657:(CS) is a rare autosomal recessive PS. There are three types of CS, distinguished by severity and age of onset. It occurs at a rate of about 1 in 300,000-500,000 in the United States and Europe. The mean age of death is ~12 years, although the different forms differ significantly. Individuals with the type I (or classical) form of the disorder usually first show symptoms between one and three years and have lifespans of between 20 and 40 years. Type II Cockayne syndrome (CSB) is more severe: symptoms present at birth and individuals live to approximately 6–7 years of age. Type III has the mildest symptoms, first presents later in childhood, and the cause of death is often severe nervous system deterioration and respiratory tract infections.
956:
595:. Defective homologous recombination can cause mutation and genetic instability. Such defective recombination can introduce gaps and breaks within the genome and disrupt the function of genes, possibly causing growth retardation, aging and elevated risk of cancer. It introduces gaps and breaks within the genome and disrupts the function of genes, often causing retardation of growth, aging and elevated risks of cancers. The Bloom syndrome protein interacts with other proteins, such as topoisomerase IIIα and RMI2, and suppresses illegitimate recombination events between sequences that are divergent from strict homology, thus maintaining genome stability. Individuals with BS have a
1224:
models with premature aging symptoms have different genetic backgrounds, they all have abnormal structures of tissues/organs as a result of defective development. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that the abnormality of tissue structure is the common point between premature aging and normal aging. Premature aging is a result of Mis-construction during development as a consequence of gene mutations, whereas normal aging is a result of accumulation of
Misrepairs for the survival of an organism. Thus the process of development and that of aging are coupled by Mis-construction and Mis-re-construction (Misrepair) of the structure of an organism.
1004:
313:
719:
1100:
peripheral heterochromatin, and clustering of nuclear pores", causing the nucleus to lose its shape and integrity. The prelamin A also maintains the farnesyl and a methyl moiety on its C-terminal cysteine residue, ensuring their continued localization at the membrane. When this farnesylation is prevented using farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI), the abnormalities in nuclear shape are significantly reduced.
516:
syndrome, through mutation in the RecQ helicases. These associations have led to the speculation that BS could be associated with aging. Unfortunately, the average lifespan of persons with Bloom syndrome is 27 years; consequently, there is insufficient information to completely rule out the possibility that BS is associated with some features of aging.
1176:, abnormal facial features (small mouth, small pinched nose and micrognathia), sparse or absent eyelashes and eyebrows, mineralization defects of the skull, thin dysplastic clavicles, pulmonary hypoplasia and multiple joint contractures. Most affected individuals die in the uterus or are stillbirths, and liveborns usually die within a week.
1057:
and generally appearing aged. Other features include skeletal alterations (osteolysis, osteoporosis), amyotrophy (wasting of muscle), lipodystrophy and skin atrophy (loss of subcutaneous tissue and fat) with sclerodermatous focal lesions, severe atherosclerosis and prominent scalp veins. However, the
519:
People with BS start their life with a low weight and length when they are born. Even as adults, they typically remain under 5 feet tall. Individuals with BS are characterized by low weight and height and abnormal facial features, particularly a long, narrow face with a small lower jaw, a large nose
1223:
Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome, Werner syndrome, and
Cockayne syndrome are the three genetic disorders in which patients have premature aging features. Premature aging also develops on some animal models which have genetic alterations. Although the patients with these syndromes and the animal
1127:
promote genetic stability by maintaining levels of proteins which have key roles in NHEJ and HR. Mouse cells deficient for maturation of prelamin A show increased DNA damage and chromosome aberrations and have increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. In HGPS, the inability to adequately repair
1099:
In the truncated lamin A precursor, this cleavage is not possible and the prelamin A cannot mature. When the truncated prelamin A is localized to the nuclear envelope, it will not be processed and accumulates, leading to "lobulation of the nuclear envelope, thickening of the nuclear lamina, loss of
1249:
WR is associated with abnormalities in bone maturation, and lipids and hormone metabolism. Affected individuals exhibit intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, leading to short stature and an aged appearance from birth. They have physical abnormalities including a large head (macrocephaly),
1040:
Individuals with HGPS typically appear normal at birth, but their growth is severely retarded, resulting in short stature, a very low body weight and delayed tooth eruption. Their facial/cranial proportions and facial features are abnormal, characterized by larger-than-normal eyes, a thin, beaked
1036:
condition, characterized by premature and accelerated aging (~7 times the normal rate) beginning at childhood. It affects 1 in ~4 million newborns; over 130 cases have been reported in the literature since the first described case in 1886. The mean age of diagnosis is ~3 years and the mean age of
959:
Lamin is required at the inner nuclear membrane to ensure the nucleus keeps its shape. Mutations in LMNA causes dysfunctional lamin, and the nucleus can no longer keeps its shape. This leads to mislocalisation of heterochromatin, which normally lie in close proximity, or with, the nuclear matrix,
339:
disorder. It has a global incidence rate of less than 1 in 100,000 live births, although incidences in Japan and
Sardinia are higher, where it affects 1 in 20,000-40,000 and 1 in 50,000, respectively. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,300 reported cases of WS worldwide. Affected individuals
5184:
Jacquinet A, Verloes A, Callewaert B, Coremans C, Coucke P, De Paepe A, Kornak U, Lebrun F, Lombret J, Pierard GE, Robinson PN, Symoens S, Van
Maldergem L, Debray FG (2014). "Neonatal progeroid variant of Marfan syndrome with congenital lipodystrophy results from mutations at the 3' end of FBN1
639:
and
Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal (COFS) syndrome, can also be caused by defects in the NER pathway. However, unlike RecQ-associated PS, not all individuals affected by these diseases have increased risk of cancer. All these disorders can be caused by mutations in a single gene, XPD, or in other
299:
There are five genes encoding RecQ in humans (RECQ1-5), and defects in RECQL2/WRN, RECQL3/BLM and RECQL4 lead to Werner syndrome (WS), Bloom syndrome (BS), and
Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS), respectively. On the cellular level, cells of affected individuals exhibit chromosomal abnormalities,
4983:
Graul-Neumann LM, Kienitz T, Robinson PN, Baasanjav S, Karow B, Gillesen-Kaesbach G, Fahsold R, Schmidt H, Hoffmann K, Passarge E (2010). "Marfan syndrome with neonatal progeroid syndrome-like lipodystrophy associated with a novel frameshift mutation at the 3-prime terminus of the FBN1-gene".
515:
There is no evidence from the Bloom's
Syndrome Registry or from the peer-reviewed medical literature that BS is a progeroid condition associated with advanced aging. It is, however, associated with early-onset cancer and adult-type diabetes and also with Werner syndrome, which is a progeroid
1293:
Some segmental progeroid syndromes, such as Werner syndrome (WS), Bloom syndrome (BS), Rothmund-Thomson syndromes (RTS) and combined xeroderma pigmentosa-Cockayne syndrome (XP-CS), are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer in the affected individual; two exceptions are
472:, which would normally transport it to the nucleus where it can interact with the DNA. This leads to a reduction in DNA repair. Furthermore, mutated proteins are more likely to be degraded than normal WRNp. Apart from causing defects in DNA repair, its aberrant association with
859:(TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease whose symptoms span across multiple systems and can vary greatly in severity. The incidence rate of TTD is estimated to be 1.2 per million in Western Europe. Milder cases cause sparse and brittle hair, which is due to the lack of
4892:
Liu B, Wang J, Chan KM, Tjia WM, Deng W, Guan X, Huang JD, Li KM, Chau PY, Chen DJ, Pei D, Pendas AM, Cadiñanos J, LĂłpez-OtĂn C, Tse HF, Hutchison C, Chen J, Cao Y, Cheah KS, Tryggvason K, Zhou Z (2005). "Genomic instability in laminopathy-based premature aging".
917:, the first two of which are also linked to xeroderma pigmentosum. However, patients with TTD do not show a higher risk of developing skin cancer, in contrast to patients with XP. The three genes associated with TTD encode for XPB, XPD and p8/TTDA of the
4799:
Mazereeuw-Hautier, J; Wilson, LC; Mohammed, S; Smallwood, D; Shackleton, S; Atherton, DJ; Harper, JI (2007). "Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome: Clinical findings in three patients carrying the G608G mutation in LMNA and review of the literature".
3225:
Kleijer, WJ; Laugel, V; Berneburg, M; Nardo, T; Fawcett, H; Gratchev, A; Jaspers, NG; Sarasin, A; et al. (2008). "Incidence of DNA repair deficiency disorders in western Europe: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy".
863:, an element that is part of the matrix proteins that give hair its strength. More severe cases cause delayed development, significant intellectual disability, and recurrent infection; the most severe cases see death at infancy or early childhood.
446:, the only gene currently connected to Werner syndrome. WRN encodes the WRNp protein, a 1432 amino acid protein with a central domain resembling members of the RecQ helicases. WRNp is active in unwinding DNA, a step necessary in DNA repair and
70:
are two well-known accelerated-aging diseases that are more frequent in older individuals. They affect only one tissue and can be classified as unimodal progeroid syndromes. Segmental progeria, which is more frequently associated with the term
1107:
gene needs to be mutated to produce this phenotype. As the phenotype is caused by an accumulation of the truncated prelamin A, only mutation in one of the two genes is sufficient. At least 16 Other mutations in lamin A/C, or defects in the
771:, poor coordination, decreased intellectual abilities, difficulty swallowing and talking, and seizures; these effects tend to become progressively worse over time. All affected individuals have a 1000-fold higher risk of developing
3636:
Xeroderma pigmentosa is a rare, autosomal recessive disease caused by a defective UV-specific endonuclease. Patients with mutations are unable to repair DNA damage caused by sunlight and have been described as "children of the
2026:
Masala, MV; Scapaticci, S; Olivieri, C; Pirodda, C; Montesu, MA; Cuccuru, MA; Pruneddu, S; Danesino, C; et al. (2007). "Epidemiology and clinical aspects of Werner's syndrome in North
Sardinia: Description of a cluster".
