Progressive education - Knowledge (XXG)

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that when students are given freedom for self-direction and self-pacing and to help one another, their motivation increases considerably and they learn more. In a later experiment in 1911 and 1912, Parkhurst re-organized the education in a large school for nine- to fourteen-year-olds. Instead of each grade, each subject was appointed its own teacher and its own classroom. The subject teachers made assignments: they converted the subject matter for each grade into learning assignments. In this way, learning became the students' own work; they could carry out their work independently, work at their own pace and plan their work themselves. The classroom turned into a laboratory, a place where students are working, furnished and equipped as work spaces, tailored to meet the requirements of specific subjects. Useful and attractive learning materials, instruments and reference books were put within the students' reach. The benches were replaced by large tables to facilitate co-operation and group instruction. This second experiment formed the basis for the next experiments, those in Dalton and New York, from 1919 onwards. The only addition was the use of graphs, charts enabling students to keep track of their own progress in each subject.

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illustrated the 'Montessori's Own Handbook' (1914). Hawker had been impressed by his visit to Montessori's Casa dei Bambini in Rome, he gave numerous talks on Montessori's work after 1912, assisting in generating a national interest in her work. He organised the Montessori Conference 1914 in partnership with Edmond Holmes, ex-Chief Inspector of Schools, who had written a government report on Montessori. The conference decided that its remit was to promote the 'liberation of the child in the school', and though inspired by Montessori, would encourage, support and network teachers and educationalists who sought, through their schools and methods, that aim. They changed their name the following year to New Ideals in Education. Each subsequent conference was opened with reference to its history and origin as a Montessori Conference recognising her inspiration, reports italicized the members of the Montessori Society in the delegate lists, and numerous further events included Montessori methods and case studies. Montessori, through New Ideals in Education, its committee and members, events and publications, greatly influenced progressive state education in England. (references to be added).

1013:(1776–1841) emphasized the connection between individual development and the resulting societal contribution. The five key ideas which composed his concept of individual maturation were Inner Freedom, Perfection, Benevolence, Justice, and Equity or Recompense. According to Herbart, abilities were not innate but could be instilled, so a thorough education could provide the framework for moral and intellectual development. In order to develop a child to lead to a consciousness of social responsibility, Herbart advocated that teachers utilize a methodology with five formal steps: "Using this structure a teacher prepared a topic of interest to the children, presented that topic, and questioned them inductively, so that they reached new knowledge based on what they had already known, looked back, and deductively summed up the lesson's achievements, then related them to moral precepts for daily living". 982:

outlined by Rousseau in Emile. He is further considered by many to be the "father of modern educational science" His psychological theories pertain to education as they focus on the development of object teaching, that is, he felt that individuals best learned through experiences and through a direct manipulation and experience of objects. He further speculated that children learn through their own internal motivation rather than through compulsion. (See Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation). A teacher's task will be to help guide their students as individuals through their learning and allow it to unfold naturally.

1461:(1871–1965) was a pupil of Dewey and one of the most effective practitioners of the concept as well as the more adept at proliferating the progressive education movement and spreading word of the works of Dewey. He is especially well known for his "project method of teaching". This developed the progressive education notion that students were to be engaged and taught so that their knowledge may be directed to society for a socially useful need. Like Dewey he also felt that students should be actively engaged in their learning rather than actively disengaged with the simple reading and regurgitation of material. 1803:, which is a small town near Bolpur in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India, approximately 160 km north of Kolkata. He de-emphasized textbook learning in favor of varied learning resources from nature. The emphasis here was on self-motivation rather than on discipline, and on fostering intellectual curiosity rather than competitive excellence. There were courses on a great variety of cultures, and study programs devoted to China, Japan, and the Middle East. He was of the view that education should be a "joyous exercise of our inventive and constructive energies that help us to build up character." 1658:, evaluating the effects of progressive programs. More than 1500 students over four years were compared to an equal number of carefully matched students at conventional schools. When they reached college, the experimental students were found to equal or surpass traditionally educated students on all outcomes: grades, extracurricular participation, dropout rates, intellectual curiosity, and resourcefulness. Moreover, the study found that the more the school departed from the traditional college preparatory program, the better was the record of the graduates. (Kohn, Schools, 232) 1060:, England, in 1889. Its curriculum enacted the ideas of progressive education. Reddie rejected rote learning, classical languages and corporal punishment. He combined studies in modern languages and the sciences and arts with a program of physical exercise, manual labour, recreation, crafts and arts. Schools modeling themselves after Abbotsholme were established throughout Europe, and the model was particularly influential in Germany. Reddie often engaged foreign teachers, who learned its practices, before returning home to start their own schools. 831: 1639:, representing superintendents and administrators in smaller districts across the country, issued its report "Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education." It emphasized the education of students in terms of health, a command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure, and ethical character. They emphasized life adjustment and reflected the social efficiency model of progressive education. 660: 5985: 4993: 5003: 4215: 1028:, Italy. Exploited as cheap labor or imprisoned for unruly behavior, Bosco saw the need for creating a space where they would feel at home. He called it an 'Oratory' where they could play, learn, share friendships, express themselves, develop their creative talents and pick up skills for gainful self-employment. With those who had found work, he set up a mutual-fund society (an early version of the 1149:(1870–1952) began to develop her philosophy and methods in 1897. She based her work on her observations of children and experimentation with the environment, materials, and lessons available to them. She frequently referred to her work as "scientific pedagogy", arguing for the need to go beyond observation and measurement of students, to developing new methods to transform them. Although 1032:) to teach them the benefits of saving and self-reliance. The principles underlying his educational method that won over the hearts and minds of thousands of youth who flocked to his oratory were: 'be reasonable', 'be kind', 'believe' and 'be generous in service'. Today his method of education is practiced in nearly 3000 institutions set up around the world by the members of the 5995: 1580:. The Lincoln School built its curriculum around "units of work" that reorganized traditional subject matter into forms embracing the development of children and the changing needs of adult life. The first and second grades carried on a study of community life in which they actually built a city. A third grade project growing out of the day-to-day life of the nearby 1564:

curriculum which shall eliminate obsolete material and endeavor to work up in usable form material adapted to the needs of modern living." (Cremin, 282) Based on Flexner's demand that the modern curriculum "include nothing for which an affirmative case can not be made out" (Cremin, 281) the new school organized its activities around four fundamental fields:

5973: 672: 1714:, which argues that the child is an active participant in making meaning and must be engaged in the progress of education for learning to be effective. This psychological approach has deep connections to the work of both Parker and Dewey and led to a resurgence of their ideas in second half of the century. 1088:

is the "participation of the individual in the social consciousness of the race" (Dewey, 1897, para. 1). As such, education should take into account that the student is a social being. The process begins at birth with the child unconsciously gaining knowledge and gradually developing their knowledge

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Seikatsu Tsuzurikata is a grassroots movement in Japan that has many parallels to the progressive education movement, but it developed completely independently, beginning in the late 1920s. The Japanese progressive educational movement was one of the stepping stones to the modernization of Japan and

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at the beginning of the twentieth century with the goal of reforming the then current pedagogy and classroom management. She wanted to break the teacher-centered lockstep teaching. During her first experiment, which she implemented in a small elementary school as a young teacher in 1904, she noticed

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in his approach. He founded several educational institutions both in German- and French-speaking regions of Switzerland and wrote many works explaining his revolutionary modern principles of education. His motto was "Learning by head, hand and heart". His research and theories closely resemble those

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based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. He believed in "self-activity" and play as essential factors in child education. The teacher's role was not to indoctrinate but to encourage self-expression through play, both individually and in group activities. He created

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and literature. Each of the units was broadly enough conceived so that different children could concentrate on different aspects depending on their own interests and needs. Each of the units called for widely diverse student activities, and each sought to deal in depth with some critical aspect of

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In 1914 the Montessori Society in England organised its first conference. Hosted by Rev Bertram Hawker, who had set up, in partnership with his local elementary school in the Norfolk coastal village of East Runton, the first Montessori School in England. Pictures of this school, and its children,

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in 1907. He established a series of schools based on these principles beginning in 1919. The focus of the education is on creating a developmentally appropriate curriculum that holistically integrates practical, artistic, social, and academic experiences. There are more than a thousand schools and

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By mid-century, many public school programs had also adopted elements of progressive curriculum. At mid-century Dewey believed that progressive education had "not really penetrated and permeated the foundations of the educational institution."(Kohn, Schools, 6,7) As the influence of progressive

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The seeds of the debate over progressive education can be seen in the differences of Parker and Dewey. These have to do with how much and by whom curriculum should be worked out from grade to grade, how much the child's emerging interests should determine classroom activities, the importance of

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At Columbia, Dewey worked with other educators such as Charles Eliot and Abraham Flexner to help bring progressivism into the mainstream of American education. In 1917 Columbia established the Lincoln School of Teachers College "as a laboratory for the working out of an elementary and secondary

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In 1896, John Dewey opened what he called the laboratory school to test his theories and their sociological implications. With Dewey as the director and his wife as principal, the University of Chicago Laboratory school, was dedicated "to discover in administration, selection of subject-matter,

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Traditional education uses extrinsic motivation, such as grades and prizes. Progressive education is more likely to use intrinsic motivation, basing activities on the interests of the child. Praise may be discouraged as a motivator. Progressive education is a response to traditional methods of

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In the nineteen-twenties and nineteen-thirties, Dalton education spread throughout the world. There is no certainty regarding the exact numbers of Dalton schools, but there was Dalton education in America, Australia, England, Germany, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union, India, China and Japan.

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Whereas Parker started with practice and then moved to theory, Dewey began with hypotheses and then devised methods and curricula to test them. By the time Dewey moved to Chicago at the age of thirty-five, he had already published two books on psychology and applied psychology. He had become

1476:, after spending two years in Germany studying emerging educational trends on the continent. Parker was opposed to rote learning, believing that there was no value in knowledge without understanding. He argued instead schools should encourage and respect the child's creativity. Parker's 1376:". School reforms went through government reports in the 1940s and trials in the 1950s, resulting in the introduction in 1962 of public comprehensive schools ("grundskola") instead of the previously separated parallel schools for theoretical and non-theoretical education. 911:, Locke believed that "truth and knowledge… arise out of observation and experience rather than manipulation of accepted or given ideas". He further discussed the need for children to have concrete experiences in order to learn. Rousseau deepened this line of thinking in 1662:

pedagogy grew broader and more diffuse, practitioners began to vary their application of progressive principles. As varying interpretations and practices made evaluation of progressive reforms more difficult to assess, critics began to propose alternative approaches.

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in 1774. He developed new teaching methods based on conversation and play with the child, and a program of physical development. Such was his success that he wrote a treatise on his methods, "On the best and hitherto unknown method of teaching children of noblemen".

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spread to the United States in 1911 there were conflicts with the American educational establishment and was opposed by William Heard Kilpatrick. However Montessori education returned to the United States in 1960 and has since spread to thousands of schools there.

