849:, and nationalist voters, while Mulroney's support came primarily from disaffected Liberals. These contests were especially fierce: voters only had to be PC members for five days before the vote was held, leading to many "five day wonders" that simply paid the $ 3 membership fee, with party operators receiving $ 10 commissions per voter. The lack of an age limit meant that children as young as 9 were recruited by the Clark and Mulroney camps to vote, with one 15-year-old recruiting 20 of her classmates. Most infamously, a
557:
83:
933:
the
Liberals and had brought a multitude of previously excluded groups into the party. The Mulroney campaign responded by continuing its pro-business line, but attacking Crosbie's proposal for a free trade agreement and championing their candidate's bilingualism to find a middle ground between delegates. Crosbie's free trade proposal found a surprisingly large following with the traditionally protectionist Progressive Conservatives, even among delegates who didn't support him.
38:
1580:
1501:
97:
460:. In 1981, about a third of delegates were dissatisfied with Clark's leadership and were in favour of holding a new leadership convention. Clark refused to resign as leader and stayed on, though in January 1983 still about a third of delegates were unhappy with Clark's leadership. Clark resigned as leader, triggering a leadership election. If he won, he would have been able to demonstrate a 'clear mandate' to the opponents of his leadership.
1603:
677:, Mulroney attracted much of the party's pro-business faction in Toronto and Montreal. Mulroney was generally seen as personable and capable, though his previous attempt at the leadership had cast him as superficial. Mulroney's main pitch was that as a fluently bilingual native Quebecer, he would enable the party to break the Liberal Party's stranglehold on Quebec's seats in the House of Commons.
1545:
90:
966:. Crosbie's personal popularity within the party attracted many talented advisors, and among the more creative moves was exploiting a loophole in the rules that "student associations" could have delegates by creating over 20 new student associations at Canadian universities and colleges. 18 associations were accepted; among those rejected was a Newfoundland Flight school.
565:
661:, and most of the party's Toronto-based establishment. Clark at this point was fluently bilingual and making inroads into Quebec, where support for the Tories was traditionally the weakest. Clark's efforts to broaden the party's ideological reach were generally seen as making him weaker in traditional conservative bedrocks such as Western Canada and rural Ontario.
809:
632:
gain in popularity among his party, decided with his advisers that he would resign as leader, and run in the convention to succeed himself. This was seen within his inner circle the only way to drown out the opposition to his leadership, as the previous attempts to reach out to opponents had left the party leadership unable to push back.
1463:
2082:. Pocklington also briefly acted as an economic advisor to Mulroney's government, though soon withdrew from politics in order to focus on his business interests. In sharp contrast, Gamble lost his seat at the election, and was later expelled from the party in 1988 after running as an independent against the official PC candidate in
1162:
to drop out prior to the first ballot and endorse another candidate, but none was willing to meet his demand of a cabinet seat in a prospective Tory government, and the 17 delegates he earned gave him no real bargaining power after the fact. He thus dropped out and tepidly endorsed
Crosbie, who also earned Fraser's endorsement.
1177:
Wilson's numbers were far below expectations: loyalists had expected more than 300 delegates. The disappointing result made his delegates the main target of the other campaigns. Wilson, visibly shaken by the result, withdrew and endorsed
Mulroney after prodding from Pocklington. Crombie remained on
1013:
reported in the beginning of May that agents of the campaigns of
Mulroney and four other candidates had met to make an "ABC" (Anybody But Clark) strategy for the convention. While Mulroney denied the meeting repeatedly, threatening to sue Duffy for libel at one point, the other candidates' campaigns
932:
rhetoric of most of the candidates as a "changing of the guard" within the PC Party from their more classical conservative and moderate elements. This allowed the Clark campaign to try cast to the race as being between a group of right-wingers, on one hand, and a centrist who had been able to defeat
907:
called Davis, downplayed his prior support, and informed him that
Lougheed would campaign explicitly against him if he ran and that he could not support his candidacy. Devine's reversal had been preceded by other warnings regarding Lougheed's intentions and Davis felt that, while he could win, to do
827:
While campaigns focused on electing slates of sympathetic delegates, delegates were not bound to vote for any particular candidate once elected, and around 60% were "undecided" in the race after the elections had taken place. This meant that the primary focus of campaigning after April was to appeal
1161:
Gamble and Fraser's presence on the first ballot allowed the more popular candidates the opportunity to assess their delegate numbers and plan without fear of being automatically eliminated. Fraser earned the votes of just five delegates and was eliminated first. Gamble had indicated his willingness
1030:
Crosbie hoped to use his status as the least polarizing personality to attract delegates from either
Mulroney or Clark if there had been a disappointing finish by either, and to attract support from minor candidates. His was generally considered the best convention speech, and it featured a section
831:
Clark already had a sizable campaign team up and running by the time he called the leadership convention, as he had mobilized support to help gain delegates for the biennial convention. Mulroney and
Crosbie had been laying the groundwork for a campaign for some time, with Crosbie expecting Clark to
599:
Clark's external strategy was to change the party's longstanding strategy of obtaining large wins in
English Canada and then appealing to Québec voters with the advantage of holding government to obtain a majority. Believing that the party's base was now too narrow to win government, Clark began an
525:
candidates left standing in the third round, and Clark was the only one in the trio who never received an endorsement. After
Crosbie placed third, he released his delegates to vote as they chose. In the fourth round, Mulroney was elected leader with 54.4% of the votes cast compared to Clark's 45.6%.
