716:(TETRA) was deployed in sixty countries, and it is the preferred choice in Europe, China, and other countries. This was largely based on TETRA systems being many times cheaper than P25 systems ($ 900 vs $ 6,000 for a radio) at the time. However P25 radio prices are rapidly approaching parity with TETRA radio prices through increased competition in the P25 market. The majority of P25 networks are based in Northern America where it has the advantage that a P25 system has the same coverage and frequency bandwidth as the earlier analog systems that were in use so that channels can be easily upgraded one by one. Some P25 networks also allow intelligent migration from the analog radios to digital radios operating within the same network. Both P25 and TETRA can offer varying degrees of functionality, depending on available radio spectrum, terrain and project budget.
845:, plans for forthcoming arrests and information on the technology used in surveillance operations." The researchers found that the messages sent over the radios are sent in segments, and blocking just a portion of these segments can result in the entire message being jammed. "Their research also shows that the radios can be effectively jammed (single radio, short range) using a highly modified pink electronic child's toy and that the standard used by the radios 'provides a convenient means for an attacker' to continuously track the location of a radio's user. With other systems, jammers have to expend a lot of power to block communications, but the P25 radios allow jamming at relatively low power, enabling the researchers to prevent reception using a $ 30 toy pager designed for pre-teens."
359:
collect, process, and transmit important information in a timely fashion. In some cases, radio communication systems are incompatible and inoperable not just within a jurisdiction but within departments or agencies in the same community. Non-operability occurs due to use of outdated equipment, limited availability of radio frequencies, isolated or independent planning, lack of coordination, and cooperation, between agencies, community priorities competing for resources, funding and ownership, and control of communications systems. Recognizing and understanding this need, Project 25 (P25) was initiated collaboratively by public safety agencies and manufacturers to address the issue with
720:
and exercises, and inter-jurisdictional coordination. The difficulties inherent in developing P25 networks using features such as digital voice, encryption, or trunking sometimes result in feature-backlash and organizational retreat to minimal "feature-free" P25 implementations which fulfill the letter of any
Project 25 migration requirement without realizing the benefits thereof. Additionally, while not a technical issue per se, frictions often result from the unwieldy bureaucratic inter-agency processes that tend to develop in order to coordinate interoperability decisions.
886:. The varying levels of error correction are implemented by breaking P25 message frames into subframes. This allows an attacker to jam entire messages by transmitting only during certain short subframes that are critical to reception of the entire frame. As a result, an attacker can effectively jam Project 25 signals with average power levels much lower than the power levels used for communication. Such attacks can be targeted at encrypted transmissions only, forcing users to transmit in the clear.
612:
Phase 1 mode when required, if enabled. A subscriber radio cannot use TDMA transmission without a synchronization source; therefore direct radio to radio communication resorts to conventional FDMA digital operation. Multi-band subscriber radios can also operate on narrow-band FM as a lowest common denominator between almost any two way radios. This makes analog narrow-band FM the de facto "interoperability" mode for some time.
129:
539:
32:
620:
faster data rate of 12 kbit/s allowing two simultaneous voice transmissions. As such subscriber radios also transmit with the full 12.5 kHz, but in an on/off repeating fashion resulting in half the transmission and thus an equivalent of 6.25 kHz per each radio. This is accomplished using the AMBE voice coder that uses half the rate of the Phase 1 IMBE voice coders.
865:
P25 radios when set to secure mode continue to operate without issuing a warning if another party switches to clear mode. In addition, the report authors said many P25 systems change keys too often, increasing the risk that an individual radio on a net may not be properly keyed, forcing all users on the net to transmit in the clear to maintain communications with that radio.
636:(Mobility for Emergency and Safety Applications), which sought to define a unified set of requirements for a next-generation aeronautical and terrestrial digital wideband/broadband radio standard that could be used to transmit and receive voice, video, and high-speed data in wide-area, multiple-agency networks deployed by public safety agencies.