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suffused public school programs with funds for sweeping education reforms. At the same time the influx of federal funding also gave rise to demands for accountability and the behavioral objectives approach of Robert F. Mager and others foreshadowed the

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in 1860. This paved the way for the concept's spread in the USA. The German émigré Adolph Douai had also founded a kindergarten in Boston in 1859, but was obliged to close it after only a year. By 1866, however, he was founding others in New York City.

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The names of Pestalozzi, Froebel and Spencer shine with no less brilliance than the names of the greatest inventors of the twentieth century. For they discovered more than the unknown forces of nature; they discovered the unknown half of humanity:

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called for child-centered and experience-based learning. He replaced the traditional curriculum with integrated learning units based on core themes related to the knowledge of different disciplines. He replaced traditional readers, spellers and

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in 1921. Neill believed that children learn better when they are not compelled to attend lessons. The school was also managed democratically, with regular meetings to determine school rules. Pupils had equal voting rights with school staff.

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For Dewey, education, which regulates "the process of coming to share in the social consciousness," is the "only sure" method of ensuring social progress and reform (Dewey, 1897, para. 60). In this respect, Dewey foreshadows

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in England. His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of Scouting training, allowed the boys to organize themselves into small groups with an elected patrol leader. Baden Powell then wrote

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Hermann Lietz founded three Landerziehungsheime (country boarding schools) in 1904 based on Reddie's model for boys of different ages. Lietz eventually succeeded in establishing five more Landerziehungsheime. Edith and

1246:, which is based on mastering skills such as analytic reasoning, complex problem solving, and teamwork. These skills differ from traditional academic skills in that they are not primarily content knowledge-based. 1552:' own capacities were not at odds; they were necessary to each other. This unity of purpose lies at the heart of the progressive education philosophy. In 1912, Dewey sent out students of his philosophy to found 1220:

teaching. It is defined as an educational movement which gives more value to experience than formal learning. It is based more on experiential learning that concentrate on the development of a child's talents.

1544:, how a school could become a cooperative community while developing in individuals their own capacities and satisfy their own needs." (Cremin, 136) For Dewey the two key goals of developing a cooperative 1238:, abilities, and learning dispositions that have been identified as being required for success in the rapidly changing, digital society and workplaces. Many of these skills are also defining qualities of 1097:, whereby schools are a means to reconstruct society. As schools become a means for social reconstruction, they must be given the proper equipment to perform this task and guide their students. 2293: 1666:

child-centered vs. societal–centered learning, the relationship of community building to individual growth, and especially the relationship between emotion, thought and experience.

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Lewowicki, T., 1994, Janusz Korczak, Prospects:the quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIV, no. 1/2, 1994, p. 37–48

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Sutinen, Ari. "Social Reconstructionist Philosophy of Education and George S. Counts-observations on the ideology of indoctrination in socio-critical educational thinking."

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in the 18th century had students from as far away as Bordeaux (where there was a substantial Irish émigré population), the Caribbean and Norway. Notable pupils included

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contemporary civilization. Finally each unit engaged children working together cooperatively and also provided opportunities for individual research and exploration.

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dissatisfied with philosophy as pure speculation and was seeking ways to make philosophy directly relevant to practical issues. Moving away from an early interest in

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and incorporated many of Dewey's ideas of experiential education. Bruner's analysis of developmental psychology became the core of a pedagogical movement known as

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became one of the most celebrated units of the school, a unit on boats, which under the guidance of its legendary teacher Miss Curtis, became an entrée into

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Some Cold War reforms incorporated elements of progressivism. For example, the work of Zacharias and Bruner was based in the developmental psychology of

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movement that began in the late 19th century and has persisted in various forms to the present. In Europe, progressive education took the form of the

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Interpersonal dynamics: Disagreement over school goals, poor group process skills, lack of critical dialogue, and fear of assertive leadership

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His Orphan's Home in Warsaw became a model institution and exerted influence on the educational process in other orphanages of the same type.

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an Abbotsholme teacher founded five schools (Landerziehungsheime für Jungen) on Abbotsholme's principles. Other people he influenced included

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Wraga, William G. "Condescension and critical sympathy: Historians of education on progressive education in the United States and England."

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The late 1960s and early 1970s saw a rise and decline in the number of progressive schools. There were several reasons for the decline:

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Brehony, Kevin J. (2001). "From the particular to the general, the continuous to the discontinuous: progressive education revisited".

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and dichotomy in favor of a philosophy of experience as a series of unified wholes in which everything can be ultimately related.

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Miller, E.J. (2003). "Teaching methods, the Herbartian revolution and Douglas Clay Ridgley at Illinois State Normal University".

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Demographics: As the baby boom passed, traditional classrooms were no longer as over-enrolled, reducing demand for alternatives.

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Snyder, Jeffrey Aaron. "Progressive Education in Black and White: Rereading Carter G. Woodson's Miseducation of the Negro."

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Knoester, Matthew. Democratic Education in Practice: Inside the Mission Hill School. New York: Teachers College Press, 2012.

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and education. He and his wife enrolled their children in Parker's school before founding their own school two years later.

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passed in 2002. Against these critics eloquent spokespersons stepped forward in defense of the progressive tradition. The

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are generally regarded as the start of the Scout movement which spread throughout the world. Baden-Powell and his sister

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and should be encouraged to think critically rather than blindly obeying. He implemented his ideas with the founding of

555: 427: 915:, where he argued that subordination of students to teachers and memorization of facts would not lead to an education. 843: 5764: 3768: 3322: 3317: 3183:

Brehony, Kevin J. (1997). "An 'undeniable' and 'disastrous' Influence? John Dewey and English Education (1895–1939)".