973:
for raising his unilingualism, saying that he would still be able to understand Quebec issues, as his lack of French was similar to not speaking German or another language. While the incident could not harm
Crosbie with Quebec delegates, which were already largely split between committed Clark and
936:
There was a renewed discussion in the party about Quebec. Even after the initial delegate contests, Clark continued to win over general Quebec public and intellectual opinion for his positions on constitutional reform and decentralization. The centrepiece was Clark's position that provinces opting
823:
delegates, and provincial party associations were able to elect "at-large" delegates. Associations controlled their own nomination procedures, so delegate selection meetings were held sporadically throughout the country, concluding by the end of April. To win, a candidate would have to win 50% + 1
816:
As with prior conventions, the leadership would be chosen by a delegated convention. Each of the party's constituency associations was permitted to elect six delegates to the convention: two "youth" delegates and four regular delegates, one of which had to be female. Student associations were able
607:
of the Canadian constitution, opponents remained prominent in the party and the national media. They could generally be divided into two groups: the first were not convinced Clark had the ability to win another election, given his personality and the unpopularity of the 1979-80 government. Others
591:
After the 1980 defeat, Clark decided to stay on. At the party's 1981 convention, 33.5% of delegates voted in favour of holding a leadership convention to choose a new leader. This was generally interpreted as being a high level of discontent with Clark's leadership. Clark's internal strategy, led
1404:
A poll of delegates on the final ballot showed that Mulroney had won a bare majority of Clark's home province of Alberta, and that Clark had won a bare majority in Mulroney's home province of Quebec. Mulroney's strong showing amongst Ontario delegates (65% to 34%) seemed to account for most of his
689:, Newfoundland, had been Clark's Minister of Finance in 1979, and known as an accomplished debater with a sense of humour. He was generally seen as the most personable candidate. He attempted to distinguish himself by adopting what he called a "continentalist" platform, with the centrepiece being
631:
in January 1983, the chief issue was again Clark's leadership. The issue mobilized supporters and detractors of Clark to a degree not usually seen at biennial conventions. At the convention 66.9% of the delegates voted against, and 33.1% voted for leadership review. Clark, seeing only a marginal
1022:
Due to the leak of the "ABC" meeting, it was believed that Clark would have to score very close to 50% on the first ballot in order to regain the leadership. Clark's strategy relied on a large first ballot total, featuring a good part of the Quebec delegates, that would bring delegates from the
1026:
Mulroney's strategy remained mobilizing anti-Clark sentiment, which was spread fairly evenly around the other candidates, toward himself. However, over enthusiastic aides had leaked plans and negotiations with the Wilson and Crombie campaigns, and an impromptu invasion of the latter's campaign
1265:
Clark's inability to gain any support from the delegates of the defeated candidates was generally seen as the death knell of his candidacy and leadership. Crosbie's campaign, knowing that most of the support they required would have to come from Clark delegates, pleaded with Clark to drop out,
1037:
Despite ideological differences, Pocklington, Crombie, and Wilson were all on good terms throughout the campaign, with some speculation that if either of their delegate numbers were respectable, the three candidates could mount a movement together, influencing the outcome. Pocklington, whose
1408:
Political commentators have said that of the other possible two-man ballots among the frontrunners, Clark would probably have had the advantage over Crosbie (because Crosbie could not speak French), while Crosbie could possibly have defeated Mulroney (due to the general "Anyone but Mulroney"
524:
After the results of the first round were released, the set of eight candidates was halved to four; Wilson and Pocklington endorsed Mulroney while Gamble and Fraser endorsed Crosbie. In the second round, Crombie was eliminated and endorsed Crosbie. Crosbie, Mulroney and Clark were the three
1270:
was shown attempting to persuade Clark to drop out and endorse Crosbie to head off a Mulroney victory. Clark and his advisors, however, viewed that such a move would be viewed as personally humiliating and damaging to his previous attempts to recruit Quebec voters to the party.
