Prognathodon - Knowledge (XXG)

3272: 3458:). This specimen shows signs of regrowth of bone around the injury as well as subsequent infections that were ongoing at the time of the mosasaur's death, which may have been partially caused by the injuries inflicted. The specimen stands as one of the few clearly confirmable cases of intra-specific combat between mosasaurs. It also revealed a very atypical immune response to the infection. Unlike modern reptilians where solid fibrous masses are produced to contain infections, this mosasaur showed a much more mammal-like response, including liquid pus. This is one of the first cases in which immunological responses in fossil taxa have been studied in such detail and where extant relatives differ to extinct taxa. 3055: 3088: 907: 3066: 1209: 3076: 1465: 144: 1310: 115: 3393: 1279:, where knowledge of the teeth mainly comes from isolated specimens. Known teeth are strongly bicarinate with a weak serration on both carinae. The carinae then divide the teeth into lingual and labial surfaces, with the lingual surface being more convex and large in comparison with the labial. The teeth have a slight posterior and medial recurvature and are noted for having smooth surfaces (which is different from other species of 3315:. For instance, the anterior teeth are more incurved and slender than those posterior to them with a gradual change in shape along the tooth row. The anterior teeth have a ratio of crown length to basal crown width of 2.0 to 2.5, whereas teeth in the middle of the tooth row have ratios in the range of 1.7 to 2.0. These ratios are consistent with both mosasaurs with "cutting" and "crushing" teeth. Though robust, the teeth of 3240:. As with most mosasaurs, the teeth of these specimens are carinate, with the carinae aligned roughly parallel to the jaw. On unworn teeth, the apex is acute but blunt, and has fine, wavy, anastomosing ridges for as much as 25% of the crown height. Such ornamentation could potentially strengthen the teeth. The blunt tip and roughened surface suggest a tooth that was used for capturing fairly hard prey, and the presence of 1048: 2815: 5573: 5115: 2464: 696: 1359: 869: 1692: 2328: 2343: 1337:

facets are posteriorly inclined and located posteriorly on the ventral surfaces of the centra. The synapophyses are large, located anteriorly on the centra, and do not extend below the ventral margin of the centrum. The condyles and cotyles are weakly dorsoventrally compressed. The cervical vertebrae are almost the same size as the longest

1162:, with two original teeth. The left pterygoid was considerably more complete, but lacked all processes other than the basisphenoid process. The posterior alveolar margin was noted for being very small, with the teeth rising from a thin but pronounced vertical ridge. The ventral surface of the basisphenoid process is quite smooth and 2594:

in its splenial-angular surface having distinct horizontal tongues and grooves, the shape of the vertebral condyle (being slightly depressed with a height to width ratio of 0.75) and the length proportions of the vertebrae (cervical vertebrae being almost equal in size to the longest vertebrae of the

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are preserved, which have well developed anterior and posterior zygapophyses. Functional zygosphenes and zygantra were found on two of the cervical vertebrae. Vertebral hypapophyseal peduncles were found on all four vertebrae and are very short and end as small laterally compressed oval facets. These

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forms a large portion of the posterolateral border of the external nares and the supraorbital wing with heavy triangular ala contacts the postorbitofrontal posteriorly over the orbit medial to the external edge of the frontal. The frontal does not emarginate above the orbits and a median dorsal ridge

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has the most different teeth from other members of the genus. The tooth crowns are generally large and quite strongly striated and the anterior teeth are more procumbent than in any other mosasaurs. The premaxillary teeth are almost horizontal and the anterior dentary teeth only slightly less so. In

3351:

It is clear that the wear on the teeth does not represent simple breakage, since that would result in different amounts of wear on different teeth. In contrast to the marginal teeth, the pterygoid teeth, though unusually large for a mosasaur, do not exhibit any wear. This suggests that the marginal

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of both examined specimens show considerable wear. Crown apices are unusually smooth and polished, this breakage and subsequent polishing is likely due to prolonged contact with food. The tooth breakage is not severe and nearly horizontal, which is unlike typical predators with "cutting" teeth. The

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standards compared to some of the larger specimens in the genus. Thus, it was assumed that ERMNH HFV 197 was a juvenile specimen. That tail fin would grow to account for the increased weight of bigger individuals is rather logical, and can be observed in other groups that possess tail fins, such as

3251:

The teeth are, however, quite high relative to the size of the skull, which suggests that they were used for impaling prey rather than for crushing or grasping it. Many of the fully erupted teeth have crenulations on the carinae that produce a fine serration. The presence of serrated carinae would

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are routinely recovered as sister genera, Cau and Madzia (2017) did not resurrect the tribe Prognathodontini in their list of mosasaur clades and their preferred definitions, offering no comment as to why not. Within Cau and Madzia's analysis (as well as previous work such as Simões et al., 2017),

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teeth may have been robust enough to prevent extensive breaking, or perhaps the curvature limited it. Many teeth are worn uniformly, which suggests a third possibility; that it represents a gradual grinding down of the teeth as a result of handling food. Somewhat similar wear is found on teeth of

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has seven to eight teeth. The medial wing from the coronoid contacts the angular, the anterior process on the coronoid abrupts over the surangular and makes contact with the posterior process of the dentary or ends with the surangular without contacting the dentary. The retroarticular process is

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Though the original remains of the genus were rather comprehensive and the original description was brief, no additional studies of the type material was done for a century. The lack of a comprehensive original description of the genus and the species referred to it from Belgium is strangely not

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The tail fluke is clearly asymmetric. The lower fin lobe follows the caudal vertebrae and would have had a streamlined cross-section in life, based on the proportions of the axial skeleton and the other soft tissues. The upper fin lobe is unsupported by the skeleton and is preserved as a small,

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are preserved in the specimen, though most are poorly preserved. Dorsal vertebrae are a little longer than the cervical and like the cervicals, the condyles and cotyles are weakly compressed dorsoventrally. The dorsal vertebrae are at a maximum about 8 cm in length and 5 cm in height.

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surface are parallel to one another and the cranial midline to the posterior base of the diverging suspensorial rami, which forms a rectangular field medially on the parietal. The ventral process of the postorbitofrontal to jugal is indistinctly separated from the moderately well exposed dorsal

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of predators, but are together consistent with a large and opportunistic apex predator. Though seemingly able to feed on prey typical for "cutting"-teeth mosasaurs, such as the large fish, the robust teeth suggest that somewhat harder prey, such as the sea turtle, was also commonly devoured.

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is noted as having a very robust skull. The skull also shows adaptations towards a very powerful jaw musculature. The ratio between the length of the supratemporal fenestra and the total length of the skull has previously been used as an improvised measurement for mosasaur bite force, and is

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quarry, discovered the teeth of the fossil in the shovel of his digger on Monday morning, September 10. In the days following the discovery, museum staff retrieved several large sections of the skull and part of the body and tail of the approximately 13-metre long skeleton. Based on

1551:), Dollo revised his taxonomy, dividing the Mosasauridae into three groups. These groups were based on how developed the rostrum was on the premaxilla, the size of the suprastapedial process of the quadrate and if the haemal arches were fused to the centra of the caudal vertebrae. 1123:, have fused suprastapedial and infrastapedial processes, which is possibly an adaptation to counteract the strong forces experienced by the bone during biting. Stong jaw musculature combined with a relatively short and tall dentary would have resulted in a very powerful bite. 1182:

and the anterior blade of the prearticular and have a tooth count of 13, with at least eight teeth possessing subdental crypts with some replacement teeth having been found in the type specimen. The subdental crypts are positioned postermodeially to the functional teeth. The

3413:. The degree of articulation of the specimen suggests that the animal reached the sea floor moments after its death, where it was scavenged by sharks prior to being buried by the sediments. Evidence of shark scavenging include the finds of associated teeth of shark genera 856:, the age of the specimen was estimated at 67.83 million years, making it about one-and-a-half million years older than "Bèr". From what has been uncovered, this appears to be the oldest known Mosasaurid specimen from the Maastricht area, and it belongs to the genus 1138:. The dorsal margin of the dentary is concave, whilst the ventral margin of the maxilla is slightly convex. The marginal teeth are massive, smooth and rounded as opposed to most other mosasaur teeth, which are typically facetted and laterally compressed. The mandible of 1259:

are more slender at the anterior end, broader and triangular towards the middle of the dental ramus, decreasing in size towards the posterior end with the last two teeth being rather stunted. The tooth crowns are only moderately inflated and in contrast to the teeth of

1142:

is very tall and massive, even more so than in other members of the genus. This is matched by the also massive pterygoid and various other portions of the skull, such as the temporal region and the braincase, which are all stout compared to other species in the genus.

