2558:(CPOs) and other procurement executives. The report included the main procurement performance and operational benchmarks that procurement leaders use to gauge the success of their organizations. This report found that the average procurement department manages 60.6% of total enterprise spend. This measure, commonly called "spend under management" or "managed spend", refers to the percentage of total enterprise spend (which includes all direct and indirect spend) that a procurement organization manages or influences. Alternatively, the term may refer to the percentage of addressable spend which is influenced by procurement, "addressable spend" being the expenditure which could potentially be influenced. The average procurement department also achieved an annual saving of 6.7% in the last reporting cycle, sourced 52.6% of its addressable spend, and has a contract compliance rate of 62.6%. A more restrictive definition of "spend under management" includes only expenditure which makes use of preferred supplier contracts and negotiated payment rates and terms.
2519:(CIPS) promotes a model of "five rights", which it suggests are "a traditional formula expressing the basic objectives of procurement and the general criteria by which procurement performance is measured", namely that goods and services purchased should be of the 'right quality', in the 'right quantity', delivered to the 'right place' at the 'right time' and obtained at the 'right price'. CIPS has in the past also offered an alternative listing of the five rights as "buy goods or services of the right quality, in the right quantity, from the right source, at the right time and at the right price. 'Right source' is added as a sixth right in CIPS' 2018 publication,
2264:. The public sector picks the most capable nonprofit or for-profit organizations available to issue the desired good or service to the taxpayers. This produces competition within the private sector to gain these contracts that then reward the organizations that can supply more cost-effective and quality goods and services. Some contracts also have specific clauses to promote working with minority-led, women-owned businesses and/or
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2355:, but also with the intention to maximizing net benefits for themselves and the wider world. In doing so they must incorporate extrinsic cost considerations into decisions alongside the conventional procurement criteria of price and quality, although in practice the sustainable impacts of a potential supplier's approach are often assessed as a form of quality consideration.
1040:
1319:. The Romans developed a system of supply depots that were located throughout their empire. These depots were stocked with food, weapons, and other supplies that could be quickly distributed to troops in the field. This system helped to ensure that the Roman army was always well-supplied, even when it was fighting far from home.
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of performance where they are "a reflection of the 's ... expectations of the purchasing and supply management function". CIPS distinguishes between "savings", which can reduce budgets, and "cost avoidance", which "attempts to thwart price increases and to keep within budget". Examples of savings as a beneficial outcome include:
1388:(CIPS) recommends involvement of procurement staff and skills from an early stage in the cycle, noting that such "early procurement involvement" can have a beneficial impact on the nature and timing of any approach to market, the specification and the sourcing strategy and supplier selection approach adopted.
2734:
research found that there were 526,200 purchasing manager, buyer and purchasing agent positions in the United States in 2019. Various writers have noted that businesses may reduce the numbers of purchasing staff during a recession along with staff in other business areas, despite a tendency to become
2331:
or green procurement is a process whereby organizations meet their needs for goods, services, works and utilities in a way that achieves value for money on a life-cycle basis while addressing equity principles for sustainable development, therefore benefiting societies and the environment across time
1533:
The preferred provider model also uses a transaction-based economic model, but a key difference between the preferred provider and the other transaction-based models is that the buyer has chosen to move to a supplier relationship where there is an opportunity for the supplier to add incremental value
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Procurement decisions fall along a continuum from simple buying transactions to more complex buyer-supplier collaborations, and the buying behaviour of staff involved in purchasing decision-making has been widely studied. Some purchasing decisions are especially complex. Some writers treat purchasing
1380:
Many writers also refer to procurement as a cyclical process, which commences with a definition of business needs and develops a specification, identifies suppliers and adopted appropriate methods for consulting with them, inviting and evaluating proposals, secures on contract and takes delivery of a
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is a subset of procurement that specifically deals with the ordering and payment of goods and services. Organizational procurement is also referred to as "organizational buying" or "institutional buying", for example in studies of the buying behaviour of staff involved in purchasing decision-making.
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Delivery on savings goals is an important part of the procurement function, but this objective is generally seen as value generation rather than cost reduction. CIPS also notes that securing savings is "one measure of purchasing performance", but argues that savings should only be used as a measure
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process. The process is used to ensure the buyer receives goods, services or works for the best possible price, when aspects such as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared. Procurement is considered sustainable when organizations broadens this framework by meeting their needs for goods,
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Various commentators have made projections regarding the future of procurement. Charlotte Payne, general manager of CIPS in
Australia and New Zealand, suggests that "procurement's role in sustainability is going to be massive", while a CIPS general overview anticipates that "there is little chance
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reported in 2019 that, based on a survey of over 300 CPOs in Europe, US, and Asia working across 14 industries, 38% of the staff in the procurement organizations surveyed were women: 60% of CPOs stated that there were more women in their organization than three years previously, while 6% said that
2595:
procurement performers have ROSMA scores two to three times higher than those in the middle two quartiles". A.T. Kearney's report suggests a close match between the self-reported performance of CPOs in the best performing departments and the view of procurement held by the CFO and the organisation
1343:
Procurement is one component of the broader concept of sourcing and acquisition. Typically procurement is viewed as more tactical in nature (the process of physically buying a product or service) and sourcing and acquisition are viewed as more strategic and encompassing. Multiple sourcing business
2271:
Competition is a key component of public procurement which affects the outcomes of the whole process. There is a great amount of competition over public procurements because of the massive amount of money that flows through these systems; It is estimated that approximately eleven trillion
2407:
Joint procurement takes place when two or more organisations share purchasing activities, and therefore has a more specifically buyer-side focus than many examples of collaborative buyer-seller relationships. Companies may decide to work together for the following reasons:
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A basic provider model is transaction-based; it usually has a set price for individual products and services for which there are a wide range of standard market options. Typically these products or services are readily available, with little differentiation in what is
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new asset or accepts performance of a service, manages the ownership of the asset or the delivery of the service and reaches an end-of-life point where the asset becomes due for replacement or the service contract terminates. At this point the cycle would recommence.
