Informatics General - Knowledge (XXG)

582: 1676: 1421: 852: 616:. This was a forerunner of several large contracts it would have with that U.S. Air Force facility in years to come, and several other defense sector contracts soon followed. By its second year, Informatics was profitable and had 37 employees; by the third year it was growing well. Informatics was one of the major companies of the time involved in the software contracting business. An early description of the company used in press releases was "Informatics provides analysis, design and consulting services for users of digital processing equipment." 1429:

major customers, with the Navy's use going back to the 1970s. By the early-mid-1980s, TAPS had secured a new $ 1 million contract for the Army's modernization of its non-tactical administrative, logistical, and financial information management systems, and TAPS was heavily used inside the Navy's stock management and distribution system. During the early-mid-1980s TAPS underwent an implementation change from TAPS I, which was written in less-portable languages, to TAPS II, which was written in an explicitly designed portable dialect of the

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encountering with their mainframe products. By 1985 the Answer product line was continuing to experience high costs and disappointing sales. In general, Informatics was one of a number of successful mainframe-based software companies that failed to do well in the microcomputer market, either because they did not see that market as being worth the effort or because the high-volume, low-price nature of that domain was the opposite of the low-volume, high-price environment they were used to.

1465:. Informatics acquired it in 1971 as part of the aforementioned Equimatics, Inc. initiative. From this the Life-Comm solution emerged; the Life-Comm III version in particular became popular in the mid-1970s, quickly getting to the $ 1 million level in sales and growing to have several dozen customers among insurance companies. It eventually became the leading product in the field. The Equimatics initiative also put some other financial software, such as the Mortgage Loan System. 726:. Indeed, it is possible Bauer and Wagner, who were both active in SHARE (Wagner had been a chair of it), were influenced as to the value of such a product by their exposure to previous efforts in that users group. But only Postley had the full vision of what a software product might be; Informatics as a whole was reluctant to finance the development cost, which Postley estimated to be half a million dollars. So Postley recruited five companies, each of whom provided $ 100,000: 35: 1493:, and provided a service bureau for litigation support services. In particular it offered a legal support service that assisted law firms with large-scale document maintenance and retrieval functions in complex litigation efforts. The basis for this service was online search work in the legal area that Informatics had done as part of its government services work in such areas. This unit was also sometimes known as Legal Information Services Operations. 668: 512:, a pioneering computer firm from the 1950s. He had known Bauer and thought that the two new efforts being formed together would provide a hedge against either one of them encountering start-up difficulties. Informatics was thus created as a wholly owned subsidiary of Data Products. The new software firm was capitalized at all of $ 40,000, of which Data Products contributed $ 20,000, Bauer $ 10,000, and Frank and Hill $ 5,000 each. 1286:. In 1975 Informatics had arranged with the National Wholesale Druggists' Association to create a central clearinghouse for the processing of electronic purchase orders within the industry. In 1978 that association formally endorsed the use of Ordernet, which led Informatics to create an Ordernet Services Division. As a business unit within Informatics, this division was essentially a one-person effort at the beginning. 1755:. Bad feelings ensued all over, including a lawsuit by Informatics that in part charged that Sterling had benefited from confidential information from Frank, a charge that many people gave credence to but that he always strongly denied. (In Bauer's later rueful estimation, the main beneficiaries of the takeover struggle were lawyers and investment bankers, who received millions of dollars in fees no matter the outcome.) 903: 888:

the total. Beginning in 1982, the company categorized revenues as coming from cross-industry customers versus vertical market segments; by 1983, the verticals, which included products and services for the legal, accounting, insurance, and other industries, had eclipsed cross-industry revenues. These changes reflected complicated, and frequently changing, reporting structures within the company.

1080:. There Informatics maintained NASA online bibliographic systems, including the pioneering RECON facility. These systems involved abstracts and indexes created against microfilm and other representations of documents on NASA-related subject areas. Informatics made continual improvements to it, including reducing the response time for queries down to three seconds or less. 573:, the leading academic organization in computer software, wanted to change its name to the Society for Informatics, but the company refused to allow that use. Eventually the generic usage of the term around the world caused the company to reconsider and, according to Frank, was the reason for the 1982 name change to Informatics General. 1612:

per share in 1982 to $ 8.5 million and $ 1.67 per share in 1983. But then in 1984 earnings declined to $ 4.7 million and 82 cents per share, with two of Informatics' ten divisions showing an outright loss. The performance of Informatics stock became erratic, as exemplified by a market close in December 1983 where the

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large-scale reorganization of the company in August 1984, which involved the selling off of some unprofitable businesses, Coleman departed and Bauer resumed being both chairman and president. Coleman later said that Bauer had fired him after Bauer disagreed with his proposals to sell off several pieces of the company.

647:, based in New York. However, 60 percent of its stock was still held by Dataproducts. At that time Informatics had revenues of $ 4.5 million and a net income of $ 171,000, and the number of employees was around 300. By 1967 Informatics had something possessed 3% to 4% of the total market for custom-built software. 801:. The Sigma 5 had a Communication Input/Output Processor that handled up to 128 communication lines at speed from 110 to 9600 baud. The communications system was a success and Informatics and Xerox made a joint agreement to market it to other customers, with the Informatics product being named the ICS IV/500. 628:(ACT). All three are credited by Campbell-Kelly as firms that succeeded because, and gained awareness due to, the personality of their principal founder; in this case it was Bauer who "succeeded in combining his entrepreneurial activities with his role as a leader in the technical computing community." 975:

remained the best-selling independent software product in the world for a 15-year stretch. For a long time Mark IV had few effective rivals in its market niche; as Bauer later remembered, "We didn't have much competition with Mark IV for many, many years. It was just pure sailing for 10 or 15 years."

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The company continued to have strong revenue growth, moving from $ 129 million in 1982 to $ 152 million in 1983 to $ 191 million in 1984. Profits followed the same path for most of the time, with seven straight years of increasing earnings through 1983, including moving from $ 5.4 million and $ 1.49

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Informatics continued to grow, both organically and via acquisition. Indeed, by the early-mid-1980s Informatics General had made more than thirty different acquisitions along the way. Depending upon when and how the counting was done, the company had some seventeen divisions within it, and sometimes

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TAPS found its biggest market in the U.S. government, with its portability a big advantage for such customers, since they often possessed a disparate collection of computer systems brought about by lowest-bid government contracting requirements. The U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy in particular were both

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distributed processing engine. The overall goal was a product that could span across mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Applications could be built and tested in one environment, such as an IBM mainframe in a data center, and then run in another environment, such a minicomputer located in

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The core idea was to allow, by the creation of tables and other specifications, the user to create all of the functionality needed by an online application, without requiring user programming. TAPS was not only a development tool for making online applications but also a production environment to run

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By 1977, Informatics had created a Software Products Group to conduct the Mark IV business. By 1984 it was still the best-selling software product targeted to corporations in the world, with some 3,000 installations. At its peak, it was responsible for $ 30 million in revenues per year. Over the

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While Informatics revenues did increase during this period, in many respects choices about the direction of the business were forced by the inability of Informatics, in the economically gloomy early 1970s, to find investment capital. Accordingly, in September 1973, it was announced that Informatics

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On May 9, 1985, Informatics management won the proxy battle, by a 70-to-30-percent margin reelecting Bauer and another board member rather than electing Wyly and Williams. But Sterling also had a victory because some proposed enhanced anti-takeover measures were not approved. Furthermore, the fact

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Following the Sterling Software acquisition, the Rockville operation was sold in 1987 to ATLIS. As an entity, ATLIS Legal Information Services persisted at least into the early 1990s. The Phoenix operation was sold several times, beginning in 1986, and also was still active into the early 1990s as

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Following the acquisition by Sterling Software, Mark IV continued to be a significant product, but in 1994 it was renamed VISION:Builder. By one account, in the late 1990s the product still had close to $ 20 million in annual revenue. Ownership then passed again in 2000, when Sterling Software was

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Sterling Software saw Informatics General as a possible acquisition, but Informatics management decided it did not want to be acquired, and especially not by Sterling Software. On April 15, 1985, Sterling offered $ 25 per share for Informatics, then when that was rejected by the Informatics board,

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By 1985, Informatics General had some 2,600 employees and offices in 30 cities in North America and in nine other locations around the world. It was the fourth largest independent software company in the world. Informatics had a solid cash position and almost no long-term debt. However the company

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in 1964 and renamed itself slightly to Dataproducts, was suffering from falling behind IBM on disk drive technology; its eventually successful printer business had not yet taken off. In order to placate its subsidiary, the three Informatics co-founders were given 7.5 percent of Data Products stock

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In January 1962, Bauer approached Frank and Hill to start a new independent company that would provide software services. At the time, it was an unusual move since few people saw software as a viable business. "Primarily, we were going to develop systems for large-scale computer systems, probably

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This was the first hostile takeover attempt that the software industry had ever seen. Until then received opinion had been that it would be counterproductive, due to the rationale, as Wyly later said, that "nobody can do a hostile takeover of a software company because the talent will walk out the

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had characterized Informatics General as "Doing too many things, none of them well." He criticized company management, saying further said that "Bauer, the longtime chairman, is 60 years of age and has managed the firm too autocratically and too monotonously for too long." As a result, Wall Street

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In the eight years between its introduction in 1968 and 1976, Mark IV was sold into some 1,100 installations around the world and had $ 50 million in sales. At the start, and for a long time, the base price of Mark IV was $ 30,000. It later sold for up to over $ 100,000 depending upon mainframe

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During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the company broke its revenues down into three sources: software products, professional services, and information processing services; from 1978 through 1982, the three were in rough balance, with each of the three comprising anywhere from 26 to 39 percent of

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rose from 25 at the time of its IPO to 200 by mid-1968 and over 600 by early 1969, despite the company having only $ 40,000 in earnings for the previous year. Informatics used the proceeds from additional offerings during this period to fund development of its Mark IV product and to create a Data

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The Informatics brand name may have lasted longest in connection with one of its aforementioned legal software entities, the Professional Software Systems Division. Sterling Software renamed it as the Informatics Legal Systems division, then sold it in 1986 to Baron Data Systems, a company that

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The entire Informatics corporate headquarters office in Woodland Hills was let go, including Bauer. Bauer had been CEO of Informatics for its entire 23-year history, in what he believed was a record at the time for the longest period that a founding CEO had lasted in that position in a company.