5077:
Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, Constable P, Jain M, Xia F, Saha PK, Del Solar M, Zhu B, York B, Sarkar P, Rendon DA, Gaber MW, LeMaire SA, Coselli JS, Milewicz DM, Sutton VR, Butte NF, Moore DD, Chopra AR (April 2016).
5030:
Takenouchi T, Hida M, Sakamoto Y, Torii C, Kosaki R, Takahashi T, Kosaki K (2013). "Severe congenital lipodystrophy and a progeroid appearance: Mutation in the penultimate exon of FBN1 causing a recognizable phenotype".
934:
gene has been associated with this form of TTD, although it accounts for only 20% of all known cases of the non-photosensitive form of TTD, and the function of its gene product is also unclear. Mutations in the
3580:
Yang, LY; Jiang, H; Rangel, KM (2003). "RNA polymerase II stalled on a DNA template during transcription elongation is ubiquitinated and the ubiquitination facilitates displacement of the elongation complex".
287:, but in the context of PS, it is a required step in repairing damaged DNA. Thus, DNA helicases, maintain the integrity of a cell, and defects in these helicases are linked to an increased predisposition to
743:
Europe populations but with a higher incidence rate in Japan, North Africa, and the Middle East. There have been 830 published cases from 1874 to 1982. The disorder presents at infancy or early childhood.
1388:
is about a boy who was born with the appearance of a 70-year-old and who ages backwards. This short story is thought to be inspired by progeria. The description of the fictitious
Smallweed family in the
2585:
Amor-Guéret, M; Dubois-d'Enghien, C; Laugé, A; Onclercq-Delic, R; Barakat, A; Chadli, E; Bousfiha, AA; Benjelloun, M; et al. (2008). "Three new BLM gene mutations associated with Bloom syndrome".
2122:
Oshima J, Martin GM, Hisama FM. Werner
Syndrome. 2002 Dec 2 . In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, et al., editors. GeneReviews™ . Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-. Available from:
628:
joins the strands together to form dsDNA. There are two subpathways for NER, which differ only in their mechanism for recognition: global genomic NER (GG-NER) and transcription coupled NER (TC-NER).
710:. Mutations in ERCC8, ERCC6, or both mean DNA is no longer repaired through TC-NER, and the accumulation of mutations leads to cell death, which may contribute to the symptoms of Cockayne syndrome.
921:(TFIIH) complex, which is involved in transcription and DNA damage repair. Mutations in one of these genes cause reduction of gene transcription, which may be involved in development (including
4450:
Jansen, T; Romiti, R (2000). "Progeria infantum (Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome) associated with scleroderma-like lesions and acro-osteolysis: A case report and brief review of the literature".
1210:
1526:, an extremely rare genetic disorder which is unique from other PS because of the absence of any cardiovascular abnormalities (which lead to premature death in cases where they are present)
631:
Defects in the NER pathway have been linked to progeroid syndromes. There are 28 genes in this pathway. Individuals with defects in these genes often have developmental defects and exhibit
5798:
1356:
who has a syndrome that resembles progeria, although the exact nature is unclear; it is now thought to be a form of neonatal progeroid syndrome. Velásquez is an advocate of anti-bullying.
579:, or mutations of other kinds and are likely to cause deletions in the gene product. Apart from helicase activity that is common to all RecQ helices, it also acts to prevent inappropriate
5919:
Maloney, W. J. (2009). "Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome: Its Presentation in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Short Story 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button' and Its Oral Manifestations".
5828:
6407:
1037:
death is ~13 years. The cause of death is usually myocardial infarction, caused by the severe hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis). There is currently no treatment available.
591:. During this time, the homologous (corresponding) copies are in close physical proximity to each other, allowing them to 'cross' and exchange genetic information, a process called
693:), which encodes for the CSA protein. These mutations are thought to cause alternate splicing of the pre-mRNA which leads to an abnormal protein. CSB is caused by mutations in the
635:. They can also develop CS, XP, and TTD, often in combination with each other, as with combined xeroderma pigmentosa-Cockayne syndrome (XP-CS). Variants of these diseases, such as
1246:, is an autosomal recessive progeroid syndrome. More than 30 cases have been reported. Most affected individuals die by seven months of age, but some do survive into their teens.
2062:
6394:
790:
There are eight types of XP (XP-A through XP-G), plus a variant type (XP-V), all categorized based on the genetic cause. XP can be caused by mutations in any of these genes:
3803:
Kraemer, KH; Lee, MM; Andrews, AD; Lambert, WC (1994). "The role of sunlight and DNA repair in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The xeroderma pigmentosum paradigm".
775:: half of the affected population develop skin cancer by age 10, usually at areas most exposed to sunlight (e.g. face, head, or neck). The risk for other cancers such as
1383:
5405:
1092:; this farnesylation is important in targeting lamin to the nuclear envelope, where it maintains its integrity. Normally, lamin A is recognized by ZMPSTE24 (FACE1, a
2997:
Graham, John M.; Anyane-Yeboa, Kwame; Raams, Anja; Appeldoorn, Esther; Kleijer, Wim J.; Garritsen, Victor H.; Busch, David; Edersheim, Terri G.; et al. (2001).
599:, which means that the illegitimate recombination is no longer suppressed, leading to higher rates of mutation (~10-100 times above normal, depending on cell type).
528:
and leads to reddening of the skin, usually presented as a "butterfly-shaped patch of reddened skin across the nose and cheeks". Other characteristics of BS include
3097:"Two individuals with features of both xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy highlight the complexity of the clinical outcomes of mutations in the XPD gene"
4843:
Redwood AB, Perkins SM, Vanderwaal RP, Feng Z, Biehl KJ, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Morgado-Palacin L, Shi W, Sage J, Roti-Roti JL, Stewart CL, Zhang J, Gonzalo S (2011).
1794:
Ouyang, KJ; Woo, LL; Ellis, NA (2008). "Homologous recombination and maintenance of genome integrity: Cancer and aging through the prism of human RecQ helicases".
624:(MMR). In NER, the damaged DNA strand is removed and the undamaged strand is kept as a template for the formation of a complementary sequence with DNA polymerase.
6224:
295:. Thus, individuals with RecQ-associated PS show an increased risk of developing cancer, which is caused by genomic instability and increased rates of mutation.
3419:
Komatsu, A; Suzuki, S; Inagaki, T; Yamashita, K; Hashizume, K (2004). "A kindred with Cockayne syndrome caused by multiple splicing variants of the CSA gene".
925:), and thus may explain retardation in intellectual abilities, in some cases; these mutations also lead to reduction in DNA repair, causing photosensitivity.
842:
of DNA damage resulting from UV radiation; its mutation leads to an overall increase in UV-dependent mutation, which ultimately causes the symptoms of XP.
348:
growth spurt. The mean age of diagnosis is twenty-four. The median and mean age of death are 47-48 and 54 years, respectively; the main cause of death is
5861:
2999:"Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome with a Nucleotide Excision–Repair Defect and a Mutated XPD Gene, with Prenatal Diagnosis in a Triplet Pregnancy"
5384:
Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Premature aging as a consequence of Misconstruction of tissues and organs during development".
2872:"Increased rate of spontaneous mitotic recombination in T lymphocytes from a Bloom's syndrome patient using a flow-cytometric assay at HLA-A locus"
955:
5806:
4939:
Navarro, C. L.; De Sandre-Giovannoli, A; Bernard, R; Boccaccio, I; Boyer, A; Geneviève, D; Hadj-Rabia, S; Gaudy-Marqueste, C; et al. (2004).
1185:
672:
photosensitivity (sensitivity to sunlight), neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and deafness, and often exhibit lipoatrophy, atrophic skin, severe
2290:
Salk, D; Au, K; Hoehn, H; Martin, GM (1981). "Cytogenetics of Werner's syndrome cultured skin fibroblasts: Variegated translocation mosaicism".
2081:"Werner's syndrome a review of its symptomatology, natural history, pathologic features, genetics and relationship to the natural aging process"
706:, halting its progress thus allowing the TC-NER mechanism to be carried out. The ubiquitinated RNAP II then dissociates and is degraded via the
3608:
443:
141:(HGPS). Individuals with these disorders tend to have a reduced lifespan. Progeroid syndromes have been widely studied in the fields of aging,
2263:
Martin, GM; Sprague, CA; Epstein, CJ (1970). "Replicative life-span of cultivated human cells. Effects of donor's age, tissue, and genotype".
699:
gene, which encodes the CSB protein. CSA and CSB are involved in transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), which is involved in repairing DNA; they
283:
are enzymes that bind to double-stranded DNA and temporarily separate them. This unwinding is required during replication of the genome under
5838:
3730:
541:
6057:
Park, CJ; Choi, BS (2006). "The protein shuffle. Sequential interactions among components of the human nucleotide excision repair pathway".
5561:
Puzianowska-Kuznicka, M; Kuznicki, J (2005). "Genetic alterations in accelerated ageing syndromes. Do they play a role in natural ageing?".
1237:
153:. The most widely studied of the progeroid syndromes are Werner syndrome and Hutchinson–Gilford progeria, as they are seen to most resemble
491:
and extensive deletions. These DNA damages, chromosome aberrations and mutations may in turn cause more RecQ-independent aging phenotypes.
5342:
Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair –a novel theory of aging".
4941:"Lamin a and ZMPSTE24 (FACE-1) defects cause nuclear disorganization and identify restrictive dermopathy as a lethal neonatal laminopathy"
4715:
Broers, JL; Ramaekers, FC; Bonne, G; Yaou, RB; Hutchison, CJ (2006). "Nuclear lamins: Laminopathies and their role in premature ageing".
3678:
Kraemer, KH; Lee, MM; Scotto, J (1987). "Xeroderma pigmentosum. Cutaneous, ocular, and neurologic abnormalities in 830 published cases".
832:. These genes are all involved in the NER repair pathway that repairs damaged DNA. The variant form, XP-V, is caused by mutations in the
5768:
4758:
Verstraeten, VL; Broers, JL; Van Steensel, MA; Zinn-Justin, S; Ramaekers, FC; Steijlen, PM; Kamps, M; Kuijpers, HJ; et al. (2006).
