, the four divisions of the Ghurid army attacked the Chahamana camp, while Prithviraj was still asleep. After a brief fight, the Ghurid divisions pretended to retreat in accordance with Muhammad's strategy. Prithviraj was thus lured into chasing them, and by the afternoon, the Chahamana army

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The Ghurids also suffered a major defeat at the first battle of Tara'in 587 AH/1191 CE, which could have cost Mu'izz al-Din his life, had it not been for the intervention of a 'Khalji stripling'. The frequency of Mu'izz al-Din dozen or more campaigns also indicates in part their lack of success in

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estimated the strength of Prithviraj's army as 300,000 horses and 3,000 elephants, in addition to a large infantry. This is most likely a gross exaggeration, aimed at emphasizing the scale of the Ghurid victory. Prithviraj wrote a letter to Muhammad of Ghor, promising him no harm if he decided to

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While these accounts seem to exaggerate the number, it is possible that more than two engagements took place between the Ghurids and the Chahamanas during Prithviraj's reign. The early victories mentioned by the Hindu and Jain writers probably refer to Prithviraj's successful repulsion of raids by

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In 1187 A.D he invaded Gujarat but could not gain much success and concluded a peace treaty with Chaulukya Bhima II. It does not appear that Prithviraj enlarged the boundary of his kingdom or achieved conspicuous military victories such as distinguished many Indian kings during the preceding two

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courts, portrays Prithviraj as a great hero. Over time, Prithviraj came to be portrayed as a patriotic Hindu warrior who fought against Muslim enemies. He is remembered as a king whose reign separated the two major epochs of Indian history. The convention of portraying Prithviraj as a Hindu king

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in the process. Prithviraj re-captured Nagor, and defeated and killed Bhima. This is known to be historically false, as the reign of Bhima II lasted nearly half a century after Prithviraj's death. Similarly, historical evidence suggests Bhima II was a child at the time of Someshvara's death, and

2430:, p. 23 :"Between 1182 and 1187, Prithviraj turned his attention towards his ancient rivals, the Solankis of Gujarat. The struggle was long drawn out and it seems that Gujarat ruler, Bhima II who had earlier beatun off an invasion by Ghurid ruler, Muizzuddin, defeated Prithviraj also." 1507:

traveled to Ghazna and tricked Muhammad of Ghor into watching an archery performance by the blind Prithviraj. During this performance, Prithviraj shot the arrow in the direction of Muhammad's voice and killed him. Shortly after, Prithviraj and Chand Bardai killed each other. This is a fictional

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ceremony to proclaim his supremacy. Prithviraj refused to participate in this ceremony, and thus, refused to acknowledge Jaichand as the supreme king. Jaichand's daughter Samyogita fell in love with Prithviraj after hearing about his heroic exploits, and declared that she would marry only him.

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Guhilas of Mewar, and the territories of the Chahamanas of Nadol; who were vassals of the Chaulkya Bhima II, on the east by the kingdoms of the Yaduvanshi of Bayana-sripatha, the Kachchhapaghats of Gwalior and Gahadavals of Kanauj; and on the north west by the kingdoms of Yaminis of Lahore

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trained Prithviraj's horse to prance to drumbeats. The Ghurids attacked the Chahamana camp just before dawn, when Prithviraj was sleeping. Prithviraj tried to escape on his horse, but his musicians sounded the drums. The horse started prancing, and the invaders easily captured Prithviraj.

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centuries. There is no ground to suppose that he was either the most powerful Indian king or the greatest general of his age. The almost contemporary Muslim historians also do not convey any such impression. It is really the romantic tale of Chand Bardai that has cast a spell around him

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claims that after defeating Muhammad for the first time, Prithviraj forced him to apologize to the princes whose territories he had ransacked, before letting him go. Muhammad invaded the Chahamana kingdom seven more times, but was defeated each time. However, his ninth invasion

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The extant inscriptions from Prithviraj's reign are few in number and were not issued by the king himself. Much of the information about him comes from the medieval legendary chronicles. Besides the Muslim accounts of Battles of Tarain, he has been mentioned in several medieval

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dismisses this legend as fiction, because it states that Ichchhini was a daughter of Salakha, while Dharavarsha was the Paramara ruler of Abu at the time. Historian R. B. Singh, on the other hand, believes that Salakha was the head of another Paramara branch at Abu. The

3106:, p. 263: "Minhaz-us-Siraj and Ferishta's accounts state that after he fled the battlefield, Prithviraj was captured and put to death, while the Virudha-vidhi vidhvansa is the only text that asserts that the Chauhan king was killed on the battle-ground of Tarain." 1100:. Prithviraj's chief minister Kadambavasa advised him not to offer any assistance to the rivals of the Ghurids, and to stay away from this conflict. The Chahamanas did not immediately face a Ghurid invasion, because the Chaulukyas of Gujarat defeated Muhammad at the 535:

claims that a man named Pratapa-Simha conspired against the minister, and convinced Prithviraj that the minister was responsible for the repeated Muslim invasions. Both these claims appear to be historically inaccurate, as the much more historically reliable

504:), when Prithviraj was around 11 years old. The last inscription from Someshvara's reign and the first inscription from Prithviraj's reign are both dated to this year. Prithviraj, who was a minor at the time, ascended the throne with his mother as the 803:

provides some details about the Chahamana-Chaulukya struggle. According to it, both Prithviraj and Bhima wanted to marry Ichchhini, the Paramara princess of Abu. Prithviraj's marriage to her led to a rivalry between the two kings. Historian

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to capture Paramardi. According to the various legends, Paramardi either died or retired shortly after the attack. Prithviraj returned to Delhi after appointing Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son recaptured Mahoba.

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According to Dasharatha Sharma and R. B. Singh, there might be some historical truth in this legend, as it is mentioned in three different sources. All three sources place the event sometime before Prithviraj's final confrontation with

877:, a text written by his younger brother Prahaladana, describes Prithviraj's night attack on Abu. This attack, according to the text, was a failure for the Chahamanas. It probably happened during the Gujarat campaign of Prithviraj. 522:

Kadambavasa served as the chief minister of the kingdom during this period. He is also known as Kaimasa, Kaimash or Kaimbasa in the folk legends, which describe him as an able administrator and soldier devoted to the young king.

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Ruknud Din Hamza to Prithviraj's court. The envoy tried to convince Prithviraj to "abandon belligerence and pursue the path of rectitude", but was unsuccessful. As a result, Muhammad decided to wage a war against Prithviraj.

738:; he harboured ill-will against Paramardi and instigated the king to go ahead with the attack. Prithviraj defeated Udal's contingent and then left for Delhi. Subsequently, unhappy with Mahil's scheming, Udal and his brother 1250:

Prithviraj did not pursue the retreating Ghurid army, not wanting to invade hostile territory or misjudge Ghori's ambition. He only besieged the Ghurid garrison at Tabarhindah, which surrendered after 13 months of siege.