1012:
Project 25 (P25) is the standard for the design and manufacture of interoperable digital two-way wireless communications products. Developed in North
America with state, local and federal representatives and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) governance, P25 has gained worldwide acceptance
914:
The report's authors concluded by saying "It is reasonable to wonder why this protocol, which was developed over many years and is used for sensitive and critical applications, is so difficult to use and so vulnerable to attack." The authors separately issued a set of recommendations for P25 users to
719:
While interoperability is a major goal of P25, many P25 features present interoperability challenges. In theory, all P25 compliant equipment is interoperable. In practice, interoperable communications isn't achievable without effective governance, standardized operating procedures, effective training
611:
voice codec to reduce the needed bitrate so that one voice channel will only require 6,000 bits per second (including error correction and signalling). Phase 2 is not backwards compatible with Phase 1 (due to the TDMA operation), although multi-mode TDMA radios and systems are capable of operating in
873:
One design choice was to use lower levels of error correction for portions of the encoded voice data that are deemed less critical for intelligibility. As a result, bit errors may be expected in typical transmissions, and while harmless for voice communication, the presence of such errors force the
615:
Originally the implementation of Phase 2 was planned to split the 12.5 kHz channel into two 6.25 kHz slots, or
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA). However it proved more advantageous to use existing 12.5 kHz frequency allocations in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mode for
864:
The report did not find any breaks in the P25 encryption; however, they observed large amounts of sensitive traffic being sent in the clear due to implementations problems. They found switch markings for secure and clear modes difficult to distinguish (∅ vs. o). This is exacerbated by the fact that
283:
made it difficult for Public Safety agencies to achieve interoperability and widespread acceptance. However, lessons learned during disasters the United States faced in the past decades have forced agencies to assess their requirements during a disaster when basic infrastructure has failed. To meet
228:
voice channels in the same RF bandwidth (12.5 kHz), while phase 1 can provide only one voice channel. The two protocols are not compatible. However, P25 Phase 2 infrastructure can provide a "dynamic transcoder" feature that translates between Phase 1 and Phase 2 as needed. In addition to this,
893:
modulation, which is inherently jam-resistant. An optimal spread spectrum system can require an effective jammer to use 1,000 times as much power (30 dB more) as the individual communicators. According to the report, a P25 jammer could effectively operate at 1/25th the power (14 dB less)
798:
At the
Securecomm 2011 conference in London, security researcher Steve Glass presented a paper, written by himself and co-author Matt Ames, that explained how DES-OFB and Motorola's proprietary ADP (RC4 based) ciphers were vulnerable to brute force key recovery. This research was the result of the
619:
Phase 2 is what is known as 6.25 kHz "bandwidth equivalent" which satisfies an FCC requirement for voice transmissions to occupy less bandwidth. Voice traffic on a Phase 2 system transmits with the full 12.5 kHz per frequency allocation, as a Phase 1 system does, however it does so at a
358:
Interoperable emergency communication is integral to initial response, public health, community safety, national security and economic stability. Of all the problems experienced during disaster events, one of the most serious is poor communication due to lack of appropriate and efficient means to
931:
P25 is optimized for wider area coverage with low population density, and also supports simulcast. It is, however, limited with respect to data support. There is a major subdivision within P25 radio systems: Phase I P25 operates analogue, digital, or mixed mode in a single 12.5 kHz channel.
292:
initiated a 1988 inquiry for recommendations from users and manufacturers to improve existing communication systems. Based on the recommendations, to find solutions that best serve the needs of public safety management, in
October 1989 APCO Project 25 came into existence in a coalition with:
927:
TETRA is optimized for high population density areas, and has spectral efficiency of 4 time slots in 25 kHz. (Four communications channels per 25 kHz channel, an efficient use of spectrum). It supports full-duplex voice communication, data, and messaging. It does not provide
429:(AMBE+2) voice codecs which were designed by Digital Voice Systems, Inc. to encode/decode the analog audio signals. It is rumored that the licensing cost for the voice-codecs that are used in P25 standard devices is the main reason that the cost of P25 compatible devices is so high.
711:
usually requires migrating to
Project 25. It is also being used in other countries worldwide including Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, India and Russia. As of mid-2004 there were 660 networks with P25 deployed in 54 countries. At the same time, in 2005, the European
681:
The NAC is a feature similar to CTCSS or DCS for analog radios. That is, radios can be programmed to only pass audio when receiving the correct NAC. NACs are programmed as a three-hexadecimal-digit code that is transmitted along with the digital signal being transmitted.
594:
and interoperability with other systems, across system boundaries, and regardless of system infrastructure. In addition, the P25 suite of standards provides an open interface to the radio frequency (RF) subsystem to facilitate interlinking of different vendors' systems.
678:(DCS) codes for access control. Instead they use what is called a Network Access Code (NAC) which is included outside of the digital voice frame. This is a 12-bit code that prefixes every packet of data sent, including those carrying voice transmissions.