1351:(ISM) defines strategic sourcing as the process of identifying sources that could provide needed products or services for the acquiring organization. The term procurement is used to reflect the entire purchasing process or cycle, and not just the tactical components.
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A vested sourcing business model is a hybrid relationship that combines an outcome-based economic model with a relational contracting model. Companies enter into highly collaborative arrangements designed to create and share value for buyers and suppliers above and
2255:
Public procurement is based on the idea that governments should direct their society while giving the private sector the freedom to decide the best practices to produce the desired goods and services. One benefit of public procurement is its ability to cultivate
1541:(or managed services model) is generally a formal, longer-term supplier agreement that combines a relational contracting model with an output-based economic model. It seeks to drive supplier accountability for output-based service-level agreements (SLAs) and/or
2377:(EDI) was a forerunner to electronic procurement, this consisted of standardized transmission of data such as inventories and good required electronically. Schoenherr argues that EDI developed from standardized manifests for deliveries to Berlin during the
2815:
agreement between
Nearfield Ltd., Lincoln Nominees Ltd., and other partners, in relation to the utilisation of a bank loan, gave rise to a dispute between the parties regarding the meaning of the word "procure", which was resolved in 2006 by the judge,
2820:, confirming that the "normal meaning of the word" is clear and well understood:"I do not see that procure means anything other than as Nearfield puts it 'see to it'". In this case, the obligation to "procure the payment" of the loan amounted to a
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represents a system of organising the roles of staff within a procurement team "in such a way as to focus ... on the supply markets of an organisation", rather than being organised according to the organisation's internal departmental structure.
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have developed a model for assessing the performance of a procurement organisation or the procurement function within a wider organisation, known as ROSMA (Return on Supply
Management Assets). According to the 2016 ROSMA Performance Check Report,
1405:
and make the assumption that decision-makers have access to the information they need for their decision. Feldman and
Cordozo questioned this approach in a 1969 article, suggesting that industrial buyer decision-making had similarities with
1186:
concerns non-production-related acquisition: a wide variety of goods and services, from standardized items like office supplies and safety equipment to complex and costly products and services like heavy equipment, consulting services, and
1552:
A shared services model is typically an internal organization based on an arms-length outsourcing arrangement. Using this approach, processes are often centralized into an SSO that charges business units or users for the services they
2553:
Ardent
Partners published a report in 2011 which presented a comprehensive, industry-wide view into what was happening in the world of procurement at that time by drawing on the experience, performance, and perspective of nearly 250
2574:
the procurement profession has a top-tier group of standout performers, a middle-tier that is delivering value, but performing well below the top tier, and a large group of bottom-quartile performers that add limited value to their
1173:
Procurement activities are also often divided into two distinct categories, direct and indirect spend. Direct spend refers to the production-related procurement that encompasses all items that are part of finished products, such as
2799:
obligation to procure refers to an absolute obligation to ensure that the action is done or the condition is met, for example a contract with a principal supplier may include a clause requiring the company to "procure" that its
1556:
An equity partnership creates a legally binding entity; it can take different legal forms, from buying a supplier (an acquisition), to creating a subsidiary, to equity-sharing joint ventures or entering into cooperative (co-op)
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could "attract, develop and retain" staff in public purchasing roles, focus on performance and "make the most out of the available tools and techniques". Research undertaken in 2020 highlighted the importance of social or
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more dependent on bought-in goods and services as operations contract. For example, US business executive Steve
Collins observed that in one major company the purchasing staffbase "was downsized some 30% during the
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Commission
Recommendation (EU) 2017/1805 of 3 October 2017 on the professionalisation of public procurement — Building an architecture for the professionalisation of public procurement (Text with EEA relevance)
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the number of women had decreased. The effect of this growing involvement of women in procurement was recognised in the form of "more creativity and innovation", acknowledged by 76% of the CPO's surveyed.
2739:, 'but the expectations for the remaining employees remained unchanged ... The additional workload placed on the remaining employees following the downsizing created a much more challenging environment
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Betiol, Luciana Stocco; Uehara, Thiago Hector
Kanashiro; Laloe, Florence Karine; Appugliese, Gabriela Alem; Adeodato, Sergio; Ramos, Ligia; Neto, Mario Prestes Monzoni (15 December 2015).
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sector, where procurement practice was not well developed and college organisations were relatively small, oversight of procurement by the
Director of Finance was a typical arrangement.
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services, works, and utilities in a way that achieves value for money and promotes positive outcomes not only for the organization itself but for the economy, environment, and society.
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An approved provider model uses a transaction-based approach where goods and services are purchased from prequalified suppliers that meet certain performance or other selection criteria.
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all stages of the process of acquiring property or services, beginning with the process for determining a need for property or services and ending with contract completion and closeout.
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more widely, and also notes that weaker performers or "inconsequentials" share a distinct profile marked by lack of "identifiable leadership accountable for procurement's performance.
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Spend under management also contributes to an additional measure of procurement performance or procurement efficiency: procurement operating expense as a percentage of managed spend.
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process is intended to ensure that the buyer receives goods, services, or works at the best possible price when aspects such as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared.
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Personnel who undertake procurement on behalf of an organization may be referred to as procurement officers, professionals or specialists, buyers or supply managers. The US
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into account. On the other hand, the introduction of external regulations concerning accounting practices can affect ongoing buyer-supplier relations in unforeseen manners.
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announced "a programme of mutual support for the local manufacturing of vaccines and medicines" in July 2023 for which a "pooled procurement mechanism" would be required.
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Some writers have observed that there is limited opportunity for women to enter procurement because of stereotypes viewing some roles as not appropriate for women.
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What is the legal effect of a contractual obligation to 'procure' that something happens? How is this affected by adding the qualification 'reasonable endeavours'?
2461:. There are central purchasing bodies in many countries which coordinate joint purchasing activities for public sector organisations. A report commissioned by the
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estimated that public procurement made up about 15% of global GDP. Therefore, government procurement accounts for a substantial part of the global economy.