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gives the number of battles between Muhammad and Prithviraj as 22. It also states that Prithviraj's army defeated the preceding enemy king in a previous battle, in which a subordinate of Prithviraj heroically sacrificed

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Muhammad's original plan was to return to his base after conquering Tabarhindah, but when he heard about Prithviraj's march, he decided to put up a fight. He set out with an army, and encountered Prithviraj's forces at

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Prithviraja ascended to the throne in 1177 CE. His chief secretary was the Rajput Kadambasa, who was also the jagirdar of south-east Punjab. Prithviraja III's realm extended from Thaneswar in the north to Mewar in the

617:. Nagarjuna fled the fort, but Devabhata (possibly his general) continued to offer resistance. Ultimately, Prithviraj's army emerged victorious, and captured the wife, mother, and followers of Nagarjuna. According to 1280:

Prithviraj seems to have treated the first battle of Tarain as merely a frontier fight. This view is strengthened by the fact that he made little preparations for any future clash with Muhammad of Ghor. According to

1458:), Muhammad took him to Ajmer, intending to let him rule as a vassal. However, in Ajmer, he saw paintings depicting Muslims being killed by pigs in the Chahamana gallery. Enraged, he beheaded Prithviraj with an axe. 813:

also mentions that Prithviraj's uncle Kanhadeva had killed seven sons of Bhima's uncle Sarangadeva. To avenge these murders, Bhima invaded the Chahamana kingdom and killed Prithviraj's father Someshvara, capturing

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monks Jinapati Suri and Padmaprabha at Naranayana (modern Narena near Ajmer). Prithviraj had encamped there at the time. Jinapati was later invited to Ajmer by a rich Jain merchant. There, Prithviraj issued him a

1778:, written by Jain authors, portray him as an inept and unworthy king who was responsible for his own downfall, and whose mistreatment of his devout subordinates turned them into traitors. In contrast, the 1441:

The contemporary Muslim historian Hasan Nizami states that Prithviraj was caught conspiring against Muhammad, prompting the Ghurid king to order his beheading. Nizami does not describe the nature of this

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states that Prithviraj refused to eat food after being captured. The noblemen of the Ghurid king suggested that he release Prithviraj, but Muhammad ignored their advice, and Prithviraj died in captivity.

1072:(Solankis). During its march to Gujarat, the Ghurid army appears to have passed through the western frontier of the Chahamana kingdom, as evident by the destruction of several temples and sacking of the 1028:. In addition, historical evidence suggests that Anangpal Tomar died before the birth of Prithviraj. The claim about his daughter's marriage to Prithviraj appears to have been concocted at a later date. 2872:

The Rajput army was far superior in numbers. Prithviraj had succeeded in enlisting the support of about one hundred Rajput princes who rallied round his banner with their elephants, cavalry and infantry

1363:, Prithviraj's camp lost 100,000 men (including Govindaraja of Delhi) in this debacle. Prithviraj himself tried to escape on a horse, but was pursued and caught near the Sarasvati fort (possibly modern 1005:

mentions that Prithviraj defeated Nahar Rai of Mandovara and the Mughal chief Mudgala Rai, but these stories appear to be pure fiction. No historical records suggest existence of these persons.

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states that he was responsible for all the military victories during the early years of Prithviraj's reign. According to two different legends, Kadambavasa was later killed by Prithviraj. The

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mention only the second battle of Tarain, in which Prithviraj was defeated. However, the Hindu and Jain writers state that Prithviraj defeated Muhammad multiple times before being killed:

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gave the city to his son-in-law Prithviraj, and was defeated when he wanted it back. This is historically inaccurate, as Delhi was annexed to the Chahamana territory by Prithviraj's uncle

639:. This victory can be dated to sometime before 1182 CE, when the said debate took place. According to Cynthia Talbot, the Bhadanakas were an obscure dynasty who controlled the area around 1857:

does not associate the Chahamana dynasty with Ajmer at all. Prithviraj's association with Delhi in these legends further strengthened his status as a symbol of pre-Islamic Indian power.

726:). His army repulsed the attacks but suffered serious casualties in the process. Amid this chaos, the Chahamana soldiers lost their way and unknowingly encamped in the Chandela capital 1815:(early 13th century). Nizami presents his narrative as a description of "war with enemies of the faith" and of how "the Islamic way of life was established in the land of the Hindus." 849:

theorizes that the Chahamana-Chaulukya conflict ended with some advantage for Prithviraj, as Jagaddeva appears to have been very anxious to preserve the treaty. According to historian

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was exhausted as a result of this pursuit. At this point, Muhammad led his reserve force of 10,000 mounted archers and attacked the Chahamanas, decisively defeating them. Chronicler

921:, Prithviraj became infatuated with his new wife, and started spending most of his time with her. He started ignoring the state affairs, which ultimately led to his defeat against 3778: 1492:, Minhaj's account suggests that Prithviraj was executed immediately after his defeat, but R. B. Singh believes that no such conclusion can be drawn from Minhaj's writings. 3729: 730:. They killed the Chandela royal gardener for objecting to their presence, which led to a skirmish between the two sides. The Chandela king Paramardi asked his general 1900:

Memorials dedicated to Prithviraj have been constructed in Ajmer and Delhi. A number of Indian films and television series have been made on his life. These include:

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Despite these discrepancies, there is some evidence of a battle between the Chahamanas and the Chaulukyas at Nagor. Two inscriptions found at Charlu village near

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The first military achievement of Prithviraj was his suppression of a revolt by his cousin Nagarjuna, and recapture of Gudapura (IAST: Guḍapura; possibly modern

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states that the two kings fought 8 battles; Prithviraj defeated and captured the Ghurid king in the first seven of these, but released him unharmed each time.

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subduing the northern Indian Rajputs, until victory in the second battle of Tara'in in 588 AH/1192 CE 'opened the way to the conquest of northern India,..

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after him, and even some contemporary Hindu rulers in northern India were at least as powerful as him. Nevertheless, the 19th-century British officer

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Prithviraj has been described as "the last Hindu emperor" in eulogies. This designation is inaccurate, as several stronger Hindu rulers flourished in

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his long drawn out struggle against Gujarat was unsuccessful and he suffered a reverse against Bhima. Thus, Prithviraj concluded a treaty by 1187 CE.