2715:"BLAP18/RMI2, a novel OB-fold-containing protein, is an essential component of the Bloom helicase-double Holliday junction dissolvasome"
1205:
1192:, the term is a misnomer since they do not exhibit accelerated aging. The condition is caused by mutations near the 3'-terminus of the
1073:
11 of the pre-mRNA to come into action, leading to the last 150 base pairs of that exon, and consequently, the 50 amino acids near the
560:
in females. In line with any RecQ-associated PS, people with BS have an increased risk of developing cancer, often more than one type.
75:
tends to affect multiple or all tissues while causing affected individuals to exhibit only some of the features associated with aging.
6437:
3622:
1523:
1688:
Kaneko, H; Fukao, T; Kondo, N (2004). "The function of RecQ helicase gene family (especially BLM) in DNA recombination and joining".
6217:
2919:
Cleaver, JE; Lam, ET; Revet, I (2009). "Disorders of nucleotide excision repair: The genetic and molecular basis of heterogeneity".
545:
6354:
1493:
636:
3064:
3047:
512:
background, presenting in around 1 in 50,000. Approximately one-third of individuals who have BS are of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.
178:
5653:
Okur, Mustafa N.; Fang, Evandro F.; Fivenson, Elayne M.; Tiwari, Vinod; Croteau, Deborah L.; Bohr, Vilhelm A. (December 2020).
4190:
De Sandre-Giovannoli, A.; Bernard, R; Cau, P; Navarro, C; Amiel, J; Boccaccio, I; Lyonnet, S; Stewart, CL; et al. (2003).
4100:
Stefanini, M; Botta, E; Lanzafame, M; Orioli, D (2010). "Trichothiodystrophy: From basic mechanisms to clinical implications".
838:
gene, which unlike the rest does not code for components of the NER pathway but produces a DNA polymerase that allows accurate
537:
6137:
Mallory, Susan B.; Krafchik, Bernice R.; Bender, Matthew M.; Potocki, Lorraine; Metry, Denise W. (2003). "Cockayne Syndrome".
4493:
De Sandre-Giovannoli, A; Bernard, R; Cau, P; Navarro, C; Amiel, J; Boccaccio, I; Lyonnet, S; Stewart, CL; et al. (2003).
1899:
Hasty, P.; Campisi, J; Hoeijmakers, J; Van Steeg, H; Vijg, J (2003). "Aging and Genome Maintenance: Lessons from the Mouse?".
508:(BS) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder. Incidence rates are unknown, although it is known to be higher in people of
468:
into the WRNp protein. Mutations may also lead to the truncation (shortening) of the WRNp protein, leading to the loss of its
6268:
5413:
3095:
Broughton, B. C.; Berneburg, M; Fawcett, H; Taylor, EM; Arlett, CF; Nardo, T; Stefanini, M; Menefee, E; et al. (2001).
2625:"Intrachromosomal recombination between highly diverged DNA sequences is enabled in human cells deficient in Bloom helicase"
1326:
Alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, a triplet-repeat disorder (myotonic dystrophy) and an idiopathic disorder
110:
4599:"Accumulation of mutant lamin a causes progressive changes in nuclear architecture in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome"
6190:
3940:
Itin, PH; Sarasin, A; Pittelkow, MR (2001). "Trichothiodystrophy: Update on the sulfur-deficient brittle hair syndromes".
3886:"Trichothiodystrophy: A systematic review of 112 published cases characterises a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations"
1315:
469:
3048:"A summary of mutations in the UV-sensitive disorders: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy"
2450:. Bethesda, Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine, a division of the National Institutes of Health. 27 October 2014
6427:
6210:
5596:
Karikkineth, Ajoy C.; Scheibye-Knudsen, Morten; Fivenson, Elayne; Croteau, Deborah L.; Bohr, Vilhelm A. (January 2017).
4597:
Goldman, RD; Shumaker, DK; Erdos, MR; Eriksson, M; Goldman, AE; Gordon, LB; Gruenbaum, Y; Khuon, S; et al. (2004).
1173:
660:
Individuals with CS appear prematurely aged and exhibit severe growth retardation leading to short stature. They have a
2962:
Lehmann, AR (2003). "DNA repair-deficient diseases, xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy".
5897:
1520:, a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by defect(s) in the Double Holliday junction DNA repair mechanism
1440:
1189:
1089:
6349:
4051:
Moslehi, R; Signore, C; Tamura, D; Mills, JL; Digiovanna, JJ; Tucker, MA; Troendle, J; Ueda, T; et al. (2010).
943:
is unknown, but the sex organs of individuals with this form of TTD often produce no hormones, a condition known as
747:
Xeroderma pigmentosum mostly affects the eye and skin. Individuals with XP have extreme sensitivity to light in the
6442:
6359:
6278:
3370:
Pasquier, L; Laugel, V; Lazaro, L; Dollfus, H; Journel, H; Edery, P; Goldenberg, A; Martin, D; et al. (2006).
1517:
1129:
1116:
608:
521:
209:
174:
2870:
Kusunoki, Y; Hayashi, T; Hirai, Y; Kushiro, J; Tatsumi, K; Kurihara, T; Zghal, M; Kamoun, MR; et al. (1994).
2135:
Goto, M; Miller, RW; Ishikawa, Y; Sugano, H (1996). "Excess of rare cancers in Werner syndrome (adult progeria)".
5875:
4658:"Blocking protein farnesyltransferase improves nuclear shape in fibroblasts from humans with progeroid syndromes"
1764:
Goode, EL; Ulrich, CM; Potter, JD (2002). "Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and associations with cancer risk".
1444:
918:
759:
of skin, dry skin and pigmentation after exposure. When the eye is exposed to sunlight, it becomes irritated and
592:
488:
6339:
4246:
Eriksson, M; Brown, WT; Gordon, LB; Glynn, MW; Singer, J; Scott, L; Erdos, MR; Robbins, CM; et al. (2003).
1511:
1476:
1429:, more characters get this same fictional progeroid syndrome, which by then is called Chaos Child Syndrome. In
1306:
for progeroid syndromes, early observations have detected abnormalities within overall mitochondrial function,
1188:
typically exhibit congenital lipodystrophy and a neonatal progeroid appearance. Sometimes identified as having
1120:
580:
458:
4053:"Adverse effects of trichothiodystrophy DNA repair and transcription gene disorder on human fetal development"
453:
Mutations that cause Werner syndrome only occur at the regions of the gene that encode for protein and not at
442:
Approximately 90% of individuals with Werner Syndrome have any of a range of mutations in the eponymous gene,
3756:"Xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy and Cockayne syndrome: A complex genotype–phenotype relationship"
6432:
182:
5712:"Potential therapeutic effects of the MTOR inhibitors for preventing ageing and progeria-related disorders"
3464:"UV-induced ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II: A novel modification deficient in Cockayne syndrome cells"
6369:
6323:
4760:"Compound heterozygosity for mutations in LMNA causes a progeria syndrome without prelamin a accumulation"
4381:
2713:
Singh, TR; Ali, AM; Busygina, V; Raynard, S; Fan, Q; Du, CH; Andreassen, PR; Sung, P; et al. (2008).
1499:
1141:
1003:
677:
564:
349:
264:
142:
134:
67:
63:
5363:
Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs".
5246:"Fibulin-5/DANCE has an elastogenic organizer activity that is abrogated by proteolytic cleavage in vivo"
4322:
2664:
Xu, D; Guo, R; Sobeck, A; Bachrati, CZ; Yang, J; Enomoto, T; Brown, GW; Hoatlin, ME; et al. (2008).
726:
with xeroderma pigmentosum. Children with XP are often colloquially referred to as Children of the Night.
6374:
6291:
5833:
5438:
4347:
2056:
1405:
1058:
level of cognitive function, motor skills, and risk of developing cancer is not affected significantly.
731:
465:
464:(mRNA), which increases the rate at which they are degraded. With fewer mRNA, fewer are available to be
272:
126:
118:
2165:
Huang, S; Lee, L; Hanson, NB; Lenaerts, C; Hoehn, H; Poot, M; Rubin, CD; Chen, DF; et al. (2006).
1112:
gene, have been shown to cause HGPS and other progeria-like symptoms, although these are less studied.
900:
and skeletal abnormalities. Half of affected individuals also experience photosensitivity to UV light.
683:
Type I and II are known to be caused by mutation of a specific gene. CSA is caused by mutations in the
616:
is a DNA repair mechanism. There are three excision repair pathways: nucleotide excision repair (NER),
62:
means "resembling premature aging", a definition that can apply to a broad range of diseases. Familial
5129:"De novo heterozygous FBN1 mutations in the extreme C-terminal region cause progeroid fibrillinopathy"
767:
becomes cloudy. Around 30% of affected individuals also develop neurological abnormalities, including
739:(XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, affecting about one per million in the United States and
4669:
4610:
4259:
3614:
3534:
3475:
3336:
3186:
2824:
2397:
2338:
1946:
1502:, a rare progressive congenital disorder of the skin and bone marrow in some ways resembling progeria
1436:
1353:
617:
79:
4386:
6447:
6344:
6296:
5862:"Lizzie Velasquez, Born Without Adipose Tissue: 'Maybe You Should Stop Staring And Start Learning'"
1379:
1349:
1307:
1278:
1149:(RD), also called tight skin contracture syndrome, is a rare, lethal autosomal recessive perinatal
851:
621:
568:
529:
336:
186:
5655:"Cockayne syndrome proteins CSA and CSB maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through NAD+ signaling"
3177:
Andressoo, J.O.; Hoeijmakers, J.H.J. (2005). "Transcription-coupled repair and premature ageing".