1187:

is saddle-shaped and has a well-developed posterodorsal process, which gives the dorsal margin of said bone a nearly 110 degree angle between the horizontal anterior end and the subvertical posterior wing. This combination of characteristics aided in determining that

1283:) except for minor wrinkles at the tips of the tooth crowns. The roots of the teeth are quite large at about 1.5 times the size of the tooth crowns and are barrel-shaped. The largest known tooth crowns are up to 5.5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide at the base. 3530:

Konishi, Takuya; Brinkman, Donald; Massare, Judy A.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2011-09-01). "New exceptional specimens of Prognathodon overtoni (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Campanian of Alberta, Canada, and the systematics and ecology of the genus".

3430:. The number of shark teeth (not to mention the consistent size and color of the teeth) is also too high to be attributed to background abundance. The skeleton itself also preserves a variety of bite marks, providing direct evidence of shark scavenging. 3425:

among the bones of the mosasaur. It is possible to exclude the possibility of the sharks having been eaten by the mosasaurs prior to its death (and thus representing stomach contents) due to them showing no evidence of having been attacked by

1425:

The specimen also preserves scale impressions, particularly around the outline of the tail fluke. Though faint, these impressions reveal scales of "rhomboidal" shape. Similarly shaped scales are present on the tail fluke of the well-preserved

1456:, particularly of the larger species, would have had larger tail fins relative to their body size. Lindgren et al. (2013) especially noted that the upper fin lobe likely would have grown to be proportionally larger in bigger individuals. 1394:

specimens, but also preserves significant portions of the integument and a gentle bend on the last few caudal vertebrae. Most importantly, the fossil preserves the soft tissue outline of a tail fin. This helped in providing evidence that

891:) exceeding 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) in length. Despite its massive size, remains of the genus are often fragmentary and incomplete. To date, very few specimens are known with articulated skulls and none with an entire skeleton. In 1967, 2658:

by Yakovlev in 1901 based on the type specimen CNIGR 818, an incomplete skull and skeleton. Considering the combination of functionary accessory articulations and large pterygoid teeth to be unique, Yakovlev erected a new genus in 1905,

1611:. He considered the mosasaurs within the Prognathodontini to "clearly be of plioplatecarpine derivation", but justified the tribe by that they can be differentiated from other plioplatecarpines by their massive jaws and robust teeth. 1614:

Gorden L. Bell Jr. conducted the first major phylogenetic analysis of mosasaurs in 1997, utilizing new methodologies and incorporating further taxa described since Russell's 1967 monograph (particularly basal mosasauroids, such as

670:. Large amounts of work was commonly invested in extracting and mounting the specimens, but scientific study of them remained limited with diagnoses and descriptions mainly focusing on peculiar points of their anatomy, such as the 1658:

The view of the relationships of the genus to other mosasaur genera has changed little since 1997, it is routinely recovered as within the Mosasaurinae as well as paraphyletic. Cau and Madzia (2017) noted that the inclusion of

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The suprastapedial process is fused to the infrastapedial process on the quadrate and the tympanic ala are thick. The stapedial pit is nearly circular to elliptical in form. The posterior process on the dorsal surface of the

840:

On September 19, 2012, it was announced that nine days earlier, again a skeleton of what appears to be a Mosasaur was found in the limestone quarry just outside Maastricht, the same quarry that yielded the type specimen of

815:, also described by Kaddumi in 2009 from Harrana from fossils likely belonging to a juvenile specimen (preserving the entire skeleton aside from the head, which may have been destroyed during quarrying) was reclassified as 599:

is known for its massively built jaws and teeth. Its distinct feeding adaptations have generated much interest in its ecology ever since its discovery, though direct evidence of its diet, such as gastric residues, is rare.

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specimens has resulted in an incomplete understanding of the systematics of the genus as a whole, including both the alpha-level diversity and generic characteristics. Furthermore, the extreme rarity of early to middle

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is yet to be thoroughly examined. Lindgren (2005) pointed out that robust and conical tooth crowns with blunt, serrated carinae and smooth enamel are routinely assigned to the genus, despite the generic type species,

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preserved several details that are taphonomically interesting. The likely cause of death of the specimen was age or disease, due to marine predators large enough to kill something of its size being unknown from the

2456:

differs from all other members of the genus in several prominent aspects which is unusual for a type species. The most notable difference is perhaps in the teeth, which are gently facetted and labio-lingually

2393:, as recovered by Simões et al. (2017), are listed below. Notably, the exclusion of the six controversial species significantly shortens both the temporal and geographical range of the genus, limiting it to 714:

specimens from Belgium (including the type specimen) was done by Theagarten Lingham-Soliar and Dirk Nolf in 1989 and the diagnosis in this study remains the latest published emended diagnosis for the genus.

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also lacks the high crest on the dorsal median ridge which is found in other members of the genus. It can easily be distinguished from most other species by further, individual, differences. The Early

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rectangular in outline, medially inflected or laterally lacing. The marginal teeth are stout, bicarinate and smooth or striated. Zygosphenes and zygantra are absent, incipient or large and functional.

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is nearly complete, only lacking the anterior portion of the premaxilla and the dentaries. Though most of the anterior marginal teeth are missing, the inclination of the preserved roots suggest that

1290:

teeth also varies depending on the position in the mouth. Anterior pterygoid teeth are noted for being relatively large and comparable to the marginal teeth in size at up to 4.6 cm in height.

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are small to moderately large, located anteromedially on a small prominence and are closely embraced on either side by short tongues from the frontal or located on the frontoparietal suture.

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Mohr, S.R.; LeBlanc, A.R.; Caldwell, M. (2020). "A NEW, NEARLY COMPLETE SPECIMEN OF PROGNATHODON OVERTONI (SQUAMATA: MOSASAURIDAE) FROM THE CAMPANIAN BEARPAW FORMATION OF ALBERTA, CANADA".

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provided the first fully articulated skeletons of the genus. Detailed studies of these and previously discovered specimens allowed several characters to be established that distinguishes

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differs from this type of teeth and instead exhibits markedly labio-lingually compressed and gently facetted marginal teeth. There is also a certain degree of variation in tooth number,

577:. Due to the sometimes clear differences between them and the incomplete nature of many of the specimens, the systematics of the genus and which species should properly be considered 3271: 3000:

by its straight dorsal dental margin, its small coronoid, rectangular posterior mandibular unit and blunt retroarticular process as well as having a far less massive quadrate bone.

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shared characters with the "microrhynchous" group in 1894 and abandoned his previous two family-system, starting to use only one family of mosasaurs, the Mosasauridae, and placing

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The proportions of the soft tissue structures and their relation to the skeletal elements of the specimen can be used to infer the shape and size of the fins in other species of

3352:

and pterygoid teeth had different functions, perhaps the pterygoid teeth were used to grip the prey before swallowing it. The large anterior pterygoid teeth that characterize

980:, the sclerotic ring is only partially preserved, consisting of five scleral ossicles in each ring. Similar sclerotic rings are seen in several other mosasaur genera, such as 3450:

in 2020, was discovered in the Netherlands near Maastricht, and was shown to have severe facial deformities including a devastating partial amputation of the premaxilla. The

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Schulp, A. S.; Vonhof, H. B.; van der Lubbe, J. H. J. L.; Janssen, R.; van Baal, R. R. (2013). "On diving and diet: resource partitioning in type-Maastrichtian mosasaurs".

3260:, rather than particularly adapted to crush its prey. Such a predator can not only feed on very large vertebrate prey, but also feed upon a variety of other prey. However, 692:

in 1904, is one of species with the most brief descriptions, apparently only intended to provide a name for the skeleton of the mosasaur for exhibition in the museum hall.

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fragments, though all incomplete. Two grooves run along the distal portion of the ribs from the articular head but only one groove remains behind the middle of the rib.

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is present, incipient or absent and the dentary terminates abruptly in front of the first dentary tooth. The dentary itself contains thirteen to fourteen teeth and the

2860:, this is among the most completely known species of the genus, with several nearly complete and articulated specimens known, some of which even preserve gut contents. 1166:

are visible above the sixth tooth on the lateral surface of the pterygoid as well as above the position between the sixth and seventh teeth on the medial surface. The

3159:

based on unpublished morphological comparisons. Palci et. al. (2014) however suggested the possibility that these three species, and perhaps also the type species of

5664: 4605: 4116:

Kase, T.; Johnston, P.A.; Seilacher, A.; Boyce, J.B. (1998). "Alleged mosasaur bite marks on Late Cretaceous ammonites are limpet (patellogastropod) home scars".

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and is unique in possessing a high marginal tooth count and relatively small pterygoid teeth. This species seemingly share close relations with the dubious genus

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Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W. M.; Fonken, Frans (2004-09-10). "New material of the mosasaur Carinodens belgicus from the Upper Cretaceous of the Netherlands".

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Averianov, A. O.; Yarkov, A. A. (2004). "On the occurrence of a giant flying reptile (Pterosauria) in the terminal Late Cretaceous of the Lower Volga Region".