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After Prithviraj's death, the Ghurids appointed his son Govindaraja on the throne of Ajmer as their vassal. In 1192 CE, Prithviraj's younger brother

1880:. After Tod, several narratives continued to describe Prithviraj as "the last Hindu emperor". For example, the inscriptions at the Ajmer memorial ( 4011: 3771: 1960: 1341:. According to Firishta, he agreed to a truce until he received an answer from his brother. However, he planned an attack against the Chahamanas. 388:

Some other Indian texts also mention Prithviraj but do not provide much information of historical value. For example, the Sanskrit poem anthology

1367:). Subsequently, Muhammad of Ghor captured Ajmer after killing several thousand defenders, enslaved many more, and destroyed the city's temples. 601:, Nagarjuna rebelled against Prithviraj's authority and occupied the fort of Gudapura. Prithviraj besieged Gudapura with a large army comprising 1119:. He shifted his base from Ghazna to Punjab, and made attempts to expand his empire eastwards, which brought him into conflict with Prithviraj. 475:

goes on to claim that he became well-versed in a number of subjects, including history, mathematics, medicine, military, painting, philosophy (

1287:, during the period preceding his final confrontation with the Ghurids, he neglected the affairs of the state and spent time in merry-making. 4021: 3719: 3677: 3527: 3504: 3230: 2865: 2736: 2454: 1231:, supported by 1200 horsemen. When Prithviraj learned about this, marched towards Tabarhindah with his feudatories, including Govindaraja of 1982: 31: 1679:. Majumdar further asserts that the military campaigns of Prithviraj on his neighbours do not resulted in any annexation of territory. 48: 3764: 1092:). However, it does not mention any military engagement between the two kingdoms. On its way to Gujarat, the Ghurid army besieged the 1508:

narrative, not supported by historical evidence: Muhammad of Ghor continued to rule for more than a decade after Prithviraj's death.

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invaders to his camp as revenge. Prithviraj was in deep sleep after a day of religious fasting, and therefore, was easily captured.

3698: 3653: 3613: 3572: 3548: 3199: 834:). The Mohils are a branch of the Chauhans (the Chahamanas), and it is possible the inscriptions refer to the battle described in 3914: 1977:(No. 25). Many of these modern retellings depict Prithviraj as a flawless hero, and emphasize a message of Hindu national unity. 1219:

During 1190–1191 CE, Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Chahamana territory, and captured Tabarhindah or Tabar-e-Hind (identified with

1247:. In the ensuing battle, Prithviraj's army decisively defeated the Ghurids. Muhammad of Ghor was injured and forced to retreat. 1052:

controlled the territory to the west of the Chahamana kingdom. While Prithviraj was still a child, in 1175 CE, the Ghurid ruler

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Over the next few years, Muhammad of Ghor consolidated his power in the territory to the west of the Chahamanas, conquering

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at the time of his birth, calling them auspicious. Based on these positions and assuming certain other planetary positions,

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stories about Prithviraj present him as an unsuccessful king who was memorable only for his defeat against a foreign king.

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to attack Prithviraj's camp, but Udal advised against this move. Paramardi's brother-in-law Mahil Parihar ruled modern-day

3955: 3587:"The Antiquity, Authenticity and Genuineness of the epic called the Prithviraj Rasa and commonly ascribed to Chand Bardai" 3189: 1782:, also written by a Jain author, presents him as a brave man whose subordinates turned against him out of pure greed. The 1520: 543:

Bhuvanaikamalla, the paternal uncle of Prithviraj's mother, was another important minister during this time. According to

1786:, which was probably intended to please a Chauhan lord, retains the elements of the Jain tradition that occur in the two 1539:(scholars) and poets, which was under the charge of Padmanabha. His court had a number of poets and scholars, including: 531:

claims that Prithviraj killed the minister after finding him in the apartment of the king's favourite concubine Karnati.

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in north-western India. Ascending the throne as a minor in 1177 CE, Prithviraj inherited a kingdom which stretched from

973:. The Gahadavala records are also silent about this event, including the supposed Rajasuya performance by Jayachandra. 957:, this is probably a reference to Samyogita. However, this legend is not mentioned in other historical sources such as 805: 496:

Prithviraj moved from Gujarat to Ajmer, when his father Someshvara was crowned the Chahamana king after the death of

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in the south, which he aimed to expand by military actions against neighbouring kingdoms, most notably defeating the

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dethroned Govindaraja, and recaptured a part of his ancestral kingdom. Govindaraja moved to Ranastambhapura (modern

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During his early years as the king, Prithviraj's mother managed the administration, assisted by a regency council.

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Only seven inscriptions dated to Prithviraj's reign are available; none of these were issued by the king himself:

715:(conquest of all the regions). This appears to be a reference to the start of Prithviraj's march to Jejakabhukti. 371:

monks. While the work was completed in 1336 CE, the part that mentions Prithviraj was written around 1250 CE. The

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Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries

1848: 929: 787:. This implies that the two kings were previously at war. This war can be dated to sometime before 1187 CE (1244 718:

The legendary account of Prithviraj's campaign against the Chandelas goes like this: Prithviraj was returning to

668: 417: 228: 204: 148: 60: 1971:(2008) was released by Rakesh Prasad. Prithviraj was also one of the first historical figures to be covered in 1496:

by the Hindu writer Lakshmidhara is the only source that claims that Prithviraj was killed on the battlefield.

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Muslim accounts, which present Prithviraj as a major ruler and portray his defeat as a major milestone in the

4041: 1760: 1668: 1334: 1273: 1260: 255: 1832:) present the Ghurid victory over Prithviraj as an important milestone leading to the establishment of the 332:. However, it contains many exaggerated accounts, much of which is not useful for the purposes of history. 1949: 1355: 1214: 1184:

claims that Prithviraj captured Muhammad 20 times, but was himself imprisoned during the 21st battle. The

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Posthumous painting depicting Prithviraj Chauhan seated on a terrace leaning against a bolster from Kota

3586: 953:, although he had never seen this woman and was already married to other women. According to historian 683:. Prithviraj's invasion of the Chandela territory is also described in the later folk legends, such as 4031: 4026: 1924: 1447: 1376: 711: 337: 2003: 1609: 1125:

mentions that Muhammad of Ghor sent an ambassador to Prithviraj, but does not provide any details.

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after marrying the daughter of Padamsen, when his contingent was attacked by the "Turkic" forces (

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claims that Prithviraj was taken to Ghazna as a prisoner, and blinded. On hearing this, the poet

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Sometime before 1187 CE, Jagaddeva Pratihara signed a peace treaty with Prithviraj. According to

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interpreted Naga as the name of a tribe, and theorized that Bhuvanaikamalla defeated this tribe.

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poet Jaganika also provides an exaggerated account of Prithviraj's war against the Chandelas.