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In many larger organizations the procurement and supply function is led by a board-level or other senior position such as a
Director of Supply Chain or a
2055:
2583:
using the ROSMA Performance Check, arguing that it enables a procurement department to "measure and explain procurement and supply's value in terms your
2743:". In 2021 the Australasian Procurement and Construction Council (APCC) put forward an appeal asking everyone working in the procurement profession in
4265:
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Independent or third party personnel who undertake procurement or negotiate purchases on behalf of an organization may be called purchasing agents or
3319:
2704:(CFO) or Director of Finance, or the growing need for liaison between the CFO and the procurement function has been recognised. A 2006 report by the
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and public bodies often define processes intended to promote fair and open competition for their business while minimizing risks such as exposure to
1432:
Wilson found that there was some correlation between personality traits and decision-making styles among the Canadian buyers in his research study.
4460:
2977:, vol. 1, issue 1/2, 97-116, accessed 27 January 2021. Salam refers to CSR in a purchasing context as "purchasing social responsibility" (PSR).
2705:
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A company's procurement function, specifically its spending on suppliers, typically accounts for more than half of the company's total budget.
2643:. Staff in managerial positions may be referred to as Purchasing Managers or Procurement Managers. The ISM refers to "the supply profession".
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Lewis, M.A. and Roehrich, J.K. (2009), Contracts, relationships and integration: Towards a model of the procurement of complex performance.
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Some aspects of a procurement process may need to be initiated ahead of the majority of the project, for example where there are extensive
2294:, the laws of most countries regulate government procurement to some extent. Laws usually require the procuring authority to issue public
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and travel buyers. Part of the work of a corporate travel buyer is the formulation and implementation of a corporate travel policy.
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2351:. Organizations practicing sustainable procurement meet their needs for goods, services, utilities and works not only on a private
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3609:"Productivity in Public Procurement - A Case Study of Finland: Measuring the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Public Procurement"
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3761:"Impact of the time limits for the receipt of tenders on the number of bidders: evidence from public procurement in Greece"
3243:
1330:"The intelligence and fidelity exercised in the purchase, care and use of railway supplies influences directly the cost of
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process. The term may also refer to a contractual obligation to "procure", i.e. to "ensure" that something is done. When a
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2473:"should consider creating Central Purchasing Bodies (CPBs)" in order to secure "coherent and coordinated procurement".
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The first record of what would be recognized now as the purchasing department of an industrial operation relates to the
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in the United States was originally called the National Association of Purchasing Agents from its formation in 1915. A
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European Union: Beware The Promise "To Procure": The Risk Of Giving An Inadvertent Guarantee In English Law Contracts
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sourcing, or developing a supply of, a lower quality item at a reduced cost, where the item is still fit for purpose
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There are a number of models along the sourcing continuum: basic provider, approved provider, preferred provider,
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and other associated businesses undertake the same commitments as those contractually imposed on the principal.
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issued a recommendation in October 2017 directed towards the "professionalisation of public procurement" so that
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development, value analysis, supplier market research, negotiation, buying activities, contract administration,
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Public Law 111–350: An Act to enact certain laws relating to public contracts as title 41, United States Code,
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if the value of the procurement exceeds a certain threshold. Government procurement is also the subject of the
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Find the latest supply chain and procurement vacancies in buying, category management, planning and logistics
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Supply Chain News: Annual Research from AT Kearney as Usual Finds Outsized Benefits for Procurement Leaders
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is the purchasing of goods by businesses through the internet or other networked computer connection.
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approach, where the total transaction costs of the actors involved are lower when they work together
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Sustainable procurement: The power of public and private consumption for an inclusive green economy
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Supply Chain News: In times of Reduce Staff in Procurement, New Tool to Help Prioritize the Work
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for themselves or the taxpayers. In 2019, public procurement accounted for approximately 12% of
4441:", American Productivity & Quality Center, published 2 April 2020, accessed 6 January 2022.
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determining and monitoring quantity and timing of deliveries (more commonly in small companies)
1312:. The scribes recorded how much material and how many workers were needed for different tasks.
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3656:"Connecting demand and supply: The role of intermediation in public procurement of innovation"
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2439:' case, arguing that certain functions become separate, specialised units in order to obtain
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perspective are also likely to require their purchasing activity to take wider societal and
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1087:, or other works from an external source, often with the use of a tendering or competitive
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will understand, using a common financial standard". Findings in 2020 suggested that "top
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Improving Public Procurement Outcomes Review of Tools and the State of the Evidence Base
3402:"Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment"
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reviewing technical specifications for raw materials, components, equipment or buildings
1155:, traffic, receiving and stores. Federal US legislation defines procurement as including
4670:
4592:
4015:, briefing requested by the IMCO committee, published April 2020, accessed 1 March 2023
3285:
Feldman, W. and Cardozo, R., "The Industrial Revolution and Models of Buyer Behavior",
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2378:
2348:
2343:
Sustainable procurement is a spending and investment process typically associated with
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211:
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4345:", HC 1632, Session 2005-2006, published 25 October 2006, accessed 20 January 2024.
4151:, Una Group Purchasing Organisation, published 27 April 2021, accessed 15 June 2023
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2801:
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1998:
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The politics of bureaucracy: an introduction to comparative public administration
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Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice
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should be considered in understanding buyers' decision processes. Three distinct
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and operating and affect the reputations of officers and the profits of owners."