4422:"Dental and vertebral morphology of the enigmatic mosasaur Dollosaurus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Sweden" 5560: 1439:

and potentially in other mosasaur genera as well. In their description of the specimen, Lindgren et al. (2013) noted that the specimen is strangely small by

2504:, but differs from all known mosasaurs in having a frontal distinctly wider than it is long. Though originally informally named as part of its own genus, " 831:

had a bilobed tail fluke resembling a downturned shark's tail. While this type of fluke had been suggested for mosasaurs based on skeletal anatomy (as in

2758:

is controversial and the latest phylogenetic analyses, such as Madzia and Cau (2017) and Simões et al. (2017), recover said species as outside the genus

4054: 1150:, whilst incomplete, preserves a significantly large portion of the skull. The specimen was originally stated to have preserved a small portion of the 1022:

is slightly developed to absent. The squamosal wing to the parietal is large. There is a deep groove present in the floor of the basioccipital for the

5651: 3380:, likely similar in ecology to other species of the genus, was thus likely an opportunistic predator capable of feeding upon nearly anything in the 738:

area since 1957; the skeleton is on display at the Natural History Museum at Maastricht, and is from an animal that was probably 12 metres long.

3326:

The posteriormost teeth are sharply curved and short and were thus unlikely to have been used for prey capture or food processing. Teeth on the

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The results of a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Mosasauridae by Simões et al. (2017) is shown below, collapsed to only display the

914: 3115:

is known by a partial skeleton, including a disarticulated skull, cervical vertebrae, and ribs recovered from Maastrichtian-age deposits in

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for "he who gives satisfaction", referring to that the type specimen was the first reasonably complete mosasaur specimen recovered from the

827:. This fossil is about 1.8 m in length, and is remarkable in that it preserves the outline of the mosasaur's tail fins, revealing that 4262:

Bell GL. Jr. 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp. 293-332 In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL, (eds.),

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whilst the laterally pitted caudal vertebrae suggested a more distant relation. Furthermore, the controversy surrounding whether the genus

4606:"A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Angola, and the affinities of the mosasaur genus Liodon" 3855: 933:) were large with sizes approaching or potentially exceeding 10 metres (33 ft), many species were considerably smaller in size. The 5733: 808:, based on an articulated upper skull, with the name referencing it being the first near-complete mosasaur skull from the Middle East. 4770: 4344:"Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group" 3054: 1224:

are variable in terms of dentition. Robust and conical teeth with blunt, serrated carinae and smooth enamel are often seen as typical

785:

and long-snouted mosasaurines. The preserved teeth and gut contents also allowed studies into the inferred paleoecology of the genus.

3264:

teeth lack the pointed tip that is otherwise characteristic for opportunistic predators with "cutting" teeth. As such, the teeth of

723: 5763: 3356:

likely provided an effective grip on large food items, indicating that the genus was capable of swallowing prey in large pieces.

1184: 3655: 1170:

bone is only represented by a few fragments, but could be noted for being laterally compressed and tall, as in other species of

895:

was estimated to have reached 10 metres (33 ft) in length. In 2002, Christiansen and Bonde estimated the maximum length of

703: 3363:

specimen with preserved gut contents. These contents include the remains of a very large (1.6 meter) fish, a smaller fish, a

1713:

as paraphyletic, as concluded by most recent researchers, and places it as a sister group to the derived mosasaurines in the

949:

specimen is TMP 2018.042.0005, a nearly completely preserved individual measuring over 7–8 metres (23–26 ft) in length.

1154:, though D.V. Grigoriev (2013) noted that said bone could at the moment not be located, and it is potentially missing. Both 3087: 1297:

preserves 14 teeth in the dentary, 12 in the maxilla and 6 in the pterygoid) is a characteristic present in all species of

5738: 5550: 2386:

deviating from that description since it exhibits markedly labio-lingually compressed and gently facetted marginal teeth.

1264:, the teeth increase in size consistently in an antero-posterior direction and are somewhat less posteriorly recurved. In 793: 1667:

within the Globidensini would suggest a closer relationship between the genera than the reality of the situation. Though

5748: 5728: 1252:

reveals that the tooth crowns may also have been somewhat prismatic with seven to eight prisms on the external surface.

1418:

almost wing-like, structure above the last few caudal vertebrae. The shape of the tail fluke is similar to that of the

143: 4342:

Simões, Tiago R.; Vernygora, Oksana; Paparella, Ilaria; Jimenez-Huidobro, Paulina; Caldwell, Michael W. (2017-05-03).

2097: 2622:

having larger anterior pterygoid teeth. The lack of a medial striation on its tooth surfaces differentiates it from

5743: 4848: 5758: 4941: 4514:

Christiansen, Per; Bonde, Niels (2002). "A New Species of Gigantic Mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".

2073: 4527: 4137: 4086: 3960: 3730: 906: 5753: 4648: 4623: 4557: 4489: 2145: 1786: 680: 3474: 3145:

in 2008 due to exhibiting similarity in the aspect ratios of their marginal dentition along the jaw margin to

663: 5489: 3717:

Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new species of gigantic mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".

5718: 5555: 4167: 3926: 3381: 2852:, by the smooth enamel of its teeth and their non-procumbant nature. Previously classified as its own genus 964:, present in all species of the genus. The function of the scleral ossicles is to maintain the shape of the 4797:

Bastiaans, Dylan; Kroll, Jeroen J.F.; Cornelissen, Dirk; Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W.M. (February 2020).

3947:

Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new speciesof giganticmosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".

3881:

Bastiaans, Dylan; Kroll, Jeroen J.F.; Cornelissen, Dirk; Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W.M. (February 2020).

619:. There is some confusion over the correct generic name for the taxon. Dollo first mentioned the taxon as " 5591: 1858: 1502:

was one of the earliest researchers to work on mosasaur systematics, initially placing them as a distinct

4458:"Mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of North Carolina, USA" 5723: 5690: 5114: 4841: 4026: 3845:

A Pathological Mosasaur snout from the Type Maastrichtian (SE Netherlands), Bastiaans et al, 2014, 2020.

3016: 2186: 2169: 1086: 824: 3371:. These prey items are quite different from one another and would normally be prey items for different 3065: 5638: 4810: 4707: 4355: 4217: 4125: 3986: 3894: 3810: 3540: 3337: 3040:

is even stronger built. With known examples of large sea turtles from the Maastricht region, such as

1841: 1272:), the teeth are all fairly uniform in size other than the penultimate tooth base (which is larger). 843: 4604:

Schulp, Anne S.; Polcyn, Michael J.; Mateus, Octávio; Jacobs, Louis L.; Morais, Maria Luísa (2008).

1208: 4457: 3075: 1810: 1762: 1738: 887:

constitutes one of the largest-bodied mosasaur genera, with the largest known skull (belonging to

5576: 4739: 4731: 4539: 4531: 4098: 4019:"A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Harrana-Jordan" 3734: 3623: 3564: 3228:

allowed detailed studies of the gut contents (including fragments of a large and a small fish, a

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known at the time of its description, and being considerably more massive and robust in general.

2121: 1699: 1342: 1338: 1333: 406: 138: 1464: 5695: 5629: 3859: 2686:") was somewhat unclear and that dental and osteological features suggested a placement within 5677: 5669: 5258: 5201: 4723: 4433: 4391: 4373: 4317: 4245: 4090: 3828: 3764: 3556: 3217: 1495: 766: 675: 5682: 2896:

by characters in the quadrate and has vertebral features closely resembling the vertebrae of

2638:. The shape of the vertebral condyle (not being higher than they are wide) separates it from 899:

at 11 metres (36 ft). Considering this 2002 study, Schupl and colleagues estimated that

804:

honors Kaddumi's daughter Huda. Also described in 2009 by Kaddumi from the same locality was

5533: 5235: 5035: 4969: 4818: 4779: 4715: 4523: 4469: 4381: 4363: 4307: 4297: 4235: 4225: 4204:

Lindgren, J.; Caldwell, M.W.; Konishi, T.; Chiappe, L.M. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).

4186: 4133: 4082: 3994: 3956: 3902: 3818: 3726: 3548: 3372: 3012: 1608: 1603: 1407: 1309: 1158:

were preserved, though the right one is at the moment almost entirely a restoration made of

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The robustness of the quadrate bone, along with the equally robust mandible, suggests that

1513:

and the "Plioplatecarpidae". In this early taxonomy, the Mosasauridae contained the genera

837:), this is the first indisputable evidence that derived mosasaurs had bilobed tail flukes. 819:

by Kaddumi, Johan Lindgren, and Michael J. Polcyn in 2013. The species name references the

114: 5526: 5462: 5427: 5383: 5265: 5244: 5181: 5166: 4694:

Palci, Alessandro; Caldwell, Michael W.; Papazzoni, Cesare A.; Fornaciari, Eliana (2014).