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So finally, on June 21. 1985, it was announced that Informatics board of directors had agreed to be acquired by Sterling for $ 27 per share, meaning $ 135 million in total. The acquisition was approved by Informatics shareholders in a process that ended on August 13, 1985. At that point, as the

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Over time Decision Strategy Corporation fell under financial stress and went through a significant downsizing. In October 1980, it was acquired by Informatics. Bauer stated that Informatics wanted an entré into the minicomputer market and Frank had been looking for a while for a transaction- and

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A successor product, Mark V, was released in 1981–82. In contrast to the batch-only features of Mark IV, the goal of Mark V was the generation of online applications, although initially this was still done through some batch-oriented development steps. The same taxonomy of application generators

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into a machine-readable form, that was then run by a batch operation. To some extent the goal was reached and non-programmers were able to use it. However experience showed that non-programmers had difficulty understanding the increasingly complex capabilities of the product and that only those

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Sales of Visi/Answer were much slower than Informatics had anticipated. Instead of seeing the sort of short sales cycle that one would anticipate with PC products, potential customers viewed the link as a strategic decision and Informatics saw the same kind of long sales cycles they were used to

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mentioned earlier placed Mark V in the category of "Application Development Systems", as it covered more advanced capabilities such as generating online systems with screen dialogue and similar features. Mark V was made available for two IBM mainframe online transaction processing environments,

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announced a joint venture, Equimatics, Inc., headed by Werner Frank, that would develop and sell computer-related products for the insurance industry. In particular, Equimatics, sought to establish a data services business that would provide such services to Equitable and others in the insurance

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himself was aware of, or played a role, in what was going on, Hughes biographers suggest that in the secretive world of his empire, it appears that Hughes was never informed of the existence of Hughes Dynamics until a couple of years after its creation; once he found out about it, he had it shut

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of a military nature. That was our first objective," stated Bauer in a later interview. Despite a lack of any kind of business school training, Bauer put together a business plan for the new company. Indeed, throughout his time with the company, Bauer embodied the personality characteristics of

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minicomputer. It was one of the first software companies to realize that law firms needed dedicated computer support for client billing operations, and from that need its Legal Time Management System product was created. By 1980 the firm had a customer base that included 75 major law firms and

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of universities), was created and had its first full meeting in 1969. By 1972 the group's meetings up to 750 attendees. Chapters of the group were established in different countries in Europe as well as Japan, and regional groups existing in the United States as well. Existence of the users'

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that combined file management and upkeep with report generation capabilities. One taxonomy of application generators published in a scholarly setting placed Mark IV in the category of "Generalized file-management systems and sophisticated report writers". Mark IV was originally designed to be

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Seeking to capitalize on the brand of its most known entity, some other Informatics products were named with a "IV" in their title, including "Production IV" for planning in manufacturing and "Accounting IV" for the financial sector. Additional products included Life-Comm and Issue-Comm for the

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Sterling Software management insisted in the first years after the acquisition, and later in oral histories, that the transition had gone well, that layoffs other than at the corporate office had been minimal, and that they had brought about better performance than Informatics management had.

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Indeed, Mark IV was the first software product to have cumulative sales of $ 1 million, $ 10 million, and later $ 100 million. It is not only that, as computer historian Thomas Haigh has written, "Mark IV the most successful product of the early independent software industry" – but that it

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Dataproducts sold off the last of its Informatics stock in 1969, and in doing so Informatics thus became fully independent. For its initial investment of $ 20,000 in Informatics, Dataproducts had gained about $ 20 million in return. By 1969, Informatics had revenues of over $ 11 million with

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There were attempts to change the structure of Informatics' management, such that Bauer would be less involved in operations. Accordingly, in February 1983, Bruce T. Coleman was named president of the company. He had originally been hired in 1978 as a group vice president. However, during a

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Informatics then put out a series of a products that linked specific popular PC-based applications to Answer/DB on the mainframe. Such linkages were a frequent aim of products being developed during this time. For Informatics, these products were called and released as Visi/Answer in 1983,

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Relations between Bauer and Frank did not remain completely sundered, and in 1999 Frank attended, along with Wagner, Postley, and three other early executives, a private "Informatics Retrospective" hosted by Bauer, where they could, in Bauer's words, "discuss what happened, good and bad."

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Although he was gone from Informatics by that time, Frank later wrote that "Unfortunately, TAPS did not become economically viable and was ultimately de-committed." In any case, an early 1985 reorganization within Informatics saw a proposal that the TAPS Division be moved from New York to

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to join and had he done so, it is possible that Informatics would have entered the commercial online services world with some form of what became DIALOG. Instead, Informatics focused on government and private information services that were developed and maintained on a contractual basis.

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Beginning in 1970 the computer industry hit a downturn that lasted several years. Software houses of the time tended to suffer from unprofitable contracts, failed ventures, and slowing demand. Informatics' creation of a Data Services Division, and with it the acquisition of a number of

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In any case, in May 1964, Informatics acquired Advanced Information Systems from Hughes Dynamics. For this it paid essentially nothing: Hughes actually paid Informatics $ 38,000 to take it, but in doing so Informatics assume some existing customer obligations of about the same amount.

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that provided computerized management and information services. Subsequent versions of GIRLS were called Mark I and Mark II; made for the IBM 1401, they were increasingly stronger in their capabilities. Under Hughes, Mark III was in development, with key performance improvements.

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The electronic data interchange industry continued to grow in its adoption of standards and more agreements were made in regards to Ordernet. By 1982 four trade associations had endorsed the use of Ordernet, the most recent being the National Association of Service Merchandising.

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and found growth via a series of acquisitions, becoming public in 1983. Wyly had a controversial background with both successes and failures, the latter including a $ 100 million loss in attempting to establish Datran, a U.S. nationwide digital network in direct competition with

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Bauer also believed he was the longest-tenured CEO in the computer industry at that time. Reflecting on the hostile takeover process a couple of years later, he said, "I've been associated with a lot of firsts in the software industry. This was one I could have done without."

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SOFT did development work to keep TAPS going on the Tandem and especially IBM platforms, and TAPS remained in use by the Army and Navy for accounting, personnel, and distribution and supply applications into the 2000s, with license renewals and maintenance payments from the

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Sterling sold off several Informatics divisions as part of paying off the takeover financing. Other units became part of the core of Sterling Software going forward. The Ordernet business of Informatics was expanded greatly under Sterling Software as a series of

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The Equimatics Division persisted as a name within Informatics even after the company was acquired by, and subsequently became independent from, Equitable Life Assurance itself. It released related insurance products, such as GROUP-COMM, for the administration of

1263:-based firm known as Management Horizons. The data processing part of this firm was spun off as a subsidiary, Management Horizons Data Systems (MHDS), which provided transaction-based computer services to wholesale distributors. MHDS was subsequently acquired by 757:

In 1968, Informatics announced it was acquiring a New Jersey firm, Computing Technology Inc., a transaction that closed during 1969. This became the Informatics Inc. Computing Technology Company, a wholly-owned operating unit of Informatics that was located in

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would be acquired by Equitable Life Assurance Society, for $ 7 per share in cash. The deal closed in March 1974. Thus Informatics became a subsidiary of Equitable Life, with the goal of gaining the ability to grow organically and to acquire other businesses.

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came up empty. A series of other possible proposals for Informatics soon emerged, however; these included two specific offers, one from a private leverage buyout proposed by Bauer, the other from an unidentified third party. But these were seen as inferior.

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At the time Informatics did little marketing, mostly relying upon its network of personal contacts. The firm was one of forty or fifty software companies started in the early 1960s (many of which are little known to history). Two other prominent firms were

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that trading on the stock on Wall Street had become quite heavy, with some 70 percent of its issue changing hands during the battle, led to Bauer concluding that the company's shareholders actually did want to be acquired. Attempts by Informatics to find a

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insurance sector, Minicomm and Intercomm for teleprocessing and communications, and CSS, for corporate shareholder processing. In addition to packaged software, Informatics continued to make custom software and engage in professional services contracts.

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itself. There it became known as the Wang Informatics Legal & Professional Systems, Inc. wholly owned subsidiary and was still based in Phoenix. Wang Informatics was still active in 1992 when Wang Laboratories itself went into bankruptcy.

1814:, a computer maker; Informatics Legal Systems remained as the name of the subsidiary under Convergent. But the legal software still ran on Wang systems and thus was not a match with the parent, so in 1988 the Phoenix operation was acquired by 1083:

Using some of the technology in place at NASA, including the DIALOG system which had been placed in the public domain, Informatics developed online search services in other areas as well during the 1970s, including TOXLINE and CHEMLINE for the

1327:-based firm named Decision Strategy Corporation, which was founded by Michael J. Parrella. Intended to significantly reduce the development time for online, CRT terminal-based applications, TAPS had been around since 1974 and initially ran on 1391:

Freedom from vendor-specific databases and data communications were desirable qualities in application generators, and Informatics continued to stress the portability of TAPS across different hardware, operating systems, and terminal models.

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them within, and as such provided essential capabilities including network security and control, screen mapping and data editing, menu processing, database maintenance and inquiry, concurrency protection, and network and database recovery.

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subdivisions within those; some of these were small-sized businesses that revealed a lack of focus within the overall company. The divisions were organized into groups, and these groups were sometimes independent entities unto themselves.

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The company was still engaged in professional services as of 1984. Bauer later said that while Informatics had a good start on professional services, they never really grew that business and thus missed a major market opportunity.

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For the year 1976, Informatics had revenues of $ 58 million. It had some 1,800 employees at locations around the world. From around 1976 through to the end in 1985, Informatics corporate headquarters was located in an office along

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interactive mode with a variety of programming language and program development tools available as well as access to an IMS database. The service offering also provided programs to optimize telecommunications usage and costs.

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Although Informatics was always best known as a software company, it always had a presence in the services arena, with service processing and facilities management often accounting for around a quarter of Informatics' revenue.