906:
to identify users. Because
Project 25 radios respond to bad data packets addressed to them with a retransmission request, an attacker can deliberately send bad packets forcing a specific radio to transmit even if the user is attempting to maintain
832:
published an article describing research into security flaws of the system, including a user interface that makes it difficult for users to recognize when transceivers are operating in secure mode. According to the article, "(R)esearchers from the
915:
mitigate some of the problems found. These include disabling the secure/clear switch, using
Network Access Codes to segregate clear and encrypted traffic, and compensating for the unreliability of P25 over-the-air rekeying by extending key life.
1172:
1195:
769:'s Project 25 Compliance Assessment Program (P25 CAP) aims for interoperability among different vendors by testing to P25 Standards. P25 CAP, a voluntary program, allows suppliers to publicly attest to their products' compliance.
780:
testing procedures. Only approved products may be purchased using US federal grant dollars. Generally, non-approved products should not be trusted to be meet P25 standards for performance, conformance, and interoperability.
616:
a number of reasons. It allowed subscriber radios to save battery life by only transmitting half the time which also yields the ability for the subscriber radio to listen and respond to system requests between transmissions.
367:
are interoperable. The goal of P25 is to enable public safety responders to communicate with each other and, thus, achieve enhanced coordination, timely response, and efficient and effective use of communications equipment.
405:
Although developed primarily for North
American public safety services, P25 technology and products are not limited to public safety alone and have also been selected and deployed in other private system application,
784:
P25 product labeling varies. "P25" and "P25 compliant" mean nothing while high standards apply for a vendor to claim a product is "P25 CAP compliant" or "P25 compliant with the
Statement of Requirements (P25 SOR)"
589:
These systems involve standardized service and facility specifications, ensuring that any manufacturers' compliant subscriber radio has access to the services described in such specifications. Abilities include
388:
297:
509:
Fixed Station Interface – standard specifies a set of mandatory messages supporting digital voice, data, encryption and telephone interconnect necessary for communication between a Fixed Station and P25 RF
383:(SDO) and has published the P25 suite of standards as the TIA-102 series of documents, which now include 49 separate parts on Land Mobile Radio and TDMA implementations of the technology for public safety.
502:
Common Air Interface (CAI) – standard specifies the type and content of signals transmitted by compliant radios. One radio using CAI should be able to communicate with any other CAI radio, regardless of
432:
P25 may be used in "talk around" mode without any intervening equipment between two radios, in conventional mode where two radios communicate through a repeater or base station without trunking or in a
309:
371:
P25 was established to address the need for common digital public safety radio communications standards for first-responders and homeland security/emergency response professionals. The
1242:
643:, and TETRA, but no interest from the industry followed, since the requirements could not be met by available commercial off-the-shelf technology, and the project was closed in 2010.
574:
codec, 2,800 is forward error correction, and 2,400 is signalling and other control functions. Receivers designed for the C4FM standard can also demodulate the "Compatible quadrature
391:(APCO), the National Association of State Telecommunications Directors (NASTD), selected federal agencies and the National Communications System (NCS), and standardized under the
856:
in August 2011. The report noted a number of security flaws in the Project 25 system, some specific to the way it has been implemented and some inherent in the security design.
220:
protocol, the older protocol known as P25 became P25 phase 1. P25 phase 2 products use the more advanced AMBE2+ vocoder, which allows audio to pass through a more compressed
923:
P25 and TETRA are used in more than 53 countries worldwide for both public safety and private sector radio networks. There are some differences in features and capacities:
655:
418:
or analog mode with other P25 radios. Additionally, the deployment of P25-compliant systems will allow for a high degree of equipment interoperability and compatibility.
1715:
522:
Telephone Interconnect Interface – standard specifies the interface to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) supporting both analog and ISDN telephone interfaces.
2048:
1940:
629:
347:
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than the communicating radios. The authors developed a proof-of-concept jammer using a Texas Instruments CC1110 single chip radio, found in an inexpensive toy.
1057:
639:
The final functional and technical requirements have been released by ETSI and were expected to shape the next phases of American Project 25 and European DMR,
1132:
1028:
1013:
for public safety, security, public service, and commercial applications...The P25 standard was created by, and is intended for, public safety professionals.
647:
516:
Network Management Interface – standard specifies a single network management scheme which will allow all network elements of the RF subsystem to be managed
811:
and analyzer. The OP25 project was founded by Steve Glass in early 2008 while he was performing research into wireless networks as part of his PhD thesis.
698:
0xf7f ($ F7F) – a repeater receiver set for this NAC will allow all incoming decoded signals and the repeater transmitter will retransmit the received NAC.