4039: 3421: 1543: 998: 643: 4206:"Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur" 3026:

could achieve bite forces in excess of all other mosasaurs. Compared to the quadrates of

4814: 4711: 4359: 4221: 4129: 3990: 3898: 3814: 3694:"A large mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous of The Netherlands (PDF Download Available)" 3544: 3454:

injuries are believed to be the result of a fight with another mosasaur (likely another

646:

in a comprehensive monograph on North American mosasaurs in 1967, where the priority of

623:" in some preliminary notes and provided a provisional diagnosis, but replaced the name 5399: 5330: 5071: 5017: 4474: 4386: 4343: 4312: 4283:"Inferring "weak spots" in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature" 4240: 4205: 4190: 3277: 3046:, it is possible (based on found healed bite marks) that the size range of the prey of 2754:

are recognised as being distinct mosasaur species, but their designation as species of

2431: 1404: 1167: 1155: 1047: 1035: 1023: 961: 734:. This specimen was the first reasonably complete mosasaur specimen recovered from the 570: 539: 3616:

Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre

2814: 1559:

in a "microrhynchous" group. The two other groups were the "megarhynchous" (including

792:

based on a complete right dentary and partial left dentary from the Maastrichtian-age

5712: 5503: 5475: 5433: 5406: 5365: 5321: 5292: 5051: 5010: 4962: 4102: 3627: 3568: 3410: 3103: 2927: 2914: 2872: 2787: 2773: 2524: 2424: 1617: 1375: 1293:

A relatively small number of teeth in comparison to other mosasaurs (for an example,

1175: 1014: 1007: 722:

limestone quarries. Shortly after, it was nicknamed "Bèr", and put on display in the

671: 655: 554: 522: 506: 72: 34: 4743: 4543: 4456:

Rempert, Trevor H.; Martens, Brennan P.; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024).

3738: 3693: 2463: 1625:

within the Mosasaurinae, for the first time ever, as a close relative of the genera

695: 5454: 5348: 5285: 5276: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5190: 5123: 5078: 4987: 4934: 4913: 4904: 4768:: implications for Globidensini monophyly and character homology in Mosasaurinae". 3427: 3342: 3300: 3257: 3192: 3155: 2805: 2698:

or not complicated a better look at the classification of the material referred to

2445: 1724: 1706: 1652: 1648: 1636: 1481: 1419: 1400: 1358: 934: 853: 558: 482: 263: 237: 4823: 4798: 4783: 3907: 3882: 3319:

are nowhere near as broad as those of typical "crushing"-teeth mosasaurs, such as

2630:. Additionally, the presence of carinae serrations on the teeth separates it from 868: 4719: 4368: 4230: 3552: 3442:

specimen known as NHMM 2012 (often nicknamed as "Carlo"), described by Bastiaans

2603:

by having 13 teeth in its dentary, though can be excluded from being sunked into

2556:

at an estimated 8 meters in length. It is sometimes classified as its own genus,

1422:

sharks, though turned upside down, with a small upper lobe and large lower lobe.

1386:

allowed detailed examinations of unique details of the soft tissue morphology of

5623: 5519: 5512: 5496: 5468: 5447: 5440: 5392: 5337: 5306: 5251: 5143: 5099: 5085: 5062: 4927: 3415: 3116: 3042: 2931: 2664: 2398: 2018: 1714: 1691: 1681: 1601:

within the Plioplatecarpinae, but erected a tribe for the genus and the related

1499: 1490: 1449: 1428: 973: 972:

in the region of Brucke's muscle responsible for affecting accommodation in the

833: 689: 612: 574: 566: 562: 518: 510: 47: 2327: 5372: 5358: 5159: 5092: 4996: 4976: 4948: 4799:"Cranial palaeopathologies in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur from the Netherlands" 3998: 3883:"Cranial palaeopathologies in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur from the Netherlands" 3368: 3364: 3311: 3283: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3003:

The type specimen, NHMM 1998141, preserves a near-complete skull, articulated

2959: 2938:

reached lengths of approximately 9-10 meters, perhaps only being shorter than

2898: 2667:. Lingham-Soliar (1989) showed that these characteristics were not unique to " 1537: 1531: 1521: 1374:

The discovery of the exceptionally well-preserved specimen ERMNH HFV 197 from

1228:

teeth and are routinely assigned to the genus. Despite this, the type species

1151: 1080: 1019: 994: 982: 820: 735: 719: 487: 211: 92: 57: 5614: 4727: 4437: 4377: 4094: 3768: 3560: 1390:. The fossil is not only largely complete and articulated, which is rare for 5482: 5299: 5152: 5132: 5003: 4920: 3799:"Soft tissue preservation in a fossil marine lizard with a bilobed tail fin" 3305: 3214: 3028: 2982: 2835: 2695: 2654: 2561: 2539: 2479: 2402: 2367: 2358: 1627: 1515: 1396: 1119: 953:

would have approached the same size, about 8 metres (26 ft) in length.

945:

is estimated to have reached 6.4 metres (21 ft) in length. The largest

860:. The specimen is nicknamed Carlo, after the ENCI worker who discovered it. 762: 502: 493: 155: 97: 41: 30: 4395: 4321: 4249: 3832: 2342: 941:, was the smallest, reaching around 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) in length. 5608: 5024: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4864: 3345: 2496:

and is known from a single massive skull. The skull bears resemblance to

1510: 1506: 1179: 478: 224: 195: 175: 123: 87: 82: 67: 62: 52: 4735: 4695: 3275:

A side-by-side comparison of a typical "crushing" mosasaur tooth (left,

1018:

surface of the postorbitofrontal and the ventroposterior process on the

5656: 4535: 4302: 3823: 3798: 3331: 3327: 3221: 2565: 1414:

in the evolution of a crescent-shaped tail fluke to aid in locomotion.

1379: 1363: 1341:

and get to a length of about 7.2 cm and a height of 4 cm. 26

1163: 1031: 1003: 797: 770: 667: 616: 582: 471: 185: 102: 77: 4282: 2508:", multiple phylogenetic analyses found it to be firmly placed within 1102:) and a posterior bite force of 7,630–10,974 N (778–1,119 kg 4955: 4876: 4421: 3225: 3125: 2875:, the United States (Maryland and New Jersey, possibly North Carolina 2796: 2791: 2717:

and additionally suggested on a close relation with the type species

2577: 2573: 2394: 1547:. In 1890, following further mosasaur discoveries (including that of 1503: 1411: 1383: 1159: 969: 965: 774: 742: 514: 165: 5585: 4696:"Mosasaurine Mosasaurs (Squamara, Mosasauridae) from Northern Italy" 4018: 3797:

Lindgren, Johan; Kaddumi, Hani F.; Polcyn, Michael J. (2013-09-10).

2838:, Canada (Alberta) and the United States (Colorado and South Dakota) 1688:

itself was recovered as forming a sister group to the Globidensini.

993:

was provided by Lingham-Soliar and Nolf (1989), and states that the

956:

Other than its size and robust nature, another feature that defines

4757:

Lively, J.R. (2020). "Redescription and phylogenetic assessment of

3934:

Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University)

3663:

Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University)

2762:, most of them thus potentially representing genera on their own. 1488:

has historically been seen as a genus sharing close relations with

3763:. Amman: Eternal River Museum of Natural History. pp. 65–73. 3270: 3086: 3074: 3064: 3053: 2955: 2813: 2705:

A phylogenetic analysis conducted as part of the redescription of

2462: 2452:

and also the smallest known species at barely 5 meters in length.

2341: 2326: 1690: 1463: 1445: 1357: 1308: 1207: 1046: 867: 694: 532: 474: 126: 4672:

Mohr, LeBlanc, Caldwell, 2019. Redescription and Reassignment of

1094:

had an anterior bite force of 6,346–9,127 N (647–931 kg

5643: 848: 650:

was made apparent. Russell also revised the species assigned to

5589: 4837: 1325:

are considerably rarer than skull material and isolated teeth.

3609:(Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium" 3359:

One of the Alberta specimens, TMP 2007.034.0001, is the first

3236:) and dentition which allowed speculation into the ecology of 1643:. Bell was also the first to note that his analysis recovered 1347: 1174:. Its posteroventral surface is concave for contact with the 4833: 2610:

The absence of a dentary anterior projection differentiates

4528:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ansogm]2.0.co;2

4138:

10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0947:AMBMOL>2.3.CO;2

4087:

10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0744:NMOTMC]2.0.CO;2

3961:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2

3731:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2

3256:

instead was an opportunistic predator comparable to modern

3244:

bones as gut contents lends support to the hypothesis that

2572:

sp." have been recovered from deposits of a similar age in

1366:

of IRSNB 1624, an exceptionally well-preserved specimen of

4056:

The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting

1196:, since some researchers place it in a genus of its own, " 3979:

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw

3141:), two with a slender snout morphology, were assigned to 2374:

has obscured the early part of its evolutionary history.