1950:
6162:
6082:
5993:
5944:
5385:
5364:
5343:
5166:
5056:
5009:
4918:
4825:
4740:
4576:
4524:
4475:
4407:
4303:
4221:
4169:
3965:
3863:
3444:
3077:
2944:
2567:
1978:
1924:
1876:
1819:
1311:
1263:
1033:
834:
760:
276:
261:
3372:"Wide clinical variability among 13 new Cockayne syndrome cases confirmed by biochemical assays"
1725:"DNA helicase deficiencies associated with cancer predisposition and premature ageing disorders"
2495:
355:
Affected individuals can exhibit growth retardation, short stature, premature graying of hair,
6384:
6379:
6286:
6154:
6125:
6074:
6045:
5985:
5936:
5749:
5731:
5692:
5674:
5635:
5617:
5578:
5543:
5494:
5324:
5275:
5202:
5158:
5109:
5048:
5001:
4962:
4910:
4874:
4817:
4781:
4732:
4697:
4638:
4568:
4516:
4467:
4425:
4399:
4295:
4213:
4161:
4117:
4082:
4033:
3957:
3915:
3855:
3820:
3785:
3736:
3726:
3695:
3618:
3590:
3562:
3503:
3436:
3401:
3352:
3309:
3243:
3202:
3159:
3118:
3069:
3028:
2979:
2936:
2901:
2852:
2793:
2744:
2695:
2666:"RMI, a new OB-fold complex essential for Bloom syndrome protein to maintain genome stability"
2646:
2602:
2559:
2518:
2425:
2366:
2307:
2272:
2245:
2196:
2144:
2102:
2044:
1970:
1916:
1868:
1811:
1773:
1746:
1705:
1667:
1615:
1566:
1346:
famed for her efforts in spreading awareness of the condition. She was featured in the media.
703:
665:
649:
632:
584:
576:
572:
166:
130:
114:
5776:
4940:
3523:"Transcription-coupled and DNA damage-dependent ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II in vitro"
889:, abnormalities of the fingernails and toenails, clouding of the lens of the eye from birth (
457:
regions. These mutations can have a range of effects. They may decrease the stability of the
450:. Since WRNp's function depends on DNA, it is only functional when localized to the nucleus.
6146:
6115:
6107:
6066:
6035:
6027:
5975:
5928:
5739:
5723:
5682:
5666:
5625:
5609:
5570:
5533:
5525:
5484:
5476:
5314:
5306:
5265:
5257:
5194:
5148:
5140:
5099:
5091:
5040:
4993:
4952:
4902:
4864:
4856:
4809:
4771:
4724:
4687:
4677:
4628:
4618:
4558:
4506:
4459:
4391:
4285:
4275:
4267:
4203:
4151:
4109:
4072:
4064:
4023:
4012:"Trichothiodystrophy view from the molecular basis of DNA repair/transcription factor TFIIH"
3992:
3949:
3905:
3897:
3847:
3812:
3775:
3767:
3718:
3687:
3552:
3542:
3493:
3483:
3428:
3391:
3383:
3344:
3327:
Andressoo, JO; Hoeijmakers, JH (2005). "Transcription-coupled repair and premature ageing".
3301:
3235:
3194:
3149:
3108:
3059:
3018:
3010:
2971:
2928:
2891:
2883:
2842:
2832:
2783:
2775:
2734:
2726:
2685:
2677:
2636:
2594:
2549:
2510:
2415:
2405:
2356:
2346:
2299:
2235:
2227:
2186:
2178:
2092:
2036:
1962:
1908:
1858:
1850:
1803:
1736:
1697:
1657:
1605:
1597:
1556:
1466:
1461:
1157:
gene, which lead to the production of truncated prelamin A precursor, and insertions in the
992:
988:
866:
TTD also affects the mother of the affected child during pregnancy, when she may experience
408:
34:
3838:
Cleaver, JE (2005). "Cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum and related disorders of DNA repair".
2214:
Spillare, EA; Robles, AI; Wang, XW; Shen, JC; Yu, CE; Schellenberg, GD; Harris, CC (1999).
1945:
Gray, Matthew D.; Shen, Jiang-Cheng; Kamath-Loeb, Ashwini S.; Blank, A.; Sopher, Bryce L.;
928:
A form of TTD without photosensitivity also exists, although its mechanism is unclear. The
395:. Other signs include change in voice, making it weak, hoarse, or high-pitched; atrophy of
6258:
1431:
1414:
1390:
1103:
HGPS is considered autosomal dominant, which means that only one of the two copies of the
1093:
983:
gene. Lamin A is a major nuclear component that determines the shape and integrity of the
718:
447:
420:
416:
388:
327:
312:
102:
4248:"Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin a cause Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome"
3649:
6096:"Roles of RECQ helicases in recombination based DNA repair, genomic stability and aging"
4673:
4614:
4290:
4263:
4247:
3754:
Kraemer, KH; Patronas, NJ; Schiffmann, R; Brooks, BP; Tamura, D; Digiovanna, JJ (2007).
3538:
3479:
3340:
3190:
2828:
2538:"Syndrome-causing mutations of the BLM gene in persons in the Bloom's Syndrome Registry"
2401:
2342:
1863:
1838:
939:
gene explain another 10% of non-photosensitive TTD. The function of the gene product of
322:
parents must contribute a dysfunctional allele for an individual to develop the disease.
6364:
6263:
6120:
6095:
5744:
5711:
5687:
5654:
5630:
5597:
5538:
5513:
5489:
5464:
5319:
5294:
5270:
5245:
5153:
5128:
5104:
5079:
4869:
4844:
4692:
4657:
4138:
Morice-Picard, F; Cario-André, M; Rezvani, H; Lacombe, D; Sarasin, A; Taïeb, A (2009).
4077:
4052:
3910:
3885:
3780:
3771:
3755:
3396:
3371:
3138:"The xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene: One gene, two functions, three diseases"
3023:
2998:
2896:
2887:
2871:
2813:"Evidence for increased in vivo mutation and somatic recombination in Bloom's syndrome"
2788:
2763:
2739:
2714:
2690:
2665:
2191:
2166:
1610:
1585:
1561:
1544:
1505:
1471:
1368:
1150:
871:
509:
500:
428:
122:
106:
6040:
6015:
4633:
4598:
4372:
Hennekam, RC (2006). "Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome: Review of the phenotype".
3557:
3522:
3462:
Bregman, DB; Halaban, R; Van Gool, AJ; Henning, KA; Friedberg, EC; Warren, SL (1996).
2847:
2812:
2361:
2326:
2240:
2215:
1701:
6421:
6389:
6250:
6150:
6070:
5997:
4813:
4463:
4068:
3498:
3463:
3266:
2420:
2385:
2097:
2080:
1339:
1303:
1259:
1201:
1169:
875:
867:
673:
461:
454:
380:
364:
254:
245:
6166:
6086:
5948:
5170:
5060:
5013:
4922:
4829:
4580:
4528:
4479:
4411:
4225:
4173:
3969:
3448:
3081:
2571:
1982:
1880:
1128:
DNA damages due to defective A-type lamin may cause aspects of premature aging (see
882:. After birth, the child's normal growth is retarded, resulting in a short stature.
740:
5465:"Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch neonatal progeroid syndrome: Report of three new patients"
4744:
4307:
3867:
2948:
2386:"The Bloom's syndrome gene product promotes branch migration of holliday junctions"
2001:
1823:
1481:
1470:
is a 1996 American comedy-drama film, in which the titular character (portrayed by
1069:, point mutation p.G608G (GGC > GGT). This mutation causes a splice site within
1065:
gene, which encodes for lamin A. Specifically, most HGPS are caused by a dominant,
1050:
1042:
984:
944:
879:
685:
676:, sparse hair, calcium deposits in neurons, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss,
661:
525:
484:
424:
194:
5964:"Reflections for August: Description of a Family with Progeria by Charles Dickens"
2469:
2443:
1928:
1423:, the character Shogun eventually dies of a progeroid syndrome, and in its sequel
5980:
5963:
5574:
4113:
3348:
3239:
3198:
2975:
2641:
2624:
1269:
The cause of WR is unknown, although defects in DNA repair have been implicated.
3816:
3722:
1425:
1400:
1395:
1364:
1255:
1194:
967:
780:
776:
772:
748:
553:
372:
198:
90:. Most known PS are due to genetic mutations that lead to either defects in the
5198:
5095:
4728:
4603:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3717:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 637. pp. 10–8.
3691:
3468:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2817:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2496:"Roles of the Bloom's syndrome helicase in the maintenance of genome stability"
2390:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2331:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1447:, the main character, Kimberly Levaco, has an unnamed progeria-like condition.
1367:
with progeria (as of 2008). His fame came about after a documentary in 2008 on
6241:
6180:
6111:
5613:
5310:
2327:"Mutator phenotype of Werner syndrome is characterized by extensive deletions"
2123:
1854:
1807:
1456:
1419:
1399:
suggests the characters had progeria. Christopher Snow, the main character in
1074:
1054:
890:
886:
839:
828:
784:
707:
625:
588:
436:
432:
412:
345:
170:
91:
41:
38:
20:
16:
Range of genetic disorders which cause a person to appear to grow older faster
6016:"The comings and goings of nucleotide excision repair factors on damaged DNA"
5932:
5735:
5678:
5621:
3488:
3113:
3096:
1953:; Loeb, Lawrence A. (1997). "The Werner syndrome protein is a DNA helicase".
680:, and bone abnormalities. However, they do not have a higher risk of cancer.
4682:
4623:
4511:
4494:
4208:
4191:
3953:
3901:
3713:
Hengge, UR; Emmert, S (2009). "Clinical Features of Xeroderma Pigmentosum".
3387:
3305:
2351:
1912:
1282:
1251:
893:
723:
700:
669:
557:
477:
476:
down-regulates the function of p53, leading to a reduction in p53-dependent
400:
392:
292:
190:
146:
6158:
6129:
6078:
6049:
6031:
5989:
5940:
5753:
5710:
Evangelisti, Camilla; Cenni, Vittoria; Lattanzi, Giovanna (November 2016).