919:
delegates. The caucus meeting was referred to by candidates as an "inquisition" and seen as using provincial government resources for an internal party election at the federal level, though only Wilson refused to attend. Lougheed ultimately did not disclose who he voted for.
840:
Quebec riding associations, which had tended to be inactive between elections, were overrun with Clark and Mulroney organizers in short order and many held votes within the first week of the campaign with set delegate slates. Clark's supporters tended to be former
2061:
The two party conventions in 1983 were a divisive experience for the PC Party as they set those loyal to the party's leader against those who believed that change was necessary for the party to win, a struggle the party had been infamous for since the era of
791:
in Canada. He mounted a campaign that had few followers. Granted the same nationally televised 25 minutes as the other candidates for his convention address, Fraser engaged in a bizarre speech that likened Confederation to a blood transfusion to Quebec.
2066:
in the 1960s. The general consensus was that Mulroney had become the choice of delegates due to his perceived ability to return the party to government, rather than the ideological or personal attachments that Clark and Crosbie's candidacies inspired.
883:
could enter the race. Both premiers commanded great respect in the party and contemporary polls stated they would have been amongst the frontrunners had they chosen to run. They had also been at opposite ends of the debates in the early 1980s about
895:
Clark attempted to divine Davis's intentions by making a series of public remarks, including that Davis was "regional candidate" and that he had encouraged bilingual educational reforms as an election measure. The remarks angered Davis and his
1038:
delegates were generally viewed as the most loyal to their candidate, predicated his support for the more ideologically similar Crosbie, Mulroney, or another candidate entirely on the likelihood of Clark's defeat after the first ballot.
737:
prior to entering federal politics and served as Minister of Health and Welfare in Clark's cabinet. Crombie attracted moderates who opposed Clark's leadership. Crombie was the only candidate to openly identify himself as a "Red Tory".
974:
Mulroney slates, the outburst was seen as showing delegates who were undecided or supporting minor candidates that Crosbie's unilingualism would be an issue in the federal election and could harm the party's chances of winning.
892:. The energy issue created an open feud between them during Clark's 1979-80 PC government and had significantly undermined his attempts of offering more conciliatory federal-provincial relations as a selling point of the party.
1257:
Clark's vote numbers stalled the second ballot, and Mulroney pulled closer, gaining about half of the support of Pocklington and Wilson delegates; Crosbie gained 140 delegates despite only being endorsed by Fraser and Gamble.
982:
Pocklington's campaign gained ample media attention due to his high-spending lifestyle, ideological fervour, and a foiled kidnapping plot involving his wife. It was hampered by the fact that his professional hockey team, the
941:
had championed but had been excluded from the constitutional settlement. Mulroney opposed this, prompting Lévesque to attack Mulroney as a "mini-Trudeau." Mulroney suggested Clark was playing "footsie" with the sovereignist
639:
lagged in opinion polls, with the PCs ahead at times by over 20 percentage points. While Clark would probably have thought this an advantage, it also made the leadership a much more lucrative prize than it would have been.
914:
Aside from discouraging Davis's candidacy, Lougheed declined to enter the race, but insisted on inviting leadership candidates for interviews with the Alberta PC Caucus to help determine their support, as all PC MLAs were
1165:
Clark's first ballot showing was considered strong, and seemed to forestall the possibility of his delegates dispersing in great numbers to other camps, which the Crombie and Crosbie campaigns had pinned their hopes on.
2706:
1261:
Crombie was eliminated. While ideologically in tune with Clark, Crombie and many of his advisors felt cast aside during Clark's leadership, and he endorsed Crosbie, to the great disappointment of the Clark campaign.
1339:
Crosbie finished last on the third ballot and, while he preferred Mulroney, he declined to endorse a candidate out of deference to Clark, who had appointed him Finance Minister four years before. When Clark advisor
1351:
The conventional wisdom was that his delegates would break at least 2:1 in favour of Mulroney over Clark. The conventional wisdom played out, and Mulroney was elected on the fourth ballot and declared the winner.
1169:
Pocklington had a disappointing first ballot: the only advisor close to predicting his number had been pollster Michael Adams, who had jokingly guessed "99", a reference to the jersey number of Oilers' star
778:
platform. Gamble had been an outspoken critic of Clark, and had hoped to parlay his role in Clark's downfall into a strong showing at the convention and a role in a future Progressive Conservative cabinet.
856:
The Clark and Mulroney camps roughly split the province's delegates, which was seen as a strategic victory for the Clark side after Mulroney's boast that Clark "won't have enough support in Quebec to get a
900:" campaign team, which began to create a national structure and solicit positive responses throughout the party hierarchy, including most PC Premiers. The day before announcing his candidacy,
824:
of valid delegate votes; In the event a majority was not reached, the candidate finishing last would be automatically eliminated and new ballots would be held until a majority resulted.