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3309:, volume 8, number 4 (November 1971), pp. 433-436, accessed on 8 September 2024
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1182:, directly affects the production process of manufacturing firms. In contrast,
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Almost all purchasing decisions include factors such as delivery and handling,
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3817:
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2546:
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1975:
1821:
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1127:, and fluctuations in the prices of goods. Organisations which have adopted a
1077:
56:
3784:
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3435:
3012:
2719:, although the term "purchasing agent" has a longer and broader history: the
4412:
4131:"Ardent Partners Research - CPO 2011: Innovative Ideas for the Decade Ahead"
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2744:
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2008:
1950:
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339:
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Disability:INclusive Workplaces – Accessible Technology Procurement Toolkit
3560:
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1300:
The first record of procurement activities dates back to 3,000 BC when the
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3276:, Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply, accessed 31 August 2023
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behaviour. Wilson suggested in a 1971 article that an individual buyer's
273:
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that procurement and supply will enter a period of calm any time soon".
17:
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3958:
The Evolution of Electronic Procurement: Transforming Business as Usual
3915:
The Evolution of Electronic Procurement: Transforming Business as Usual
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3004:
2506: – Procurement method where concurrent orders are grouped together
2337:
1756:
1305:
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108:
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3426:
1147:(ISM) defines procurement as an organizational function that includes
3999:
3400:
Georghiou, Luke; Edler, Jakob; Uyarra, Elvira; Yeow, Jillian (2014).
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2485:
2477:
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1716:
1626:
1621:
1515:
1309:
4026:
Rwanda looks to work with Caribbean countries for vaccine production
2646:
A Purchasing or Procurement Manager's responsibilities may include:
2531:
agreeing a reduction in price, obtaining the same item for less cost
4580:
4534:
EWHC 2421 (Ch), delivered 9 October 2006, accessed 26 February 2023
3169:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XI: The Roman Empire, 284-337
1095:
buys goods or services through this practice, it is referred to as
4483:
Women in Procurement: Gender Parity is a Key to Better Performance
2607:"Buyer" and "Purchasing agent" redirect here. For other uses, see
2283:
2279:
1178:, components and parts. Direct procurement, which is the focus in
1113:
1080:
911:
73:
3697:"Public procurement and innovation—Resurrecting the demand side"
3184:
The Handling of Railway Supplies: Their Purchase and Disposition
3143:"Supply chain timeline: Procurement - ancient & modern tech"
3073:
A General Model for Understanding Organizational Buying Behavior
2245:
4601:
2457:
Joint or collaborative procurement is a common practice within
1425:
a trait reflecting a high degree of generalised self-confidence
4371:
Commercial Agents Directive - Termination of Commercial Agency
4343:
Improving procurement in further education colleges in England
4220:
Procurement Operating Expense as a Percentage of Managed Spend
2588:
2307:
1691:
1439:
1315:
Formalized acquisition of goods and services has its roots in
1033:
517:
2987:
Gu, Tiantian; Sanders, Nada R.; Venkateswaran, Anand (2017).
1361:
software) manages purchasing processes electronically or via
4286:
CIPS Knowledge Works: Category Management, July 2007, page 2
3322:, archived on 18 December 2007, accessed on 8 September 2024
1601:
3994:
Kamann D. J. F., van der Vaart T., and de Vries, J. (2004)
3960:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 33–46,
3917:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 47–63,
4439:
Closing the Skills Gap in Procurement Part 2: The Solution
2657:
or suppliers to provide quality goods at reasonable prices
1377:. Such cases may be referred to as "advance procurement".
4389:, published 21 September 2020, accessed 28 December 2020.
4078:, Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply, p. 114
3031:, section 111, 4 January 2011, accessed 28 September 2023
2971:
Social responsibility in purchasing: the case of Thailand
2771:
within the skill sets of professional procurement staff.
4567:, published on 26 October 2023, accessed on 22 June 2024
4360:, January/February 2015, page 19, accessed 14 June 2023.
3911:"The Advent of the Internet and Online Reverse Auctions"
2467:
Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection
4498:", updated 10 November 2022, accessed 26 February 2023.
4453:"Lack of opportunities' for women to enter procurement"
4313:"Interview with Chris Holmes, Director of Supply Chain"
3857:
3101:
Caldwell, N.D., Roehrich, J.K. and Davies, A.C. (2009)
2727:
may both purchase and sell on behalf of a third party.
2449:- the argument that actors work together because it is
1418:
have been described in the literature on this subject:
3117:"Walk through the history of the procurement industry"
2700:(CPO). In other cases, procurement is overseen by the
2433:, which they would be unable to exercise independently
2332:
and geographies. Procurement is often conducted via a
4565:
What does the future hold for procurement and supply?
4387:: "Purchasing Managers, Buyers and Purchasing Agents"
4373:", Orpen Franks Solicitors, accessed 2 December 2020.
3952:
Schoenherr, Tobias (2019), Schoenherr, Tobias (ed.),
3909:
Schoenherr, Tobias (2019), Schoenherr, Tobias (ed.),
3231:
RFP released for Coast Guard's heavy polar icebreaker
2500: – Procurement method that looks at many factors
2276:
is spent on public procurement worldwide every year.
1534:
to the buyer's business to meet strategic objectives.
1076:
is the process of locating and agreeing to terms and
4551:, published 11 June 2009, accessed 26 February 2023.
4402:", published 16 May 2010, accessed 29 December 2020.
2891:
A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation
4411:Australasian Procurement and Construction Council,
4209:, published 10 February 2020, accessed 10 July 2021
3233:, published 5 March 2018, accessed 24 November 2022
4485:", published February 2019, accessed 3 April 2023.
3695:Edler, Jakob; Georghiou, Luke (1 September 2007).
3044:. Harvard Business Review Press. 2022. p. 3.
2888:
2678:supervision of other procurement staff and agents.
4120:, published 24 May 2016, accessed 16 January 2018
3888:. Public Administration and Citizenship Program.
3255:Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply,
2393:were both forerunners to electronic procurement.
3836:Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank
3832:"Public Procurement for Sustainable Development"
2989:"CEO Incentives and Customer-Supplier Relations"
4532:Nearfield Ltd v Lincoln Nominees Ltd & Anor
4302:, published 19 July 2021, accessed 11 June 2024
4164:, summary published 2016, accessed 10 July 2021
4089:The Next Frontier in Procurement Transformation
3759:Pliatsidis, Andreas Christos (1 January 2022).