5696:
5639:
5582:
5328:
5279:
5206:
5162:
5113:
5052:
5005:
4966:
4914:
4878:
4860:
4821:
4785:
4736:
4701:
4642:
4572:
4563:
4546:
4520:
4471:
4403:
4299:
4217:
4165:
4121:
4086:
4037:
3961:
3919:
3859:
3789:
3740:
3594:
3566:
3547:
3440:
3405:
3356:
3247:
3206:
3163:
3122:
3073:
3032:
2983:
2940:
2797:
2748:
2699:
2650:
2606:
2563:
2522:
2429:
2410:
2249:
2231:
2200:
2048:
1920:
1872:
1815:
1777:
1750:
1741:
1724:
1709:
1671:
1619:
1570:
1508:, a rare genetic defect in a cluster of proteins responsible for DNA repair
316:
Werner syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, which means
5547:
5498:
5261:
3824:
3699:
3507:
3313:
2905:
2856:
2837:
2598:
2370:
2311:
2276:
2148:
2106:
2040:
1974:
1601:
1254:, widened anterior fontanelles, hollow cheeks (malar hypoplasia), general
6318:
5529:
5480:
5144:
5044:
4997:
4957:
4776:
4759:
4395:
4280:
4156:
4139:
4028:
4011:
3983:
Reis, PJ (1992). "Variations in the strength of wool fibres - A review".
3432:
1662:
1649:
1343:
1085:
1078:
1046:
1024:
979:(RD) are two PS caused by a defect in lamin A/C, which is encoded by the
922:
768:
596:
533:
404:
356:
268:
249:
138:
83:
53:
49:
44:, making affected individuals appear to be older than they are. The term
4271:
2779:
2730:
2681:
2514:
1061:
HGPS is caused by sporadic mutations (not inherited from parent) in the
5670:
3292:
Nance, MA; Berry, SA (1992). "Cockayne syndrome: Review of 140 cases".
3154:
3137:
2554:
2537:
2494:
Cheok, CF; Bachrati, CZ; Chan, KL; Ralf, C; Wu, L; Hickson, ID (2005).
2182:
1966:
1360:
1077:, being deleted. This results in a truncated lamin A precursor (a.k.a.
756:
752:
368:
360:
341:
301:
284:
6202:
6199:, a reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs
5727:
3996:
2303:
1543:
Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Ghosh, Shampa; Raghunath, Manchala (May 2014).
1115:
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks can occur by one of two processes,
966:
Further information on other diseases caused by defects in lamin:
216:(lamins) have been associated with the following progeroid syndromes:
3179:
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
3065:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<9::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-6
1359:
Jesper Sørensen is widely recognized in Denmark as the only child in
1165:
930:
913:
897:
860:
764:
549:
376:
288:
154:
150:
6186:
3851:
2932:
383:, abnormal fat deposition leading to thin legs and arms, and severe
5390:
5369:
5220:
4906:
3014:
1514:, a rare autosomal genetic disorder caused by defects in DNA repair
5598:"Cockayne syndrome: Clinical features, model systems and pathways"
5348:
2384:
Karow, JK; Constantinou, A; Li, JL; West, SC; Hickson, ID (2000).
1124:
1096:) and cleaved, removing the farnesol and a few other amino acids.
1012:
1002:
816:
810:
798:
717:
695:
583:. During replication of the genome, the two copies of DNA, called
396:
384:
205:
4845:"A dual role for A-type lamins in DNA double-strand break repair"
1460:, a 2009 Indian comedy-drama film, features a protagonist, Auro (
563:
BS is caused by mutations in the BLM gene, which encodes for the
6310:
1070:
792:
213:
95:
87:
6206:
2216:"P53-mediated apoptosis is attenuated in Werner syndrome cells"
1164:
Individuals with RD exhibit growth retardation starting in the
664:(less than the -3 standard deviation), fail to gain weight and
5295:"Premature aging in klotho mutant mice: cause or consequence?"
3046:
Cleaver, JE; Thompson, LH; Richardson, AS; States, JC (1999).
1409:, has xeroderma pigmentosum, as does Luke from the 2002 novel
822:
804:
473:
5829:"Lizzie Velasquez's Lifelong Struggle With Bullying Revealed"
6193:
branch which coordinates and supports rare diseases research
5563:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
5221:"OMIM Entry - #616914 - MARFAN LIPODYSTROPHY SYNDROME; MFLS"
1168:, tight and rigid skin with erosions, prominent superficial
177:
proposes that aging is a consequence of the accumulation of
19:"Premature aging" redirects here. For aging in general, see
4140:"New clinico-genetic classification of trichothiodystrophy"
2167:"The spectrum of WRN mutations in Werner syndrome patients"
2079:
Epstein, CJ; Martin, GM; Schultz, AL; Motulsky, AG (1966).
1480:, a 2006 Japanese film, features Kaoru Amane (portrayed by
1262:, beaked noses, mild to severe intellectual disability and
3884:
Faghri, S; Tamura, D; Kraemer, KH; Digiovanna, JJ (2008).
2536:
German, J; Sanz, MM; Ciocci, S; Ye, TZ; Ellis, NA (2007).
1294:
Hutchinson–Gilford progeria (HGPS) and Cockayne syndrome.
4545:
Young, S. G.; Meta, M.; Yang, S. H.; Fong, L. G. (2006).
1584:
Gordon, Leslie B.; Cao, Kan; Collins, Francis S. (2012).
1496:, an extremely rare variant of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)
5080:"Asprosin, a Fasting-Induced Glucogenic Protein Hormone"
2811:
Langlois, RG; Bigbee, WL; Jensen, RH; German, J (1989).
751:
range starting from one to two years of age, and causes
480:
and increase the survival of these dysfunctional cells.
169:, which lead to defects in the cellular processes which
6196:
991:
that forms a filamentous meshwork underlying the inner
483:
Cells of affected individuals have reduced lifespan in
5799:"The girl who must eat every 15 minutes to stay alive"
2623:
Wang Y, Li S, Smith K, Waldman BC, Waldman AS (2016).
1045:), protruding ears, scalp hair, eyebrows, and lashes,
960:
nuclear blebbing and misregulation of gene expression.
271:
required for repairing DNA and preventing deleterious
439:, are increased in individuals with Werner syndrome.
1586:"Progeria: Translational insights from cell biology"
1545:"Progeria: a rare genetic premature ageing disorder"
6332:
6309:
6277:
6249:
6240:
4495:"Lamin a truncation in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria"
4192:"Lamin a Truncation in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria"
587:, are held together through a structure called the
435:. In fact, the prevalence of rare cancers, such as
204:Mutations in three classes of DNA repair proteins,
56:), which is a specific type of progeroid syndrome.
4547:"Prelamin a Farnesylation and Progeroid Syndromes"
903:TTD is caused by mutations in one of three genes,
165:One of the main causes of progeroid syndromes are
78:All disorders within this group are thought to be
2764:"More complexity to the Bloom's syndrome complex"
2061:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1484:), a 16-year-old girl has xeroderma pigmentosum.
411:(thickening and loss of elasticity of arteries);
2137:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
1766:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
4662:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4185:
4183:
3527:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1839:"Molecular genetics of RecQ helicase disorders"
1015:which is unable to maintain the nuclear shape (
556:in males and reduced fertility and early-onset
6408:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder
3942:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2325:Fukuchi, K; Martin, GM; Monnat Jr, RJ (1989).
1153:. Two known causes of RD are mutations in the
212:(NER) proteins, and nuclear envelope proteins
6218:
5244:Hirai, M; Ohbayashi, T; Horiguchi, M (2007).
5025:
5023:
3715:Molecular Mechanisms of Xeroderma Pigmentosum
1011:). This condition is caused by dysfunctional
8:
4934:
4932:
1894:
1892:
1890:
6187:NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR)
5463:Arboleda, H; Quintero, L; Yunis, E (1997).
4374:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
4144:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
3985:Australian Journal of Agricultural Research
3421:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
2124:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1514/
995:, the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
6395:Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome
6246:
6225:
6211:
6203:
4540:
4538:
2074:
2072:
567:, a RecQ helicase. These mutations may be
344:, when they do not experience the typical
340:typically grow and develop normally until
6119:
6039:
5979:
5743:
5686:
5629:
5537:
5488:
5389:
5368:
5347:
5318:
5269:
5152:
5103:
5072:
5070:
4956:
4868:
4775:
4691:
4681:
4632:
4622:
4592:
4590:
4562:
4510:
4385:
4289:
4279:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4207:
4155:
4133:
4131:
4076:
4027:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3909:
3879:
3877:
3779:
3673:
3671:
3556:
3546:
3497:
3487:
3395:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3153:
3112:
3063:
3022:
2895:
2846:
2836:
2787:
2738:
2689:
2640:
2553:
2419:
2409:
2360:
2350:
2239:
2190:
2160:
2158:
2096:
1862:
1740:
1661:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1609:
1560:
874:. The baby has a high risk of being born
546:infections of the upper respiratory tract
6014:Riedl, T.; Hanaoka, F; Egly, JM (2003).
5716:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5433:
5431:
4978:
4976:
3261:
3259:
3257:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1940:
1938:
1789:
1787:
1650:"Molecular bases of progeroid syndromes"
1258:under the skin, delayed tooth eruption,
1161:, which lead to a premature stop codon.
954:
311:
300:genomic instability, and sensitivity to
181:. The accumulated damage may arise from
2618:
2616:
2118:
2116:
1535:
1186:Marfan-progeroid-lipodystrophy syndrome
544:(COPD). GER may also lead to recurrent
524:, which causes the blood vessels to be
5805:. London. 28 June 2010. Archived from
4348:"Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome"
4342:
4340:
3003:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2054:
1683:
1681:
552:, and lungs during infancy. BS causes
520:and prominent ears. Most also develop
5860:Chan, Amanda L. (13 September 2012).
1648:Navarro, CL; Cau, P; LĂ©vy, N (2006).
1285:has still yet to be well researched.
1239:Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch (WR) syndrome
1041:nose, thin lips, small chin and jaw (
868:pregnancy-induced high blood pressure
542:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
415:(calcium deposits in blood vessels);
185:(ROS), chemical reactions (e.g. with
7:
6319:Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
6181:Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome
6094:Singh, DK; Ahn, B; Bohr, VA (2009).