685:
Since the NAC is a three-hexadecimal-digit number (12 bits), there are 4,096 possible NACs for programming, far more than all analog methods combined.
410:
P25-compliant systems are being increasingly adopted and deployed throughout the United States, as well as other countries. Radios can communicate in
1613:
999:
773:
392:
372:
554:
Phase 1 radio systems operate in 12.5 kHz digital mode using a single user per channel access method. Phase 1 radios use Continuous 4 level
1869:
303:
1620:
958:
729:
1249:
1207:
506:
Subscriber Data Peripheral Interface – standard specifies the port through which mobiles and portables can connect to laptops or data networks
2288:
1220:
671:
498:
P25's Suite of Standards specify eight open interfaces between the various components of a land mobile radio system. These interfaces are:
343:
1089:
2293:
2109:
2104:
2041:
1933:
804:
327:
1959:
415:
1744:
285:
115:
1442:, Interview with Don Pfohl of Project 25 and Bill Belt of Telecommunications Industry Association's wireless division, 1. May 2005
707:
Adoption of these standards has been slowed by budget problems in the US; however, funding for communications upgrades from the
519:
Data Network Interface – standard specifies the RF Subsystem's connections to computers, data networks, or external data sources
350:(NIST), Office of Law Enforcement Standards was established to decide the priorities and scope of technical development of P25.
1784:
708:
335:
2283:
2034:
1926:
953:
608:
583:
571:
426:
422:
360:
315:
53:
1875:
1374:
513:
Console Subsystem Interface – standard specifies the basic messaging to interface a console subsystem to a P25 RF Subsystem
1997:
1336:
604:
225:
570:
per symbol, yielding 9,600 bits per second total channel throughput. Of this 9,600, 4,400 is voice data generated by the
96:
2170:
1972:
1634:
749:
529:) – standard specifies the interface between RF subsystems which will allow them to be connected into wide area networks
457:
1470:
68:
879:
49:
1768:"Why (Special Agent) Johnny (Still) Can't Encrypt: A Security Analysis of the APCO Project 25 Two-Way Radio system,"
1065:
2099:
948:
834:
1036:
75:
42:
2244:
2155:
2005:
970:
713:
402:
P25 is applicable to LMR equipment authorized or licensed, in the U.S., under NTIA or FCC rules and regulations.
339:
238:
170:
2094:
1588:
1570:
445:
396:
321:
158:
1906:
889:
Because Project 25 radios are designed to work in existing two-way radio frequency channels, they cannot use
82:
1832:
2076:
591:
559:
399:) services for local, state/provincial and national (federal) public safety organizations and agencies...
380:
289:
1315:
675:
546:
P25-compliant technology has been deployed over two main phases with future phases yet to be finalized.
434:
269:
since the 1990s because of an increased use of data on radio systems for such features as GPS location,
1767:
991:
64:
1349:
902:
Certain metadata fields in the Project 25 protocol are not encrypted, allowing an attacker to perform
334:
A steering committee consisting of representatives from the above-mentioned agencies along with FPIC (
2181:
2057:
2010:
1635:"SecureComm 2011 7th International ICST Conference on Security and Privacy in Communications Network"
883:
270:
262:
242:
230:
190:
178:
174:
1820:
1410:
1294:
772:
Independent, accredited labs test vendor's P25 radios for compliance to P25 Standards, derived from
2226:
828:
659:
607:
scheme and is now required for all new trunking systems in the 700 MHz band. Phase 2 uses the
181:) radios, adding the ability to transfer data as well as voice for more natural implementations of
1884:
579:
575:
480:
148:
1392:
911:. Such tracking by authorized users is considered a feature of P25, referred to as "presence".