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Inscription 1: Mentions that Prithviraj invaded the territory of the Chandela ruler Paramardi

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inscriptions from Prithviraj's reign claim that he "laid to waste" Jejakabhukti (present-day

328:, which popularized Prithviraj as a great king, is purported to be written by his court poet 3919: 1873: 1821: 1629: 1516: 1296: 1143: 1053: 1009: 994: 978: 922: 644: 636: 445: 359: 243: 1612:

in the north to the foot of Mount Abu in the south. Thus, it included parts of present-day

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states that Prithviraj was "sent to hell" after being captured. The 16th-century historian

3924: 3899: 3894: 3802: 1954: 1833: 1798: 1739: 1283: 648: 564: 343: 320:. These texts contain eulogistic descriptions, and are, therefore, not entirely reliable. 316: 288: 272: 251: 1414: 1141:

The medieval Muslim writers mention only one or two battles between the two rulers. The

3985: 3970: 3960: 3904: 3889: 3858: 3853: 3843: 3624: 3516: 2440: 1934: 1687: 1656: 1625: 1621: 1489: 1481: 1431: 1385: 1333:

return to his own country. Muhammad insisted that he needed time to confer his brother

1309: 1228: 1049: 1025: 1021: 908:

The legend goes like this: King Jaichand (Jayachandra) of Kannauj decided to conduct a

897:, was located to the east of the Chahamana kingdom. According to a legend mentioned in 788: 731: 723: 652: 591: 575: 501: 497: 259: 239: 94: 3207:

Harsha Vardhana of the Pushyabhuti line) in the north to Jahazpur (Mewar) in the south

1790:

texts, but also attempts to glorify Prithviraj who was an ancestor of the text's hero

621:, a garland made of the defeated soldiers' heads was hung across the Ajmer fort gate. 4005: 3929: 3879: 3848: 3833: 3828: 3490: 3164: 1918: 1640: 1633: 1600:

According to historian R. B. Singh, at its height, Prithviraj's empire extended from

1312:

horsemen over the next few months. He then marched towards the Chahamana kingdom via

1089: 850: 831: 755: 664: 614: 606: 457: 354: 3168: 3965: 3945: 3874: 3838: 1853: 1808: 1718: 1644: 1601: 1561: 1504: 1126: 989: 934: 610: 329: 208: 3709: 3667: 3643: 3562: 3538: 3470: 2855: 2726: 3823: 3813: 1939: 1861: 1791: 1605: 1384:

states that Prithviraj cut off the ears of one of his ministers, who guided the

1057: 672: 513: 3222:

Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present

1839:

The 16th century legends describe him as the ruler of India's political centre

1807:

defeated as part of the Islamic conquest of India appears to have started with

1696:

inscription, 1179 CE (1236 VS): records the grants made by Prithviraj's vassal

1422:

Most medieval sources state that Prithviraj was taken to the Chahamana capital

1088:

to the Chahamana kingdom (in Hindu mythology, Rahu swallows the Sun, causing a

353:. These were composed centuries after his death, and contain exaggerations and 17: 3466: 1751: 1676: 1617: 914: 886: 747: 693: 632: 471:

claims that he learned 14 languages, which appears to be an exaggeration. The

463:

The medieval biographies of Prithviraj suggest that he was educated well. The

405: 373: 270:, and has been described in several semi-legendary accounts, most notably the 479:), and theology. Both the texts state that he was particularly proficient in 3909: 3884: 3734: 3634: 3170:

History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire

1865: 1613: 1381: 1069: 950: 902: 866: 780: 680: 627: 512:

claims that Someshvara himself installed Prithviraj on the throne, and then

449: 448:. The text does not mention the year of his birth, but provides some of the 437: 363: 216: 574:, Prithviraj assumed actual control of the administration in 1180 CE (1237 3990: 3950: 3818: 1767: 1714: 1648: 1512: 1485: 1338: 1329: 1236: 1220: 1149: 1108: 1077: 909: 894: 776: 743: 676: 602: 560: 429: 382: 298: 258:. Prithviraj was captured and summarliy executed, although his minor son 224: 220: 180: 136: 3540:

The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000

1595:

Find-spots of inscriptions from Prithviraj's reign, in present-day India

3730:"Akshay Kumar to play Prithviraj Chauhan in biopic titled 'Prithviraj'" 1733: 1693: 1473: 1301: 1093: 1065: 1037: 890: 823: 792: 784: 751: 587: 480: 476: 433: 368: 195:: Pṛthvī-rāja; reign. 22 May 1166 – December 1192), popularly known as 143: 110: 555:. The text also states that he was "proficient in the art of subduing 2626: 2624: 2622: 1803: 1664: 1643:, Prithviraj inherited a kingdom that only stretched till modern day 1536: 1427: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1291: 1244: 1116: 1061: 1045: 947: 727: 640: 552: 548: 505: 235: 1523:

of vassal rulers. Hariraja was later defeated by the Ghurid general

3605:

Indian Castles 1206–1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate

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is the only surviving literary text from the reign of Prithviraj.

283: 263: 212: 126: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2124: 2122: 946:

mentions that Prithviraj fell in love with the incarnation of an

3413: 3019: 3017: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 1572: 1224: 1085: 739: 735: 192: 3760: 3277: 3275: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2684: 2682: 1655:

in North. His territories were bounded on southern frontier by

2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2026: 2024: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3075: 3073: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2609: 2607: 2192: 2190: 1884:) to Prithviraj also honour him as "the last Hindu emperor". 2097: 2095: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 1639:

However, according to archeologist Rima Hooja and historian

1434:

on the throne of Ajmer, which further supports this theory.

1133:(13th century CE) states that Muhammad sent his chief judge 1036:

Prithviraj's predecessors had faced multiple raids from the

1294:, and made preparations to avenge his defeat. According to 1040:

dynasties that had captured the north-western areas of the

456:

calculated the year of Prithviraj's birth as 1166 CE (1223

335:

Other chronicles and texts that mention Prithviraj include

2004:"Full Moon Days for Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands" 1239:, his force comprised 200,000 horses and 3,000 elephants. 1084:

mentions that the activities of the Ghurid army were like

367:, a Sanskrit text containing biographies of the Kharatara 266:. His defeat at Tarain is seen as a landmark event in the 3669:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526)

1868:

repeatedly used this term to describe Prithviraj in his

1437:

The various sources differ on the exact circumstances:

1986:

contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Prithviraj".