1541:

and the Plioplatecarpidae was monotypic, only containing

1236:

has 12 teeth on the maxilla and 13 on the dentary whilst

501:

has been recovered from deposits ranging in age from the

3153:

may perhaps be referable to the Maastrichtian-age genus

1178:. The dentaries are fused with the posterior end of the 997:

lacks a rostrum anterior to the premaxillary teeth. The

3268:

seemingly show adaptations not usually found together.

2988:

has a much more slender dentary, which also applies to

1362:

Fibrous tissues and microstructures recovered from the

658:, but only briefly commented on the Belgian specimens. 3190:

was redescribed as the type species of its own genus,

2973:

is its massive size, larger than any other species of

2678:

Lindgren (2005) noted that the taxonomic situation of

2492:

is one of the largest, if not the largest, species of

1635:. The tribe Prognathodontini was synonymized with the 635:

in all of his subsequent papers mentioning the genus.

1248:

addition to deep striae, the fragmentary material of

903:

would have reached 12 metres (39 ft) in length.

1346:

Additionally, the type specimen also preserved many

5598: 5543: 5420: 5382: 5347: 5320: 5275: 5234: 5200: 5180: 5142: 5122: 5061: 5034: 4986: 4903: 3761:

Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas

2926:is a massively built and enormous species from the 2848:can be distinguished from other species, including 2709:by D.V. Grigoriev (2013) supported the referral of 788:In 2009, Hani F. Kaddumi described the new species 3927:"Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs" 3656:"Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs" 3011:with cervical and dorsal ribs, isolated pygal and 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 3856:"Pressrelease Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht" 3755:Kaddumi, Hani F. (2009). "Another new species of 3281:) and a typical "cutting" mosasaur tooth (right, 3015:, scapula-coracoid and scattered elements of the 1275:Another species noted for its divergent teeth is 718:In 1998, an intact fossil skull was found in the 662:unusual for mosasaur specimens discovered in the 531:means "forejaw tooth", which originates from the 3248:was adapted to crush through hard-shelled prey. 2671:", which he synonymized on the genus level with 2353:A large number of species have been assigned to 749:", but eventually described as a new species of 4682:SVP 2019, Annual Meeting, Program and Abstracts 3149:. In 2019 it was suggested by Mohr et al. that 2663:, named in honor of the belgian paleontologist 2599:also differs from all other species except for 1476:Modern phylogenetic analyses continually place 1090:). In 1998, Kase and colleagues estimated that 2357:, though the genus is widely considered to be 1509:and dividing the group into two families, the 4849: 4426:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 3603:Theagarten Lingham-Soliar; Dirk Nolf (1989). 3209:The discovery of well-preserved specimens of 2560:and has been recovered from deposits of Late 1639:, another tribe coined by Russell (1967) for 989:The latest published diagnosis for the genus 847:. Carlo Brauer, an excavator operator at the 8: 5561:List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units 2401:and removing any occurrence before the Late 585:have been assigned to other genera, such as 4462:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 4179:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 3179:should perhaps instead by synonymized with 2965:The most obvious distinguishing feature of 2405:. A confirmed North American occurrence of 1452:. For this reason, it is likely that adult 1134:had procumbent teeth, a trait also seen in 5586: 5231: 5197: 5139: 4983: 4856: 4842: 4834: 4610:Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting 3972: 3970: 113: 20: 4822: 4473: 4385: 4367: 4311: 4301: 4239: 4229: 3906: 3822: 726:. This specimen was then identified as a 4649:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon waiparaensis" 3391: 3291:seem to contain characteristics of both. 2969:that separates it from other species of 2800:and is regularly found to be outside of 905: 481:family. It is classified as part of the 3466: 615:in 1889 based on specimens gathered in 4599: 4597: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4035: 4024: 3920: 3918: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3299:displays heterodonty similar to other 3183:(though no formal proposal was made). 3050:included these 2.9 meter long turtles. 1680:is recovered as a sister group to the 761:described in 2011 from the early late 4558:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon giganteus" 4451: 4449: 4447: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3925:Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967). 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3654:Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967). 3598: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 2652:was originally named as a species of 1567:) and the "mesorhynchous" (including 915:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology 710:The first comprehensive study of the 593:, but this has also been questioned. 549:("tooth"). Twelve nominal species of 7: 4624:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon overtoni" 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3759:from the Maastrichtian of Harrana". 3750: 3748: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 2500:, in particular to the type species 2478:Christiansen and Bonde, 2002 — Late 2430:tentatively from the United States ( 1078:) compared to other genera, such as 745:was for some time informally named " 4490:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon solvayi" 3858:. 20 September 2012. Archived from 3123:Three species of the dubious genus 2804:(and recovered as a far more basal 2161: 2137: 2113: 2089: 2048: 2024: 1962: 1938: 1931: 1907: 1883: 1833: 1826: 1802: 1778: 1754: 1730: 1720: 4771:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4700:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4516:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4075:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3949:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3719:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3533:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2590:differs from all other species of 1332:preserves several vertebrae. Four 1126:The skull of the type specimen of 477:of marine lizard belonging to the 14: 2888:is easily separated from species 2607:due to its smooth enamel surface. 2389:Species seen as valid and within 2377:The question of what constitutes 1212:A close-up image of the teeth of 1002:is either present or absent. The 781:from closely related genera like 724:Maastricht Natural History Museum 485:subfamily, alongside genera like 133:, the type species of the genus. 5572: 5571: 5113: 4475:10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.3.384 4191:10.31610/trudyzin/2013.317.3.246 2808:) in most phylogenetic analyses. 730:, and received the species name 142: 741:A very large specimen found in 704:Geological Museum in Copenhagen 3367:and the possible remains of a 1684:, and the clade Mosasaurini + 302:(Christiansen and Bonde, 2002) 1: 5551:Timeline of mosasaur research 4824:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104425 4784:10.1080/02724634.2020.1784183 3908:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104425 921:Though many species (such as 794:Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation 4720:10.1080/02724634.2013.826235 4369:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773 4281:Madzia, D.; Cau, A. (2017). 4231:10.1371/journal.pone.0011998 3553:10.1080/02724634.2011.601714 1647:, previously believed to be 800:, Jordan. The specific name 3475:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon" 2946:is also controversial) and 2726:Disputed and former species 2527:, Belgium, Jordan and Syria 2361:. The incomplete nature of 2098:Plesiotylosaurus crassidens 1268:and other species (such as 913:(TMP 2018.042.0005) at the 5780: 5734:Mosasaurs of North America 4680:(Squamata, Mosasuaridae). 2996:can be distinguished from 2407:Prognathodon sensu stricto 1460:Classification and species 1013:The margins of the dorsal 976:eye. In the type species, 811:The new species and genus 538:- ("earlier" or "prior"), 5569: 5421:Related groups and genera 5111: 4871: 4266:, Academic Press, 501 pp. 4172:(Squamata, Mosasauridae)" 4166:Grigoriev, D. V. (2013). 3999:10.1017/s001677460000010x 3102:Welles and Gregg, 1971 — 3098:Prognathodon waiparaensis 2942:(whose classification as 2856:before being lumped into 2580:, and may thus belong to 2413:, was described in 2024. 