1524:
1093:
578:" (CQPSK) standard, as the parameters of the CQPSK signal were chosen to yield the same signal
1709:
1330:
838:
487:
465:
777:
2089:
903:
753:
152:
1770:
S. Clark, T. Goodspeed, P. Metzger, Z. Wasserman, K. Xu, M. Blaze, Proceedings of the 20th
2084:
1888:
1411:"P25 in Brazil - Tutorial by Dr. Cristiano Torres do Amaral from Brazilian Police Academy"
890:
737:
733:
695:
0xf7e ($ F7E) – a receiver set for this NAC will pass audio on any decoded signal received
555:
277:
162:
1900:
1876:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110223005820/http://www.apco911.org/frequency/project25.php
1845:
1361:
632:(ETSI) and TIA were working collaboratively on the Public Safety Partnership Project or
89:
2140:
808:
603:
To improve spectrum use, P25 Phase 2 was developed for trunking systems using a 2-slot
280:
234:
186:
1894:
2277:
1950:
1545:
908:
875:
853:
411:
376:
364:
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284:
the growing demands of public safety digital radio communication, the United States
128:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2187:
1506:
1439:
1350:
Advanced Mobile Broadband For Public Protection & Disaster Relief Professionals
379:
engineering committee facilitates such work through its role as an ANSI-accredited
266:
20:
1918:
1808:
538:
1378:
1155:
387:
Project 25 (P25) is a set of standards produced through the joint efforts of the
1029:"Project 25 Technology Interest Group - Content - General - What is Project 25?"
437:
mode where traffic is automatically assigned to one or more voice channels by a
31:
1452:
967:, a two-way digital radio standard with similar characteristics (Optional TDMA)
878:, which can tolerate bit errors, and prevents the use of a standard technique,
745:
453:
449:
217:
182:
1638:
2216:
1474:
842:
800:
756:. In New South Wales, the GRN is now called the Public Safety Network (PSN).
202:
229:
phase 2 radios are backwards compatible with phase 1 modulation and analog
169:
and has gained acceptance for public safety, security, public service, and
1907:
https://web.archive.org/web/20170611161725/http://www.dvsinc.com/prj25.htm
752:; and Melbourne Metropolitan Radio (MMR) and Rural Mobile Radio (RMR) in
2160:
2145:
1967:
945:, an earlier standard that specified trunking formats and radio operation
741:
526:
438:
206:
205:
and emergency rescue service, using vehicle-mounted radios combined with
2026:
1660:
932:
Phase II uses a 2-timeslot TDMA structure in each 12.5 kHz channel.
395:(TIA)... The P25 suite of standards involves digital Land Mobile Radio (
2254:
2150:
2125:
1729:
1273:
942:
484:
216:
Starting around 2012, products became available with the newer phase 2
1987:
1771:
849:
670:
P25 systems do not have to resort to using in band signaling such as
194:
1679:"GNU Radio - The Free & Open Source Radio Ecosystem · GNU Radio"
1243:"Aeroflex: Application Note - Understanding P25 Modulation Fidelity"
389:
Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International
298:
Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International
245:(DMR) protocol standards, which fill a similar role to Project 25.
2135:
1488:
815:
537:
476:
127:
19:
For the similarly named Heritage Foundation policy proposals, see
1821:
https://www.powertrunk.com/docs/Pros_and_Cons_of_P25_vs_TETRA.pdf
2176:
2165:
1977:
964:
658:
to public safety networks. The FCC expects providers to employ
640:
563:
221:
198:
2030:
1922:
732:
were deployed using the name Government Radio Network (GRN) in
766:
651:
567:
461:
25:
1730:"Insecurity in Public-Safety Communications: APCO Project 25"
1698:"Ettus Research - The leader in Software Defined Radio (SDR)"
1862:
1745:"Security Flaws in Feds' Radios Make for Easy Eavesdropping"
1678:
1507:"Victoria Scanner Frequencies and Radio Frequency Reference"
1114:
1912:
1115:"Home - National Association of State Technology Directors"
310:
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
304:
National Association of State Telecommunications Directors
173:
worldwide. P25 radios are a direct replacement for analog
132:
Several hand-held Project 25 radios used around the world.
1697:
1364:. David Thompson. Telecommunications Industry Association
1352:. David Thompson. Telecommunications Industry Association
1318:. Project MESA. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20
794:
OP25 Project—Encryption flaws in DES-OFB and ADP ciphers
1453:"Home - Motorola Solutions Australia & New Zealand"
1901:
https://valid8.com/solutions/p25-issi-cssi-conformance
1881:
1872:
TIA Standards Development Activities for Public Safety
1846:
https://tandcca.com/fm_file/dubai06swancomparison-pdf/
1661:"WikiStart - OP25 - Open Source Mobile Communications"
1064:. Project 25 Technology Interest Group. Archived from
1035:. Project 25 Technology Interest Group. Archived from
837:
overheard conversations that included descriptions of
338:
Federal Partnership for Interoperable Communication),
973:, TETRA, the European(EU) standard equivalent to P25
650:, the FCC allocated 20 MHz of the 700 MHz
2225:
2209:
2200:
2118:
2075:
2068:
1996:
1958:
1895:
http://www.dvsinc.com/papers/p25_training_guide.pdf
1362:
Project MESA: Broadband Telecommunications for PPDR
688:Three of the possible NACs have special functions:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
761:Project 25 Compliance Assessment Program (P25 CAP)
1785:"Design Issues for P25 Digital| National Interop"
1763:
1761:
1614:"P25 CAP Compliance: What Should It Mean to You?"