1426:, where Muhammad planned to reinstate him as a Ghurid 942:(which names the Gahadavala princess as "Kantimati"). 436:, where their father Someshvara was brought up at the 302:(epic poems) by Hindu and Jain authors. These include 291:

manuscript, Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur

1300:, he gathered a well-equipped army of 120,000 select 400:(1455) mentions him as an earlier incarnation of the 1223:). He placed it under the charge of Zia-ud-din, the 547:, he was a valiant general who served Prithviraj as 250:

However, in 1192, Muhammad returned with an army of

3938: 3867: 3795: 3496:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti

2562: 1742:(Bisalpur near Tonk) inscription, 1187 CE (1244 VS) 1736:

Victoria Hall Museum inscription, 1187 CE (1244 VS)

1488:also supports this account. According to historian 1044:by the 12th century. By the late 12th century, the 705:also mention Prithviraj's attack on Paramardi. The 428:princess). Both Prithviraj and his younger brother 176: 164: 154: 142: 132: 116: 104: 100: 90: 80: 66: 58: 41: 3515: 3194:. Rajasthan: Rupa Publications. pp. 260–262. 3127: 873:ruler Dharavarsha, who was a Chaulukya feudatory. 262:was reinstated by Muhammad as his puppet ruler in 3139: 2959: 2936: 2912: 2888: 2829: 2814: 2782: 2770: 2755: 2630: 2550: 2526: 2502: 2473: 2403: 2367: 2336: 2264: 2219: 2145: 2128: 1328:foot soldiers. The 16th century Muslim historian 1235:. According to the 16th-century Muslim historian 830:soldiers at the battle of Nagor in 1184 CE (1241 357:anecdotes. Prithviraj has also been mentioned in 2312: 2300: 2002:LLP, Adarsh Mobile Applications (22 July 2024). 901:, Prithviraj eloped with Jayachandra's daughter 775:mentions a peace treaty between Prithviraj, and 3449: 3437: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3091: 3052: 3008: 2991: 2976: 2799: 2700: 2688: 2654: 2490: 2427: 2157: 2113: 2086: 2065: 2030: 1847:, which was his actual capital). For example, 1571:mentions a debate that took place between the 905:, leading to a rivalry between the two kings. 742:left the Chandela court. They started serving 440:court by his maternal relatives. According to 394:(1363) contains a verse praising him, and the 3772: 3115: 1802:, a legendary text patronized largely by the 1728:(Tryambaka, Chandrashekhara, and Tripuranta). 709:mentions that Prithviraj had embarked upon a 590:). Nagarjuna was a son of Prithviraj's uncle 444:, Prithviraj was born on the 12th day of the 8: 3414:Ashish Rajadhyaksha & Paul Willemen 1999 3266: 3249: 2613: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2348: 2276: 2196: 1766:The late medieval (14th and 15th centuries) 1104:in 1178 CE, forcing the Ghurids to retreat. 563:, "naga" here refers to elephants. However, 559:s". According to the 15th-century historian 3514:Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (1999). 3225:. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. 3151: 3079: 3064: 3040: 3023: 2924: 2712: 2673: 2642: 2538: 2514: 2415: 2391: 2379: 2324: 2288: 2243: 2231: 2181: 2169: 2101: 2053: 1703:Madanpur inscriptions of 1182 CE (1239 VS) 631:mention the victory of Prithviraj over the 3779: 3765: 3757: 3103: 2900: 2841: 1709:Inscription 2: Names Prithviraj's father ( 1686:Barla or Badla inscription, 1177 CE (1234 1560:Prithvibhata, a royal bard (identified as 1096:(Nadol) fort, which was controlled by the 1016:is attributed to Prithviraj. According to 47: 38: 3425: 467:states that he mastered 6 languages; the 3591:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1535:Prithviraj had a dedicated ministry for 1290:Meanwhile, Muhammad of Ghor returned to 635:, while describing a debate between two 3672:. Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. 3173:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 108. 2731:. Sydney University Press. p. 61. 1994: 1961:Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan 1663:, on the eastern border by kingdoms of 1371:Jain accounts of Prithviraj's downfall 819:therefore, could not have killed him. 582:Conflict with Nagarjuna and Bhadanakas 234:Prithviraj led a coalition of several 2728:The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire 1896:Statue of Prithviraj Chauhan at Ajmer 1872:. Tod was influenced by the medieval 1543:Jayanaka, a poet-historian who wrote 7: 2449:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 338. 1932:(1959) by Harsukh Jagneshwar Bhatt, 1870:Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han 893:and headed by another powerful king 540:does not mention any such incident. 1983:Age of Empires II HD: The Forgotten 1952:; and the Hindi television serials 1908:(1929) by Narayanrao D. Sarpotdar, 1480:The 13th-century Persian historian 1337:who was ruling from his capital at 1153:mention the two Battles of Tarain. 1008:The construction of the now-ruined 500:. Someshvara died in 1177 CE (1234 207:dynasty who ruled the territory of 32:Prithviraj Chauhan (disambiguation) 4052:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 3567:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. 2857:The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India 25: 3499:. Vol. II. Sahitya Akademi. 1724:Inscription 3: Contains names of 1380:by the 14th-century Jain scholar 928:This legend is also mentioned in 3645:Prithviraj Chauhan and his times 2860:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 76. 1717:), and states that he plundered 1400:According to another Jain text, 450:astrological planetary positions 4012:Chahamana kings of Shakambhari 3543:. Cambridge University Press. 3518:Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema 1675:and on north-west frontier by 1: 3690:The Early Rulers of Khajurāho 1969:Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan 1826: 1452: 516:. However, this is doubtful. 254:and defeated the Rajput army 70: 4022:12th-century Indian monarchs 3602:Konstantin S Nossov (2012). 3597:. Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1569:Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali 843:Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali 799:The historically unreliable 773:Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali 707:Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali 27:King of Ajmer (c. 1177–1192) 3711:A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) 1922:(1942) by B. Sampathkumar, 1669:Kachchhapaghatas of Gwalior 1418:Coins of Prithviraj Chauhan 416:Prithviraj was born to the 4073: 3522:. British Film Institute. 1819:as well as the later text 1651:) on north west, and till 1608:in the east, and from the 1580:(certificate of victory). 1519:), where he established a 1258: 1212: 1192:also enumerate 21 battles. 675:), which was ruled by the 29: 3788:Chahamanas of Shakambhari 3687:Sisirkumar Mitra (1977). 3626:History of the Chāhamānas 1967:The Indian animated film 1930:Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan 1878:Islamic conquest of India 1759:version published by the 1320:, aided by Vijayaraja of 1270:The last stand of Rajputs 1068:, which was ruled by the 1064:. In 1178 CE, he invaded 889:kingdom, centered around 826:commemorate the death of 424:and queen Karpuradevi (a 268:Islamic conquest of India 149:Chahamanas of Shakambhari 46: 2725:David C. Thomas (2018). 2563:Konstantin S Nossov 2012 1912:(1931) by R. N. Vaidya, 1721:(the Chandela territory) 1677:empire of the Ghaznavids 1494:Viruddha-Vidhi Vidhvansa 1370: 875:Partha-Parakrama-Vyayoga 3796:9th century and earlier 3693:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3564:Early Chauhān Dynasties 3537:Cynthia Talbot (2015). 