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Blossing, Ulf, Gunn Imsen, and Lejf Moos. "Progressive Education and New Governance in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden."

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has been an outspoken critic of the No Child Left Behind Act and a passionate defender of the progressive tradition.

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Barrow Street Nursery School--A private progressive nursery school in the West Village of Manhattan. New York 10014

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was a denunciation of the English school system of the time and a declaration of his own educational principles.

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Hughes, John Patrick. "Theory into practice in Australian progressive education: the Enmore Activity School."

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Progressive Education from Arcady to Academe: A History of the Progressive Education Association, 1919–1955

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Progressive education has been viewed as an alternative to the test-oriented instruction legislated by the

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The retransformation of the school: the emergence of contemporary alternative schools in the United States

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leveled criticism of reading programs at the progressive emphasis on reading in context. The conservative

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in 1910 using their concept of progressive education, which integrated the work of the head and hand.

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Chris Dede, Comparing Frameworks for 21st Century Skills, Harvard Graduate School of Education, 2009

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Blyth, A. (1981). "From individuality to character: the Herbartian sociology applied to education".

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raised questions about the liberal ideas at the roots of the progressive reforms. The launching of

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was greatly impressed by the progressive educational theories being applied there. Reddie founded

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Selection of subject content by looking forward to ask what skills will be needed in future society

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Yamasaki, Yoko (2010). "The impact of Western progressive educational ideas in Japan: 1868–1940".

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gave rise to a number of intellectually competitive approaches to disciplinary knowledge, such as

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to put it into practice. These schools operate to this day within a similar progressive approach.

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Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes

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Co-optation: Many schools were co-opted by people who didn't believe in the original mission.

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Keskin, Yusuf. "Progressive Education in Turkey: Reports of John Dewey and his Successors."

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Content vs. skills in high schools - 21st century arguments echo 19th century conflicts,

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Integration of community service and service learning projects into the daily curriculum

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of the 19th century, which was rooted in classical preparation for the early-industrial

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and others worked to promote a more student-centered approach to education. During the

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A critical overview of the bureaucratic process in Sweden is given in Inger Enkvist,

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Progressive Education: Revisioning and Reframing Ontario's Public Schools, 1919–1942

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Knoll, Michael. "The Project Method – Its Origin and International Influence". In:

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The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876–1957

1707: 1363: 1339: 1261: 1106: 978: 971: 908: 746:. By contrast, progressive education finds its roots in modern, post-industrial 723: 644: 535: 342: 81: 3896: 3746: 3228:, ed. Hermann Röhrs and Volker Lenhart. New York: Lang 1995. pp. 307–318. 3062: 3010: 2961: 2133: 1776: 1624: 1601: 1573: 1549: 1541: 1521: 1517: 1486: 1469: 1397: 1373: 1269: 1085: 1057: 1021: 904: 896: 780:

Understanding and action as the goals of learning as opposed to rote knowledge

747: 739: 622: 467: 56: 3196: 3984: 3906: 3547: 3290: 2872:

The Progressive Education Movement: Is it Still a Factor in Today's Schools?

2049:

The progressive education movement: Is it still a factor in today's schools?

1764:

Non-implementation: Schools failed to implement a model of shared governance

1589: 1545: 1306: 1065: 994: 974: 795: 735: 186: 96: 3921: 993:(1782–1852) was a student of Pestalozzi who laid the foundation for modern 3916: 2414: 2393: 1795:(1861–1941) was one of the most effective practitioners of the concept of 3422: 1755:

Times changed: With the ending of the Vietnam War, social activism waned.

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was one notable follower and developer of Pestalozzi's ideas. He wrote

1273: 565: 482: 201: 2294:"Who was Rudolf Steiner and what were his revolutionary teaching ideas?" 2227: 3617: 3044:

The paradox of progressive education: The Gary Plan and urban schooling

2782: 2652:"Collected works of Pádraic H. Pearse; political writings and speeches" 2098: 1738:

and George Dennison, recalled many of Parker's child centered reforms.

1680: 1597: 1585: 1565: 1490: 1482: 1401: 1301: 750:. Most progressive education programs have these qualities in common: 309: 76: 1577: 1451: 1235: 928: 540: 2259: 2241:"Piet van der Ploeg | Academica UoAS, Amsterdam - Academia.edu" 2090: 2022: 2804:

The limits of progressive school reform in the 1970's: a case study

2783:/ Progressive Education: Contrasting Methodologies by Steven Nelson 3089:, edited by Martin Dworkin. New York: Teachers college Press, 1959 1529: 1025: 1125:(1861–1925) first described the principles of what was to become 3039:

Cappel, Constance, Utopian Colleges, New York: Peter Lang, 1999.

2329:

M. L. Stevens, "The Normalisation of Homeschooling in the USA",

1464:

The most famous early practitioner of progressive education was

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The American teacher Helen Parkhurst (1886–1973) developed the

734:

was engaged to distinguish this education from the traditional

1761:

Centralization: The ongoing centralization of school districts

1605: 1472:. In 1875 Francis Parker became superintendent of schools in 1384:

The ideas from Reddie's Abbotsholme spread to schools such as

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De-emphasis on textbooks in favor of varied learning resources

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De svenska skolreformerna 1962–1985 och personerna bakom dem

1796: 816:

Assessment by evaluation of child's projects and productions

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In Sweden, an early proponent of progressive education was

3245:

Reese, William J. "The origins of progressive education."