721:'s abortive campaign, and gained only a smattering of support from other provinces. While Tories respected his financial acumen, he was an uninspiring speaker who struggled in French.
2086:. To the surprise of many in the media, the party's caucus remained united throughout Mulroney's tenure, even after dismal poll numbers, constitutional talks, and the formation of the
657:, Alberta, had been the party leader since 1976 and served as prime minister from 1979 to 1980. He was supported by the more centrist elements of the party, Quebec nationalists, some
937:
out of constitutional amendments that affected provincial jurisdiction should receive funding for an equivalent program at the provincial level, an accommodation that Quebec premier
573:
393:
381:
373:
369:
365:
2711:
2098:
1266:
stating that their delegates preferred Mulroney to Clark 2:1 and that this was the only way to stop Mulroney. During the live television broadcast, Newfoundland Premier
445:
401:
397:
389:
377:
62:
52:
1023:
left-leaning Crombie and Clark-loyalist Wilson to his side. During Clark's speech, around half of the party's Senate and House caucus members stood on stage with him.
911:
Davis's decision left Crombie and Wilson some hope in Ontario for recruiting members of Davis's campaign team, however, it effectively dispersed to all the candidates.
361:
2074:. Crosbie, Clark, Wilson, and Crombie gained prominent cabinet positions in Mulroney's government, which adopted Crosbie's continentalist platform (resulting in the
2681:
1034:
Wilson's campaign relied on an appeal to moderate Ontario delegates, who had desired a Davis candidacy, as a safe alternative to the more polarizing personalities.
686:
353:
693:
with the United States. His campaign was chiefly hobbled by his inability to speak French, and by a political base that was concentrated in the small province of
1348:, a noted moderate, bluntly told him that she couldn't support Clark after what he had put the party through, silencing the room and prompting MacDonald's exit.
706:
422:
608:
within the party maintained that Clark's outreach and moderate policy decisions were aloof from the party's grassroots, which had begun to embrace
357:
713:
banker and had been Minister of State for International Trade in Clark's government. He attracted modest support within his home province of
2083:
1585:
701:
476:
2716:
2640:
517:
played a major role in the leadership election, as Crosbie and Wilson's chances of victory were hampered by their inability to speak
2701:
850:
797:
2075:
1174:. The strength of Clark's showing influenced Pocklington to immediately move to Mulroney's camp on the floor and endorse him.
1003:
1000:
654:
89:
962:
of the race, with some of his delegates wearing buttons that had Clark and Mulroney as fighting hares, featuring Crosbie as a
2665:
2071:
585:
584:, the opposition defeated his government over a divisive austerity budget. The Progressive Conservatives lost the subsequent
581:
541:
533:
457:
453:
853:
report showed a bus full of obviously intoxicated men from a homeless shelter travelling to vote for Mulroney in Montreal.
495:
1668:
783:
521:. Mulroney, on the other hand, was a fluently bilingual native Quebecer who was popular among PC members from Quebec.
510:
17:
1341:
674:
468:
963:
694:
518:
842:
434:
846:
901:
889:
817:
to send three youth delegates each to the convention. PC members of federal and provincial parliaments were
673:) at the 1976 leadership convention. He was the early front-runner to replace Clark. As former head of the
636:
556:
950:
in Toronto, Clark was booed repeatedly for answering some questions, including one from Gamble, in French.
697:. Before entering federal politics, Crosbie had been a senior provincial cabinet minister in Newfoundland.
2087:
545:
600:
attempt to broaden the party to include women, multicultural communities, and nationalist Quebec voters.
788:
2686:
943:
82:
2091:
603:
Though the approach began to pay some dividends, including favourable attention in Quebec after the
996:
537:
449:
938:
576:. While Clark was credited with uniting the PCs after the difficult years under the leadership of
877:
870:
628:
2661:
2636:
2079:
1632:
999:
on the convention floor for missing a scheduled meeting, and during a breakfast meeting asked
742:
529:
502:
480:
467:
party, a politically diverse set of eight candidates ran for the leadership. President of the
2063:
897:
793:
734:
577:
484:
1579:
1500:
984:
858:
751:
747:
337:
291:
995:, which angered potential supporters. He was embarrassingly confronted by the Mayor of
568:
Brian Mulroney on the floor of the Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1983.
2654:
1650:
1507:
1267:
880:
819:
775:
766:
730:
665:
617:
506:
430:
311:
286:
255:
108:
96:
1602:
812:
John Crosbie on the floor of the Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1983.
544:. Clark, Crosbie, Crombie and Wilson would all gain prominent positions in Mulroney's
2695:
2629:
1608:
1171:
1031:
in French and a promise to become fluent in the language within two years if he won.