3128:Kaviraj Shyamaldas 1886 2441:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar 1928:(1946) by Najam Naqvi, 1761:Nagari Pracharini Sabha 1274:Second Battle of Tarain 1261:Second Battle of Tarain 1255:Second battle of Tarain 570:According to historian 256:on the same battlefield 252:Turkish mounted archers 238:kings and defeated the 3714:. Rupa & Company. 3648:. Publication Scheme. 3191:A History of Rajasthan 3140:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2960:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2937:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2913:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2889:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2830:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2815:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2783:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2771:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2756:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2631:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2551:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2527:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2503:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2474:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2404:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2368:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2337:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2265:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2220:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2146:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2129:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 1950:Chandraprakash Dwivedi 1897: 1763: 1673:Gahadavalas of Varnasi 1419: 1277: 1276:by Hutchinson & co 1215:First Battle of Tarain 1209:First battle of Tarain 998: 938:and Chandrashekhara's 697:. Other texts such as 292: 280:Sources of information 211:, with his capital at 203:, was a king from the 3642:R. V. Somani (1981). 2313:Sisirkumar Mitra 1977 2301:Sisirkumar Mitra 1977 1895: 1776:Prithviraja-Prabandha 1754: 1470:Prithviraja-Prabandha 1417: 1403:Prithviraja Prabandha 1359:forces. According to 1268: 1175:Prithviraja Prabandha 1098:Chahamanas of Naddula 992: 959:Prithviraja-Prabandha 699:Sarangadhara Paddhati 663:The 1182–83 CE (1239 659:War against Chandelas 533:Prithviraja-Prabandha 514:retired to the forest 391:Sharngadhara-paddhati 350:Prithviraja Prabandha 287: 3623:R. B. Singh (1964). 3219:Kaushik Roy (2012). 3188:Hooja, Rima (2006). 1925:Prithviraj Samyogita 1914:Prithviraj Sanyogita 1906:Prithviraj Sanyogita 1772:Prabandha-Chintamani 1521:new Chahamana branch 1448:Prabandha Chintamani 1410:Death and succession 1377:Prabandha Chintamani 1197:Prabandha Chintamani 1032:War with the Ghurids 963:Prabandha-Chintamani 913:Jaichand arranged a 871:Chandravati Paramara 796:the Chaulukya side. 703:Prabandha Chintamani 338:Prabandha-Chintamani 30:For other uses, see 3868:10th-11th centuries 3805:(possibly mythical) 3790:(Chauhans of Ajmer) 3708:Rima Hooja (2006). 3450:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3438:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3402:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3390:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3378:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3366:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3354:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3342:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3330:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3318:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3306:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3294:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3282:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3092:Satish Chandra 2006 3053:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3009:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2992:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2977:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2800:Satish Chandra 2006 2701:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2689:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2655:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2491:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2428:Satish Chandra 2006 2158:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2114:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2087:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2066:Cynthia Talbot 2015 2031:Cynthia Talbot 2015 1713:) and grandfather ( 1610:Himalayan foothills 1604:in the west to the 1554:Vagisvara Janardana 1531:Cultural activities 1102:Battle of Kasahrada 1042:Indian subcontinent 881:Gahadavala conflict 626:Kharatara-Gachchha- 397:Kanhadade Prabandha 205:Chauhan (Chahamana) 3738:. 9 September 2019 3583:Kaviraj Shyamaldas 3142:, pp. 100–01. 3116:Amaresh Datta 1988 3067:, pp. 206–07. 3026:, pp. 208–09. 2915:, p. 322-323. 2676:, pp. 186–88. 2645:, pp. 183–84. 2418:, pp. 172–73. 2315:, pp. 124–26. 2303:, pp. 120–25. 1902:Prithviraj Chouhan 1898: 1888:In popular culture 1764: 1557:Vishvarupa, a poet 1546:Prithviraja Vijaya 1420: 1278: 1123:Prithviraja Vijaya 1082:Prithviraja Vijaya 999: 944:Prithviraja Vijaya 783:(Solanki) king of 619:Prithviraja Vijaya 599:Prithviraja Vijaya 545:Prithviraja Vijaya 538:Prithviraja Vijaya 525:Prithviraja Vijaya 465:Prithviraja Vijaya 442:Prithviraja Vijaya 360:Kharatara-Gachchha 322:Prithviraja Vijaya 305:Prithviraja Vijaya 293: 197:Prithviraj Chauhan 170:Kalachuri Princess 42:Prithviraj Chauhan 4057:Executed monarchs 4047:People from Delhi 3999: 3998: 3721:978-81-291-1501-0 3679:978-81-241-1064-5 3559:Dasharatha Sharma 3529:978-1-135-94325-7 3506:978-81-260-1194-0 3267:R. V. Somani 1981 3252:, pp. 43–44. 3250:R. V. Somani 1981 3232:978-1-107-01736-8 2994:, pp. 54–55. 2867:978-81-85689-03-6 2785:, pp. 82–84. 2738:978-1-74332-542-1 2633:, pp. 80–81. 2614:R. V. Somani 1981 2601:, pp. 40–42. 2599:R. V. Somani 1981 2589:, pp. 33–34. 2587:R. V. Somani 1981 2575:R. V. Somani 1981 2493:, pp. 13–20. 2476:, pp. 78–79. 2456:978-81-208-0436-4 2406:, pp. 76–77. 2349:R. V. Somani 1981 2277:R. V. Somani 1981 2197:R. V. Somani 1981 1974:Amar Chitra Katha 1945:Samrat Prithviraj 1784:Hammira Mahakavya 1780:Hammira Mahakavya 1661:Chauhans of Nadol 1564:by some scholars) 1525:Qutb al-Din Aibak 1463:Hammira Mahakavya 1393:Hammira Mahakavya 1347:Jawami ul-Hikayat 1205:Ghurid generals. 1167:Hammira Mahakavya 1150:Tarikh-i-Firishta 971:Hammira-Mahakavya 955:Dasharatha Sharma 869:was ruled by the 847:Dasharatha Sharma 572:Dasharatha Sharma 510:Hammira Mahakavya 454:Dasharatha Sharma 311:Hammira Mahakavya 186: 185: 16:(Redirected from 4064: 4037:History of Ajmer 4017:History of Delhi 3920:Durlabharaja III 3781: 3774: 3767: 3758: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3725: 3704: 3683: 3659: 3638: 3619: 3598: 3578: 3554: 3533: 3521: 3510: 3486: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3161: 3155: 3152:R. B. Singh 1964 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3080:R. B. Singh 1964 3077: 3068: 3065:R. B. Singh 1964 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3041:R. B. Singh 1964 3038: 3027: 3024:R. B. Singh 1964 3021: 3012: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2974: 2963: 2957: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2925:R. B. Singh 1964 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2875: 2874: 2854:K.S Lal (1992). 