3090:International Journal of Procurement Management
2975:International Journal of Procurement Management
2572:
2517:Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply
2306:international treaty under the auspices of the
1386:Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply
1328:
1157:
4032:, published 6 July 2023, accessed 12 July 2023
1401:made in the context of a business aim such as
4613:
3858:"NIGP - The Institute for Public Procurement"
2614:"Buyers" redirects here. For other uses, see
2236:purchases goods, works, and services from an
2210:
1015:
8:
4041:CIPS in partnership with Profex Publishing,
3654:Edler, Jakob; Yeow, Jillian (1 March 2016).
3544:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3500:Mihály, Fazekas; Rene, Blum, Jurgen (2021).
2887:Laffont, Jean-Jacques; Tirole, Jean (1993).
1422:a trait displaying a high need for certainty
3406:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
2949:(5th ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning.
2347:, although it is equally applicable to the
1474:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4620:
4606:
4598:
4188:
4186:
4002:Conference, 4–7 April 2004, Catania, Italy
3735:"The Office of Federal Procurement Policy"
3593:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3196:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3171:. Cambridge University Press. p. 222.
2217:
2203:
1579:
1022:
1008:
38:
4559:
4557:
4294:
4292:
3954:"The Evolution of Electronic Procurement"
3671:
3521:
3425:
3303:Industrial Buyers' Decision-Making Styles
3297:
3295:
1494:Learn how and when to remove this message
4172:
4170:
4149:How to Bring More Spend Under Management
1193:
4137:from the original on 24 September 2011.
3502:"Improving Public Procurement Outcomes"
2879:
2425:, where the group of actors is able to
1593:
41:
4118:How do you optimize addressable spend?
4099:
4097:
3636:
3625:
3586:
3537:
3189:
4268:from the original on 13 December 2016
4013:The EU's Public Procurement Framework
3996:Joint purchasing: theory and practice
2689:Specialist procurement roles include
1344:models and acquisition models exist.
7:
4300:The role of a corporate travel buyer
3063:
3061:
2993:Production and Operations Management
2541:for the same cost, e.g. negotiating
1472:adding citations to reliable sources
1304:managed materials and labor for the
4413:Promoting procurement in the census
3141:Ashcroft, Sean (8 September 2022).
2811:The use of the word "procure" in a
2300:Agreement on Government Procurement
3508:. Policy Research Working Papers.
3475:"How large is public procurement?"
2751:when completing their August 2021
1286:Safety Equipment, spare parts, IT
1211:Maintenance, repair, and operating
1207:Raw material and production goods
25:
4262:"ISM - Supply Management Defined"
4043:Procurement and Supply Operations
3357:Khan, Naushad (11 January 2018).
3182:Kirkman, Marshall Monroe (1887).
1870:International Chamber of Commerce
996:Business and economics portal
27:Acquisition of goods and services
4424:Publications Office of the EU, "
3115:Collins, Georgia (11 May 2022).
3079:, Volume 36, Issue 2, April 1972
2708:in the UK commented that in the
2320:This section is an excerpt from
2315:Sustainable or green procurement
2232:or public procurement is when a
1572:This section is an excerpt from
1522:model and equity partnerships.
1444:
1289:Warehouses, Vehicles, Oil Wells
1038:
989:
4581:Federal Procurement Data System
4319:. 26 April 2019. Archived from
3806:Mihály, Fazekas; Blum, Jurgen.
3360:Public Procurement Fundamentals
2721:Institute for Supply Management
2469:(IMCO) has recommended that EU
1349:Institute for Supply Management
1145:Institute for Supply Management
1129:corporate social responsibility
4563:CIPS Knowledge & Insight,
4543:Coulter, C. and Swinson, M., "
4105:Positions on Practice: Savings
3418:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.09.018
3363:. Emerald Publishing Limited.
3289:, 5 (November 1969), pp. 77-88
3244:What is the Procurement Cycle?
2637:Federal Acquisition Regulation
2387:Material requirements planning
1064:Proposed since September 2024.
1:
4451:Phillips, W. (9 March 2022).
4385:Occupational Outlook Handbook
4045:, 2012, revised 2016, pp. 1-2
3765:Journal of Public Procurement
3307:Journal of Marketing Research
3270:Early Procurement Involvement
2863:Performance Based Contracting
2853:Group purchasing organization
2747:to include the term in their
2579:CIPS promotes organisational
2385:in the 1960s and argues that
1508:performance-based contracting
651:management information system
302:Chief human resources officer
4528:England and Wales High Court
4518:, accessed 26 February 2023.
4382:Bureau of Labor Statistics,
3713:10.1016/j.respol.2007.03.003
3673:10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.010
3565:(7 ed.). New York, NY.
3257:Procurement and Supply Cycle
2945:Weele, Arjan J. van (2010).
2391:Enterprise resource planning
1946:Intellectual property rights
645:Enterprise resource planning
473:Financial statement analysis
32:Procurement (disambiguation)
4549:Morrison & Foerster LLP
3966:10.1007/978-3-319-93985-8_3
3923:10.1007/978-3-319-93985-8_4
3333:"Public procurement - OECD"
3217:, accessed 24 November 2022
2921:"Public procurement - OECD"
2476:On a trans-national scale,
2375:Electronic data interchange
1928:Economic and monetary union
1850:International Monetary Fund
1787:Voluntary export restraints
1219:Capital goods and services
1047:It has been suggested that
4718:
4428:", accessed 28 April 2021.
