724:(approximately dome-shaped masses of bacteria and matrix) separated by "voids" through which the medium (e.g., water) may flow easily. The microcolonies may join together above the substratum to form a continuous layer, closing the network of channels separating microcolonies. This structural complexity—combined with observations that oxygen limitation (a ubiquitous challenge for anything growing in size beyond the scale of diffusion) is at least partially eased by movement of medium throughout the biofilm—has led some to speculate that this may constitute a
926:
971:
them, that eukaryotes arose contemporaneously with eubacteria and archaebacteria and hence represent a primary line of descent of equal age and rank as the prokaryotes, that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing an endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus, that eukaryotes arose without endosymbiosis, and that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing a simultaneous endosymbiotic origin of the flagellum and the nucleus, in addition to many other models, which have been reviewed and summarized elsewhere.
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858:
947:
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31:
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Should these instances of prokaryotic sociality prove to be the rule rather than the exception, it would have serious implications for the way we view prokaryotes in general, and the way we deal with them in medicine. Bacterial biofilms may be 100 times more resistant to antibiotics than free-living
265:
have provided insight into the evolution and interrelationships of the three domains of life. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization; only eukaryotic cells have an enveloped nucleus that contains its chromosomal
970:
There is no consensus among biologists concerning the position of the eukaryotes in the overall scheme of cell evolution. Current opinions on the origin and position of eukaryotes span a broad spectrum including the views that eukaryotes arose first in evolution and that prokaryotes descend from
745:
have focused on high relatedness between members of a group (or colony, or whole organism). If a copy of a gene is present in all members of a group, behaviors that promote cooperation between members may permit those members to have (on average) greater fitness than a similar group of selfish
628:
system is controlled by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for distributing copies of a plasmid from one bacterial host to another. Infrequently during this process, a plasmid may integrate into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfer part of the host bacterial DNA to another
2872:
Hug, Laura A.; Baker, Brett J.; Anantharaman, Karthik; Brown, Christopher T.; Probst, Alexander J.; Castelle, Cindy J.; Butterfield, Cristina N.; Hernsdorf, Alex W.; Amano, Yuki; Ise, Kotaro; Suzuki, Yohey; Dudek, Natasha; Relman, David A.; Finstad, Kari M.; Amundson, Ronald (2016-04-11).
950:
Diagram of the origin of life with the
Eukaryotes appearing early, not derived from Prokaryotes, as proposed by Richard Egel in 2012. This view, one of many on the relative positions of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, implies that the universal common ancestor was relatively large and
657:
for DNA transfer, because it depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process. For a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state called
633:
1120:
has a membrane around the nucleoid and contains other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that
Planctomycetota cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and, like other bacterial membrane systems, are interconnected.
890:(originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. Archaea were originally thought to be extremophiles, living only in inhospitable conditions such as extremes of
963:, while the eukaryotes evolved later in the history of life. Some authors have questioned this conclusion, arguing that the current set of prokaryotic species may have evolved from more complex eukaryotic ancestors through a process of simplification.
736:
events all seem to point in this direction. However, these colonies are seldom if ever founded by a single founder (in the way that animals and plants are founded by single cells), which presents a number of theoretical issues. Most explanations of
1046:, two organelles found in many eukaryotic cells, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descended from free-living bacteria. The
782:
Prokaryotes have diversified greatly throughout their long existence. The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes, leading to many highly distinct prokaryotic types. For example, in addition to using
4062:
3271:
McKay DS, Gibson EK, Thomas-Keprta KL, Vali H, Romanek CS, Clemett SJ, Chillier XD, Maechling CR, Zare RN (August 1996). "Search for past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity in martian meteorite ALH84001".
719:
Biofilms may be highly heterogeneous and structurally complex and may attach to solid surfaces, or exist at liquid-air interfaces, or potentially even liquid-liquid interfaces. Bacterial biofilms are often made up of
2303:
979:
prokaryotes were laid down approximately 3.5 billion years ago, only about 1 billion years after the formation of the Earth's crust. Eukaryotes only appear in the fossil record later, and may have formed from
670:
transformation can be as much as a third to the whole chromosome. Transformation is a common mode of DNA transfer, and 67 prokaryotic species are thus far known to be naturally competent for transformation.