929:
725:
718:
670:
669:, 44, was a Quebec lawyer and businessman who had finished third (behind Clark and
621:
593:
487:
969:
Crosbie's campaign hit a major snag, however, when he snapped at a news reporter in
1550:
1544:
1344:
spoke to Crosbie and his campaign team and began with "For the sake of the party,"
904:
681:
560:
Joe Clark on the floor of the Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1983.
498:
242:
119:
1345:
992:
988:
947:
908:
so against Lougheed and Clark would fatally divide the party on regional lines.
2078:) and many of Clark's overtures to Quebec, parts of which were included in the
774:, Ontario. He attracted a small band of supporters with a hard-line right-wing
483:, gained support among the pro-business faction of the party. Clark and former
2117:"NOTEBOOK: Even washroom stalls no refuge from the convention's paper blitz".
1010:
959:
885:
873:
771:
750:
hockey team. He ran a campaign based on strict adherence to the principles of
710:
690:
658:
613:
609:
604:
472:
1468:
970:
649:
438:
301:
114:
564:
528:
Mulroney later went on to carry the Progressive Conservatives to a massive
808:
832:
lose or resign soon, and Mulroney supportive of the anti-Clark movement.
755:
491:
464:
426:
787:, 49, was a civil servant who had been fired for publicly opposing the
714:
418:
2321:
2319:
514:
414:
1462:
635:
After a short rebound after the patriation of the constitution, the
2607:
2605:
2544:
2542:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2476:
2474:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2294:
2292:
2384:
2382:
2279:
2277:
807:
759:
563:
555:
2216:
2214:
2212:
513:
were lesser-known minor candidates who only had a few followers.
828:
to delegates and influence their preferences in later rounds.
800:, it would have set the Tories' Quebec efforts back 10 years.
2707:
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership elections
746:, 41, was an Alberta entrepreneur best known for owning the
869:
In the campaign's early months, there was speculation that
433:
was elected leader on the fourth ballot, defeating former
2656:
Leaders & Lesser Mortals: Backroom Politics in Canada
572:
Joe Clark had been leader of the PCs after winning the
30:
1983 Progressive Conservative Party leadership election
2101:, and retired as leader in 2002 and as an MP in 2004.
1027:
headquarters had alienated Crombie from his campaign.
1009:
Controversy erupted on May 23 when then-CBC reporter
2052:
Percentages are rounded, so they may not equal 100%.
596:, was to bring dissidents into the party structure.
18:
Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1983
344:
333:
325:
317:
307:
297:
282:
274:
2653:
2628:
2504:
2373:
2244:
717:, inherited the bulk of the support in Quebec for
2687:Photographs from the floor of the 1983 convention
2611:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2533:
2521:
2492:
2480:
2465:
2453:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2310:
2298:
2283:
2268:
2256:
2232:
2220:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
411:1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election
270:1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election
233:
2682:Progressive Conservative leadership conventions
946:, and at the April 30 all-candidates debate at
928:Media coverage emphasized the pro-business and
796:commented that if the speech had been heard on
588:, and found themselves returned to opposition.
354:Progressive Conservative leadership conventions
2099:won the leadership of the party again in 1998
580:and with leading the party to victory in the
8:
991:playoffs and he insisted on taking trips to
269:
29:
888:of the Canadian constitution and about the
28:
2712:1983 political party leadership elections
1411:
423:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
2109:
616:reforms that were being pursued in the
2070:Mulroney won a massive victory in the
758:. He gained some support through the
627:At the party's national convention in
268:
1417:
7:
2631:Contenders: The Tory Quest for Power
653:, 44, Member of Parliament (MP) for
2094:in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
1409:sentiment of the Clark delegates).
471:Brian Mulroney, along with former
25:
444:Joe Clark became party leader in
2076:Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement
1601:
1578:
1543:
1499:
1461:
1354:
1278:
1185:
1045:
709:, Ontario, was a well-respected
95:
88:
81:
36:
1001:Premier of Prince Edward Island
789:conversion to the Metric system
733:since 1978, had been a popular
425:(PC Party). At the convention,
754:, with most of his focus on a
413:was held on June 11, 1983, in
1:
2660:. Toronto: Key Porter Books.
958:John Crosbie was seen as the
1654:
1413:Delegate support by ballot
1391:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1326:
1316:
1313:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1223:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1201:
1198:
1148:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1058:
2733:
2717:June 1983 events in Canada
2635:. Toronto: Prentice Hall.
675:Iron Ore Company of Canada
574:1976 leadership convention
469:Iron Ore Company of Canada
2652:Laschinger, John (1992).
2038:
2030:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1683:
1678:
1660:
1642:
1624:
1595:
1572:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1014:admitted to the meeting.