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Informatics then bought the MHDS subsidiary from Citibank in 1974 or 1975 for $ 3.4 million. Plumb's vision of electronic data interchange was constructed as a service called Ordernet, which entered the market in 1978.

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dominated the computer landscape, but IBM failed to seize control of the database management or file management areas. Instead, Informatics built up a large sales force that was explicitly modeled after IBM's, with long

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The company's name came from the founders' desire to base it on "-atics", a Greek suffix meaning "the science of". Their first thought was "Datamatics", but a form of that was already taken by an early computer from

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Informatics still offered time-sharing services into the early 1980s. Then the Fairfield division, by that time known as the Data Services Operation, was sold to Mellonics Systems Development, a division of the

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company. Bauer later said that he "was never a green eyeshade programmer" nor a "strong technologist", but being a systems person and a manager gave him a good grasp of computer systems and their capabilities.

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Continuing to sell the Wang-based Legal Time Management System turnkey solution, the Phoenix division had yearly revenues on the order of $ 30 million by the mid-1980s. It would claim in advertisements in the

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Around 1984, the Life Insurance Systems Division fell into difficulty and was responsible for some of Informatics' declining financial fortunes. In late 1984, the division was sold to The Continuum Company.

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were becoming increasingly popular, but Informatics decided not to create its own such system, instead making products that worked in conjunction with IBM's database and data communications products, such as

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This activity was the responsibility of the Data Services Division, which was funded out of Informatics' stock offerings during the late 1960s. Informatics spent $ 3.6 million acquiring a number of existing

812:, it proved a very high-priced, low-volume market and there was an effort to find a less expensive alternative. Informatics was contracted by Bankers Trust to develop a version of the system that ran on the 836:, did not go well. In May 1970 Informatics announced a $ 4.2 million loss, its first since 1963. But in a time when many software firms did not survive, the more conservatively managed Informatics did. 1688:, a "chronic underachiever" and "a lackluster performer on Wall Street". Overall the stock had fallen from a one-time high of $ 34 per share to around $ 17, with a low point of $ 14. In the 1984 book 1794:

Informatics employees sometimes had a different perspective, as some 40 percent of the staff at the Canoga Park facility were laid off in September 1985, during a day employees called Black Thursday.

1204:, respectively. The Answer Division was created to fulfill this goal, although at one point, the Mark IV product line itself was also moved into the division. The Answer Division was located in the 6078: 1219:. It was followed by Answer/DB, a product introduced in 1981, that allowed end users at terminals to make queries against various files and IMS databases on the same IBM mainframe operating systems. 643:

of Informatics stock, priced at $ 7.50 per share, that brought in $ 3.5 million. Only the third software company to have stock issued for it and thus becoming a public company, it was listed on the

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door." However, Wyly felt that in this case, the staff in question would view more competent management coming in "not as conquerors but as liberators." Financing for the takeover attempt came from

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Frank would later say, "Little did we realize that this business would one day be a raging success that would bring its owner into the great New World of E-commerce and ultimately the Internet."

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The relationship with Equitable did not work out well, and by the late 1970s Informatics sought to be an independent company again. It had a second IPO and starting in 1979 began trading as an

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Later, Informatics had a long-running contract with NASA from 1968 to 1980. This began with winning an over-$ 4 million business to operate the Scientific and Technical Information Facility at

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During the mid-1960s the U.S. stock market went through what was known as the "go-go market" boom, and computer companies become special darlings of traders. Informatics was no exception; its

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computer line. Mark IV was not the first file management system/report generator; indeed there had been several efforts in the late 1950s towards this end, including one from SHARE called

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and associated business documents between manufacturers and distributors. In particular, it was set up as a service bureau that would provide a solution to distributors looking to handle

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usable by non-programmers, with simple interfaces given for report requests and data updates. This interface consisted of filling out one of several paper forms by hand and then having it

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Mark IV found quick success as a product: during 1968, its initial year of availability, it garnered orders for 117 installations and sales of nearly $ 2 million. But IBM then decided to

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came up with the name "Société pour l'informatique appliquée" for a new firm of which he was co-founder, thus creating a French version of the same name. However, in France, the term "

6073: 963:, helped push Mark IV towards more sophisticated features with which intricate applications could be built, and further away from the model where non-programmers were intended users. 749:, which helped facilitate the growth of the commercial software industry in the 1970s and beyond. This accelerated sales of Mark IV severalfold from what Informatics had anticipated. 612:

The company struggled at first, winning only a few small contracts, until it improved its presence in government circles and finally, in early 1963, won a $ 150,000 contract with the

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However, starting in 1980, the technological age of the product became apparent and sales of Mark IV leveled off, amassing only about 60 percent of what Informatics had planned for.

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Werner Frank had a parting of the ways with Informatics management and left the company at the end of 1982, with some acrimonious relations taking place between him and Bauer.

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Exhaustive internal study. Praised by Campbell-Kelly as a major corporate history but was a privately published typescript and thus hard to find. Subsequently made available

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Informatics' Columbus operation, subsequently known as the Management Services Division, included more than just Ordernet and Warner Blow was the executive in charge of it.

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have conducted a number of oral histories of the company's key figures. Historian Jeff Yost identifies Informatics as a pioneering "system integration" company, similar to

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From the mid-1970s on, Informatics corporate headquarters was in an office building on Ventura Boulevard in Woodland Hills, similar to these structures along the same road

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In the United States, however, Informatics fought any such use as an infringement upon their legal rights to the name; this was partly in fear of the term becoming a

4569: 6093: 6083: 1712:. Werner Frank had begun consulting for Sterling Software almost as soon as he left Informatics and became an executive vice president of Sterling in October 1984. 819:

Subsequently, the Computing Technology Company subsidiary produced the Accounting IV package. This was a group of integrated financial applications for companies.

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Ordernet was one of the main prizes that Sterling Software sought by acquiring Informatics in 1985. It was expanded greatly under Sterling Software as a series of

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area of Los Angeles. In addition to the three founders, the fourth initial employee was a secretary, Marie Kirchner. An important early hire was Frank Wagner, a

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in the software industry. Immediately, Sterling Software became a member of the largest corporations within the software industry, with $ 200 million in revenue.

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that was later described by one Informatics executive as "an all-out war", with both financial interests and pure ego driving it. Sterling deciding to stage a

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Haigh, Thomas (2004). "'A Veritable Bucket of Facts': Origins of the Data Base Management System, 1960–1980". In Rayward, W. Boyd; Bowden, Mary Ellen (eds.).

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and On-Line Systems, Inc., in what the firm said was a deliberate strategy to first market the product to customers who would be "the toughest test of all".

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The history of what became Mark IV goes back to 1960 when GIRLS (the Generalized Information Retrieval and Listing System) was developed for the IBM 704 by

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Overnight, Sterling Software became a $ 200 million in revenue company, up from $ 20 million, and one of the biggest firms in the software industry. One

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minicomputer with a Sigma 5 emulation unit. However, the project was not successful, and by the mid-1970s Informatics departed this communications space.

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initiatives under the rubrics Electronic Document Interchange and Electronic Data Interchange, so much so that it was later spun off as its own company,

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Even with the success of Mark IV, contract programming services still remained the primary revenue generator for the company during much of its history.

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made legal and medical systems. Advertisements from that entity stressed "Informatics" far more than "Baron Data". In 1987 Baron Data was acquired by

706:

Hughes Dynamics then decided it wanted to exit the activity of making software. While accounts later told by some Informatics executives imply that

522: 1388:

terminal-based application building system. As part of the acquisition, Informatics created a TAPS Division in New York with Parrella as its head.

6088: 3456: 1559: 688: 96: 5047: 915: 4586: 3474: 1096:

By the late 1970s into the 1980s, Geno P. Tolari was the head of Informatics' government and military services operations, which was based in

5884: 5787: 5629: 5573: 4659: 3626: 3283: 1124:. The timing was poor, as the boom in such services soon turned to bust, and the Data Services Division lost $ 100,000 a month during 1970. 496:

was hard to locate for such start-ups in that era and Bauer met with several rejections. He and the others then decided to join forces with

387: 1400:. Projects were undertaken to expand the number of IBM platforms that could host TAPS, to include not just System 370 OS-based ones such as 562:

as an official French word. The term then came into common use in a number of other European countries, adapted slightly for each language.

1449:

of around $ 800,000 a year through at least 2009. It was not until 2015 that TAPS was finally retired from service by the U.S. military.

5982:

Bauer, Walter F. (July–September 2006). "Informatics Acquisition by Sterling Software: Unsolicited Offer, Takeover Attempt, and Merger".

2839:. SOSP '73: Proceedings of the fourth ACM symposium on Operating system principles. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 28–37. 1516:

In May 1981, Informatics acquired Professional Software Systems. In so doing the Professional Software Systems Division was created.

5253: 1026:

During the 1960s and 1970s Informatics played a key role in the development of online information services. One of these was RADCOL at

570: 4932: 1679:

Mailed quarterly reports and an analysts' briefing by Bauer: Informatics General was under constant pressure to improve its stock price

2511: 2493: 1526:

to have 30 of the largest 100 law firms as customers and to be the top supplier of integrated legal word and data processing systems.

1446: 3314: 1197: 78: 5855: 5834: 1871:, p. 57, and the seven oral histories listed in the Bibliography below, including three of Walter Bauer. Campbell-Kelly portrays 1940: 1697:

analysts considered the company a prime target for acquisition, with the expectation that new management could make it a better.

1501: 1373: 1336: 763: 636:

in 1965. As Tomash later said, "To satisfy them, we deliberately took the step that we knew would separate us in the long run."

5375: 3658: 4780: 1160: 605:

and had many contacts among that community. Data Products, which served as the Informatics back office, was located in nearby

509: 354: 5531: 382:

Walter F. Bauer (1924–2015), the main founder of Informatics, was from Michigan and earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from the

2457: 1347: 341:, considers Informatics to be an exemplar of the independent, middle-sized software development firms of its era, and the 1461:-based company that was building an ambitious solution for automating the back-office functions for companies that offer 5066: 3959:"Woodland Hills' Informatics a Takeover Target: Analysts Give Dallas Software Company's Bid a Good Chance of Succeeding" 1876: 625: 391: 4159: 1103:

Following the Sterling Software takeover, Tolari stayed on as chief of what became known as the Federal Systems Group.