2632:

J. Korczak, Czytelnia dla Wszystkich , no. 52, 1899, p. 2.

2226:. 54. pp. 77–80. Retrieved on November 4, 2011, from 1334:

on Montessori principles. Its former assistant headmaster

1193:(London, 1908). The Brownsea camp and the publication of 2620:

Philosophical-Political Academy. Retrieved July 19, 2010

895:

Progressive education can be traced back to the works of

3108:

Race and the Origins of Progressive Education, 1880–1929

2282:

Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education

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centers worldwide; it has also become a popular form of

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Progressive Education Across the Continents. A Handbook

3058:(New York: Knopf, 1962); The standard scholarly history 2439:. Brownsea Island Scout and Guide Management Committee. 1442:

founded the first kindergarten in the United States at

2924:"RABINDRANATH TAGORE'S PROGRESSIVE EDUCATIONAL VISION" 1508:

That same year, philosopher John Dewey moved from the

2209:

The Development of Education in the Twentieth Century

2769: 955:, one of the first books translated into English by 5922: 5849: 5755: 5732: 5651: 5525: 5399: 5372: 5324: 5286: 5028: 4946: 4906: 4648: 4562: 4537: 4256: 3884: 3714: 3661: 3483: 3336: 3308: 2707:(pp. 553–554). New York: Thomson Gale (2003). 2703:Agnes de Lima. In James Guthrie, Editor in Chief, 754:Emphasis on learning by doing – hands-on projects, 3149:Left Back: A Century of Battles over School Reform 2836: 2560:Preparing for the 21st Century: Soft Skills Matter 2477: 1752:and recession made shoestring schools less viable. 1468:; its best-known spokesperson was the philosopher 1338:and other teachers including Pearse; games master 3134:(Atlanta: Center for Effective Instruction, 1969) 2415:"Robert Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator" 1342:; Pearse's brother, Willie, the art teacher, and 1234:21st century skills are a series of higher-order 1944:, alternative education organization and network 852:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 927:(1724–1790) established the Philanthropinum at 764:Integrated curriculum focused on thematic units 3219:International Journal of Progressive Education 3163:International Journal of Progressive Education 2260:"Dalton School, Dalton Plan, Dalton Education" 1695:physics, led by university professors such as 3275: 2591:"Hermann Lietz - German educational reformer" 2349:Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 14 953:Elements of Morality, for the Use of Children 907:. Considered one of the first of the British 696: 8: 5948:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3120:(Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann, 2000) 2452:"Scouting Milestones — Brownsea Island" 2062:Butts, R. Freeman; Cremin, Lawrence (1958). 1967:"Progressive Education - How Children Learn" 1669:In 1955, the publication of Rudolf Flesch's 2751:"A Brief Overview of Progressive Education" 2435:Woolgar, Brian; La Riviere, Sheila (2002). 2222:Dewey, John. (1897). My pedagogical creed. 1961: 1959: 1717:In 1965, President Johnson inaugurated the 1516:where he became chair of the department of 1176:The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians 777:Group work and development of social skills 5839: 5641: 5389: 5016: 4636: 4244: 4233: 4164: 4159: 4130: 4125: 4089: 4084: 4071: 4066: 4032: 4027: 4014: 4009: 3980: 3975: 3949: 3935: 3298: 3282: 3268: 3260: 2807:. University Press of America. p. 2. 2314:"Statistics for Waldorf schools worldwide" 2195:. University of Chicago. pp. 111–127. 2064:A History of Education in American Culture 703: 689: 29: 3179:(Springer Netherlands, 2014) pp 133–154. 2716:Karen Graves, "The Cardinal Principles", 1532:, Dewey proceeded to reject all forms of 977:and educational reformer who exemplified 883:Learn how and when to remove this message 2437:Why Brownsea? The Beginnings of Scouting 3042:Cohen, Ronald D., and Raymond A. Mohl. 2178:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1955: 1830:Montessori schools in the United States 1366:, who with her husband Gunnar co-wrote 41: 2333:Volume 17, Issue 2–3, 2003, pp. 90–100 2331:Evaluation & Research in Education 2079:British Journal of Educational Studies 1812:it has resonated down to the present. 1723:Elementary and Secondary Education Act 3118:The Case Against Standardized Testing 2835:Daniel Linden Duke (September 1978). 2512:Maria Montessori (1 September 2006). 2394:"Ernest Thompson Seton and Woodcraft" 2228:http://dewey.pragmatism.org/creed.htm 2051:. Rowman & Littlefield Education. 1209:Comparison with traditional education 7: 3151:(New York, Simon and Schuster, 2000) 2993:, New York: Macmillan, 1967, 380–385 2801:Frederick P. Sperounis (June 1980). 2718:American Educational History Journal 2345:"Hawker, Bertram Robert (1868–1952)" 1834:Waldorf schools in the United States 1826:Charter schools in the United States 1044:While studying for his doctorate in 5994: 2770:"Directory of Open Access Journals" 1616:, the lead writer on education for 1540:methods of learning, teaching, and 1485:books with children's own writing, 1408:schools and those belonging to the 943:(1744–1811) was the founder of the 6035:Pedagogical movements and theories 3127:(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999) 2874:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2006. 25: 2562:, Huffington Post, April 26, 2015 2351:. Melbourne University Press 1996 1644:Progressive Education Association 1446:, in 1856, and she also inspired 1416:believed children should achieve 1348:Irish Declaration of Independence 1242:as well as being associated with 1089:to share and partake in society. 5993: 5984: 5983: 5971: 5507:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5001: 4992: 4991: 4549:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4319:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4213: 3125:The Schools Our Children Deserve 2476:Alfie Kohn (30 September 1999). 2278:Heiner Ullrich, "Rudolf Steiner" 2193:Froebel's Educational Principles 829: 670: 658: 3132:Preparing Behavioral Objectives 3096:. (New York: Free Press, 1944.) 