421:to elect a leader of the
352:
231:
73:
46:
34:
2702:1983 elections in Canada
2627:Martin, Patrick (1983).
1275:Third and Fourth Ballots
902:Premier of Saskatchewan
890:National Energy Program
429:businessman and lawyer
2505:Laschinger and Stevens
2374:Laschinger and Stevens
2245:Laschinger and Stevens
813:
592:by his Chief of Staff
569:
561:
505:wing of the PC Party.
501:was popular among the
458:only nine months later
238:Leader before election
2612:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2597:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2585:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2573:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2561:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2549:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2534:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2522:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2493:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2481:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2466:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2454:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2437:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2425:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2413:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2401:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2389:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2362:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2350:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2338:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2326:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2311:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2299:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2284:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2269:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2257:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2233:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2221:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2204:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2192:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2180:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2168:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2156:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2144:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
2132:Martin, Gregg, Perlin
811:
770:, 49, was the MP for
586:1980 federal election
582:1979 federal election
567:
559:
534:1984 federal election
475:investment executive
454:1979 federal election
448:and led the PCs to a
964:tortoise sneaking by
496:Member of Parliament
456:, though lost power
1414:
1405:margin of victory.
997:Belleville, Ontario
538:majority government
490:were popular among
450:minority government
345:Spending limit
287:Ottawa Civic Centre
271:
31:
1643:Endorsed Mulroney
1596:Endorsed Mulroney
1412:
1006:what his job was.
924:Ideological change
865:Davis and Lougheed
814:
570:
562:
2439:, p. 122-23.
2080:Meech Lake Accord
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1712:
1711:
1679:Endorsed Crosbie
1661:Endorsed Crosbie
1633:Peter Pocklington
1625:Endorsed Crosbie
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
743:Peter Pocklington
530:landslide victory
481:Peter Pocklington
479:and sports owner
437:and party leader
407:
406:
334:Entrance Fee
267:
266:
263:
262:
227:
226:
69:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2724:
2671:
2659:
2646:
2634:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2599:, p. 191-2.
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2575:, p. 185-6.
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2536:, p. 181-2.
2531:
2525:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2415:, p. 164-5.
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2376:, p. 19-20.
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2352:, p. 120-1.
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2328:, p. 54-55.
2323:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2170:, p. 155-7.
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2121:. June 11, 1983.
2114:
2064:John Diefenbaker
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1605:
1582:
1573:Did not endorse
1547:
1503:
1465:
1415:
1388:Total votes cast
1362:
1361:
1355:
1342:Finlay MacDonald
1323:Total votes cast
1286:
1285:
1279:
1241:Total votes cast
1193:
1192:
1186:
1145:Total votes cast
1053:
1052:
1046:
898:Big Blue Machine
794:Lise Bissonnette
735:Mayor of Toronto
707:Etobicoke Centre
578:Robert Stanfield
485:Mayor of Toronto
298:Resigning leader
272:
234:
208:
205:
183:
180:
158:
155:
131:
128:
99:
92:
85:
75:
74:
48:
47:
41:
40:
39:
32:
21:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2668:
2651:
2643:
2626:
2623:
2621:Works consulted
2618:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:, p. 66-7.
2399:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2059:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2023:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1277:
1184:
1044:
1020:
985:Edmonton Oilers
980:
978:Other campaigns
956:
944:Parti Québécois
926:
878:Alberta Premier
871:Ontario Premier
867:
843:Union Nationale
838:
806:
762:retail system.
752:free enterprise
748:Edmonton Oilers
687:St. John's West
646:
554:
536:, and a second
356:
292:Ottawa, Ontario
290:
258:
253:
246:
240:
232:
222:
217:
212:
206:
203:
197:
192:
187:
181:
178:
172:
167:
162:
156:
153:
142:
136:
129:
126:
42:
37:
35:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2648:
2647:
2642:978-0131713499
2641:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2614:, p. 237.
2601:
2589:
2587:, p. 190.
2577:
2565:
2563:, p. 185.
2553:
2551:, p. 186.
2538:
2526:
2524:, p. 170.
2509:
2497:
2485:
2483:, p. 166.
2470:
2468:, p. 163.
2458:
2456:, p. 161.
2441:
2429:
2427:, p. 122.
2417:
2405:
2393:
2378:
2366:
2364:, p. 123.
2354:
2342:
2330:
2315:
2313:, p. 147.
2303:
2301:, p. 136.
2288:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2247:, p. 102.
2237:
2225:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2182:, p. 157.
2172:
2160:
2158:, p. 155.
2148:
2146:, p. 143.
2136:
2134:, p. 156.