4251:, accessed 1 December 2020
4238:, accessed 1 December 2020
4222:, accessed 2 February 2021
4091:, accessed 7 December 2022
3259:, accessed 21 January 2021
3246:, accessed 21 January 2021
2732:Bureau of Labor Statistics
2620:
2613:
2606:
2556:chief procurement officers
2413:transaction cost economics
2400:
2363:
2319:
1923:Customs and monetary union
1865:World Customs Organization
1855:International Trade Centre
1571:
29:
4636:
4107:, accessed 21 August 2020
3777:10.1108/JOPP-05-2022-0025
3320:Established Buying Theory
3227:United States Coast Guard
2698:chief procurement officer
2459:public sector procurement
1888:Preferential trading area
1397:decisions as examples of
1201:
1196:
307:Chief information officer
139:Limited liability company
4587:Green public procurement
4357:Inside Supply Management
4341:National Audit Office, "
4065:, accessed 14 March 2017
4056:Procurement Glossary - F
2169:Balassa–Samuelson effect
2164:Ricardian trade theories
2051:Largest consumer markets
1860:World Trade Organization
1428:a need to achieve trait.
1339:Sourcing and acquisition
320:Chief technology officer
254:Mergers and acquisitions
224:Constitutional documents
49:Management of a business
4702:Supply chain management
4666:Request for association
4641:Request for information
4415:, accessed 29 July 2021
4196:, accessed 10 July 2021
4180:, accessed 10 July 2021
4178:ROSMA Performance Check
4076:Contract Administration
3559:Peters, B. Guy (2018).
2858:Procurement outsourcing
2702:chief financial officer
2616:Buyers (disambiguation)
2521:Contract Administration
2453:thing to do these days.
2437:neo-classical economics
2329:Sustainable procurement
2322:Sustainable procurement
2266:state-owned enterprises
2248:countries. In 2021 the
2184:Lerner symmetry theorem
1436:Sourcing business model
1180:supply chain management
1101:or public procurement.
380:Environmental economics
360:International economics
311:Chief marketing officer
297:Chief financial officer
292:Chief operating officer
288:Chief executive officer
249:International trade law
43:Business administration
4398:Supply Chain Digest, "
3635:Cite journal requires
3514:10.1596/1813-9450-9690
3147:supplychaindigital.com
3042:Profit from the Source
2782:Management consultant
2775:Participation of women
2609:Buyer (disambiguation)
2577:
2504:Syndicated procurement
2498:Best value procurement
2381:which were applied by
2371:Electronic procurement
2360:Electronic procurement
2230:Government procurement
2159:Gravity model of trade
2056:Leading trade partners
1961:Government procurement
1762:Exchange rate controls
1606:
1574:Government procurement
1567:Government procurement
1336:
1161:
1133:ethical considerations
1098:government procurement
949:International business
934:Business judgment rule
279:Chief business officer
179:Annual general meeting
159:State-owned enterprise
149:Privately held company
4646:Request for quotation
4589:(European Commission)
4530:(Chancery Division),
4510:Obligation to Procure
4205:Supply Chain Digest,
4061:14 April 2017 at the
4011:European Parliament,
3454:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
3369:10.1108/9781787546059
3287:Journal of Purchasing
3167:Bowman, Alan (2000).
2969:Salam, M. A. (2007),
2895:. MIT Press. p.
2706:National Audit Office
2511:Measuring performance
2353:cost–benefit analysis
2139:Heckscher–Ohlin model
2134:Competitive advantage
2129:Comparative advantage
2016:Trade and development
1777:Countervailing duties
1605:
1369:Acquisition processes
1326:of the 19th century:
1283:Steel, Resin, Rubber
1202:Indirect procurement
625:Customer relationship
561:Business intelligence
523:Financial institution
498:International finance
448:Cash conversion cycle
355:Development economics
316:Chief product officer
64:Management accounting
4661:Request for solution
4651:Request for proposal
4194:What Good Looks Like
4192:A T Kearney (2016),
4162:What good looks like
3274:Procurement Glossary
3077:Journal of Marketing
2663:prices and contracts
2641:Contracting Officers
2568:What Good Looks Like
2447:neo-institutionalism
2154:Intra-industry trade
1882:Economic integration
1832:Economic integration
1827:Economic nationalism
1468:improve this section
1355:Procurement software
1184:indirect procurement
1057:into this article. (
566:Business development
410:Economic development
172:Corporate governance
69:Financial accounting
30:For other uses, see
3479:blogs.worldbank.org
3213:Advance procurement
3067:Webster, F. E. and
2760:European Commission
2691:construction buyers
2683:Category management
2603:Personnel and roles
2543:extended warranties
2463:European Parliament
2423:resource based view
2419:resource dependence
1782:Anti-dumping duties
1722:Non-tariff barriers
1667:Import substitution
1403:profit maximisation
1199:Direct procurement
976:Business statistics
959:International trade
944:Business operations
640:Electronic business
545:Types of management
433:Financial statement
415:Economic statistics
283:Chief brand officer
239:Corporate liability
154:Sole proprietorship
134:Joint-stock company
4656:Request for tender
4323:on 21 October 2021
4074:Mason, L. (2018),
3838:. 19 November 2020
3121:procurementmag.com
3005:10.1111/poms.12715
2868:Strategic sourcing
2843:Bidder conferences
2749:occupational title
2627:Construction buyer
2421:approach, and the
2149:Economic geography
1956:Competition policy
1752:Technical barriers
1732:Tariff-rate quotas
1677:Trade facilitation
1662:Export orientation
1607:
1416:personality traits
1399:rational behaviour
1357:(often labeled as
1317:military logistics
1241:Industry-specific
1104:Procurement as an
939:Consumer behaviour
741:Product life-cycle
528:Capital management
493:Managerial finance
184:Board of directors
4679:
4678:
4463:on 4 October 2022
4457:Supply Management
4030:Supply Management
3975:978-3-319-93985-8
3932:978-3-319-93985-8
3572:978-0-415-74339-6
3481:. 5 February 2020
3378:978-1-78754-608-0
3242:Delta eSourcing,
3051:978-1-64782-139-5
2956:978-1-4080-1896-5
2806:holding companies
2710:further education
2653:seeking reliable
2397:Joint procurement
2227:
2226:
2174:Linder hypothesis
1986:Emissions trading
1539:performance-based
1504:
1503:
1496:
1324:railway companies
1293:
1292:
1153:inventory control
1093:government agency
1071:
1070:
1066:
1050:Contract awarding
1032:
1031:
919:Business analysis
488:Corporate finance
458:Capital budgeting
395:Knowledge economy
189:Supervisory board
16:(Redirected from
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4568:
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3028:Public Contracts
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2828:Future scenarios
2742:
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2650:approving orders
2250:World Bank Group
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2205:
2179:Leontief paradox
2144:New trade theory
1747:Export subsidies
1632:Balance of trade
1580:
1518:business model,
1512:managed services
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971:Business process
513:Financial market
350:Labour economics
345:Public economics
104:Corporation sole
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3114:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3092:, 2(2):125–142.