1654:the organization conducted the 991:Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel 742:and strongly differentiated by 5664:Federated States of Micronesia 4959:British Indian Ocean Territory 3247:History of Education Quarterly 3156:History of Education Quarterly 3029:(New York: Random House, 1960) 2372:"Dr Montessori's Own Handbook" 1637:National Education Association 1: 6050:19th-century reform movements 2484:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2206:Meyer, Adolphe Erich (1939). 2008:10.1080/00377996.1995.9958383 1683:in 1957 at the height of the 5632:United States Virgin Islands 3203:Christou, Theodore Michael. 1558:The Park School of Baltimore 5394:Education in North America 3212:History of Education Review 2518:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 21. 1990:Wade, Rahima (1995-05-01). 1400:(1915), as well as all the 941:Christian Gotthilf Salzmann 936:Christian Gotthilf Salzmann 6066: 5844:Education in South America 3238:Graham, Patricia Albjerg. 3185:Oxford Review of Education 3177:The Nordic Education Model 3103:. (New York: Dover, 1958.) 3034:The Relevance of Education 2991:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2610:Erinnerung an Minna Specht 2180:. Oxford University Press. 1819: 1554:The Park School of Buffalo 1414:Alexander Sutherland Neill 1390:King Alfred School, London 1227: 1212: 968:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi 963:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi 5965: 5607:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4987: 4243: 4232: 4208: 4162: 4128: 4087: 4069: 4030: 4012: 3978: 3954:Early childhood education 3947: 3934: 3297: 3011:10.1080/00467600110064717 2962:10.1080/00467601003687598 2705:Encyclopedia of Education 2374:. Robert Bently Inc. 1914 2191:Dewey, John (1915). "5". 2156:"Encyclopædia Britannica" 2134:10.1080/00221340308978532 1775:educational funding act. 1512:to the newly established 945:Schnepfenthal institution 720:educational progressivism 5815:Northern Mariana Islands 5627:Turks and Caicos Islands 4708:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4304:Central African Republic 3197:10.1080/0305498970230401 3068:Experience and Education 3036:(New York: Norton, 1971) 3027:The Process of Education 2720:(2010) 37#1-2, pp 95-107 2343:D. & M. Van Dissel. 1937:Student-centred learning 1871:Educational philosophies 1851:Constructionist learning 1820:See also the categories 1728:No Child Left Behind Act 1459:William Heard Kilpatrick 1369:Kris i befolkningsfrågan 1095:Social Reconstructionism 1011:Johann Friedrich Herbart 1006:Johann Friedrich Herbart 838:This section includes a 6040:Philosophy of education 5780:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4969:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3094:Democracy and Education 2686:A Progressive Education 2654:. Dublin Phoenix. 1916. 2580:. Retrieved 2016-03-12 2564:. Retrieved 2016-03-16 2548:. Retrieved 2016-03-09 2047:Hayes, William (2006). 2023:"Progressive Education" 1642:From 1919 to 1955, the 1410:Round Square Conference 1330:was founded in 1908 by 1084:Education according to 925:Johann Bernhard Basedow 919:Johann Bernhard Basedow 867:more precise citations. 295:Sustainable development 219:Progressive nationalism 5557:British Virgin Islands 5071:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3071:. New York: Delta Pi. 2897:"Tagore and His India" 2176:Searby, Peter (2004). 1881:Experiential education 1510:University of Michigan 913:Emile, or On Education 756:expeditionary learning 728:New Education Movement 589:Economic progressivism 273:Ecological engineering 234:Social justice warrior 197:Philosophy of progress 192:Philosophical progress 6030:Alternative education 6020:Progressive education 5758:and other territories 5497:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4464:São Tomé and Príncipe 4324:Republic of the Congo 3256:50#1-2 (2014): 59-75. 3254:Paedagogica Historica 3158:55#3 (2015): 273–293. 3142:I Learn from Children 3101:Experience and Nature 2987:Bernstein, Richard J. 2515:The Montessori Method 2370:Dr Maria Montessori. 2258:van der Ploeg, Piet. 2239:van der Ploeg, Piet. 1797:progressive education 1672:Why Johnny Can't Read 1514:University of Chicago 1474:Quincy, Massachusetts 1394:St Christopher School 1240:progressive education 1215:Traditional education 1168:Ernest Thompson Seton 949:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 901:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 792:social responsibility 760:experiential learning 716:Progressive education 677:Philosophy portal 665:Liberalism portal 611:Libertarian socialism 285:Scientific management 207:Progressive education 5646:Education in Oceania 5022:Education in Europe 4883:United Arab Emirates 4250:Education in Africa 3473:Instructional design 2999:History of Education 2950:History of Education 2922:Behera, Dr. Arun K. 2605:Inge Hansen-Schaberg 2300:, Education Editor, 2114:Journal of Geography 1902:Learning environment 1896:Learning by teaching 1866:Democratic education 1822:Progressive colleges 1773:No Child Left Behind 1444:Watertown, Wisconsin 1151:Montessori education 1036:he founded in 1873. 785:cooperative learning 628:Classical radicalism 594:Democratic socialism 463:Roosevelt (Theodore) 458:Roosevelt (Franklin) 305:Techno-progressivism 300:Technological change 130:Economic development 87:New Culture Movement 62:Age of Enlightenment 27:Pedagogical movement 5512:Trinidad and Tobago 5407:Antigua and Barbuda 5287:States with limited 4910:limited recognition 4539:States with limited 4238:Education by region 3964:Secondary education 3876:Teaching philosophy 3779:Pedagogical pattern 3722:21st century skills 3701:Religious education 3344:Aims and objectives 2126:2003JGeog.102..110W 1793:Rabindranath Tagore 1630:Our Enemy the Child 1434:Early practitioners 1230:21st century skills 1224:21st century skills 1174:a copy of his book 1172:Robert Baden-Powell 1162:Robert Baden-Powell 1022:John Melchior Bosco 1017:John Melchior Bosco 957:Mary Wollstonecraft 767:Strong emphasis on 606:Left-libertarianism 413:Kirchner (Cristina) 258:Scientific progress 241:Social organization 177:Liberation theology 157:Freedom of movement 125:Cultural liberalism 5978:Schools portal 5447:Dominican Republic 4642:Education in Asia 3969:Tertiary education 3907:Learning resources 3398:Education sciences 3249:41#1 (2001): 1-24. 