2124:
2119:Globe and Mail
2108:
2106:
2103:
2092:Bloc Québécois
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:John A. Gamble
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1586:Michael Wilson
1583:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:Brian Mulroney
1504:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1276:
1273:
1268:Brian Peckford
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1183:
1180:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1043:
1040:
1019:
1018:The convention
1016:
987:, were in the
979:
976:
955:
952:
925:
922:
881:Peter Lougheed
866:
863:
837:
834:
805:
802:
776:anti-Communist
702:Michael Wilson
666:Brian Mulroney
645:
642:
618:United Kingdom
553:
550:
507:John A. Gamble
503:social liberal
477:Michael Wilson
435:prime minister
431:Brian Mulroney
405:
404:
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
312:Brian Mulroney
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
284:
280:
279:
276:
265:
264:
261:
260:
256:Brian Mulroney
251:Elected Leader
248:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:delegate count
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
182:delegate count
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
157:delegate count
150:
149:
144:
139:
132:
130:delegate count
123:
122:
117:
112:
109:Brian Mulroney
105:
101:
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
70:
67:
66:
60:
55:
44:
43:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2507:, p. 31.
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:, p. 35.
2494:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2391:, p. 98.
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2340:, p. 54.
2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:, p. 52.
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2271:, p. 51.
2270:
2265:
2262:
2259:, p. 48.
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2235:, p. 80.
2234:
2229:
2226:
2223:, p. 41.
2222:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:, p. 40.
2205:
2200:
2197:
2194:, p. 38.
2193:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:1984 election
2068:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:David Crombie
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:Fourth ballot
1357:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:Second ballot
1188:
1187:
1182:Second Ballot
1181:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:Wayne Gretzky
1167:
1163:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
977:
975:
972:
967:
965:
961:
953:
951:
949:
945:
940:
939:René Lévesque
934:
931:
923:
921:
918:
912:
909:
906:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
872:
864:
862:
860:
854:
852:
848:
844:
835:
833:
829:
825:
822:
821:
810:
803:
801:
799:
795:
790:
786:
785:
780:
777:
773:
769:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
736:
732:
729:, 47, MP for
728:
727:
726:David Crombie
722:
720:
719:Peter Blaikie
716:
712:
708:
705:, 46, MP for
704:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
685:, 52, MP for
684:
683:
678:
676:
672:
671:Claude Wagner
668:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
651:
643:
641:
638:
633:
630:
625:
623:
622:United States
619:
615:
611:
606:
601:
597:
595:
594:Lowell Murray
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
566:
558:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
488:David Crombie
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
293:
288:
285:
281:
278:June 11, 1983
277:
273:
259:
257:
252:
249:
247:
244:
239:
236:
235:
230:
220:
215:
210:
202:
201:
195:
190:
185:
179:Second ballot
177:
176:
170:
165:
160:
152:
151:
148:
145:
140:
138:
133:
127:Fourth ballot
125:
124:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
65: →
64:
61:
59:
58:June 11, 1983
56:
54:
51:←
50:
49:
45:
33:
27:
19:
2655:
2630:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2529:
2500:
2488:
2461:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2306:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2096:
2088:Reform Party
2069:
2060:
2005:Fourth round
1856:Second round
1551:John Crosbie
1536:
1531:
1506:
1407:
1403:
1392:
1387:
1358:
1350:
1338:
1327:
1322:
1283:Third ballot
1282:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1240:
1189:
1178:the ballot.