3294:American Journal of Medical Genetics
1843:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1796:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
1250:sparse hair, prominent scalp veins,
1030:Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
999:Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
973:Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
470:nuclear localization signal sequence
139:Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
54:Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
2876:Japanese Journal of Cancer Research
1837:Hanada, K.; Hickson, I. D. (2007).
1385:The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
1032:is an extremely rare developmental
5837:. February 1, 2013. Archived from
5514:"Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome"
5439:"Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome"
5406:"Wiedemann Rautenstrauch Syndrome"
4802:The British Journal of Dermatology
3772:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.020
2888:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02403.x
1723:Mohaghegh, P; Hickson, ID (2001).
1524:Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome
1219:A common cause for premature aging
14:
5410:NORD Rare Disease Report Abstract
3583:International Journal of Oncology
1017:normal at top, abnormal at bottom
244:Further information on RecQ:
6151:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2003.20619.x
6071:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05189.x
5293:Lanske, B; Razzaque, MS (2007).
4814:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07897.x
4464:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2000.01775.x
4069:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01336.x
3610:Medical Biochemistry at a Glance
3376:Archives of Disease in Childhood
2503:Biochemical Society Transactions
2098:10.1097/00005792-196605000-00001
1233:Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome
919:general transcription factor IIH
4551:Journal of Biological Chemistry
4010:Hashimoto, S; Egly, JM (2009).
2029:European Journal of Dermatology
226:Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS)
179:naturally occurring DNA damages
2292:Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics
407:(clouding of lens); premature
1:
6191:National Institutes of Health
4323:"We need better drugs -- now"
1702:10.1016/S0065-227X(04)80061-3
1088:is added to prelamin A using
487:, more chromosome breaks and
419:(blockage of blood vessels);
6355:DeSanctis–Cacchione syndrome
5981:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ec7f6c
5898:"Seerne er vilde med Jesper"
5575:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.10.011
4114:10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.10.005
3349:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.04.004
3240:10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.01.014
3199:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.04.004
2976:10.1016/j.biochi.2003.09.010
2642:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.03.005
1494:DeSanctis–Cacchione syndrome
722:An eight-year-old girl from
637:DeSanctis–Cacchione syndrome
5518:Journal of Medical Genetics
5469:Journal of Medical Genetics
3890:Journal of Medical Genetics
3817:10.1001/archderm.130.8.1018
3723:10.1007/978-0-387-09599-8_2
1445:adaptation of the same name
1441:Tony Award for Best Musical
1330:Society and popular culture
1316:nuclear regulatory proteins
1244:neonatal progeroid syndrome
1190:neonatal progeroid syndrome
1090:protein farnesyltransferase
896:), poor co-ordination, and
206:RecQ protein-like helicases
48:does not necessarily imply
6464:
6360:Nijmegen breakage syndrome
5921:Journal of Dental Research
5876:"Drengen i den gamle krop"
5199:10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.02.012
5096:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.063
4729:10.1152/physrev.00047.2005
3948:(6): 891–920, quiz 921–4.
3692:10.1001/archderm.123.2.241
1518:Nijmegen breakage syndrome
1206:Excessive citations inline
1139:
1130:DNA damage theory of aging
1117:non-homologous end joining
1084:After being translated, a
1022:
965:
849:
729:
686:cross-complementing gene 8
647:
614:Nucleotide excision repair
609:Nucleotide excision repair
606:
498:
363:, prematurely aged faces,
325:
243:
232:Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)
210:nucleotide excision repair
175:DNA damage theory of aging
82:, meaning they arise from
18:
6438:Aging-associated diseases
6403:
6269:Rothmund–Thomson syndrome
6183:described in GeneReviews™
6112:10.1007/s10522-008-9205-z
5614:10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.002
5311:10.1016/j.arr.2007.02.002
2762:Liu, Y; West, SC (2008).
1855:10.1007/s00018-007-7121-z
1808:10.1016/j.mad.2008.03.003
1656:. 15 Spec No 2: R151–61.
1342:was an English girl with
1273:Rothmund–Thomson syndrome
668:. They also have extreme
603:NER protein-associated PS
597:loss-of-function mutation
235:Trichothiodystrophy (TTD)
111:Rothmund–Thomson syndrome
5933:10.1177/0022034509348765
4945:Human Molecular Genetics
4764:Human Molecular Genetics
4016:Human Molecular Genetics
3489:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11586
3101:Human Molecular Genetics
2265:Laboratory Investigation
1729:Human Molecular Genetics
1654:Human Molecular Genetics
1174:epidermal hyperkeratosis
1121:homologous recombination
593:homologous recombination
581:homologous recombination
94:mechanism or defects in
6333:Other/related disorders
5602:Ageing Research Reviews
5127:Garg A, Xing C (2014).
4683:10.1073/pnas.0505767102
4624:10.1073/pnas.0402943101
4512:10.1126/science.1084125
4352:Genetics Home Reference
4209:10.1126/science.1084125
3954:10.1067/mjd.2001.114294
3902:10.1136/jmg.2008.058743
3805:Archives of Dermatology
3680:Archives of Dermatology
3654:Genetics Home Reference
3650:"Xeroderma pigmentosum"
3388:10.1136/adc.2005.080473
3306:10.1002/ajmg.1320420115
3271:Genetics Home Reference
3142:Genes & Development
2921:Nature Reviews Genetics
2768:Genes & Development
2719:Genes & Development
2670:Genes & Development
2474:Genetics Home Reference
2448:Genetics Home Reference
2352:10.1073/pnas.86.15.5893
2220:Genes & Development
2043:(inactive 2024-09-18).
2006:Genetics Home Reference
1913:10.1126/science.1079161
1474:) has Werner syndrome.
1211:considered for deletion
885:Other symptoms include
538:gastroesophageal reflux
532:, an increased risk of
183:reactive oxygen species
101:Examples of PS include
6370:Dyskeratosis congenita
6350:Baller–Gerold syndrome
6324:Restrictive dermopathy
6279:NER protein-associated
4861:10.4161/cc.10.15.16531
4564:10.1074/jbc.R600033200
3840:Nature Reviews. Cancer
3548:10.1073/pnas.072068399
3114:10.1093/hmg/10.22.2539
2411:10.1073/pnas.100448097
2232:10.1101/gad.13.11.1355
1690:Advances in Biophysics
1500:Dyskeratosis congenita
1417:. In the visual novel
1375:Literature and Theatre
1147:Restrictive dermopathy
1142:Restrictive dermopathy
1136:Restrictive dermopathy
1020:
977:restrictive dermopathy
961:
727:
678:pigmentary retinopathy
565:Bloom syndrome protein
350:cardiovascular disease
323:
229:Cockayne syndrome (CS)
135:restrictive dermopathy
33:) are a group of rare
6375:Ataxia telangiectasia
6292:Xeroderma pigmentosum
6139:Pediatric Dermatology
5834:Entertainment Tonight
5775:. MSN. Archived from
5512:Toriello, HV (1990).
5262:10.1083/jcb.200611026
4717:Physiological Reviews
4452:Pediatric Dermatology
3615:John Wiley & Sons
2838:10.1073/pnas.86.2.670
2599:10.1089/gte.2007.0119
2041:10.1684/ejd.2007.0155
1602:10.1083/jcb.201207072
1464:), who has progeria.
1406:Moonlight Bay Trilogy
1260:abnormal hair pattern
1252:inward-folded eyelids
1006:
958:
923:placental development
840:translesion synthesis
737:Xeroderma pigmentosum
732:Xeroderma pigmentosum
721:
714:Xeroderma pigmentosum
607:Further information:
530:learning disabilities
399:, leading to reduced
315:
161:Defects in DNA repair
127:xeroderma pigmentosum
119:xeroderma pigmentosum
6340:Li–Fraumeni syndrome
6032:10.1093/emboj/cdg489
5530:10.1136/jmg.27.4.256
5481:10.1136/jmg.34.5.433
5145:10.1002/ajmg.a.36449
5133:Am. J. Med. Genet. A
5045:10.1002/ajmg.a.36157
5033:Am. J. Med. Genet. A
4998:10.1002/ajmg.a.33690
4656:Toth, J. I. (2005).
4396:10.1002/ajmg.a.31346
4157:10.1002/ajmg.a.32902
3617:. 28 November 2011.
3433:10.1002/ajmg.a.30087
3136:Lehmann, AR (2001).
1742:10.1093/hmg/10.7.741
1512:Li–Fraumeni syndrome
1437:David Lindsay-Abaire
1382:'s 1922 short story
1354:motivational speaker
951:Defects in Lamin A/C
878:and will have a low
618:base excision repair
371:(wasting away) with
220:Werner syndrome (WS)
187:intercalating agents
6428:Progeroid syndromes
6345:Rapadilino syndrome
6297:Trichothiodystrophy
6234:Progeroid syndromes
5779:on 20 December 2013
5769:"Race Against Time"
4674:2005PNAS..10212873T
4668:(36): 12873–12878.
4615:2004PNAS..101.8963G
4272:10.1038/nature01629
4264:2003Natur.423..293E
3539:2002PNAS...99.4239L
3521:Lee, K.-B. (2002).
3480:1996PNAS...9311586B
3341:2005MRFMM.577..179A
3267:"Cockayne syndrome"
3191:2005MRFMM.577..179A
2829:1989PNAS...86..670L
2780:10.1101/gad.1732808
2731:10.1101/gad.1725108
2682:10.1101/gad.1708608
2515:10.1042/BST20051456
2402:2000PNAS...97.6504K
2343:1989PNAS...86.5893F
1696:(Complete): 45–64.
1380:F. Scott Fitzgerald
1308:signal transduction
1279:autosomal recessive
1256:loss of fat tissues
857:Trichothiodystrophy
852:Trichothiodystrophy
846:Trichothiodystrophy
622:DNA mismatch repair
381:loss of fat tissues
337:autosomal recessive
277:genomic instability
223:Bloom syndrome (BS)
123:trichothiodystrophy
73:progeroid syndrome,
68:Parkinson's disease
64:Alzheimer's disease
27:Progeroid syndromes
5962:Singh, V. (2010).