1316:"Mobile Broadband for Public Safety - Home Page"
542:A hand-held Project 25 radio used in US systems.
363:. P25 is a collaborative project to ensure that
1696:Brand, Ettus Research, a National Instruments.
630:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
385:
562:modulation—for digital transmissions at 4,800
475:The protocol also supports the ACCORDION 1.3,
460:(AES) encryption at up to 256 bits keylength,
348:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2042:
1934:
1903:P25 Compliance Test Tools for ISSI & CSSI
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
814:The paper is available for download from the
258:Public safety radios have been upgraded from
8:
1714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1375:"www.projectmesa.org - /ftp/Specifications/"
662:for high-speed data and video applications.
648:United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction
273:, text messaging, metering, and encryption.
1915:Radio users and experts discuss P25 Phase 2
1084:
1082:
2206:
2072:
2065:
2049:
2035:
2027:
1941:
1927:
1919:
1743:Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer (2011-08-10).
1092:. Apcointl.org. 2013-09-30. Archived from
1023:
1021:
882:(MACs), to protect message integrity from
582:at symbol time as C4FM. Phase 1 uses the
189:. P25 radios are commonly implemented by
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1897:Daniels' P25 Radio System Training Guide
1471:"Queensland Government Wireless Network"
983:
961:, examples deployment of P25 technology
807:(USRP) to implement an open source P25
748:; Territory Radio Network (TRN) in the
744:; Government Wireless Network (GWN) in
414:mode with legacy radios, and in either
393:Telecommunications Industry Association
373:Telecommunications Industry Association
1909:DVSI P25 Vocoder Software and Hardware
1707:
1621:DHS Science and Technology Directorate
1328:
959:Government radio networks in Australia
1833:"P25 and TETRA Technology Roundtable"
1540:
1538:
848:The report was presented at the 20th
558:(C4FM) modulation—a special type of 4
276:Various user protocols and different
7:
1196:Search Results | IHS Standards Store
996:Project 25 Technology Interest Group
898:Traffic analysis and active tracking
672:Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1589:"Approved Grant Eligible Equipment"
1571:"Approved Grant Eligible Equipment"
822:University of Pennsylvania research
805:Universal Software Radio Peripheral
724:Naming of P25 technology in regions
16:Set of Telecommunications Standards
1878:APCO International Project 25 page
1002:from the original on 29 April 2020
730:Statewide P25 systems in Australia
656:freed in the digital TV transition
421:P25 standards use the proprietary
381:standards development organization
233:modulation, per the standard. The
14:
1397:Federal Communications Commission
448:(DES) encryption (56 bit), 2-key
444:The protocol supports the use of
286:Federal Communications Commission
1393:"700 MHz Public Safety Spectrum"
919:Comparison between P25 and TETRA
30:
1593:Department of Homeland Security
1575:Department of Homeland Security
1550:Department of Homeland Security
709:Department of Homeland Security
692:0x293 ($ 293) – the default NAC
361:emergency communication systems
336:Department of Homeland Security
161:products. P25 was developed by
41:needs additional citations for
954:Digital terrestrial television
525:Inter RF Subsystem Interface (
427:Advanced Multi-Band Excitation
423:Improved Multi-Band Excitation
316:National Communications System
288:(FCC) at the direction of the
1:
2210:General Electric Mobile Radio
1809:P25 security mitigation guide
2289:Telecommunications standards
880:message authentication codes
750:Australian Capital Territory
458:Advanced Encryption Standard
1489:"Metropolitan Mobile Radio"
1440:Is this finally P25's year?
666:Conventional implementation
249:Suite of standards overview
2312:
2294:Computer security exploits
2105:Type II SmartZone OmniLink
949:Digital Audio Broadcasting
835:University of Pennsylvania
18:
2245:LTR Standard and Passport
2064:
1457:www.motorolasolutions.com
1335:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
992:"What is P25 Technology?"