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2803: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2722: 2716: 2713:R. B. Singh 1964 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2677: 2674:R. B. Singh 1964 2671: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2643:R. B. Singh 1964 2640: 2634: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2539:R. B. Singh 1964 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2515:R. B. Singh 1964 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2416:R. B. Singh 1964 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2392:R. B. Singh 1964 2389: 2383: 2380:R. B. Singh 1964 2377: 2371: 2365: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2325:R. B. Singh 1964 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2289:R. B. Singh 1964 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2247: 2244:R. B. Singh 1964 2241: 2235: 2232:R. B. Singh 1964 2229: 2223: 2217: 2200: 2194: 2185: 2182:R. B. Singh 1964 2179: 2173: 2170:R. B. Singh 1964 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2132: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2102:R. B. Singh 1964 2099: 2090: 2084: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2054:R. B. Singh 1964 2051: 2034: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1999: 1958:(1998–1999) and 1874:Persian language 1831: 1828: 1822:Tabaqat-i Nasiri 1747:Characterization 1657:Guhilas of Mewar 1630:Himachal Pradesh 1457: 1454: 1297:Tabaqat-i Nasiri 1272:, depicting the 1144:Tabaqat-i Nasiri 1054:Muhammad of Ghor 1020:, Delhi's ruler 1010:Qila Rai Pithora 995:Qila Rai Pithora 979:Muhammad of Ghor 923:Muhammad of Ghor 865:The area around 529:Prithviraja-Raso 402:Jalore Chahamana 244:Muhammad of Ghor 225:Jahazpur (Mewar) 223:in the north to 123: 75: 72: 51: 39: 21: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3981:Prithviraja III 3934: 3925:Vigraharaja III 3900:Govindaraja III 3895:Durlabharaja II 3863: 3791: 3785: 3755: 3750: 3741: 3739: 3728: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3686: 3680: 3662: 3656: 3641: 3622: 3616: 3601: 3581: 3575: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3513: 3507: 3489: 3483: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344:, pp. 6–7. 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3233: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3202: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3118:, p. 1178. 3114: 3110: 3104:Rima Hooja 2006 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3030: 3022: 3015: 3007: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2966: 2958: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2901:Andre Wink 1991 2899: 2895: 2887: 2878: 2868: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2842:Rima Hooja 2006 2840: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2806: 2798: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2739: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2620: 2612: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2457: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2135: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2037: 2029: 2022: 2012: 2010: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1980:The video game 1955:Main Dilli Hoon 1890: 1834:Delhi Sultanate 1829: 1799:Prithviraj Raso 1757:Prithviraj Raso 1755:The cover of a 1749: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1551:Vidyapati Gauda 1533: 1501:Prithviraj Raso 1455: 1412: 1373: 1284:Prithviraj Raso 1263: 1257: 1217: 1211: 1190:Prithviraj Raso 1186:Surjana Charita 1182:Prabandha Kosha 1034: 1018:Prithviraj Raso 1003:Prithviraj Raso 987: 967:Prabandha-Kosha 940:Surjana-Charita 899:Prithviraj Raso 883: 863: 836:Prithviraj Raso 801:Prithviraj Raso 769: 767:Wars in Gujarat 685:Prithviraj Raso 661: 584: 565:Har Bilas Sarda 494: 489: 469:Prithviraj Raso 414: 344:Prabandha Kosha 326:Prithviraj Raso 317:Prithviraj Raso 289:Prithviraj Raso 282: 273:Prithviraj Raso 248:Taraori in 1191 215:in present-day 189:Prithviraja III 125: 121: 109: 76:– December 1192 73: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Prithviraja III 15: 12: 11: 5: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4042:Hindu monarchs 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3986:Govindaraja IV 3983: 3978: 3973: 3971:Prithviraja II 3968: 3963: 3961:Vigraharaja IV 3958: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3905:Vakpatiraja II 3902: 3897: 3892: 3890:Vigraharaja II 3887: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3859:Govindaraja II 3856: 3854:Chandraraja II 3851: 3846: 3844:Durlabharaja I 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3754: 3753:External links 3751: 3749: 3748: 3726: 3720: 3705: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3664:Satish Chandra 3660: 3654: 3639: 3629:. N. Kishore. 3620: 3614: 3608:. Bloomsbury. 3599: 3579: 3573: 3555: 3549: 3534: 3528: 3511: 3505: 3487: 3481: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3452:, p. 267. 3442: 3440:, p. 266. 3430: 3426:The Hindu 2019 3418: 3406: 3404:, p. 265. 3394: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3271: 3254: 3242: 3231: 3211: 3200: 3180: 3156: 3154:, p. 182. 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3082:, p. 205. 3069: 3057: 3045: 3043:, p. 207. 3028: 3013: 2996: 2981: 2964: 2941: 2929: 2927:, p. 461. 2917: 2905: 2903:, p. 109. 2893: 2876: 2866: 2846: 2834: 2819: 2804: 2787: 2775: 2760: 2748: 2737: 2717: 2715:, p. 189. 2705: 2693: 2678: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2618: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2541:, p. 179. 2531: 2519: 2517:, p. 175. 2507: 2495: 2478: 2466: 2455: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2394:, p. 171. 2384: 2382:, p. 170. 2372: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 169. 2317: 2305: 2293: 2291:, p. 168. 2281: 2269: 2248: 2246:, p. 164. 2236: 2234:, p. 163. 2224: 2201: 2186: 2184:, p. 156. 2174: 2172:, p. 161. 2162: 2150: 2133: 2118: 2106: 2104:, p. 167. 2091: 2070: 2058: 2056:, p. 162. 2035: 2020: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1935:Rani Samyuktha 1889: 1886: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1707: 1701: 1691: 1626:Madhya Pradesh 1594: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1532: 1529: 1490:Satish Chandra 1482:Minhaj-i-Siraj 1478: 1477: 1467: 1459: 1443: 1411: 1408: 1372: 1369: 1335:Ghiyath al-Din 1259:Main article: 1256: 1253: 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1178: 1171: 1155:Jami-ul-Hikaya 1050:Ghurid dynasty 1033: 1030: 1026:Vigraharaja IV 1022:Anangpal Tomar 986: 983: 882: 879: 862: 859: 855:Satish Chandra 768: 765: 660: 657: 624:Two verses of 592:Vigraharaja IV 583: 580: 498:Prithviraja II 493: 490: 488: 485: 446:Jyeshtha month 413: 410: 281: 278: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124:(aged 26) 118: 114: 113: 106: 102: 101: 98: 97: 95:Govindaraja IV 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 68: 64: 63: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4069: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3930:Prithviraja I 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3880:Vakpatiraja I 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849:Govindaraja I 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3834:Chandraraja I 3832: 3830: 3829:Vigraharaja I 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3752: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3700:9788120819979 3696: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3655:9788185263021 3651: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3615:9781849080507 3611: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3574:9780842606189 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3550:9781107118560 3546: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3491:Amaresh Datta 3488: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3392:, p. 16. 