5864:. Huffington Post.
5671:10.1111/acel.13268
5187:Eur. J. Med. Genet
4958:10.1093/hmg/ddh265
4777:10.1093/hmg/ddl172
4321:Collins, Francis.
4029:10.1093/hmg/ddp390
3155:10.1101/gad.859501
2629:DNA Repair (Amst.)
2555:10.1002/humu.20501
2183:10.1002/humu.20337
1967:10.1038/ng0997-100
1663:10.1093/hmg/ddl214
1312:membrane receptors
1034:autosomal dominant
1021:
962:
728:
324:
240:RecQ-associated PS
46:progeroid syndrome
6443:Genetic syndromes
6415:
6414:
6385:PIBI(D)S syndrome
6380:De Barsy syndrome
6305:
6304:
6287:Cockayne syndrome
5728:10.1111/bcp.12928
4992:(11): 2749–2755.
4986:Am. J. Med. Genet
4057:Clinical Genetics
3997:10.1071/AR9921337
3732:978-0-387-09598-1
3329:Mutation Research
2304:10.1159/000131596
2002:"Werner syndrome"
1947:Martin, George M.
1435:, a 2000 play by
1277:Classified as an
987:, by acting as a
704:RNA polymerase II
666:failure to thrive
655:Cockayne syndrome
650:Cockayne syndrome
644:Cockayne syndrome
633:neurodegeneration
585:sister chromatids
425:loss of bone mass
167:genetic mutations
131:Cockayne syndrome
115:Cockayne syndrome
35:genetic disorders
6455:
6247:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6204:
6170:
6133:
6123:
6090:
6059:The FEBS Journal
6053:
6043:
6026:(19): 5293–303.
6020:The EMBO Journal
6002:
6001:
5983:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5747:
5722:(5): 1229–1244.
5707:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5416:on 27 March 2013
5412:. Archived from
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5156:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5074:
5065:
5064:
5027:
5018:
5017:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4951:(20): 2493–503.
4936:
4927:
4926:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4685:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4626:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4566:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4514:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4389:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4293:
4283:
4243:
4230:
4229:
4211:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4159:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3937:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3550:
3533:(7): 4239–4244.
3518:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3474:(21): 11586–90.
3459:
3453:
3452:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3252:
3251:
3222:
3211:
3210:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3067:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3026:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2557:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2509:(Pt 6): 1456–9.
2500:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2470:"Bloom syndrome"
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2444:"Bloom syndrome"
2440:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1998:
1987:
1986:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1907:(5611): 1355–9.
1896:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1645:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1549:Indian J Med Res
1540:
1462:Amitabh Bachchan
1371:about Sørensen.
1350:Lizzie Velásquez
1344:classic progeria
1281:defect, but the
1242:, also known as
1214:
1007:Girl with HGPS (
993:nuclear envelope
989:scaffold protein
522:photosensitivity
510:Ashkenazi Jewish
409:arteriosclerosis
125:(TTD), combined
6463:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6399:
6328:
6301:
6273:
6259:Werner syndrome
6251:RecQ-associated
6236:
6231:
6177:
6136:
6093:
6056:
6013:
6010:
6008:Further reading
6005:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5881:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5844:
5842:
5841:on June 8, 2014
5827:
5826:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5809:on 30 June 2010
5797:
5796:
5792:
5782:
5780:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5437:
5436:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5229:
5227:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5039:(12): 3057–62.
5029:
5028:
5021:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4855:(15): 2549–60.
4842:
4841:
4837:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4770:(16): 2509–22.
4757:
4756:
4752:
4723:(3): 967–1008.
4714:
4713:
4709:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4557:(52): 39741–5.
4544:
4543:
4536:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4387:10.1.1.333.3746
4380:(23): 2603–24.
4371:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4258:(6937): 293–8.
4245:
4244:
4233:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4022:(R2): R224–30.
4009:
4008:
4004:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3939:
3938:
3927:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3852:10.1038/nrc1652
3837:
3836:
3832:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3733:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3335:(1–2): 179–94.
3326:
3325:
3321:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3224:
3223:
3214:
3185:(1–2): 179–94.
3176:
3175:
3171:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3107:(22): 2539–47.
3094:
3093:
3089:
3045:
3044:
3040:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2970:(11): 1101–11.
2961:
2960:
2956:
2933:10.1038/nrg2663
2918:
2917:
2913:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2774:(20): 2737–42.
2761:
2760:
2756:
2725:(20): 2856–68.
2712:
2711:
2707:
2676:(20): 2843–55.
2663:
2662:
2658:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2587:Genetic Testing
2584:
2583:
2579:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2226:(11): 1355–60.
2213:
2212:
2208:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2053:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1990:
1955:Nature Genetics
1944:
1943:
1936:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1849:(17): 2306–22.
1836:
1835:
1831:
1802:(7–8): 425–40.
1793:
1792:
1785:
1772:(12): 1513–30.
1763:
1762:
1758:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1647:
1646:
1627:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1490:
1453:
1432:Kimberly Akimbo
1415:Scarlett Thomas
1391:Charles Dickens
1377:
1352:is an American
1337:
1332:
1324:
1300:
1291:
1275:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1199:
1182:
1180:Defects in FBN1
1144:
1138:
1094:metalloprotease
1081:or LaminAΔ50).
1027:
1001:
970:
953:
854:
848:
787:also increase.
734:
716:
652:
646:
611:
605:
503:
497:
448:DNA replication
421:type 2 diabetes
417:atherosclerosis
389:Achilles tendon
335:(WS) is a rare
333:Werner syndrome
330:
328:Werner syndrome
310:
308:Werner syndrome
260:is a family of
252:
242:
163:
103:Werner syndrome
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6461:
6459:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6433:Rare syndromes
6430:
6420:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6365:Fanconi anemia
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6264:Bloom syndrome
6261:
6255:
6253:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6194:
6184:
6176:
6175:External links
6173:
6172:
6171:
6134:
6100:Biogerontology
6091:
6054:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5954:
5911:
5889:
5867:
5852:
5820:
5790:
5759:
5702:
5665:(12): e13268.
5645:
5588:
5553:
5504:
5455:
5427:
5397:
5376:
5355:
5334:
5299:Ageing Res Rev
5285:
5256:(7): 1061–71.
5236:
5212:
5193:(5): 230–234.
5176:
5119:
5066:
5019:
4972:
4928:
4907:10.1038/nm1266
4884:
4835:
4808:(6): 1308–14.
4791:
4750:
4707:
4648:
4609:(24): 8963–8.
4586:
4534:
4505:(5628): 2055.
4485:
4442:
4417:
4364:
4336:
4313:
4231:
4202:(5628): 2055.
4179:
4150:(9): 2020–30.
4127:
4092:
4043:
4002:
3975:
3925:
3896:(10): 609–21.
3873:
3830:
3811:(8): 1018–21.
3795:
3766:(4): 1388–96.
3746:
3731:
3705:
3667:
3641:
3624:978-1118292402
3623:
3600:
3572:
3513:
3454:
3411:
3362:
3319:
3284:
3253:
3212:
3169:
3128:
3087:
3052:Human Mutation
3038:
3015:10.1086/321295
3009:(2): 291–300.
2989:
2954:
2927:(11): 756–68.
2911:
2862:
2803:
2754:
2705:
2656:
2612:
2577:
2542:Human Mutation
2528:
2486:
2461:
2435:
2396:(12): 6504–8.
2376:
2337:(15): 5893–7.
2317:
2282:
2255:
2206:
2171:Human Mutation
2154:
2127:
2112:
2091:(3): 177–221.
2068:
2018:
1988:
1934:
1886:
1829:
1783:
1756:
1715:
1677:
1625:
1576:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1506:Fanconi anemia
1503:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1472:Robin Williams
1452:
1449:
1376:
1373:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1274:
1271:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Unknown causes
1226:
1220:
1217:
1184:Patients with
1181:
1178:
1151:genodermatosis
1140:Main article:
1137:
1134:
1023:Main article:
1000:
997:
952:
949:
872:HELLP syndrome
850:Main article:
847:
844:
730:Main article:
715:
712:
648:Main article:
645:
642:
604:
601:
506:Bloom syndrome
501:Bloom syndrome
499:Main article:
496:
495:Bloom syndrome
493:
489:translocations
429:telangiectasia
326:Main article:
309:
306:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
162:
159:
107:Bloom syndrome
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6460:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6410:
6409:
6402:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:BIDS syndrome
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6145:(6): 538–40.
6144:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6106:(3): 235–52.
6105:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6065:(8): 1600–8.
6064:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:(10): 873–6.
5926:
5922:
5915:
5912:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5863:
5856:
5853:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5808:
5804:
5803:The Telegraph
5800:
5794:
5791:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5767:Brown, Tara.
5763:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5569:(5): 947–60.
5568:
5564:
5557:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5456:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5377:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5356:
5350:
5345:
5338:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5237:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5139:(5): 1341–5.
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5090:(3): 566–79.
5089:
5085:
5081:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4365:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4281:2027.42/62684
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:(4): 365–73.
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:(7): 564–73.
3845:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:(2): 241–50.
3685:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3382:(2): 178–82.
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:(5): 744–50.
3233:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:(2): 257–61.
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2548:(8): 743–53.
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:(2): 92–107.
2297:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:(6): 558–67.
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2143:(4): 239–46.
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:Oshima, Junko
1948:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1555:(5): 667–74.