2183: 2166: 2159: 2142: 2135: 2118: 2111: 2094: 2087: 2074:Eremiasaurus heterodontus 2070: 2053: 2046: 2033:Prognathodon waiparaensis 2029: 2022: 1984: 1967: 1960: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1912: 1905: 1888: 1881: 1855: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1807: 1800: 1783: 1776: 1759: 1752: 1735: 1728: 1117:, similarly to the genus 412: 405: 287: 282: 269: 262: 139:Scientific classification 137: 121: 112: 23: 4420:Lindgren, Johan (2005). 3295:It is worth noting that 2913:Dortangs et al., 2002 — 2568:. Fossils described as " 2548:Though not the largest, 2146:Mosasaurus missouriensis 1787:Clidastes moorevillensis 1597:Russell (1967) retained 1484:subfamily, despite this 1321:Post-cranial fossils of 1192:was indeed a species of 681:Plioplatecarpus houzeaui 664:Craie de Ciply Formation 638:The first later use of " 398:(Welles and Gregg, 1971) 16:Extinct genus of lizards 5764:Paleontology in Alberta 5556:List of mosasaur genera 4584:Paleontological Journal 4264:Ancient Marine Reptiles 3382:Western Interior Seaway 3341:, known to have fed on 2552:was a large species of 1472:, based on fossil sites 611:was first described by 581:is controversial. Some 382:(Dortangs et al., 2002) 4674:“Liodon” mosasauroides 4034:Cite journal requires 3406:Prognathodon saturator 3401: 3292: 3094: 3082: 3072: 3062: 2909:Prognathodon saturator 2826: 2772:Schulp et al., 2008 — 2538:Yakovlev, 1901 — Late 2519:Prognathodon giganteus 2470: 2350: 2334: 1947:Prognathodon saturator 1859:Globidens alabamaensis 1709:. The cladogram shows 1702: 1586:as closely related to 1473: 1468:Known distribution of 1432:specimen LACM 128319. 1371: 1318: 1295:Prognathodon saturator 1240:has 14 dentary teeth. 1217: 1128:Prognathodon saturator 1059: 918: 881: 732:Prognathodon saturator 707: 686:Prognathodon giganteus 5691:Paleobiology Database 4170:Prognathodon lutugini 3803:Nature Communications 3404:The type specimen of 3395: 3378:Prognathodon overtoni 3274: 3211:Prognathodon overtoni 3090: 3078: 3068: 3057: 3032:and other species of 3017:appendicular skeleton 2830:Prognathodon overtoni 2817: 2588:Prognathodon lutugini 2550:Prognathodon lutugini 2534:Prognathodon lutugini 2466: 2345: 2330: 2187:Plotosaurus bennisoni 2170:Mosasaurus hoffmannii 1916:Prognathodon overtoni 1694: 1555:was placed alongside 1467: 1399:were convergent with 1361: 1328:The type specimen of 1312: 1211: 1146:The type specimen of 1106:; 1,715–2,467 lb 1098:; 1,427–2,052 lb 1050: 909: 871: 825:Abdullah II of Jordan 759:Prognathodon overtoni 698: 553:are recognised, from 342:(Schulp et al., 2008) 5739:Mosasaurs of Oceania 3862:on 23 September 2012 3338:Globidens schurmanni 2950:. The specific name 2427:, Belgium and Spain, 2419:Prognathodon solvayi 1988:Prognathodon solvayi 1842:Globidens dakotensis 1578:Dollo realized that 1220:Species referred to 844:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 817:Prognathodon hashimi 813:Tenerasaurus hashimi 272:Prognathodon solvayi 131:Prognathodon solvayi 5749:Mosasaurs of Africa 5729:Mosasaurs of Europe 4815:2020CrRes.11204425B 4803:Cretaceous Research 4712:2014JVPal..34..549P 4360:2017PLoSO..1276773S 4222:2010PLoSO...511998L 4130:1998Geo....26..947K 4062:. pp. 249–250. 3991:2013NJGeo..92..165S 3899:2020CrRes.11204425B 3887:Cretaceous Research 3815:2013NatCo...4.2423L 3545:2011JVPal..31.1026K 3448:Cretaceous Research 2768:Prognathodon kianda 2732:Prognathodon kianda 2474:Prognathodon currii 2057:Prognathodon kianda 1971:Prognathodon currii 1811:Clidastes propython 1763:Clidastes liodontus 1739:Dallasaurus turneri 1066:relatively high in 960:is the form of the 757:. Two specimens of 4303:10.7717/peerj.3782 4168:"Redescription of 3824:10.1038/ncomms3423 3402: 3293: 3232:and potentially a 3095: 3083: 3073: 3063: 2917:, the Netherlands. 2867:Prognathodon rapax 2834:Williston, 1897 — 2827: 2786:is known from the 2471: 2351: 2335: 2122:Mosasaurus conodon 1892:Prognathodon rapax 1703: 1700:Smithsonian Museum 1621:). Bell recovered 1474: 1372: 1334:cervical vertebrae 1319: 1218: 1060: 919: 882: 708: 702:skull cast at the 424:(Williston, 1897) 5744:Mosasaurs of Asia 5706: 5705: 5678:Open Tree of Life 5592:Taxon identifiers 5583: 5582: 5416: 5415: 5316: 5315: 5259:Plesioplatecarpus 5202:Plioplatecarpinae 5176: 5175: 5109: 5108: 4017:Kaddumi, Hani F. 3218:Bearpaw Formation 3167:) were closer to 3107: 2918: 2879: 2876: 2839: 2777: 2543: 2528: 2483: 2435: 2428: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2008: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1870: 1869: 1496:Plioplatecarpinae 1113:The quadrates of 767:Bearpaw Formation 676:tympanic membrane 463: 462: 457: 449: 441: 433: 420: 399: 391: 383: 375: 367: 359: 358:(Williston, 1897) 351: 347:P.? mosasauroides 343: 335: 327: 319: 311: 303: 295: 291:P.? compressidens 258: 5771: 5759:Mooreville Chalk 5699: 5698: 5686: 5685: 5673: 5672: 5660: 5659: 5647: 5646: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5587: 5575: 5574: 5544:Related articles 5534:Vallecillosaurus 5236:Plioplatecarpini 5232: 5198: 5140: 5117: 5036:Prognathodontini 4984: 4970:Plesiotylosaurus 4858: 4851: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4691: 4685: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4453: 4442: 4441: 4417: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4371: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4315: 4305: 4287: 4278: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4233: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4176: 4163: 4142: 4141: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4014: 4003: 4002: 3985:(2–3): 165–170. 3974: 3965: 3964: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3826: 3794: 3773: 3772: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3690: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3632: 3631: 3613: 3600: 3573: 3572: 3539:(5): 1026–1046. 3527: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3471: 3139:L. mosasauroides 3135:L. compressidens 3101: 3092:P. mosasauroides 3080:P. compressidens 3013:caudal vertebrae 3009:dorsal vertebrae 2962:area since 1957. 2912: 2877: 2870: 2833: 2771: 2537: 2522: 2477: 2429: 2422: 2162: 2138: 2114: 2090: 2049: 2025: 1963: 1939: 1932: 1908: 1884: 1834: 1827: 1803: 1779: 1755: 1731: 1721: 1698:skeleton at the 1673:Plesiotylosaurus 1665:Plesiotylosaurus 1633:Plesiotylosaurus 1609:Prognathodontini 1604:Plesiotylosaurus 1408:thalattosuchians 1343:dorsal vertebrae 1339:dorsal vertebrae 1243:Of all species, 968:and support the 604:Research history 455: 447: 439: 432:(Yakovlev, 1905) 431: 418: 397: 395:P.? waiparaensis 389: 381: 373: 365: 357: 349: 341: 334:(Yakovlev, 1901) 333: 325: 317: 309: 301: 293: 256: 249: 238:Prognathodontini 236: 223: 210: 147: 146: 117: 107: 44: 29:Temporal range: 21: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5754:Demopolis Chalk 5709: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5594: 5584: 5579: 5565: 5539: 5527:Portunatasaurus 5463:Dolichosauridae 5428:Aigialosauridae 5412: 5384:Yaguarasaurinae 5378: 5343: 5312: 5271: 5266:Plioplatecarpus 5245:Latoplatecarpus 5230: 5196: 5182:Russellosaurina 5172: 5167:Phosphorosaurus 5138: 5118: 5105: 5057: 5030: 4982: 4899: 4867: 4862: 4832: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4778:(3): e1784183. 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4653:fossilworks.org 4647: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4628:fossilworks.org 4622: 4621: 4617: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4562:fossilworks.org 4556: 4555: 4551: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4494:fossilworks.org 4488: 4487: 4483: 4455: 4454: 4445: 4419: 4418: 4403: 4354:(5): e0176773. 4341: 4340: 4329: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4145: 4124:(10): 947–950. 4115: 4114: 4110: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4033: 4023: 4016: 4015: 4006: 3976: 3975: 3968: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3796: 3795: 3776: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3670: 3658: 3653: 3652: 3635: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3576: 3529: 3528: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3479:fossilworks.org 3473: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3446:in the journal 3436: 3422:Plicatoscyllium 3396:Restoration of 3390: 3207: 3202: 3113:P. waiparaensis 3058:Restoration of 2990:P. waiparaensis 2932:the Netherlands 2752:P. waiparaensis 2728: 2624:P. waiparaensis 2346:Restoration of 2340: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2009: 2000: 1871: 1592:Plioplatecarpus 1580:Plioplatecarpus 1544:Plioplatecarpus 1462: 1356: 1307: 1206: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1045: 962:sclerotic rings 872:Restoration of 866: 644:Dale A. Russell 633:Prognathosaurus 629:Prognathosaurus 606: 456:(Kaddumi, 2009) 448:(Schmidt, 1927) 416:Prognathosaurus 318:(Kaddumi, 2009) 278: 275: 255: 247: 234: 221: 208: 141: 122:IRNSB R33, the 108: 106: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 39: 38: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5719:Apex predators 5711: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5661: 5648: 5635: 5620: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5400:Russellosaurus 5396: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5331:Pannoniasaurus 5326: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5072:Bentiabasaurus 5067: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5021: 5018:Igdamanosaurus 5014: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4831: 4830: 4789: 4749: 4706:(3): 549–559. 