971:Terrestrial Trunked Radio
714:Terrestrial Trunked Radio
239:Terrestrial Trunked Radio
1913:http://www.p25phase2.com
1774:Security Symposium, 2011
799:OP25 project which uses
776:Standards and following
470:Advanced Digital Privacy
446:Data Encryption Standard
322:National Security Agency
1525:"Public Safety Network"
843:confidential informants
628:From 2000 to 2009, the
193:organizations, such as
171:commercial applications
1511:www.radioreference.com
852:Security Symposium in
592:backward compatibility
543:
468:, sold by Motorola as
452:encryption, three-key
408:
344:Department of Commerce
290:United States Congress
133:
2284:Trunked radio systems
2058:Trunked radio systems
1747:. Wall Street Journal
1090:"Spectrum Management"
884:stream cipher attacks
869:Jamming vulnerability
676:Digital-Coded Squelch
541:
472:), or no encryption.
328:Department of Defense
131:
1156:"Why Can't We Talk?"
1096:on February 12, 2012
654:radio band spectrum
243:Digital mobile radio
50:improve this article
2227:Logic Trunked Radio
2203:distributed control
1882:http://www.apco.ca/
1577:. February 6, 2017.
1495:. January 24, 2017.
1493:www.esta.vic.gov.au
829:Wall Street Journal
494:P25 open interfaces
2069:Central controller
1887:2018-05-14 at the
1811:, M. Blaze, et al.
1531:. 7 February 2022.
1173:"A Google Company"
765:The United States
576:phase shift keying
544:
134:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2196:
2195:
2100:Type II SmartZone
2024:
2023:
1399:. March 17, 2011.
1381:on June 13, 2010.
1208:P25 Radio Systems
860:Encryption lapses
839:undercover agents
441:or Base Station.
224:and provides two
165:professionals in
126:
125:
118:
100:
2301:
2207:
2077:Motorola systems
2073:
2066:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2028:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1866:
1865:
1863:Official website
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1843:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1787:. Archived from
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1637:. Archived from
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1473:. Archived from
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1437:
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1407:
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1377:. Archived from
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1016:
1015:
1009:
1007:
988:
904:traffic analysis
674:(CTCSS) tone or
237:has created the
147:) is a suite of
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
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2300:
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2274:
2273:
2272:
2259:
2221:
2202:
2192:
2131:APCO Project 25
2126:APCO Project 16
2114:
2095:Type IIi Hybrid
2060:
2055:
2025:
2020:
1992:
1954:
1947:
1889:Wayback Machine
1861:
1860:
1857:
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1650:Securecomm 2011
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1299:
1297:
1295:"P25 in Brazil"
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891:spread spectrum
871:
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763:
738:South Australia
734:New South Wales
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2141:EDACS Provoice
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1855:External links
1853:
1850:
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1838:
1835:. May 3, 2012.
1824:
1813:
1801:
1776:
1757:
1735:
1721:
1702:Ettus Research
1688:
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1534:
1529:www.nsw.gov.au
1516:
1498:
1480:
1477:on 2017-02-18.
1462:
1444:
1423:
1402:
1384:
1366:
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1307:
1286:
1265:
1234:
1212:
1210:Training Guide
1199:
1188:
1164:
1147:
1124:
1106:
1078:
1058:"What is P25?"
1049:
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956:
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920:
917:
899:
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876:stream ciphers
870:
867:
861:
858:
823:
820:
809:packet sniffer
803:and the Ettus
795:
792:
790:
789:Security flaws
787:
762:
759:
758:
757:
725:
722:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
693:
667:
664:
625:
624:Beyond Phase 2
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365:two-way radios
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281:radio spectrum
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235:European Union
187:text messaging
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1791:on 2011-07-14
1790:
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1641:on 2012-02-03
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1296:
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1275:
1274:"P25 Phase 2"
1269:
1266:
1255:on 2012-03-20
1251:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1223:. 31 May 2009
1222:
1216:
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1128:
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1120:
1119:www.nastd.org
1116:
1110:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1068:on 2014-06-07
1067:
1063:
1062:Project25.org
1059:
1053:
1050:
1039:on 2009-02-10
1038:
1034:
1033:project25.org
1030:
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909:radio silence
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868:
866:
859:
857:
855:
854:San Francisco
851:
846:
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840:
836:
831:
830:
826:In 2011, the
821:
819:
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812:
810:
806:
802:
793:
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586:voice codec.