875:

with the symbol IMAT. Then on June 7, 1982, the recently renamed Informatics General Corporation began trading on the

679:(1923–2004), an engineer who had worked for many years in the aerospace industry; the first customer for GIRLS was the 460:

and other publications. By 1958, Ramo-Wooldridge had been acquired by Thompson Products, Inc. and come to be known as

4893: 2354: 1430: 1256: 1027: 851: 766:. This was one of several large contracts the River Edge division had with Wall Street firms for joint development of 590: 403: 5583:

Cardenas, Alfonso F.; Grafton, William P. (June 1982). "Challenges and requirements for new application generators".

4914: 4177:"8 of the world's major software companies have built 29 on-line products using a software system you never heard of" 6058: 1965: 1578: 1566:. In 1965 Informatics acquired it and formed the CPM Systems Division, led by Russell D. Archibald and located in 1192: 1191:

During 1979 and 1980 Informatics tried to broaden its range of IBM mainframe-related products beyond just Mark IV.

872: 809: 644: 558:" soon became a generic name, meaning the modern science of information handling, and would become accepted by the 330:

to specific industries. By the mid-1980s Informatics had revenues of near $ 200 million and over 2,500 employees.

5491: 1315: 762:. Within this subsidiary was the Communication Systems Division, and it developed a communications system for the 5601:(Interview). Interviewed by William Aspray. Washington, D.C.: Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 2776: 1567: 1097: 1066: 1038: 346: 5706:

The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technological Information Systems: Proceedings of the 2002 Conference

3411: 651: 5840:(Interview). Interviewed by Arthur L. Norberg. Los Angeles: Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 5103: 5084: 1577:

During the 1970s Informatics brought out accounting software, but failed to compete effectively with that from

1205: 680: 671:

The IBM System/360 mainframe was the platform that Mark IV and many other Informatics software products ran on.

632: 5861:(Interview). Interviewed by David Allison. Washington, DC: Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 5454: 4604: 4510: 1073:

algorithm and was given special recognition by NASA in the form of a small monetary prize for its developers.

1069:

at various NASA laboratories. The program for redesign of the Goldstone antenna used what came to be called a

559: 906:

The Mark IV product became a big success back when keypunch cards were a common input mechanism in computing.

5584: 5003: 1811: 1760: 1117: 876: 829: 794: 606: 598: 350: 342: 323: 311: 59: 1603: 1380:. At this time some 70 percent of TAPS sales were to other companies doing software development, such as 4113: 2907: 2518:. Cumberland, Maryland. United Press International. April 30, 1963. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com. 1752: 1736: 1405: 1077: 944: 759: 383: 4801: 3958: 718:

Within Informatics, Postley became the champion of making another version, Mark IV, that was for the new

5412: 5305: 5133: 4622: 3381: 2384: 1872: 1183: 1018: 928: 684: 621: 334: 2989: 2815: 2722: 2704: 902: 3717: 3390:, which implies it was either released in 1981 or this particular customer was a beta user. See also 1693: 1555: 1381: 1283: 1140: 1046: 1042: 804:

Informatics had hopes for the ICS IV becoming a strategic product for them, and while it was sold to

739: 443: 422:

Another key founder was Werner L. Frank (1929–), who during 1954–55 had done programming work on the

1823: 1735:

to try to convince shareholders to elect Wyly and Williams to the Informatics board at an upcoming

1584:

Business Management Systems was another division of Informatics in early 1985, located in Atlanta.

1490: 1438: 1007: 960: 771: 699: 594: 447: 258: 3778: 5999: 5927: 5762: 5737: 5691: 5207: 4762: 4744: 4369: 4279: 4176: 3920: 3800: 3735: 3041: 1827: 1223:

dBASE/Answer in 1984, and Lotus/Answer also in 1984, so named because they represented links for

897: 547:; Bauer and the others settled on "Informatics", meaning "the science of information handling". 456: 431: 315: 6018: 5607: 4551: 3023: 995: 34: 6025:

Postley, John A. (January–March 1998). "Mark IV: Evolution of the Software Product, a Memoir".

5807: 5652:

Chapter also appears beginning on p. 31 of pdf and cited page numbers are to those pages.

4356:"Project Assignments – Development". Memorandum, Informatics General Corporation, June 8, 1984. 1489:. One was the Legal Information Services Division, which was begun around 1974, was based in 5890: 5880: 5783: 5625: 5569: 3902: 3622: 3578: 1815: 1803: 1700: 1531: 1324: 1301: 1172: 1121: 999: 932: 861: 833: 798: 786: 782: 667: 602: 435: 367: 322:, which became the best-selling corporate packaged software product of its time. It also ran 307: 5944: 5810:(Interview). Interviewed by Luanne Johnson. Los Angeles, California: Computer History Museum. 5704: 5513:(Interview). Interviewed by Luanne Johnson. Los Angeles, California: Computer History Museum. 5394: 5324: 5287: 4840: 4819: 4726: 4641: 4532: 4338: 4254: 4233: 4195: 4141: 4130: 3881: 3850: 3831: 3699: 3681: 3429: 3392: 3071: 3060: 2794: 2426: 2237: 1850: 879:

under the symbol IG. It was only the second software company ever to be listed on the NYSE.

781:

The Federal Reserve Bank effort had begun in 1968 and involved using advanced techniques for

17: 6034: 5991: 5917: 5729: 5681: 5354: 4941:

See also many classified display ads for positions at Business Management Systems placed in

4861: 4705: 4044: 3760: 2840: 2740: 1720: 1497: 1377: 1212: 1050: 911: 551: 487: 469: 371: 73: 4310:

Cardenas and Grafton, "Challenges and requirements for new application generators", p. 346.

3165:

Cardenas and Grafton, "Challenges and requirements for new application generators", p. 344.

2859: 2836:

Argos: An Operating System for a Computer Utility Supporting Interactive Instrument Control

2758: 1346:

During the late 1970s TAPS was ported to a number of minicomputer platforms, including the

5663:(Interview). Interviewed by Jeff Yost. Mountain View, California: Computer History Museum. 3322: 1748: 1563: 1473:

plans. However over time it became instead known as the Life Insurance Systems Division.

1470: 1397: 1354: 1089: 1054: 695: 676: 613: 493: 474:

The third founder was another TRW colleague, Richard H. Hill, who had been a professor at

451: 395: 359: 951: 464:; Frank then did early programming on several defense industry computers, including the 5776: 5562: 5498: 2801:. San Fernando Valley, California. June 26, 1969. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. 1744: 1462: 1393: 1279: 1260: 1136: 1058: 991: 967:

size and features desired, and that higher price became a typical cost for customers.

746: 327: 83: 45: 4939:. Greenwood, South Carolina. February 24, 1985. p. 6C – via Newspapers.com. 4411: 1672:

on a day in July 1984 when another a forecast for a break-even quarter was released.

1167:

for hosting a reporting system, and Simplan Systems, Inc. for macroeconomic modeling.

924:

with some data processing background were able to use those capabilities effectively.

6067: 5949:

Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present

5618: 2765:. Hackensack, New Jersey. September 12, 1973. p. B-9 – via Newspapers.com. 1782: 1571: 1458: 1328: 1070: 1037:. The earliest, in 1966 (and possibly earlier) was in support of NASA efforts at the 939: 805: 767: 731: 707: 399: 319: 53: 6053: 6003: 5931: 5695: 5431: 4488: 4428: 5935: 5745: 5741: 5564:

From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry

5134:"Sterling Software Sweetens Offer to $ 135 Million: Informatics General OKs Merger" 1724: 1369: 1361: 505: 497: 430:. He was then recruited by Bauer and joined Ramo-Wooldridge in 1955, where he did 411: 339:

From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry

5598: 1772:

later wrote, "the Informatics name, long a legend in software circles, was gone."

1616:

wrote that Informatics General was the "big loser" of the day when its stock fell

1396:

became an important minicomputer platform for the product; also supported was the

5543: 5228: 4921:. Van Nuys, California. November 21, 1965. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com. 4682: 4320: 3616: 3401:, an advertisement that refers to Mark V for IMS having come out two years prior. 1323:

The Terminal Application Processing System, known as TAPS, had been created by a

935:

are generally considered to be the two most influential early software products.

555: 5753:

Konsynski, Benn R. (Winter 1984–1985). "Advances in Information System Design".

4429:"An Overview of the Navy Automated Transportation Documentation System (NAVADS)" 3385: 3048:. Allentown, Pennsylvania. March 7, 1974. p. 61 – via Newspapers.com. 2500:. Van Nuys, California. August 3, 1961. p. 29-A – via Newspapers.com. 1522: 1433:. In 1984, a decision was made to focus TAPS entirely on the government market. 1240: 1232: 1144: 790: 775: 589:

Informatics, Inc. began operations on March 19, 1962, in Frank's empty house in

533: 5525:(Interview). Interviewed by Luanne Johnson. telephone: Computer History Museum. 2834: 1211:

Answer/2 was a product released in 1979 that was billed as a moderately priced

1143:'s IBM mainframe-compatible AS/5 and AS/6 systems. The network access featured 3505: 2747:. Van Nuys, California. June 29, 1973. p. 2-A – via Newspapers.com. 1799: 1297: 1275: 1236: 1159:

Typical customers of the Data Services Division during the 1970s included the

955: 813: 566: 501: 237: 5894: 5229:"An Important Message to the Stockholders of Informatics General Corporation" 5091:. Associated Press. December 10, 1983. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com. 4689:. Republic Wire Services. May 8, 1981. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com. 3373: 1061:

programs with applications as diverse as satellite tracking, redesigning the

971:

three decades of the 1970s through 1990s it had some $ 300 million in sales.