3391: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3368:, p. 26. 3367: 3362: 3359: 3356:, p. 73. 3355: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3332:, p. 49. 3331: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3308:, p. 24. 3307: 3302: 3299: 3296:, p. 13. 3295: 3290: 3287: 3284:, p. 32. 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3269:, p. 48. 3268: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201:9788129108906 3197: 3193: 3192: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3165:R.C. Majumdar 3160: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3094:, p. 26. 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3055:, p. 54. 3054: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3011:, p. 45. 3010: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2979:, p. 52. 2978: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2962:, p. 87. 2961: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2939:, p. 86. 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2891:, p. 85. 2890: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2832:, p. 88. 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2817:, p. 84. 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2802:, p. 25. 2801: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2773:, p. 82. 2772: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2758:, p. 81. 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2703:, p. 51. 2702: 2697: 2694: 2691:, p. 53. 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2657:, p. 29. 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2616:, p. 41. 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2577:, p. 57. 2576: 2571: 2568: 2565:, p. 53. 2564: 2559: 2556: 2553:, p. 80. 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2529:, p. 79. 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2505:, p. 78. 2504: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2446:Ancient India 2442: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2370:, p. 76. 2369: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2351:, p. 55. 2350: 2345: 2342: 2339:, p. 75. 2338: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2279:, p. 47. 2278: 2273: 2270: 2267:, p. 74. 2266: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2225: 2222:, p. 73. 2221: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2199:, p. 38. 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2160:, p. 18. 2159: 2154: 2151: 2148:, p. 72. 2147: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2131:, p. 69. 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2116:, p. 50. 2115: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2089:, p. 39. 2088: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2068:, p. 37. 2067: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2033:, p. 38. 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1964:(2006–2009). 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1919:Prithivirajan 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1843:(rather than 1842: 1837: 1835: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1817:Tajul-Ma'asir 1814: 1813:Tajul-Ma'asir 1810: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647:and Sirhind ( 1646: 1642: 1641:R.C. Majumdar 1637: 1635: 1634:Uttar Pradesh 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1449: 1445:According to 1444: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1416: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1361:Taj-ul-Maasir 1357: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1344:According to 1342: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1159:Taj-ul-Maasir 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1135:Qiwam-ul Mulk 1132: 1131:Taj-ul-Maasir 1128: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090:solar eclipse 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060:and captured 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 996: 991: 984: 982: 980: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 880: 878: 876: 872: 868: 860: 858: 856: 852: 851:R.C. Majumdar 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 766: 764: 760: 757: 756:Kalinjar Fort 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 713: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 658: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 597:According to 595: 593: 589: 581: 579: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 534: 530: 526: 520: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 491: 486: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 432:were born in 431: 427: 423: 419: 411: 409: 407: 403: 399: 398: 393: 392: 386: 384: 380: 376: 375: 370: 366: 365: 361: 356: 355:anachronistic 352: 351: 346: 345: 340: 339: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 313: 312: 307: 306: 301: 300: 290: 286: 279: 277: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 182: 179: 175: 171: 168:Karpuradevi ( 167: 163: 160: 157: 153: 150: 147: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 128: 120:December 1192 119: 115: 112: 107: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 69: 65: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 3980: 3966:Amaragangeya 3946:Ajayaraja II 3939:12th century 3915:Chamundaraja 3875:Chandanaraja 3839:Gopendraraja 3740:. 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Yoganand 1862:South India 1830: 1260 1659:along with 1624:, northern 1620:, southern 1606:Betwa river 1517:Ranthambore 1456: 1304 1442:conspiracy. 1432:Govindaraja 1058:Indus River 895:Jayachandra 673:Bundelkhand 492:Early reign 374:Alha-Khanda 260:Govindaraja 240:Ghurid army 201:Rai Pithora 108:22 May 1166 81:Predecessor 74: 1177 4006:Categories 3976:Someshvara 3482:9004102361 3467:Andre Wink 1990:References 1948:(2022) by 1938:(1962) by 1910:Prithviraj 1711:Someshvara 1618:Uttrakhand 1578:jaya-patra 1170:succeeded. 1070:Chaulukyas 930:Abu'l-Fazl 915:swayamvara 887:Gahadavala 806:G. H. Ojha 748:Gahadavala 637:Jain monks 633:Bhadanakas 422:Someshvara 412:Early life 159:Someshvara 85:Someshvara 3956:Jagaddeva 3910:Viryarama 3885:Simharaja 3803:Chahamana 3735:The Hindu 3475:. BRILL. 1866:James Tod 1849:Abul Fazl 1788:Prabandha 1614:Rajasthan 1476:to death. 1382:Merutunga 951:Tilottama 903:Samyogita 867:Mount Abu 861:Paramaras 781:Chaulukya 750:ruler of 712:digvijaya 694:Alha-Raso 681:Paramardi 628:Pattavali 611:elephants 438:Chaulukya 426:Kalachuri 418:Chahamana 381:) of the 379:Alha Raso 364:Pattavali 229:Chandelas 217:Rajasthan 137:Sanyogita 91:Successor 3991:Hariraja 3951:Arnoraja 3819:Naradeva 3809:Vasudeva 3666:(2006). 3635:11038728 3585:(1886). 3561:(1959). 3493:(1988). 3469:(1991). 3167:(2001). 2443:(1977). 1916:(1933), 1904:(1924), 1768:Sanskrit 1740:Visalpur 1715:Arnoraja 1649:Bathinda 1513:Hariraja 1486:Firishta 1339:Firozkoh 1330:Firishta 1237:Firishta 1221:Bathinda 1200:himself. 1109:Peshawar 1078:Lodhruva 1012:fort in 997:in Delhi 910:Rajasuya 777:Bhima II 744:Jaichand 677:Chandela 669:Madanpur 603:infantry 561:Jonaraja 430:Hariraja 406:Viramade 383:Chandela 221:Thanesar 181:Hinduism 177:Religion 59:King of 2013:22 July 1792:Hammira 1734:Udaipur 1700:Katiya. 1694:Phalodi 1537:pandits 1356:Juzjani 1094:Naddula 1076:-ruled 1066:Gujarat 1048:-based 891:Kannauj 824:Bikaner 793:Veraval 791:). 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