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1477:Taiyou no Uta
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:Hayley Okines
1334:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:animal models
1298:Animal models
1297:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1123:(HR). A-type
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
964:
957:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
933:
932:
926:
924:
920:
916:
915:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
836:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
794:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
742:
738:
733:
725:
720:
713:
711:
709:
705:
702:
698:
697:
692:
688:
687:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
651:
643:
641:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
513:
511:
507:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:messenger RNA
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
334:
329:
321:
320:
314:
307:
305:
303:
297:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:DNA helicases
280:
278:
274:
273:recombination
270:
266:
263:
258:
257:
251:
247:
246:RecQ helicase
239:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
158:
156:
155:natural aging
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
69:
66:and familial
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
39:physiological
36:
32:
28:
22:
6405:
6233:
6142:
6138:
6103:
6099:
6062:
6058:
6023:
6019:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5902:. Retrieved
5900:. 2012-05-30
5892:
5880:. Retrieved
5878:. 2008-11-20
5870:
5855:
5843:. Retrieved
5839:the original
5832:
5823:
5811:. Retrieved
5807:the original
5802:
5793:
5781:. Retrieved
5777:the original
5772:
5762:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5524:(4): 256–7.
5521:
5517:
5507:
5475:(5): 433–7.
5472:
5468:
5458:
5446:. Retrieved
5442:
5418:. Retrieved
5414:the original
5409:
5400:
5379:
5358:
5337:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5228:. Retrieved
5224:
5215:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5087:
5083:
5036:
5032:
4989:
4985:
4948:
4944:
4901:(7): 780–5.
4898:
4894:
4887:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4606:
4602:
4554:
4550:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4458:(4): 282–5.
4455:
4451:
4445:
4433:. Retrieved
4429:
4420:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4355:. Retrieved
4351:
4327:. Retrieved
4316:
4255:
4251:
4199:
4195:
4147:
4143:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4019:
4015:
4005:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3945:
3941:
3893:
3889:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3763:
3760:Neuroscience
3759:
3749:
3714:
3708:
3683:
3679:
3658:. Retrieved
3653:
3644:
3635:
3628:. Retrieved
3609:
3603:
3589:(3): 683–9.
3586:
3582:
3575:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3427:(1): 67–71.
3424:
3420:
3414:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3300:(1): 68–84.
3297:
3293:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3270:
3231:
3227:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3148:(1): 15–23.
3145:
3141:
3131:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2882:(6): 610–8.
2879:
2875:
2865:
2823:(2): 670–4.
2820:
2816:
2806:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2632:
2628:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2506:
2502:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2473:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2447:
2438:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2271:(1): 86–92.
2268:
2264:
2258:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2174:
2170:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2088:
2084:
2057:cite journal
2035:(3): 213–6.
2032:
2028:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:
1961:(1): 100–3.
1958:
1954:
1904:
1900:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1799:
1795:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1735:(7): 741–6.
1732:
1728:
1718:
1693:
1689:
1653:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1378:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1325:
1301:
1292:
1276:
1268:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1222:
1204:
1193:
1183:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1083:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1043:micrognathia
1039:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1008:
980:
976:
972:
971:
963:
945:hypogonadism
940:
936:
929:
927:
912:
908:
904:
902:
884:
880:birth weight
870:and develop
865:
856:
855:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
789:
777:brain tumors
746:
741:autochthonic
736:
735:
701:ubiquitinate
694:
690:
684:
682:
659:
654:
653:
630:
613:
612:
562:
518:
514:
505:
504:
482:
452:
441:
433:malignancies
403:; bilateral
365:beaked noses
354:
332:
331:
318:
317:
298:
282:
259:
255:
253:
203:
195:depurination
164:
143:regeneration
100:
86:of a single
77:
72:
59:
58:
45:
30:
26:
25:
5305:(1): 73–9.
5250:J Cell Biol
4430:MedlinePlus
4108:(1): 2–10.
3991:(6): 1337.
3058:(1): 9–22.
1596:(1): 9–13.
1590:J Cell Biol
1426:Chaos;Child
1401:Dean Koontz
1396:Bleak House
1365:Scandinavia
1264:dysmorphism
1170:vasculature
975:(HGPS) and
968:Laminopathy
876:prematurely
785:eye cancers
781:lung cancer
773:skin cancer
749:ultraviolet
674:tooth decay
620:(BER), and
554:infertility
540:(GER), and
459:transcribed
437:meningiomas
387:around the
385:ulcerations
373:scleroderma
352:or cancer.
267:-dependent
199:deamination
37:that mimic
6448:Senescence
6422:Categories
6406:See also:
6242:DNA repair
5974:(6): 571.
5773:60 Minutes
5659:Aging Cell
5391:1505.03905
5370:1503.07163
5230:2016-12-06
4849:Cell Cycle
4426:"Progeria"
4102:DNA Repair
3228:DNA Repair
2454:4 November
1531:References
1439:, and its
1420:Chaos;Head
1119:(NHEJ) or
1075:C-terminus
1055:fontanelle
1051:large head
891:congenital
887:scaly skin
763:, and the
708:proteasome
662:small head
626:DNA ligase
589:centromere
569:frameshift
466:translated
455:non-coding
413:calcinosis
346:adolescent
293:phenotypes
291:and aging
208:(RECQLs),
171:repair DNA
147:stem cells
137:(RD), and
92:DNA repair
21:Senescence
6311:Lamin A/C
5998:219232325
5968:Neurology
5845:March 22,
5736:1365-2125
5679:1474-9726
5622:1872-9649
5349:0904.0575
4382:CiteSeerX
4325:. TED.com
2964:Biochimie
2635:: 73–84.
1443:-winning
1411:Going Out
1283:pathology
1209:is being
1047:hair loss
894:cataracts
761:bloodshot
757:freckling
724:Guatemala
670:cutaneous
577:non-sense
558:menopause
478:apoptosis
405:cataracts
401:fertility
361:wrinkling
357:hair loss
269:helicases
262:conserved
191:radiation
133:(XP-CS),
96:lamin A/C
84:mutations
80:monogenic
60:Progeroid
6197:Orphanet
6167:39698691
6159:14651579
6130:19083132
6087:19820776
6079:16623697
6050:14517266
5990:20697111
5949:40615631
5941:19783794
5904:22 March
5882:22 March
5813:22 March
5783:21 March
5754:26952863
5697:33166073
5640:27507608
5608:: 3–17.
5583:15743670
5448:16 March
5443:Orphanet
5420:16 March
5329:17353153
5280:17371835
5225:omim.org
5207:24613577
5171:42280802
5163:24665001
5114:27087445
5061:22797418
5053:24039054
5014:26408208
5006:20979188
4967:15317753
4923:11798376
4915:15980864
4895:Nat. Med
4879:21701264
4830:25944330
4822:17459035
4786:16825282
4737:16816143
4702:16129834
4643:15184648
4581:27614400
4573:17090536
4529:33927803
4521:12702809
4480:20739447
4472:10990576
4435:16 March
4412:15692098
4404:16838330
4357:16 March
4329:22 March
4300:12714972
4291:10540076
4226:33927803
4218:12702809
4174:25663092
4166:19681155
4122:19931493
4087:20002457
4038:19808800
3970:26006150
3962:11369901
3920:18603627
3860:16069818
3790:17276014
3741:19181106
3660:20 March
3595:12579324
3567:11904382
3449:39634500
3441:15211661
3406:16428367
3357:16009385
3277:19 March
3248:18329345
3207:16009385
3164:11156600
3123:11709541
3082:24148589
3074:10447254
3033:11443545
2984:14726016
2941:19809470
2798:18923071
2749:18923083
2700:18923082
2651:27100209
2607:18471088
2572:44382072
2564:17407155
2523:16246145
2479:18 March
2430:10823897
2250:10364153
2201:16673358
2085:Medicine
2049:17478382
2011:18 March
1983:20587915
1921:12610296
1881:29287970
1873:17571213
1864:11136437
1816:18430459
1778:12496039
1751:11257107
1710:15493327
1672:16987878
1620:23027899
1571:25027075
1488:See also
1310:between
1202:template
1159:ZMPSTE24
1110:ZMPSTE24
1086:farnesol
1079:progerin
1053:, large
1025:Progeria
769:deafness
573:missense
534:diabetes
393:malleoli
302:mutagens
250:Helicase
50:progeria
6121:2713741
5745:5061804
5688:7744955
5631:5195851
5548:2325106
5539:1017029
5499:9152846
5490:1050956
5320:2896497
5271:2064089
5185:gene".
5154:7597435
5105:4852710
4870:3180193
4745:5609417
4693:1193538
4670:Bibcode
4611:Bibcode
4499:Science
4308:4420150
4260:Bibcode
4196:Science
4078:3463936
3911:3459585
3868:7414610
3825:8053698
3781:2288663
3700:3545087
3637:night."
3630:17 June
3535:Bibcode
3508:8876179
3476:Bibcode
3397:2082700
3337:Bibcode
3314:1308368
3187:Bibcode
3024:1235303
2949:2211460
2906:8063614
2897:5919530
2857:2911598
2825:Bibcode
2789:2751278
2740:2569884
2691:2569887
2398:Bibcode
2371:2762303
2339:Bibcode
2312:7273860
2277:5431223
2192:1868417
2149:8722214
2107:5327241
1975:9288107
1901:Science
1824:6804631
1611:3461511
1562:4140030
1361:Denmark
1302:Within
1215:
1067:de novo
985:nucleus
753:sunburn
640:genes.
526:dilated
485:culture
377:lesions
369:atrophy
367:, skin
342:puberty
285:mitosis
113:(RTS),
6165:
6157:
6128:
6118:
6085:
6077:
6048:
6041:204472
6038:
5996:
5988:
5947:
5939:
5752:
5742:
5734:
5695:
5685:
5677:
5638:
5628:
5620:
5581:
5546:
5536:
5497:
5487:
5327:
5317:
5278:
5268:
5205:
5169:
5161:
5151:
5112:
5102:
5059:
5051:
5012:
5004:
4965:
4921:
4913:
4877:
4867:
4828:
4820:
4784:
4743:
4735:
4700:
4690:
4641:
4634:428455
4631:
4579:
4571:
4527:
4519:
4478:
4470:
4410:
4402:
4384:
4306:
4298:
4288:
4252:Nature
4224:
4216:
4172:
4164:
4120:
4085:
4075:
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