478:

and an assistant director of a joint data center between that university and

5717:"How Data Got its Base: Information Storage Software in the 1950s and 1960s" 5592:. American Federation of Information Processing Societies. pp. 341–349. 1365: 735: 694:

In April 1963, Advanced Information Systems was purchased from Electrada by

540: 314:. It made a variety of software products, and was especially known for its 5610:(Interview). Interviewed by Burt Grad. Telephonic: Computer History Museum. 1574:, but the business dissipated during a housing downturn in the late 1960s. 5969:

Bauer, Walter F. (Summer 1996). "Informatics: An Early Software Company".

5733: 5686: 5669: 5586:

AFIPS '82 Proceedings of the June 7–10, 1982, National Computer Conference

2844: 1045:. In conjunction with the contract, Informatics opened a branch office in 5995: 5922: 3030:. Baltimore. September 24, 1973. p. C-13 – via Newspapers.com. 1704: 1486: 1413: 1409: 1264: 1224: 1065:'s antenna, and a database application for maintaining information about 920: 683:. Postley was working in the Advanced Information Systems subsidiary of 544: 465: 461: 423: 415: 6013:

Fulfilling the Computer's Promise: The History of Informatics, 1962–1982

5766: 4434:. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School. pp. 19, 57, and 4255:"Documentation Consultant Helps Firms Make Switch to End-User Marketing" 1239:

or the FORTE package. Another implementation of these products, for the

585:

Informatics began in the Woodland Hills area of Los Angeles, California.

5648:

Legacy: The Saga of a German-Jewish Family Across Time and Circumstance

2879:

See Forman internal history, pp. 8-10–8-12 and 11-16–11-19.

1709: 1570:. Much of its focus was on the efficient planning and construction of 1509: 1505: 1496:

The other had its origins with Professional Software Systems, Inc., a

1357: 1300:

initiatives, so much so that it was later spun off as its own company,

727: 719: 439: 407: 6038: 5904: 5716: 4593:. Vol. 12, no. uncertain. EDP News Service. 1980. p. 4. 4452: 454:, Frank published several important articles on numerical analysis in 5778:

The Coming Computer Industry Shakeout: Winners, Losers, and Survivors

4321:"Program portability eases manufacturer's entry into foreign markets" 3061:"How Informatics can help you get the job done faster. And cut costs" 2996:. December 3, 1971. p. 13 (Part III) – via Newspapers.com. 2822:. October 19, 1969. p. 7 (Section I) – via Newspapers.com. 1786:

writer referred to the takeover as "the guppy swallowing the whale."

1703:

had been founded in 1981 by executive Sterling Williams and investor

1401: 1350: 1152: 1132: 983: 5641:"Chapter 22: Achieving the American Dream: Becoming an Entrepreneur" 4575:(Advertisement). Vol. 36, no. uncertain. 1975. p. 19. 3504:

Ludwig, A.; Firnett, P.; Jarvie, P.; Gerritsen, R. (April 1, 1968).

2711:. August 30, 1968. p. 15 (Part III) – via Newspapers.com. 2238:"After 20 Years as a Captain of Industry, Informatics Makes General" 1719:

When that too was rejected, the acquisition attempt became an overt

5847:

Print Unchained: 50 Years of Digital Printing, 1950–2000 and Beyond

2729:. April 10, 1969. p. 19 (Part III) – via Newspapers.com. 1485:

Informatics had two divisions that related to computer support for

1674: 1602: 1419: 1314: 1228: 1182: 1148: 1017: 901: 850: 666: 580: 5650:. Bergenfield, New Jersey: Avotaynu Foundation. pp. 478–529. 1727:, taking out full page advertisements in newspapers such as the 1332: 1201: 1034: 987: 723: 475: 363:

wrote that Informatics was "long a legend in software circles".

5501:. New York: Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 4763:"Position announcements: Phoenix Director Software Development" 4406:

A Presentation Before the New York Society of Security Analysts

3475:"How do I upgrade applications from MARK IV to VISION:Builder?" 3111:. Informatics General Corporation. 1983. pp. 2, 5, 16, 28. 770:

systems and related services, with those other firms including

5943:

Yost, Jeffrey R. (August 9, 2013). Wadhwani, R. Daniel (ed.).

5325:"Merger mania strikes at the heart of the information economy" 4221:. Informatics General Corporation. November 1984. p. 1-1. 742:. Existence of the new product was first announced in 1967. 640: 479: 5048:"Informatics General Corp reports earnings for Qtr to Dec 31" 3700:"Informatics Division to Provide 'Hilo' Optimization Program" 1417:

a regional location or a microcomputer located in the field.

1319:

An Informatics programmer working on the TAPS product in 1983

1304:, in 1996. Warner Blow became the CEO of Sterling Commerce. 1235:. The products generally communicated to the mainframe over 406:

in charge of a unit with 400 employees and two computers, an

5432:"Computer Associates Sets Deal To Acquire Sterling Software" 4856: 4854: 3682:"Informatics Offers Users VM/370 Services on Remote Network" 3506:"Computer program aids dual reflector antenna system design" 1644:

after a poor earnings forecast was put out, or by a drop of

1187:

An Informatics raised-floor computer room in the early 1980s

1147:

located in various U.S. cities. Users could work in either

1088:. At one point Informatics made an offer to DIALOG founder 231:$ 191 million (1984, equivalent to $ 560 million today) 5877:

Making IT Work: A History of the Computer Services Industry

4160:"Michael Parrella – Noise Cancellation Technologies (ncti)" 2914:. November 28, 1978. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com. 789:

and similar needs. The implementation was based around the

550:

At the very same time, March 1962, French computer pioneer

5799:

Challenge And Consequence: ... forcing change to eCommerce

5110:. Associated Press. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com. 3446:

Konsynski, "Advances in Information System Design", p. 27.

508:(1921–2012), was from Minnesota and had earlier worked at 5709:. Medford, New Jersey: Information Today. pp. 73–88. 3801:"Informatics Putting Its Eggs Info IBM-Compatible Basket" 1243:, was billed as Micro/Answer and released in early 1985. 954:

of Mark IV customers, named the IV League (a play on the

841:

The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States

310:

company in existence from 1962 through 1985 and based in

5238:. April 26, 1985. p. 90 – via Newspapers.com. 2200:

Norborg, "An Interview with Erwin Tomash", pp. 2, 17–18.

2009:

Johnson, "Oral History of Walter Bauer" (1995), pp. 4–5.

1607:

An Informatics staffer having a late night at the office

1504:

for U.S. law firms. Founded around 1976, it provided a

1010:

and the product remained under the name VISION:Builder.

631:

Meanwhile, Data Products, which had moved its office to

4489:"DISA Source Of Future Technology, Inc. Purchase Order" 2427:"After 15 Years, Informatics Confident of Its Survival" 1879:(ACT) as two other typical software firms of the 1960s. 5817:

From EDI to Electronic Commerce: A Business Initiative

5624:(paperback 1982). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 5483:

Empire: The Life, Legend, and Madness of Howard Hughes

4477:. Business Research Services. 1998. pp. 341, 459. 4114:"Sterling polishes off new building, needs more space" 3430:"Informatics Updates Mark V For IBM CICS Environments" 3348:

Johnson, "Oral History of Walter Bauer" (1995), p. 10.

2783:. May 21, 1970. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com. 2374:

Yost, "Computer Industry Pioneer: Erwin Tomash", p. 5.

2191:

Yost, "Computer Industry Pioneer: Erwin Tomash", p. 4.

1049:. Work done there included software developed for the 527:

The earlier company logo, used from the 1960s to 1982

6079:

International information technology consulting firms

5905:"Computer Industry Pioneer: Erwin Tomash (1921–2012)" 4611:. Vol. 16, no. uncertain. 1982. p. 16. 3204:

Johnson, "Oral History of Walter Bauer" (1995), p. 9.

3103: 3101: 3099: 2741:"Albert S. Kaplan Named Executive of Informatics Inc" 2605:

Johnson, "Oral History of Walter Bauer" (1986), p. 7.

2143:

Norborg, "An Interview with Walter Bauer", pp. 11–12.

2023:

Johnson, "Oral History of Walter Bauer" (1995), p. 5.

1588:

Final years and the Sterling Software takeover battle

1453:

Equimatics Division / Life Insurance Systems Division

316:

Mark IV file management and report generation product

4393:. Informatics General Corporation. 1985. p. 12. 4107: 4105: 1127:

Nevertheless, the division kept on going. Based in

663:

Origins of Mark IV and the software product business

5553:

A History of Online Information Services, 1963–1976

5341:

Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 83, 96n.

5323:Varga, Charles; Brooks, Vicki (February 10, 1986). 3239:

Johnson, "Oral History of John Postley", pp. 17–18.

3125:. Informatics General Corporation. 1984. p. 2. 3013:

Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 52, 95n.