3087:Dewey on Education 2929:. THE DAWN JOURNAL 2788:2007-02-18 at the 2691:2012-04-25 at the 2616:2008-10-21 at the 1996:The Social Studies 1922:Positive education 1846:Alternative school 1418:self-determination 1352:The Murder Machine 1199:Agnes Baden-Powell 1054:Abbotsholme School 970:(1746–1827) was a 840:list of references 783:Collaborative and 618:Left-wing populism 453:Rodríguez Zapatero 280:Self-determination 268:Sustainable design 147:Empirical evidence 18:Progressive school 6007: 6006: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5929:other territories 5838: 5837: 5830:Wallis and Futuna 5775:Clipperton Island 5733:Associated states 5640: 5639: 5529:other territories 5388: 5387: 5015: 5014: 4952:other territories 4635: 4634: 4566:other territories 4339:Equatorial Guinea 4228: 4227: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4006: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3959:Primary education 3930: 3929: 3819:Dialogic learning 3789:Teacher retention 3742:Critical thinking 3737:Class arrangement 3706:Special education 3381:Standardized test 3364:Course evaluation 3147:Ravitch, Dianne. 3130:Mager, Robert F. 3106:Fallace, Thomas. 3078:978-0-684-83828-1 2850:978-0-88229-294-6 2814:978-0-8191-1031-2 2674:978-91-7844-954-5 2525:978-1-59605-943-6 2491:978-0-547-52615-7 1891:Learning by doing 1886:Laboratory school 1861:Critical pedagogy 1748:The economy: The 1734:movement, led by 1701:Jerrold Zacharias 1448:Elizabeth Peabody 1440:Margarethe Schurz 1438:Fröbel's student 1422:Summerhill School 1195:Scouting for Boys 1190:Scouting for Boys 1127:Waldorf education 893: 892: 885: 813:and social skills 811:lifelong learning 773:critical thinking 713: 712: 633:Social liberalism 408:Kirchner (Néstor) 290:Scientific method 251:List of countries 172:Industrialisation 162:Human enhancement 16:(Redirected from 6057: 6025:Education theory 5997: 5996: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5949: 5937:Falkland Islands 5851:Sovereign states 5840: 5820:Pitcairn Islands 5790:French Polynesia 5770:Christmas Island 5699:Papua New Guinea 5679:Marshall Islands 5652:Sovereign states 5642: 5597:Saint Barthélemy 5527:Dependencies and 5400:Sovereign states 5390: 5325:Dependencies and 5029:Sovereign states 5017: 5005: 4995: 4994: 4964:Christmas Island 4650:Sovereign states 4637: 4627: 4626:(United Kingdom) 4622:Tristan da Cunha 4618:Ascension Island 4610: 4597: 4588: 4564:Dependencies and 4257:Sovereign states 4245: 4234: 4217: 4165: 4160: 4135:Higher education 4131: 4126: 4090: 4085: 4076:Secondary school 4072: 4067: 4033: 4028: 4015: 4010: 3981: 3976: 3950: 3936: 3864:Student-centered 3849:Phenomenon-based 3839:Peer instruction 3804:Blended learning 3727:Bloom's taxonomy 3691:Gifted education 3686:Education reform 3518:Computer science 3299: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3261: 3200: 3082: 3050:Cremin, Lawrence 3032:Bruner, Jerome. 3025:Bruner, Jerome. 3022: 2974: 2973: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2798: 2792: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2747: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2683: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2578:November 3, 2015 2571: 2565: 2558:Stedman Graham, 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2454:. 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Pearse's book 1336:Thomas MacDonagh 1326:, or in English 1147:Maria Montessori 1142:Maria Montessori 1070:Adolphe Ferrière 1034:Salesian Society 986:Friedrich Fröbel 888: 881: 877: 874: 868: 863:this section by 854:inline citations 833: 832: 825: 705: 698: 691: 675: 674: 673: 663: 662: 638:In United States 599:Social democracy 315:Women's suffrage 212:In Latin America 167:Idea of Progress 152:Direct democracy 30: 21: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5972: 5970: 5953: 5947: 5930: 5928: 5918: 5845: 5834: 5757: 5751: 5734: 5728: 5709:Solomon Islands 5647: 5636: 5530: 5528: 5521: 5395: 5384: 5368: 5326: 5320: 5306:Northern Cyprus 5288: 5282: 5203:North Macedonia 5024: 5011: 4983: 4951: 4942: 4923:Northern Cyprus 4909: 4902: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4608: 4595: 4586: 4567: 4565: 4558: 4542: 4540: 4533: 4252: 4239: 4224: 4223: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4178: 4171: 4149: 4137: 4118: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4078: 4059: 4050: 4042: 4037: 4021: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3943: 3926: 3880: 3799:Active learning 3794:Teaching method 3769:Learning theory 3710: 3676:Autodidacticism 3671:Adult education 3657: 3598:Performing arts 3479: 3386:Teacher quality 3376:Standards-based 3332: 3304: 3293: 3288: 3235: 3182: 3172: 3138:Pratt, Caroline 3079: 3061: 2996: 2983: 2981:Further reading 2978: 2977: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2843:. 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1965: 1964: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1912:Oswego Movement 1841:Active learning 1836: 1818: 1809: 1790: 1785: 1548:and developing 1436: 1431: 1406:Steiner Waldorf 1382: 1360: 1344:Joseph Plunkett 1298: 1282: 1257: 1252: 1244:deeper learning 1232: 1226: 1217: 1211: 1201:introduced the 1184:Brownsea Island 1164: 1144: 1132:early childhood 1120: 1103: 1101:Helen Parkhurst 1082: 1074:Edmond Demolins 1042: 1019: 1008: 998:the concept of 988: 965: 938: 921: 889: 878: 872: 869: 858: 844:related reading 834: 830: 823: 769:problem solving 709: 671: 669: 657: 650: 649: 584: 576: 575: 531: 523: 522: 328: 320: 319: 246:Social progress 224:Reform movement 140:Economic growth 120:Civil liberties 110: 102: 101: 92:Progressive Era 72:Information Age 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6063: 6061: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6012: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5991: 