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1144:
1111:Pocklington
1050:First ballot
1049:
1042:First Ballot
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1008:
981:
968:
957:
954:John Crosbie
935:
927:
916:
913:
910:
905:Grant Devine
894:
868:
855:
839:
830:
826:
818:
815:
804:The campaign
798:Radio-Canada
782:
781:
765:
764:
741:
740:
724:
723:
700:
699:
695:Newfoundland
682:John Crosbie
680:
679:
664:
663:
648:
647:
634:
626:
602:
598:
590:
571:
527:
523:
499:John Crosbie
462:
443:
410:
408:
385:
254:
250:
243:Erik Nielsen
241:
237:
204:First ballot
154:Third ballot
146:
134:
120:John Crosbie
107:
57:
26:
1937:Third round
1801:Pocklington
1723:First round
1669:Neil Fraser
1453:Votes cast
1447:Votes cast
1441:Votes cast
1435:Votes cast
1430:4th ballot
1427:3rd ballot
1424:2nd ballot
1421:1st ballot
1346:Jean Pigott
993:Long Island
989:Stanley Cup
948:Massey Hall
930:neo-liberal
859:bridge game
784:Neil Fraser
767:John Gamble
511:Neil Fraser
308:Won by
2696:Categories
2667:1550134442
2105:References
1418:Candidate
1011:Mike Duffy
960:dark horse
917:ex officio
886:patriation
874:Bill Davis
847:Créditiste
820:ex officio
772:York North
711:Bay Street
691:free trade
659:Red Tories
655:Yellowhead
644:Candidates
614:monetarist
610:neoliberal
605:patriation
552:Background
492:Red Tories
473:Bay Street
326:Candidates
283:Convention
147:Eliminated
104:Candidate
2057:Aftermath
1469:Joe Clark
1365:Mulroney
1300:Mulroney
1207:Mulroney
1067:Mulroney
971:Longueuil
650:Joe Clark
439:Joe Clark
302:Joe Clark
245:(interim)
115:Joe Clark
2676:See also
2090:and the
2018:Mulroney
1963:Mulroney
1882:Mulroney
1749:Mulroney
1311:Crosbie
1229:Crombie
1218:Crosbie
1100:Crombie
1078:Crosbie
756:flat tax
731:Rosedale
637:Liberals
629:Winnipeg
465:big tent
427:Montreal
223:(21.4%)
218:(36.5%)
213:(29.2%)
198:(26.4%)
193:(36.7%)
188:(34.6%)
173:(29.1%)
168:(35.8%)
163:(35.1%)
143:(45.6%)
2084:Markham
2035:
2022:
1980:
1976:Crosbie
1967:
1954:
1912:
1908:Crombie
1899:
1895:Crosbie
1886:
1873:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1792:
1788:Crombie
1779:
1766:
1762:Crosbie
1753:
1740:
1708:100.0%
1702:100.0%
1696:100.0%
1690:100.0%
1133:Fraser
1122:Gamble
1089:Wilson
1004:Jim Lee
715:Ontario
546:cabinet
532:in the
452:in the
419:Ontario
318:Ballots
137:(54.4%)
78:
2664:
2639:
2097:Clark
2039:45.55%
2026:54.45%
1984:29.07%
1971:35.09%
1958:35.84%
1903:26.44%
1890:34.56%
1877:36.73%
1827:Fraser
1814:Gamble
1775:Wilson
1770:21.39%
1757:29.25%
1744:36.51%
1705:2,909
1699:2,952
1693:2,954
1687:2,988
1684:Total
1570:29.1%
1564:26.4%
1558:21.4%
1528:35.1%
1525:1,036
1522:34.6%
1519:1,021
1516:29.2%
1494:45.6%
1491:1,325
1488:35.8%
1485:1,058
1482:36.7%
1479:1,085
1476:36.5%
1473:1,091
1382:45.6%
1379:1,325
1376:Clark
1371:54.5%
1368:1,584
1317:29.1%
1306:35.1%
1303:1,036
1295:35.8%
1292:1,058
1289:Clark
1224:26.4%
1213:34.6%
1210:1,021
1202:36.7%
1199:1,085
1196:Clark
1084:21.4%
1073:29.2%
1062:36.5%
1059:1,091
1056:Clark
851:CBC TV
836:Quebec
519:French
515:Quebec
494:while
415:Ottawa
2031:Clark
1950:Clark
1916:2.27%
1869:Clark
1835:0.17%
1822:0.57%
1809:3.41%
1796:3.88%
1783:4.82%
1736:Clark
1676:0.2%
1658:0.6%
1640:3.4%
1622:2.3%
1616:3.9%
1593:4.8%
1537:54.4%
1532:1,584
1235:2.3%
1139:0.2%
1128:0.6%
1117:3.4%
1106:3.9%
1095:4.8%
760:Amway
340:5,000
216:1,091
191:1,085
186:1,021
166:1,058
161:1,036
141:1,325
135:1,584
2662:ISBN
2637:ISBN
1637:102
1613:116
1590:144
1567:858
1561:781
1555:639
1513:874
1393:2909
1328:2952
1314:858
1246:2954
1221:781
1150:2988
1114:102
1103:116
1092:144
1081:639
1070:874
876:and
620:and
612:and
542:1988
509:and
446:1976
409:The
402:2003
398:1998
394:1995
390:1993
386:1983
382:1976
378:1967
374:1956
370:1948
366:1942
362:1938
358:1927
348:None
275:Date
63:1993
53:1976
1655:17
1619:67
1232:67
1125:17
861:."
624:.
540:in
338:C$
221:639
211:874
196:781
171:858
2698::
2604:^
2541:^
2512:^
2473:^
2444:^
2381:^
2318:^
2291:^
2276:^
2211:^
1673:5
1456:%
1450:%
1444:%
1438:%
1136:5
845:,
548:.
463:A
441:.
417:,
400:·
396:·
392:·
388:·
384:·
380:·
376:·
372:·
368:·
364:·
360:·
2670:.
2645:.
896:"
329:7
321:4
289:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