1716:on April 22 increased the offer to $ 26 per share. 1278:initiative that provided electronic interchange of 1163:for hosting a teleprocessing services program, the 257: 247: 235: 227: 219: 211: 180: 168: 154: 146: 131: 111: 92: 66: 51: 41: 5903: 5775: 5715: 5617: 5561: 4453:"Success Stories: Government: US Army and US Navy" 3676: 3674: 3672: 1684:and its stock was considered, in the words of the 215:File management and report generation; many others 6059:Software Memories entry – MHDS and its successors 5551:Bourne, Charles P.; Hahn, Trudi Bellardo (2003). 5193:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 80–81. 4993:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 75–77. 4095: 4093: 4015:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 55–56. 3882:"Ashton-Tate, Informatics Link PCs to Mainframes" 3761:"Informatics targets links for market leadership" 3537:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 49–50. 3284:"Position announcements: Contracts Administrator" 2628: 2626: 2624: 2134:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 39–40. 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2083:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 38–39. 2074:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 36–37. 2065:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 33–36. 2056:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", pp. 33–34. 1826:. That same year, Sterling Commerce was sold to 5451:"IBM buys Sterling Commerce for US$ 1.4 billion" 5201: 5199: 4915:"Seek Methods to Reduce Cost of Building Houses" 4533:"29 Software Packages Join ICP $ 1 Million Club" 4475:National Directory of Woman-Owned Business Firms 4385: 4383: 4125: 4123: 3821:Yost, "Oral History of Werner Frank", pp. 24–25. 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3499: 3497: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3195:Haigh, 'A Veritable Bucket of Facts', pp. 83–84. 3072:"Informatics General enhances application tools" 2236:Informatics General Corporation (June 7, 1982). 2005: 2003: 6074:Defunct software companies of the United States 5306:"Sterling completed its buy-out of Informatics" 5223: 5221: 5189: 5187: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 4956:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 4039: 4037: 3977:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 3897: 3895: 3869:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 3817: 3815: 3643:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 3359:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 3302:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 3271:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 3228:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 3215:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2977:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2964:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2926:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2692:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2679:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2659:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2643:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2582:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2564: 2562: 2445:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2339:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2299:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2279:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2180:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 2110:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 1869:From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog 5870:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. 5668:Fry, James P.; Sibley, Edgar H. (March 1976). 5467:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", p. 97n. 5413:"Troubled Wang Decides to File for Chapter 11" 5281: 5279: 4909: 4907: 4412:this U.S. Army Center of Military History page 4408:. Informatics General Corporation. p. 19. 4301:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", p. 95n. 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4162:. The Wall Street Transcript. August 10, 1998. 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 2936: 2934: 2593:Johnson, "Oral History of John Postley", p. 8. 2568:Johnson, "Oral History of John Postley", p. 5. 2474:Johnson, "Oral History of John Postley", p. 7. 2311: 2309: 2307: 2091: 2089: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1165:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 5481:Barlett, Donald L.; Steele, James B. (1981). 5349: 5347: 5273:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", p. 83. 5155:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", p. 82. 4835: 4833: 4447: 4445: 4249: 4247: 4171: 4169: 4099:Allison, "An Interview with Sam Wyly", p. 33. 4087:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", p. 24. 4023: 4021: 3921:"Micro/Answer for IBM 3270 Personal Computer" 3606:Allison, "An Interview with Sam Wyly", p. 32. 3255:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", p. 47. 3093:Frank, "Achieving the American Dream", p. 56. 2601: 2599: 2370: 2368: 2355:"The Industry Week: Mergers and Acquisitions" 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 947:also a characteristic of their market space. 823:Equitable Life Assurance Society relationship 797:, a computer line which had been acquired by 747:unbundle software from its mainframes in 1969 569:. Bauer later recalled that at one point the 8: 5828:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 5370: 5368: 5269: 5267: 5151: 5149: 5147: 4802:"Sterling Sells Phoenix Unit of Informatics" 4706:"Who's the leader in law office automation?" 4550:Horton, Forest Woody Jr. (August 15, 1983). 4370:"On-Line Information System Shreds Red Tape" 4297: 4295: 4293: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3533: 3531: 3174:Haigh, 'A Veritable Bucket of Facts', p. 80. 3161: 3159: 3153:Haigh, 'A Veritable Bucket of Facts', p. 83. 2483:Haigh, 'A Veritable Bucket of Facts', p. 79. 2421: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1562:(PERT) techniques that had begun as part of 1131:, by the mid-1970s it offered a virtualized 27: 5879:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 5670:"Evolution of Data-Base Management Systems" 5288:"Informatics nixes Sterling's takeover bid" 4796: 4794: 4721: 4719: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4511:"Vendors: Source Of Future Technology, Inc" 4364: 4362: 4213: 4211: 4209: 3794: 3792: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3191: 3189: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2816:"Xerox Joins Informatics in Marketing Pact" 2810: 2808: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2268:Bauer, "Informatics and (et) Informatique". 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 5608:"Oral History of Bruce Coleman X6825.2013" 5430:Bulkeley, William M. (February 15, 2000). 5247: 5245: 5065:Hammer, Alexander R. (December 10, 1983). 4727:"Mini Facilities Timekeeping for Law Firm" 4677: 4675: 4673: 4422: 4420: 3809:See also "A Risky Route" sidebar on p. 56. 3653: 3651: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3517: 3515: 3477:. Computer Associates. September 15, 2015. 2349: 2347: 1086:United States National Library of Medicine 521: 428:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 33: 26: 6099:Software companies disestablished in 1985 5921: 5826:Computers: The Life Story of a Technology 5824:Swedin, Eric G.; Ferro, David L. (2007). 5755:Journal of Management Information Systems 5685: 5254:"Sterling Software to Buy Systems Center" 4894:"Computer Firm Moved Into Van Nuys Plant" 4841:"1992 ABA Annual Meeting Exhibitors List" 4234:"Letters to the Editor: 'Taps' Marketing" 4131:"On-Line Programming Supported by 'Taps'" 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2576: 2574: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2494:"UCLA Offers Short Courses for Engineers" 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 1251:Management Services Division and Ordernet 5599:"An Interview with Bruce Coleman OH 337" 3566:A History of Online Information Services 3548:A History of Online Information Services 3523:A History of Online Information Services 3489:A History of Online Information Services 3393:"Introducing Mark V (TM) for CICS users" 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 1939:Winter, Christine (September 25, 1987). 1513:revenues of about $ 5 million per year. 601:executive who was past president of the 6027:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5984:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5971:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5910:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5722:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5714:Haigh, Thomas (October–December 2009). 5568:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 5536:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5485:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 5067:"Dow Declines 1.83; Turnover Increases" 4862:"Interview with Russ Archibald, Part 1" 4404:Bauer, Walter F. (September 20, 1983). 4183:. May 28, 1979. p. NCC Preview/52. 3374:"Programmer Aids Increase Productivity" 3265: 3263: 3261: 2833:Day, Paul; Hines, John (January 1973). 2653: 2651: 1842: 1822:In 2000, Sterling Software was sold to 1560:Program evaluation and review technique 1259:who began thinking about it while at a 1033:Informatics had several contracts with 959:group, which tended to be populated by 753:Computing Technology Company subsidiary 159:Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California 97:Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California 6094:Software companies established in 1962 6084:Software companies based in California 6054:Informatics brochure for Mark IV, 1972 5555:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 4683:"LA firm takes over software supplier" 4414:for the explanation of Project VIABLE. 3851:"Introducing Answer/DB by Informatics" 3621:. Reference Press. 1994. p. 144. 3183:Haigh, "How Data Got its Base", p. 19. 2632:Haigh, "How Data Got its Base", p. 13. 916:fourth-generation programming language 468:, and spent long stretches of time in 5179:The Coming Computer Industry Shakeout 5166:The Coming Computer Industry Shakeout 3909:. January 22, 1985. pp. 179–181. 3832:"Introducing Answer/2 by Informatics" 3799:Blumenthal, Marcia (August 4, 1980). 2990:"Informatics, Equitable in New Field" 1690:The Coming Computer Industry Shakeout 1014:Government services and online search 388:Michigan Aeronautical Research Center 7: 6109:1985 disestablishments in California 5902:Yost, Jeffrey R. (April–June 2013). 5419:. Associated Press. August 19, 1992. 4609:Information & Records Management 4232:Diamond, Linda C. (April 23, 1979). 4196:"'Taps' Eases On-Line Program Tasks" 3457:"Product Life Cycle: Maturity Stage" 698:, an early 1960s subsidiary of the 504:. The co-founder of Data Products, 386:in 1951. His early work was at the 366:Informatics General was acquired by 5656:Frank, Werner (February 14, 2006). 5532:"Informatics and (et) Informatique" 4900:. September 12, 1965. p. 31-J. 4733:. August 13, 1979. pp. 49, 54. 4427:Bonomo, Joseph Ralph (March 1985). 3361:, p. 118. See also chart on p. 117. 2723:"Informatics Expands on East Coast" 1554:CPM Systems, Inc. was a pioneer in 1457:United Systems International was a 571:Association for Computing Machinery 223:"Fulfilling the computer's promise" 5801:. Tucson, Arizona: Fenestra Books. 5395:"LAN file mgmt. pack gets upgrade" 4640:Hills, Cornell D. (June 1, 1986). 4280:"Informatics Buys 'Taps' Software" 2394:. September 27, 1970. p. 175. 1966:"Walter Ferdinand Bauer: Obituary" 1941:"So much for software complacency" 1447:Defense Information Systems Agency 1412:, and even the relatively obscure 1255:William D. Plumb was a pioneer of 25: 6104:1962 establishments in California 5616:Fishman, Katharine Davis (1981). 