4686: 4665: 4640: 4615: 4593: 4574: 4549: 4522:(3): 629–644. 4506: 4481: 4468:(3): 384–391. 4443: 4401: 4327: 4268: 4255: 4196: 4185:(3): 246–261. 4143: 4108: 4081:(3): 744–747. 4065: 4045: 4036:|journal= 4004: 3966: 3955:(3): 629–644. 3939: 3914: 3873: 3847: 3838: 3809:: ncomms3423. 3774: 3744: 3709: 3668: 3633: 3605:"The mosasaur 3574: 3491: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3452:Prognathodon's 3435: 3432: 3389: 3386: 3278:Igdamanosaurus 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3121: 3120: 3109: 3108: 3106:, New Zealand. 3060:P. waiparensis 3052: 3051: 3020: 3001: 2963: 2920: 2919: 2904: 2903: 2882: 2881: 2862: 2861: 2842: 2841: 2810: 2809: 2780: 2779: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2703: 2676: 2647: 2608: 2585: 2545: 2544: 2530: 2523:Dollo, 1904 — 2514: 2513: 2486: 2485: 2459: 2458: 2438: 2437: 2432:North Carolina 2423:Dollo, 1889 — 2409:, most likely 2339: 2336: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1461: 1458: 1405:metriorhynchid 1355: 1352: 1306: 1305:Axial skeleton 1303: 1205: 1202: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1044: 1041: 1024:basilar artery 865: 862: 823:, in honor of 605: 602: 571:western Europe 563:western Africa 461: 460: 459: 458: 450: 442: 440:(Strand, 1926) 434: 422: 421: 410: 409: 403: 402: 401: 400: 392: 384: 376: 368: 360: 352: 344: 336: 328: 320: 312: 304: 296: 285: 284: 283:Other species 280: 279: 276: 267: 266: 260: 259: 245: 241: 240: 232: 228: 227: 219: 215: 214: 206: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 135: 134: 119: 118: 110: 109: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 45: 28: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5776: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5578: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5504:Tetrapodophis 5501: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5476:Dolichosaurus 5473: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5434:Aigialosaurus 5431: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5408: 5407:Yaguarasaurus 5404: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5366:Taniwhasaurus 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5322:Tethysaurinae 5319: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5293:Goronyosaurus 5290: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5052:Thalassotitan 5049: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5011:Harranasaurus 5008: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4963:Megapterygius 4960: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4676:to the Genus 4675: 4669: 4666: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4590:(6): 669–671. 4589: 4585: 4578: 4575: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4216:(8): e11998. 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4028: 4020: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3428:stomach acids 3424: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3411:Maastrichtian 3407: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258:killer whales 3255: 3252:suggest that 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3151:mosasauroides 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3104:Maastrichtian 3100: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3007:and anterior 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928:Maastrichtian 2925: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2915:Maastrichtian 2911: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2874: 2873:Maastrichtian 2869: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854:Brachysaurana 2851: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2788:Maastrichtian 2785: 2782: 2781: 2775: 2774:Maastrichtian 2770: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618:, as well as 2617: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558:"Dollosaurus" 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2525:Maastrichtian 2521: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2426: 2425:Maastrichtian 2421: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2370:specimens of 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1618:Aigialosaurus 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:Maastrichtian 1369: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1087:M. hoffmannii 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 984: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 916: 912: 908: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 879: 875: 870: 863: 861: 859: 855: 850: 846: 845: 838: 836: 835: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 765:(c. 74.5 Ma) 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 713: 705: 701: 697: 693: 691: 687: 683: 682: 677: 673: 669: 665: 659: 657: 656:North America 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 603: 601: 598: 594: 592: 591:Brachysaurana 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 555:North America 552: 548: 544: 541: 537: 534: 530: 526: 524: 523:North America 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:Maastrichtian 504: 500: 496: 495: 490: 489: 484: 480: 476: 473: 469: 468: 454: 451: 446: 445:Ancylocentrum 443: 438: 437:Brachysaurana 435: 430: 427: 426: 425: 419:(Dollo, 1889) 417: 414: 413: 411: 408: 404: 396: 393: 388: 387:P.? sectorius 385: 380: 379:P.? saturator 377: 372: 369: 366:Kaddumi, 2009 364: 361: 356: 353: 350:(Gaudry 1892) 348: 345: 340: 337: 332: 329: 326:Kaddumi, 2009 324: 321: 316: 313: 310:(Dollo, 1904) 308: 305: 300: 297: 294:(Gaudry 1892) 292: 289: 288: 286: 281: 274: 273: 268: 265: 261: 254: 253: 246: 243: 242: 239: 233: 230: 229: 226: 220: 217: 216: 213: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 120: 116: 111: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 43: 40:83.6–66 36: 35:Maastrichtian 32: 26: 22: 19: 5724:Mosasaurines 5630:Prognathodon 5600:Prognathodon 5599: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5455:Opetiosaurus 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5349:Tylosaurinae 5336: 5329: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5286:Gavialimimus 5284: 5277:Selmasaurini 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5225:Sarabosaurus 5223: 5218:Ectenosaurus 5216: 5211:Angolasaurus 5209: 5191:Haasiasaurus 5189: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5131: 5124:Halisaurinae 5098: 5091: 5084: 5079:Eremiasaurus 5077: 5070: 5050: 5045:Prognathodon 5044: 5043: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4988:Globidensini 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4935:Gnathomortis 4933: 4926: 4919: 4914:Amphekepubis 4912: 4905:Mosasaurinae 4806: 4802: 4792: 4775: 4769: 4762:Prognathodon 4758: 4752: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4681: 4678:Eremiasaurus 4677: 4673: 4668: 4656:. Retrieved 4652: 4643: 4631:. Retrieved 4627: 4618: 4609: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4565:. Retrieved 4561: 4552: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4493: 4484: 4465: 4461: 4432:(1): 17–25. 