5981: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5810:Norfolk Island 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5765:American Samoa 5761: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5735:of New Zealand 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5617:Sint Eustatius 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5562:Cayman Islands 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5531: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5380:European Union 5376: 5374: 5373:Other entities 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5327:other entities 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5278:United Kingdom 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5091:Czech Republic 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4611: 4598: 4589: 4575:Canary Islands 4571: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4144: 4139: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4088: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4023: 4019:Primary school 4013: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3979: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3732:Cognitive load 3729: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3403:Evidence-based 3400: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3337:By perspective 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3234: 3233:Historiography 3231: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3191:(4): 427–445. 3180: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3059: 3047: 3040: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3005:(5): 413–432. 2994: 2989:"John Dewey", 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2956:(5): 575–588. 2940: 2914: 2901:Nobelprize.org 2895:Sen, Amartya. 2887: 2880: 2863: 2849: 2827: 2813: 2793: 2775: 2760: 2742: 2731: 2722: 2709: 2696: 2678: 2657: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2596: 2582: 2566: 2550: 2538: 2524: 2504: 2490: 2468: 2442: 2427: 2406: 2385: 2362: 2335: 2322: 2305: 2298:Richard Garner 2286: 2269: 2250: 2231: 2224:School Journal 2215: 2198: 2183: 2168: 2147: 2104: 2069: 2054: 2032: 2013: 2002:(3): 122–128. 1982: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1932:Project Method 1929: 1927:Caroline Pratt 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1907:Learning space 1904: 1899: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1855:Seymour Papert 1848: 1843: 1837: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1799:. He expanded 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1732:Open Classroom 1712:constructivism 1466:Francis Parker 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1386:Bedales School 1381: 1380:United Kingdom 1378: 1359: 1356: 1332:Pádraig Pearse 1304:school run in 1297: 1294: 1285:Janusz Korczak 1281: 1278: 1266:Odenwaldschule 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1166:In July 1906, 1163: 1160: 1143: 1140: 1123:Rudolf Steiner 1119: 1118:Rudolf Steiner 1116: 1102: 1099: 1081: 1078: 1048:in 1882–1883, 1041: 1038: 1018: 1015: 1007: 1004: 987: 984: 964: 961: 937: 934: 920: 917: 891: 890: 848:external links 837: 835: 828: 822: 819: 818: 817: 814: 807: 804: 801: 798: 790:Education for 788: 781: 778: 775: 765: 762: 711: 710: 708: 707: 700: 693: 685: 682: 681: 680: 679: 667: 652: 651: 648: 647: 642: 641: 640: 635: 630: 620: 615: 614: 613: 603: 602: 601: 596: 585: 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 338:Abbott (Grace) 335: 333:Abbott (Edith) 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 276: 275: 265: 260: 255: 254: 253: 243: 238: 237: 236: 229:Social justice 226: 221: 216: 215: 214: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 182:Linear history 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 143: 142: 137: 135:Broad measures 127: 122: 117: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 67:Industrial Age 64: 59: 53: 50: 49: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6062: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6045:Progressivism 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6000: 5992: 5990: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5942:French Guiana 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805:New Caledonia 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785:Easter Island 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5524: 5518: 5517:United States 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Faroe Islands 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5311:South Ossetia 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:Liechtenstein 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:South Ossetia 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Guinea-Bissau 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4169:Undergraduate 4167: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4094:Middle school 4092: 4091: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4008: 3998: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3859:Project-based 3857: 3855: 3854:Problem-based 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3814:Demonstration 3812: 3810: 3809:Contemplative 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3696:Homeschooling 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3543:Environmental 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3468:Instructional 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3371:Psychometrics 3369: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3202: 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Nobel Media 2902: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2831: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2574:Larry Cuban, 2570: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2505: 2493: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2472: 2469: 2458:on 2011-06-14 2457: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2428: 2417:. InFed. 2002 2416: 2410: 2407: 2396:. 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