5606:Coleman, Bruce (April 30, 2013). 5376:"Wang to Acquire Convergent Unit" 5286:Burton, Kathleen (May 20, 1985). 5252:Adelson, Andrea (April 2, 1993). 4712:. February 1, 1987. pp. 4–5. 4137:. September 10, 1975. p. 24. 4045:"Ordernet: Buying electronically" 3042:"In Business: ... Equitable Life" 1424:Branded magnetic paperclip holder 1284:business-to-business transactions 500:, a newly formed manufacturer of 5835:"An Interview with Erwin Tomash" 5806:Postley, John (March 26, 1986). 5612:Interview completed May 2, 2013. 5506:Bauer, Walter (March 26, 1986). 5492:"An Interview with Walter Bauer" 5206:Burton, Kathleen (May 6, 1985). 5085:"Market has small loss for week" 4871:. September 2008. p. 4 and 4112:Frees, John (October 21, 1996). 3927:. November 12, 1984. p. 89. 1502:law practice management software 764:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 414:, and in 1958 joined the merged 5560:Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2003). 5518:Bauer, Walter (June 16, 1995). 5208:"Sterling launches proxy fight" 5102:Currier, Chet (July 19, 1984). 4969:An Interview with Bruce Coleman 4552:"Tapping External Data Sources" 4286:. October 20, 1980. p. 68. 4148:. October 29, 1975. p. 17. 4063:From EDI to Electronic Commerce 4029:From EDI to Electronic Commerce 3957:Akst, Daniel (April 23, 1985). 3742:. October 23, 1978. p. 56. 3706:. October 23, 1974. p. 21. 3290:. October 10, 1977. p. 75. 3137:An Interview with Bruce Coleman 2795:"N.Y. Bank Engages Valley Firm" 2154:An Interview with Bruce Coleman 1830:; it later became part of IBM. 1335:teleprocessing monitor and the 1217:IBM mainframe operating systems 1206:Canoga Park area of Los Angeles 1161:General Services Administration 510:Engineering Research Associates 300:Informatics General Corporation 28:Informatics General Corporation 6089:Companies based in Los Angeles 6019:at the Computer History Museum 5955:. German Historical Institute. 5854:Wyly, Sam (December 6, 2012). 5833:Tomash, Erwin (May 15, 1983). 5808:"Oral History of John Postley" 5774:McClellan, Stephen T. (1984). 5658:"Oral History of Werner Frank" 5597:Coleman, Bruce (May 3, 2002). 5520:"Oral History of Walter Bauer" 5508:"Oral History of Walter Bauer" 5490:Bauer, Walter (May 16, 1983). 5449:Dignan, Larry (May 25, 2010). 5132:Akst, Daniel (June 22, 1985). 4933:"Gray promoted in advertising" 4769:. August 10, 1981. p. 79. 4345:. May 9, 1983. pp. 35–37. 3903:"The Future of the Connection" 3857:. August 17, 1981. p. 46. 3688:. August 27, 1975. p. 13. 3436:. October 3, 1983. p. 57. 2896:. October 9, 1974. p. 31. 402:. He became a manager at the 370:in 1985 in what was the first 355:System Development Corporation 1: 5849:. West Dover: DRA of Vermont. 5035:Oral History of Bruce Coleman 5022:Oral History of Bruce Coleman 4982:Oral History of Bruce Coleman 4539:. April 26, 1976. p. 54. 4202:. March 29, 1976. p. 19. 3888:. August 7, 1984. p. 43. 3838:. April 23, 1979. p. 50. 3785:. July 16, 1984. p. 102. 3372:Snyders, Jan (January 1982). 3078:. April 15, 1985. p. 47. 3067:. April 12, 1976. p. 15. 2433:. April 25, 1977. p. 52. 2385:"Over-the-Counter Quotations" 1348:Digital Equipment Corporation 730:, National Dairy Industries, 502:computer peripheral equipment 287:Professional Software Systems 18:Professional Software Systems 5856:"An Interview with Sam Wyly" 5542:(2): 323–334. Archived from 5497:(Interview). Interviewed by 4376:. June 28, 1982. p. 58. 4261:. June 22, 1981. p. 68. 3585:. June 5, 1978. p. 164. 3399:. March 5, 1984. p. 57. 3024:"Informatics Being Acquired" 2858:Theis, D. J. (August 1972). 1968:. Legacy.com. March 25, 2016 1877:Advanced Computer Techniques 1857:. June 20, 1977. p. 64. 626:Advanced Computer Techniques 392:National Bureau of Standards 6015:. Informatics General Corp. 6011:Forman, Richard L. (1985). 5393:Smith, Tom (June 4, 1990). 5361:. March 9, 1987. p. 9. 4847:. August 1992. p. 10A. 4666:. April 5, 1979. p. 5. 4051:. July 12, 1982. p. 9. 3767:. July 30, 1984. p. 7. 2860:"Communications Processors" 2361:. May 11, 1964. p. 37. 1431:Pascal programming language 1257:electronic data interchange 1193:Database management systems 1120:with the goal of providing 1028:Rome Air Development Center 442:. Working with pioneers of 404:Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation 396:early digital SEAC computer 6125: 5815:Sokol, Phyllis K. (1995). 5620:The Computer Establishment 4826:. April 1993. p. SD7. 4820:"Legal Software Directory" 4570:"The best thing about ..." 3779:"Mergers and Acquisitions" 3461:Software Marketing Journal 2942:The Computer Establishment 1579:Management Science America 1372:, along with systems from 895: 810:Japanese National Railways 531: 400:BOMARC interceptor missile 394:, where he programmed the 284:Legal Information Services 5875:Yost, Jeffrey R. (2017). 5866:Yost, Jeffrey R. (2005). 5639:Frank, Werner L. (2003). 5530:Bauer, Walter F. (1996). 5089:The Galvestone Daily News 4076:Challenge And Consequence 3997:Challenge And Consequence 3508:. NASA Technical Reports. 3058:See corporate address in 2912:The Sydney Morning Herald 1568:Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles 1500:-based firm that created 1098:San Francisco, California 1039:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 839:In 1971, Informatics and 639:In May 1966 there was an 498:Data Products Corporation 347:Charles Babbage Institute 135:August 13, 1985 99:(March 19, 1962 32: 5845:Webster, Edward (2001). 5819:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 5797:Notto, Ralph W. (2005). 4943:The Atlanta Constitution 3568:, pp. 168, 181, 320–321. 3463:. 1994. pp. 29–30?. 1851:"Position announcements" 1481:Legal software divisions 1135:platform, based on both 1118:computer service bureaus 986:and, beginning in 1983, 832:as a means of providing 830:computer service bureaus 681:Douglas Aircraft Company 633:Sherman Oaks, California 416:Thompson Ramo Wooldridge 324:computer service bureaus 5453:. ZDNet. Archived from 5436:The Wall Street Journal 3319:Computer History Museum 1812:Convergent Technologies 1404:but also the DOS-based 1368:minicomputers, and the 1175:conglomerate, in 1984. 877:New York Stock Exchange 795:Scientific Data Systems 659:earnings of $ 561,000. 645:over-the-counter market 614:Rome Air Defense Center 599:North American Aviation 378:Background and founding 351:University of Minnesota 343:Computer History Museum 312:Los Angeles, California 266:Software Products Group 3321:. 2007. Archived from 2705:"Acquisition Approved" 1753:Drexel Burnham Lambert 1680: 1608: 1425: 1320: 1274:Ordernet was an early 1188: 1107:Data Services Division 1078:College Park, Maryland 1023: 907: 883:Products and divisions 873:Over-the-counter stock 856: 760:River Edge, New Jersey 672: 586: 384:University of Michigan 281:Life Insurance Systems 5868:The Computer Industry 5734:10.1109/MAHC.2009.123 5687:10.1145/356662.356664 5674:ACM Computing Surveys 5546:on December 19, 2003. 5457:on November 29, 2020. 4327:. 1982. p. 120?. 3418:. 1982. p. 136?. 3388:– via ProQuest. 2845:10.1145/800009.808046 2224:The Computer Industry 2047:Yost, "Werner Frank". 1873:Applied Data Research 1737:shareholders' meeting 1678: 1606: 1538:Professional services 1423: 1382:McCormack & Dodge 1318: 1186: 1129:Fairfield, New Jersey 1063:Goldstone Observatory 1021: 929:Applied Data Research 905: 854: 685:Electrada Corporation 670: 622:Applied Data Research 584: 337:, in his 2003 volume 335:Martin Campbell-Kelly 5996:10.1109/MAHC.2006.51 5923:10.1109/MAHC.2013.17 5108:The Gettysburg Times 5054:. February 13, 1985. 5010:. February 10, 1983. 4787:. 1983. p. 93?. 4687:The Arizona Republic 4139:See also associated 3665:. 1979. p. 16?. 3069:(advertisement) and 2759:"People in Business" 2614:Barlett and Steele, 2528:Barlett and Steele, 2359:Missiles and Rockets 1947:. pp. 3–1, 3–2. 1867:See Campbell-Kelly, 1776:Aftermath and legacy 1694:Stephen T. McClellan 1556:Critical path method 1047:Glendale, California 1043:Ames Research Center 961:computer programmers 772:Dun & Bradstreet 652:price–earnings ratio 603:IBM user group SHARE 444:scientific computing 79:Software contracting 5782:. New York: Wiley. 5382:. February 2, 1988. 5004:"Executive Changes" 4629:. January 17, 1985. 3724:. 1977. p. 9?. 3722:Information Hotline 3217:, pp. 108–109, 116. 2516:The Cumberland News 1824:Computer Associates 1729:Wall Street Journal 1491:Rockville, Maryland 1439:Rockville, Maryland 1008:Computer Associates 864:in Woodland Hills. 700:Hughes Tool Company 655:Services Division. 595:San Fernando Valley 448:David M. Young, Jr. 434:and programming in 398:; and for Boeing's 333:Computer historian 275:Management Services 249:Number of employees 174:30 in North America 170:Number of locations 29: 5380:The New York Times 5312:. August 14, 1985. 5258:The New York Times 5214:. pp. 85, 99. 5071:The New York Times 5052:The New York Times 5008:The New York Times 4785:Los Angeles Lawyer 4749:The New York Times 4558:. pp. ID–1ff. 4391:1984 Annual Report 3807:. pp. 55, 56. 3579:"Executive Corner" 3378:Computer Decisions 3123:1983 Annual Report 3109:1982 Annual Report 2552:Swedin and Ferro, 2392:The New York Times 1828:SBC Communications 1681: 1609: 1426: 1398:NCR 9300 under ITX 1321: 1189: 1024: 908: 898:MARK IV (software) 892:Mark IV and Mark V 857: 673: 587: 560:Académie française 457:Journal of the ACM 432:numerical analysis 306:, was an American 243:$ 5 million (1984) 6039:10.1109/85.646208 5886:978-0-262-03672-6 5789:978-0-471-88063-9 5631:978-0-07-021127-8 5575:978-0-262-03303-9 5499:Arthur L. Norberg 5417:Los Angeles Times 5331:. pp. 93–98. 5310:Los Angeles Times 5294:. pp. 12–13. 5236:Los Angeles Times 5138:Los Angeles Times 4937:The Index-Journal 4898:Los Angeles Times 4806:Los Angeles Times 4627:Los Angeles Times 4219:TAPS User's Guide 3963:Los Angeles Times 3628:978-1-87-875339-7 3564:Bourne and Hahn, 3546:Bourne and Hahn, 3521:Bourne and Hahn, 3487:Bourne and Hahn, 2994:Los Angeles Times 2869:. pp. 31–44. 2820:Los Angeles Times 2777:"Business Briefs" 2727:Los Angeles Times 2709:Los Angeles Times 2464:. August 6, 2004. 2462:Los Angeles Times 2458:"John A. Postley" 1816:Wang Laboratories 1804:Sterling Commerce 1733:Los Angeles Times 1701:Sterling Software 1686:Los Angeles Times 1532:Wang Laboratories 1325:Midtown Manhattan 1302:Sterling Commerce 1173:Litton Industries 1122:utility computing 1000:Pansophic Systems 862:Ventura Boulevard 834:utility computing 799:Xerox Corporation 787:message switching 783:store-and-forward 436:assembly language 368:Sterling Software 308:computer software 304:Informatics, Inc. 297: 296: 74:Software products 16:(Redirected from 6116: 6042: 6016: 6007: 5978: 5956: 5939: 5925: 5907: 5898: 5871: 5862: 5860: 5850: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5781: 5770: 5749: 5719: 5710: 5699: 5689: 5664: 5662: 5651: 5645: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5591: 5579: 5567: 5556: 5547: 5526: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5486: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5351: 5342: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5283: 5274: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5203: 5194: 5191: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5142: 5141: 5129: 5112: 5111: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5044: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4959: 4954:Campbell-Kelly, 4952: 4946: 4940: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4866: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4808:. April 8, 1986. 