3087:
3083:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3024:
3020:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2848:Global sourcing
2839:
2830:
2793:
2777:
2740:
2675:upcoming demand
2633:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2581:self-assessment
2513:
2494:
2405:
2399:
2368:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2336:or competitive
2325:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2262:economic growth
2223:
2194:
2193:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2031:
2021:
2020:
1991:Trade sanctions
1941:
1933:
1932:
1893:Free-trade area
1883:
1875:
1874:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1737:Import licenses
1707:
1697:
1696:
1657:Trade diversion
1617:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1520:shared services
1500:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1465:
1449:
1438:
1408:consumer buying
1394:
1392:Decision-making
1371:
1363:cloud computing
1341:
1298:
1141:
1067:
1043:
1039:
1028:
988:
981:
980:
924:Business ethics
914:
904:
903:
844:
836:
835:
546:
538:
537:
533:Venture capital
463:Commercial bank
453:Insider dealing
428:
420:
419:
370:Planned economy
335:
325:
324:
269:
267:Corporate title
259:
258:
234:Corporate crime
214:
204:
203:
199:Audit committee
174:
164:
163:
119:Holding company
99:Corporate group
94:
87:Business entity
79:
78:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4715:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4697:Business terms
4694:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4671:Sources sought
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4576:
4575:External links
4573:
4570:
4569:
4553:
4536:
4520:
4512:Sample Clauses
4500:
4487:
4474:
4443:
4430:
4417:
4404:
4391:
4375:
4362:
4347:
4334:
4304:
4288:
4279:
4253:
4240:
4224:
4218:OpsDog, Inc.,
4211:
4198:
4182:
4166:
4153:
4140:
4122:
4109:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4047:
4034:
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4004:
3987:
3974:
3944:
3931:
3901:
3894:
3874:
3849:
3823:
3798:
3771:(4): 314–335.
3751:
3726:
3707:(7): 949–963.
3687:
3666:(2): 414–426.
3646:
3637:|journal=
3600:
3571:
3551:
3492:
3466:
3441:
3392:
3377:
3349:
3324:
3311:
3291:
3278:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3219:
3203:
3174:
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3057:
3050:
3033:
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2912:
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2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:of that loan.
2792:
2789:
2776:
2773:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2604:
2601:
2575:organizations.
2551:
2550:
2535:
2532:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2416:
2398:
2395:
2379:Berlin Airlift
2364:Main article:
2361:
2358:
2349:private sector
2326:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2234:governing body
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:Terms of trade
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Trading nation
2078:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:Economic union
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Currency union
1895:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:Customs duties
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Trade barriers
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1687:Domestic trade
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:Trade creation
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Specific types
1560:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:cost reduction
1535:
1531:
1528:
1502:
1501:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1393:
1390:
1370:
1367:
1340:
1337:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1140:
1137:
1106:organizational
1069:
1068:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
983:
982:
979:
978:
973:
968:
967:
966:
956:
954:Business model
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
915:
910:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
822:
821:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
785:
784:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
722:
721:
710:
705:
704:
703:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
672:
671:
663:Human resource
660:
655:
654:
653:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
605:Communications
602:
601:
600:
590:
589:
588:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
483:Public finance
480:
478:Financial risk
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
407:
405:Macroeconomics
402:
400:Microeconomics
397:
392:
390:Market economy
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
336:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
313:
304:
299:
294:
285:
276:
270:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
246:
244:Insolvency law
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Commercial law
215:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
194:Advisory board
191:
186:
181:
175:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
85:
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81:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
60:
55:
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51:
50:
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3:
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4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:LexisNexis, "
4491:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:Harper, M., "
4434:
4431:
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4418:
4414:
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4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4386:
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4359:
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4354:Arnseth, L.,
4351:
4348:
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4335:
4322:
4318:
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4301:
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4187:
4183:
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4176:CIPS (2016),
4173:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:A T Kearney,
4157:
4154:
4150:
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4141:
4136:
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4119:
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3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:Law Insider,
3207:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3122:
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3111:
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3104:
3098:
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3091:
3085:
3082:
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3058:
3053:
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3037:
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3030:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
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2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2976:
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2963:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2926:
2922:
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2906:9780262121743
2902:
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2880:
2873:
2869:
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2859:
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2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2813:joint venture
2809:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2791:Legal aspects
2790:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:"soft" skills
2765:
2764:Member States
2761:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:buying agents
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2671:
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2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:Fashion buyer
2617:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2545:, additional
2544:
2540:
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2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2518:
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2502:
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2483:
2479:
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2472:
2471:Member States
2468:
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2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
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2424:
2420:
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2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2403:Joint venture
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
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2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2366:E-procurement
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:public policy
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:protectionism
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
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2220:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
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2180:
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2167:
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2155:
2152:
2150:
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2140:
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2126:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:United States
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Trade mission
2074:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Trade justice
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Globalization
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Single market
1906:
1904:
1903:Customs union
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:Organizations
1841:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Laissez-faire
1815:
1813:
1812:Protectionism
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
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1753:
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1743:
1740:
1738:
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1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Import quotas
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1690:
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1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:Trade finance
1670:
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1557:arrangements.