585:
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491:
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483:, MAYFLY and
482:
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287:
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279:
278:public safety
274:
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268:
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253:
248:
246:
244:
241:(TETRA) and
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
211:walkie-talkie
209:and handheld
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:North America
164:
163:public safety
160:
159:two-way radio
157:
154:
153:interoperable
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
120:
117:
109:
106:November 2019
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2250:LTR MultiNet
2240:LTR Passport
2235:LTR Standard
2201:Scan-based /
2130:
2015:
1982:
1870:P25 Overview
1841:
1827:
1816:
1804:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1779:
1749:. Retrieved
1738:
1724:
1701:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1629:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1595:. 2017-02-06
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1554:. Retrieved
1552:. 2016-05-22
1549:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1475:the original
1465:
1456:
1447:
1414:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1387:
1379:the original
1369:
1357:
1345:
1320:. Retrieved
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1268:
1257:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:"p25expence"
1215:
1206:Codan LTD.,
1202:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1167:
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1127:
1118:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1070:. Retrieved
1066:the original
1061:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1032:
1011:
1004:. Retrieved
995:
986:
922:
913:
901:
888:
872:
863:
847:
827:
825:
813:
797:
783:
771:
764:
718:
706:
687:
684:
680:
669:
645:
638:
634:Project MESA
633:
627:
618:
614:
602:
588:
553:
545:
503:manufacturer
497:
474:
469:
456:encryption,
443:
431:
420:
409:
404:
401:
386:
370:
357:
354:Introduction
333:
275:
257:
215:
144:
140:
136:
135:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:"Project 25"
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
21:Project 2025
2016:P25 phase 2
1983:P25 phase 1
1891:APCO Canada
1665:osmocom.org
1006:17 November
646:During the
425:(IMBE) and
340:Coast Guard
177:(typically
2278:Categories
1795:2011-08-15
1751:2011-08-10
1645:2012-05-15
1599:2020-09-27
1556:2020-09-27
1322:2014-06-06
1279:9 December
1259:2012-03-26
1182:2014-06-06
1178:. Motorola
1141:2010-09-26
1133:"SOR.book"
1100:2014-06-06
1072:2014-06-06
1043:2014-06-06
928:simulcast.
746:Queensland
534:P25 phases
454:Triple-DES
450:Triple-DES
406:worldwide.
218:modulation
183:encryption
137:Project 25
76:newspapers
2217:GE Marc V
1953:standards
1683:GNU Radio
1546:"P25 CAP"
1227:5 October
818:website.
801:GNU Radio
580:deviation
510:Subsystem
490:ciphers.
222:bitstream
207:repeaters
203:ambulance
149:standards
2184:Tier III
2161:TETRAPOL
2146:MPT-1327
1968:TETRAPOL
1949:Digital
1885:Archived
1710:cite web
1331:cite web
1000:Archived
937:See also
754:Victoria
742:Tasmania
703:Adoption
439:Repeater
342:and the
271:trunking
191:dispatch
2255:LTR-Net
2151:OpenSky
2090:Type II
1623:. 2018.
1416:4 March
1300:4 March
943:APCO-16
874:use of
778:TIA-TR8
774:TIA-102
599:Phase 2
550:Phase 1
485:SAVILLE
481:Firefly
466:40 bits
435:trunked
416:digital
306:(NASTD)
267:digital
254:History
156:digital
145:APCO-25
90:scholar
2173:Mode 3
2085:Type I
1988:D-STAR
1772:Usenix
850:USENIX
740:, and
609:AMBE+2
566:and 2
488:Type 1
412:analog
312:(NTIA)
300:(APCO)
260:analog
195:police
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2156:TETRA
2136:EDACS
2119:Other
2006:TETRA
1617:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1246:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
978:Notes
816:NICTA
477:BATON
330:(DoD)
324:(NSA)
318:(NCS)
213:use.
97:JSTOR
83:books
2177:NXDN
2171:dPMR
2166:GoTa
2110:iDEN
1998:TDMA
1978:NXDN
1973:dPMR
1960:FDMA
1716:link
1418:2020
1337:link
1302:2020
1281:2016
1229:2016
1008:2020
965:NXDN
841:and
641:dPMR
605:TDMA
584:IMBE
572:IMBE
568:bits
564:baud
527:ISSI
377:TR-8
226:TDMA
199:fire
185:and
151:for
69:news
2188:PDT
2182:DMR
2011:DMR
767:DHS
660:LTE
652:UHF
560:FSK
462:RC4
397:LMR
375:'s
346:'s
265:to
175:UHF
143:or
141:P25
52:by
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1760:^
1712:}}
1708:{{
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1333:}}
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736:,
556:FM
479:,
263:FM
231:FM
201:,
197:,
179:FM
2050:e
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