4798: 4789: 4788: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4702: 4691: 4690: 4679: 4668: 4667: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4623:"Industry Notes" 4619: 4613: 4612: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4288: 4287: 4276: 4263: 4262: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4138: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4100: 4097: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4041: 4032: 4025: 4016: 4013: 4000: 3993: 3980: 3975:Campbell-Kelly, 3973: 3967: 3966: 3954: 3929: 3928: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3878: 3872: 3867:Campbell-Kelly, 3865: 3859: 3858: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3828: 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2924:Campbell-Kelly, 2922: 2916: 2915: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2799:The Valley Times 2791: 2785: 2784: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2701: 2695: 2690:Campbell-Kelly, 2688: 2682: 2677:Campbell-Kelly, 2675: 2662: 2657:Campbell-Kelly, 2655: 2646: 2641:Campbell-Kelly, 2639: 2633: 2630: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2580:Campbell-Kelly, 2578: 2569: 2566: 2557: 2550: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2512:"Buys Data Firm" 2508: 2502: 2501: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2443:Campbell-Kelly, 2441: 2435: 2434: 2423: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2351: 2342: 2337:Campbell-Kelly, 2335: 2320: 2313: 2302: 2297:Campbell-Kelly, 2295: 2282: 2277:Campbell-Kelly, 2275: 2269: 2266: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2178:Campbell-Kelly, 2176: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2113: 2108:Campbell-Kelly, 2106: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2024: 2021: 2010: 2007: 1998: 1991: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1962: 1949: 1948: 1936: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1847: 1721:hostile takeover 1671: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1508:that ran on the 1506:turnkey solution 1498:Phoenix, Arizona 1378:Tandem Computers 912:batch processing 552:Philippe Dreyfus 525: 488:entrepreneurship 470:Washington, D.C. 372:hostile takeover 142: 140: 106: 104: 37: 30: 21: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6064: 6063: 6050: 6045: 6024: 6010: 5981: 5968: 5964: 5962:Further reading 5959: 5942: 5901: 5887: 5874: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5790: 5773: 5752: 5713: 5702: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5615: 5605: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5559: 5550: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5494: 5489: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5429: 5428: 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4468: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4266: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4207: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4175: 4174: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4140: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4069: 4065:, pp. 208, 286. 4060: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4003: 3994: 3983: 3974: 3970: 3956: 3955: 3932: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3680: 3679: 3670: 3663:Software Digest 3657: 3656: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3520: 3513: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3391: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3325:on July 5, 2009 3313: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3254: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3097: 3092: 3083: 3070: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3028:The Evening Sun 3022: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2948: 2939: 2932: 2923: 2919: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2745:The Valley News 2739: 2738: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2665: 2656: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2622: 2618:, pp. 401, 554. 2613: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2551: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2425: 2424: 2399: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2336: 2323: 2317:Print Unchained 2314: 2305: 2296: 2285: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2252: 2241:(Advertisement) 2240: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2211:Print Unchained 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2177: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2116: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2027: 2022: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1992: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1952: 1945:Chicago Tribune 1938: 1937: 1896: 1887: 1883: 1866: 1862: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1778: 1770:Chicago Tribune 1668: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1590: 1564:Hughes Dynamics 1552: 1540: 1483: 1471:group insurance 1455: 1374:Harris Computer 1355:Hewlett-Packard 1339:access method. 1313: 1280:purchase orders 1253: 1181: 1179:Answer Division 1109: 1090:Roger K. Summit 1067:primates in use 1016: 950:An independent 900: 894: 885: 825: 755: 696:Hughes Dynamics 689:Robert M. Hayes 677:John A. Postley 665: 579: 536: 530: 529: 528: 518: 494:Venture capital 452:George Forsythe 380: 360:Chicago Tribune 345:as well as the 328:turnkey systems 293: 250: 240: 207: 183: 175: 171: 164: 160: 138: 136: 127: 102: 100: 88: 84:Service bureaus 56: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6122: 6120: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6048:External links 6046: 6044: 6043: 6022: 6008: 5979: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5945:"Werner Frank" 5940: 5899: 5885: 5872: 5863: 5851: 5842: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5788: 5771: 5750: 5711: 5700: 5665: 5653: 5636: 5630: 5613: 5603: 5594: 5580: 5574: 5557: 5548: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5460: 5441: 5422: 5404: 5385: 5364: 5343: 5334: 5315: 5297: 5275: 5263: 5241: 5217: 5195: 5183: 5170: 5157: 5143: 5113: 5094: 5076: 5057: 5039: 5026: 5013: 4995: 4986: 4973: 4960: 4947: 4924: 4903: 4885: 4869:PM World Today 4850: 4829: 4811: 4790: 4772: 4754: 4751:. May 7, 1981. 4736: 4715: 4692: 4669: 4651: 4632: 4614: 4596: 4578: 4561: 4542: 4524: 4502: 4480: 4466: 4441: 4416: 4396: 4379: 4358: 4349: 4347:Advertisement. 4330: 4312: 4303: 4289: 4264: 4243: 4224: 4205: 4187: 4185:Advertisement. 4165: 4151: 4119: 4116:. Bizjournals. 4101: 4089: 4080: 4067: 4054: 4033: 4017: 4001: 3999:, pp. 242–245. 3981: 3968: 3930: 3912: 3891: 3873: 3860: 3842: 3840:Advertisement. 3823: 3811: 3788: 3770: 3745: 3727: 3709: 3691: 3668: 3647: 3634: 3627: 3608: 3588: 3570: 3552: 3539: 3527: 3511: 3493: 3480: 3466: 3448: 3439: 3421: 3403: 3380:. p. 38. 3363: 3350: 3336: 3306: 3293: 3275: 3257: 3241: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3197: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3155: 3141: 3128: 3114: 3095: 3081: 3051: 3033: 3015: 2999: 2981: 2968: 2946: 2944:, pp. 277–278. 2930: 2917: 2899: 2881: 2872: 2850: 2825: 2804: 2786: 2768: 2750: 2732: 2714: 2696: 2683: 2663: 2647: 2634: 2620: 2607: 2595: 2586: 2570: 2558: 2534: 2521: 2503: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2449: 2436: 2397: 2376: 2364: 2343: 2321: 2303: 2283: 2270: 2250: 2228: 2215: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2158: 2145: 2136: 2114: 2101: 2097:Making IT Work 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2025: 2011: 1999: 1995:Making IT Work 1979: 1950: 1894: 1890:Making IT Work 1881: 1860: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1777: 1774: 1745:Michael Milken 1614:New York Times 1589: 1586: 1551: 1548: 1539: 1536: 1482: 1479: 1463:life insurance 1454: 1451: 1394:Prime Computer 1329:IBM mainframes 1312: 1309: 1261:Columbus, Ohio 1252: 1249: 1180: 1177: 1151:batch mode or 1137:IBM System/370 1108: 1105: 1015: 1012: 992:Cincom Systems 940:IBM mainframes 910:Mark IV was a 896:Main article: 893: 890: 884: 881: 824: 821: 793:computer from 754: 751: 664: 661: 609:at that time. 591:Woodland Hills 578: 575: 532:Main article: 526: 520: 519: 517: 514: 379: 376: 320:IBM mainframes 295: 294: 292: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 263: 261: 255: 254: 251: 248: 245: 244: 241: 236: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 190: 186: 184: 181: 178: 177: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 158: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 133: 129: 128: 126: 125: 122: 119: 115: 113: 109: 108: 94: 90: 89: 87: 86: 81: 76: 70: 68: 64: 63: 57: 52: 49: 48: 43: 39: 38: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6121: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6020: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5780: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5464: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5401:. p. 36. 5400: 5399:Network World 5396: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5359:Network World 5356: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5330: 5329:Computerworld 5326: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5292:Computerworld 5289: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5212:Computerworld 5209: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5104:"Wall Street" 5098: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4767:Computerworld 4764: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4732: 4731:Computerworld 4728: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4648:. p. 14. 4647: 4643: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4556:Computerworld 4553: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4537:Computerworld 4534: 4528: 4525: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4374:Computerworld 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4343:Computerworld 4340: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4284:Computerworld 4281: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4259:Computerworld 4256: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240:. p. 26. 4239: 4238:Computerworld 4235: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4200:Computerworld 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4181:Computerworld 4178: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4146:Computerworld 4143: 4136: 4135:Computerworld 4132: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3925:Computerworld 3922: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3856: 3855:Computerworld 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3836:Computerworld 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3805:Computerworld 3802: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3783:Computerworld 3780: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3765:Computerworld 3762: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3740:Computerworld 3737: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3704:Computerworld 3701: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3686:Computerworld 3683: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3618:The Texas 500 3612: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3583:Computerworld 3580: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3434:Computerworld 3431: 3425: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3397:Computerworld 3394: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:"Informatics" 3310: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3288:Computerworld 3285: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3076:Computerworld 3073: 3066: 3065:Computerworld 3062: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2979:, pp. 81, 85. 2978: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2894:Computerworld 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2431:Computerworld 2428: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2386: 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1805: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1783:Computerworld 1775: 1773: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1673: 1615: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1572:tract housing 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1459:Dallas, Texas 1452: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1311:TAPS Division 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1215:for files on 1214: 1213:report writer 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1154: 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