4429: 4425: 4351: 4347: 4293: 4289: 4263: 4258: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4055: 4048: 4027:cite journal 3982: 3978: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3866:20 September 3864:. Retrieved 3860:the original 3850: 3841: 3806: 3802: 3760: 3757:Prognathodon 3756: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3701:. Retrieved 3698:ResearchGate 3697: 3662: 3619: 3615: 3607:Prognathodon 3606: 3536: 3532: 3482:. Retrieved 3478: 3469: 3456:Prognathodon 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3440:Prognathodon 3439: 3437: 3420: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3398:P. saturator 3397: 3377: 3361:Prognathodon 3360: 3358: 3354:Prognathodon 3353: 3350: 3336: 3325: 3320: 3317:Prognathodon 3316: 3310: 3304: 3301:mosasaurines 3296: 3294: 3289:Prognathodon 3288: 3287:). Teeth of 3282: 3276: 3266:Prognathodon 3265: 3261: 3254:Prognathodon 3253: 3250: 3246:Prognathodon 3245: 3238:Prognathodon 3237: 3210: 3208: 3205:Paleoecology 3200:Paleobiology 3193:Gnathomortis 3191: 3188:P. stadtmani 3187: 3186:The species 3185: 3180: 3176: 3173:Prognathodon 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156:Eremiasaurus 3154: 3150: 3146: 3143:Prognathodon 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131:L. sectorius 3130: 3124: 3122: 3112: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3079: 3070:P. sectorius 3069: 3059: 3048:P. saturator 3047: 3041: 3038:P. saturator 3037: 3034:Prognathodon 3033: 3027: 3024:P. saturator 3023: 2998:P. saturator 2997: 2994:P. giganteus 2993: 2989: 2986:P. stadtmani 2985: 2979:P. saturator 2978: 2975:Prognathodon 2974: 2971:Prognathodon 2970: 2967:P. saturator 2966: 2951: 2947: 2944:Prognathodon 2943: 2939: 2936:P. saturator 2935: 2924:P. saturator 2923: 2908: 2907: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2871:Hay, 1902 — 2866: 2865: 2858:Prognathodon 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2802:Prognathodon 2801: 2795: 2783: 2767: 2766: 2760:Prognathodon 2759: 2756:Prognathodon 2755: 2751: 2748:P. stadtmani 2747: 2744:P. saturator 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730:The species 2729: 2718: 2715:Prognathodon 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2696:paraphyletic 2692:Prognathodon 2691: 2688:Prognathodon 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673:Prognathodon 2672: 2668: 2660: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640:P. saturator 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592:Prognathodon 2591: 2587: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2554:Prognathodon 2553: 2549: 2533: 2532: 2518: 2517: 2510:Prognathodon 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498:Prognathodon 2497: 2494:Prognathodon 2493: 2489: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2453: 2450:Prognathodon 2449: 2446:type species 2441: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2406: 2391:Prognathodon 2390: 2388: 2383: 2379:Prognathodon 2378: 2376: 2372:Prognathodon 2371: 2363:Prognathodon 2362: 2359:paraphyletic 2355:Prognathodon 2354: 2352: 2347: 2331: 2185: 2184: 2168: 2167: 2144: 2143: 2120: 2119: 2096: 2095: 2072: 2071: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2032: 2031: 2030: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1857: 1856: 1840: 1839: 1809: 1808: 1785: 1784: 1761: 1760: 1737: 1736: 1725:Mosasaurinae 1711:Prognathodon 1710: 1707:Mosasaurinae 1704: 1695: 1686:Prognathodon 1685: 1678:Prognathodon 1677: 1672: 1669:Prognathodon 1668: 1664: 1661:Prognathodon 1660: 1657: 1653:paraphyletic 1649:monophyletic 1645:Prognathodon 1644: 1640: 1637:Globidensini 1632: 1626: 1623:Prognathodon 1622: 1616: 1613: 1602: 1599:Prognathodon 1598: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1584:Prognathodon 1583: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1553:Prognathodon 1552: 1549:Prognathodon 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1511:Mosasauridae 1489: 1486:Prognathodon 1485: 1482:Mosasaurinae 1478:Prognathodon 1477: 1475: 1470:Prognathodon 1469: 1454:Prognathodon 1453: 1450:ichthyosaurs 1448:and extinct 1441:Prognathodon 1440: 1437:Prognathodon 1436: 1434: 1427: 1424: 1420:carcharhinid 1416: 1401:ichthyosaurs 1392:Prognathodon 1391: 1388:Prognathodon 1387: 1378:deposits in 1373: 1368:Prognathodon 1367: 1329: 1327: 1323:Prognathodon 1322: 1320: 1315:P. saturator 1314: 1299:Prognathodon 1298: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1286:The size of 1285: 1281:Prognathodon 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270:P. giganteus 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226:Prognathodon 1225: 1222:Prognathodon 1221: 1219: 1213: 1197: 1194:Prognathodon 1193: 1189: 1172:Prognathodon 1171: 1147: 1145: 1140:P. saturator 1139: 1135: 1132:P. saturator 1131: 1127: 1125: 1118: 1115:Prognathodon 1114: 1112: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1076:P. saturator 1075: 1071: 1068:Prognathodon 1067: 1063:Prognathodon 1062: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1028: 1012: 991:Prognathodon 990: 988: 981: 977: 958:Prognathodon 957: 955: 951:P. sectorius 950: 946: 942: 938: 935:type species 931:P. giganteus 930: 927:P. saturator 926: 922: 920: 910: 901:P. saturator 900: 896: 893:P. giganteus 892: 888: 885:Prognathodon 884: 883: 877: 873: 858:Prognathodon 857: 854:stratigraphy 842: 839: 832: 829:Prognathodon 828: 816: 812: 810: 805: 801: 789: 787: 782: 779:Prognathodon 778: 758: 754: 751:Prognathodon 750: 746: 740: 731: 728:Prognathodon 727: 717: 712:Prognathodon 711: 709: 699: 685: 679: 660: 652:Prognathodon 651: 648:Prognathodon 647: 640:Prognathodon 639: 637: 632: 628: 625:Prognathodon 624: 621:Prognathodon 620: 609:Prognathodon 608: 607: 597:Prognathodon 596: 595: 590: 586: 579:Prognathodon 578: 551:Prognathodon 550: 546: 545:("jaw") and 542: 535: 529:Prognathodon 528: 527: 499:Prognathodon 498: 492: 486: 483:Mosasaurinae 467:Prognathodon 466: 465: 464: 453:Tenerasaurus 452: 444: 436: 428: 423: 415: 394: 390:(Cope, 1871) 386: 378: 370: 362: 355:P.? overtoni 354: 346: 338: 330: 322: 314: 307:P. giganteus 306: 298: 290: 271: 270: 264:Type species 252:Prognathodon 251: 250: 225:Mosasauridae 202: 130: 25:Prognathodon 24: 18: 5624:Wikispecies 5520:Judeasaurus 5513:Adriosaurus 5497:Pontosaurus 5469:Coniasaurus 5448:Komensaurus 5441:Carsosaurus 5393:Romeosaurus 5338:Tethysaurus 5307:Selmasaurus 5252:Platecarpus 5144:Halisaurini 5100:Plotosaurus 5086:Moanasaurus 5063:Mosasaurini 4942:Jormungandr 4928:Dallasaurus 4684:, 79A: 155. 4658:17 December 4633:17 December 4567:17 December 4499:17 December 3622:: 137–190. 3484:17 December 3416:Squalicorax 3297:P. overtoni 3262:P. overtoni 3196:, in 2020. 3117:New Zealand 3043:Allopleuron 2940:P. overtoni 2890:P. overtoni 2846:P. overtoni 2806:mosasaurine 2736:P. overtoni 2711:P. lutugini 2707:P. lutugini 2700:P. lutugini 2684:Dollosaurus 2680:P. lutugini 2669:Dollosaurus 2665:Louis Dollo 2661:Dollosaurus 2650:P. lutugini 2620:P. lutugini 2612:P. lutugini 2597:P. lutugini 2582:P. lutugini 2570:Dollosaurus 2506:Oronosaurus 2457:compressed. 2399:Middle East 2332:P. overtoni 2019:Mosasaurini 1715:Mosasaurini 1682:Mosasaurini 1588:Platecarpus 1565:Hainosaurus 1557:Platecarpus 1527:Platecarpus 1500:Louis Dollo 1491:Platecarpus 1480:within the 1429:Platecarpus 1354:Soft tissue 1330:P. lutugini 1288:P. lutugini 1277:P. lutugini 1266:P. overtoni 1262:P. overtoni 1238:P. overtoni 1198:Dollosaurus 1190:P. lutugini 1148:P. lutugini 1092:P. overtoni 1072:P. overtoni 974:lacertilian 947:P. overtoni 911:P. overtoni 864:Description 834:Platecarpus 747:Oronosaurus 688:, named by 631:" and used 613:Louis Dollo 587:Dollosaurus 575:New Zealand 567:Middle East 519:New Zealand 511:Middle East 429:Dollosaurus 374:(Hay, 1902) 331:P. lutugini 277:Dollo, 1889 257:Dollo, 1889 5713:Categories 5490:Primitivus 5373:Tylosaurus 5359:Kaikaifilu 5160:Halisaurus 5093:Mosasaurus 4997:Carinodens 4977:Stelladens 4949:Kourisodon 4809:: 104425. 3936:: 209–210. 3893:: 104425. 3725:(3): 629. 3703:2017-09-26 3462:References 3369:cephalopod 3365:sea turtle 3343:inoceramid 3312:Carinodens 3303:, such as 3284:Mosasaurus 3234:cephalopod 3230:sea turtle 3181:Mosasaurus 3169:Mosasaurus 3036:, that of 2960:Maastricht 2899:Mosasaurus 2894:P. solvayi 2850:P. solvayi 2719:P. solvayi 2628:P. solvayi 2605:P. solvayi 2601:P. solvayi 2542:, Ukraine. 2502:P. solvayi 2454:P. solvayi 2442:P. solvayi 2411:P. solvayi 2384:P. solvayi 2348:P. solvayi 1575:) groups. 1569:Mosasaurus 1561:Tylosaurus 1538:Tylosaurus 1532:Halisaurus 1522:Mosasaurus 1382:, central 1257:P. solvayi 1250:P. solvayi 1245:P. solvayi 1234:P. solvayi 1230:P. solvayi 1214:P. solvayi 1156:pterygoids 1152:premaxilla 1136:P. solvayi 1081:Mosasaurus 1057:saturator. 999:prefrontal 995:premaxilla 983:Mosasaurus 978:P. solvayi 939:P. solvayi 821:Hashemites 736:Maastricht 720:Maastricht 488:Mosasaurus 339:P.? kianda 315:P. hashimi 212:Mosasauria 5483:Kaganaias 5300:Khinjaria 5153:Eonatator 5133:Pluridens 5004:Globidens 4921:Clidastes 4875:Kingdom: 4865:Mosasaurs 4766:stadtmani 4728:0272-4634 4438:0011-6297 4378:1932-6203 4296:: e3782. 4103:131741406 4095:0272-4634 3769:709582892 3628:132009365 3569:129001212 3561:0272-4634 3434:Pathology 3388:Taphonomy 3321:Globidens 3306:Globidens 3215:Campanian 3175:and that 3165:L. anceps 3147:P. kianda 3029:Globidens 2983:Campanian 2952:saturator 2948:P. currii 2836:Campanian 2824:overtoni. 2818:Skull of 2784:P. kianda 2655:Clidastes 2636:P. currii 2632:P. kianda 2616:P. kianda 2595:column). 2562:Campanian 2540:Campanian 2490:P. currii 2480:Campanian 2468:P. currii 2403:Campanian 2368:Campanian 1696:P. kianda 1641:Globidens 1628:Globidens 1573:Clidastes 1516:Clidastes 1397:mosasaurs 1313:Torso of 1255:Teeth of 1204:Dentition 1168:squamosal 1120:Globidens 1084:(0.19 in 1070:(0.22 in 1051:Skull of 1036:pterygoid 923:P. currii 897:P. currii 889:P. currii 806:P. primus 763:Campanian 755:P. currii 700:P. currii 642:" was by 503:Campanian 494:Clidastes 371:P.? 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