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1453:This section
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1359:e-procurement
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1176:raw materials
1171:
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1150:
1149:specification
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859:Communication
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819:administrator
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365:Mixed economy
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4461:the original
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4384:
4378:
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4282:
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3649:
3628:cite journal
3616:. Retrieved
3614:. OECD. 2019
3603:
3561:
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3540:cite journal
3505:
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3478:
3469:
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3453:
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3340:. Retrieved
3337:www.oecd.org
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3273:
3268:Rogers, P.,
3264:
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3120:
3110:
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2924:
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2802:subsidiaries
2794:
2784:Oliver Wyman
2781:
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2729:
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2695:
2688:
2681:
2645:
2634:
2598:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2563:A.T. Kearney
2561:Consultants
2560:
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2475:
2456:
2450:
2431:market power
2429:a resource,
2426:
2406:
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2327:
2304:plurilateral
2270:
2254:
2238:organization
2228:
1999:Currency war
1918:Fiscal union
1807:Mercantilism
1705:Restrictions
1583:
1505:
1490:
1481:
1466:Please help
1454:
1431:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1332:construction
1329:
1321:
1314:
1299:
1272:Unscheduled
1255:Operational
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1122:
1110:Corporations
1103:
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849:Architecture
843:Organization
809:Supply chain
635:Earned value
508:Stock market
385:Open economy
375:Econometrics
114:Conglomerate
36:
4692:Procurement
4629:Procurement
4516:Law Insider
4147:Britt, H.,
4024:Allen, A.,
3981:4 September
3938:4 September
3867:16 November
3523:10986/35727
2818:Peter Smith
2797:contractual
2673:forecasting
2661:negotiating
2547:spare parts
2539:added value
2492:Other types
2290:, or local
2278:To prevent
2004:Trade costs
1966:Outsourcing
1682:Trade route
1595:World trade
1412:personality
1215:outsourcing
1189:outsourcing
1074:Procurement
964:Trade route
879:Engineering
874:Development
726:Performance
669:development
630:Distributed
503:Liquidation
144:Partnership
129:Corporation
124:Cooperative
4686:Categories
4327:3 December
3818:1289178042
3581:1002302064
3427:2086/14702
3318:Bell, S.,
3215:definition
3186:. Chicago.
2874:References
2639:refers to
2621:See also:
2537:obtaining
2401:See also:
2288:corruption
2258:innovation
2069:By country
1976:Fair trade
1822:Free trade
1772:Safeguards
1647:Trade bloc
1642:Trade pact
1484:April 2023
1375:lead times
1269:Scheduled
1261:Strategic
1213:supplies,
1191:services.
1167:Purchasing
1078:purchasing
831:Technology
713:Operations
593:Commercial
586:innovation
576:Capability
468:Derivative
57:Accounting
4467:4 October
4116:Jaggaer,
3793:253312170
3785:2150-6930
3721:0048-7333
3682:0048-7333
3618:7 October
3589:cite book
3532:236331814
3485:8 October
3436:0040-1625
3387:115362081
3192:cite book
3013:1937-5956
2822:guarantee
2745:Australia
2737:recession
2334:tendering
2302:(GPA), a
2091:Argentina
2009:Trade war
1951:Smuggling
1637:Trade law
1455:does not
1302:Egyptians
1280:Examples
1258:Tactical
1224:Quantity
1118:collusion
899:Structure
884:Hierarchy
804:Strategic
691:Materials
681:Knowledge
658:Financial
598:Marketing
443:Factoring
438:Insurance
340:Commodity
333:Economics
4631:requests
4266:Archived
4135:Archived
4059:Archived
3842:15 March
3744:13 April
3459:10 March
3412:: 1–12.
3342:22 April
3152:3 August
3126:3 August
3069:Wind, Y.
2930:22 April
2837:See also
2755:return.
2593:quartile
2482:Barbados
2096:Pakistan
1586:a series
1584:Part of
1545:targets.
1527:offered.
1306:pyramids
1266:Process
1139:Overview
1085:services
889:Patterns
869:Conflict
854:Behavior
794:Security
771:Resource
756:Property
719:services
676:Incident
615:Conflict
571:Capacity
274:Chairman
229:Contract
18:Procures
2655:vendors
2443:effects
2338:bidding
2296:tenders
2106:Vietnam
2101:Romania
2046:Tariffs
2041:Exports
2036:Imports
1800:History
1767:Embargo
1757:Bribery
1717:Tariffs
1549:beyond.
1514:model,
1476:removed
1461:sources
1310:scribes
1296:History
1252:Nature
1089:bidding
1059:Discuss
864:Culture
814:Systems
799:Service
778:
766:Records
761:Quality
751:Project
746:Product
736:Process
715:
696:Network
665:
647:
620:Content
427:Finance
109:Company
4272:6 July
4103:CIPS,
4054:CIPS,
4000:IPSERA
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2478:Guyana
2427:create
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2123:Theory
1940:Issues
1627:Export
1622:Import
1615:Policy
1516:vested
1308:using
1238:Value
1227:Large
1055:merged
826:Talent
782:crisis
708:Office
581:Change
4247:FAR,
4087:GEP,
3789:S2CID
3612:(PDF)
3528:S2CID
3383:S2CID
2441:scale
2284:waste
2280:fraud
2111:India
2029:Lists
1247:High
1114:fraud
1081:goods
912:Trade
894:Space
789:Sales
731:Power
686:Legal
556:Brand
551:Asset
74:Audit
4469:2022
4329:2020
4274:2023
4232:CIPS
3983:2021
3970:ISBN
3940:2021
3927:ISBN
3890:ISBN
3869:2016
3844:2021
3814:OCLC
3781:ISSN
3746:2022
3717:ISSN
3678:ISSN
3641:help
3620:2022
3595:link
3577:OCLC
3567:ISBN
3546:link
3487:2020
3461:2022
3432:ISSN
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3198:link
3154:2024
3128:2024
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3009:ISSN
2951:ISBN
2932:2022
2901:ISBN
2758:The
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2260:and
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1233:Low
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3962:doi
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