1347:
as LUCA. The feature of DNA as the material base of the genome might have then been adopted separately in bacteria and in archaea (and later eukaryote nuclei), presumably by help of some viruses (possibly
593:
DNA transfer between prokaryotic cells occurs in bacteria and archaea, although it has been mainly studied in bacteria. In bacteria, gene transfer occurs by three processes. These are (1) bacterial virus
691:
to DNA damaging agents induces cellular aggregation, and suggested that cellular aggregation may enhance DNA transfer among cells to provide increased repair of damaged DNA via homologous recombination.
636:
640:
639:
635:
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700:
While prokaryotes are considered strictly unicellular, most can form stable aggregate communities. When such communities are encased in a stabilizing polymer matrix ("slime"), they may be called "
641:
984:
of multiple prokaryote ancestors. The oldest known fossil eukaryotes are about 1.7 billion years old. However, some genetic evidence suggests eukaryotes appeared as early as 3 billion years ago.
2177:
Saito Y, Taguchi H, Akamatsu T (March 2006). "Fate of transforming bacterial genome following incorporation into competent cells of
Bacillus subtilis: a continuous length of incorporated DNA".
1007:
The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a "true"
1311:
ncestor) should have possessed an early version of this protein complex. As ATP synthase is obligate membrane bound, this supports the assumption that LUCA was a cellular organism. The
638:
363:
Membranous organelles (or intracellular membranes) are known in some groups of prokaryotes, such as vacuoles or membrane systems devoted to special metabolic properties, such as
966:
Others have argued that the three domains of life arose simultaneously, from a set of varied cells that formed a single gene pool. This controversy was summarized in 2005:
4105:
6010:
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involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium. Unlike transduction and conjugation, transformation is clearly a bacterial
1634:
Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Tanaka S, Nguyen CV, Phillips M, Beeby M, Yeates TO (August 2005). "Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles".
622:
of the host bacteria. The transfer of bacterial DNA is under the control of the bacteriophage's genes rather than bacterial genes. Conjugation in the well-studied
2710:
Cobián Güemes, Ana
Georgina; Youle, Merry; Cantú, Vito Adrian; Felts, Ben; Nulton, James; Rohwer, Forest (2016-09-29). "Viruses as Winners in the Game of Life".
5969:
5478:
4909:
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4247:
360:, the basic cell physiological response of bacteria. At least some prokaryotes also contain intracellular structures that can be seen as primitive organelles.
728:
and many researchers have started calling prokaryotic communities multicellular (for example ). Differential cell expression, collective behavior, signaling,
2132:
1275:
differs fundamentally between bacteria and archaea (including that in eukaryotic nuclei), and it may not be homologous between these two groups. Moreover,
1073:. The complex contains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized
3875:
3596:
3226:
When did eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei and other internal organelles) first evolve? What do we know about how they evolved from earlier life-forms?
2824:
1568:
629:
bacterium. Plasmid mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA (conjugation) also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.
4026:
2179:
708:(phenotypic differentiation) in time and space. Also, as with multicellular eukaryotes, these changes in expression often appear to result from
3642:
1614:
637:
4098:
3944:
2618:
2398:
1979:
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unicells and may be nearly impossible to remove from surfaces once they have colonized them. Other aspects of bacterial cooperation—such as
6003:
3962:"Three RNA cells for ribosomal lineages and three DNA viruses to replicate their genomes: A hypothesis for the origin of cellular domain"
3110:
3073:
1416:
2455:
7081:
6821:
1411:
3419:
2365:
4067:
2257:
Rosenshine I, Tchelet R, Mevarech M (September 1989). "The mechanism of DNA transfer in the mating system of an archaebacterium".
1077:
found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called
6048:
4143:
4091:
3441:
1406:
461:
A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.
306:
for using those terms and recognizing the distinction. One reason for this classification was so that what was then often called
371:. In addition, some species also contain carbohydrate-enclosed microcompartments, which have distinct physiological roles (e.g.
7071:
6998:
6043:
5996:
4138:
3361:
681:
forms cytoplasmic bridges between cells that appear to be used for transfer of DNA from one cell to another. Another archaeon,
7195:
6926:
2558:
2302:
Fröls S, Ajon M, Wagner M, Teichmann D, Zolghadr B, Folea M, Boekema EJ, Driessen AJ, Schleper C, Albers SV (November 2008).
1267:
Unlike the above assumption of a fundamental split between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the most important difference between
1147:. Unlike earlier assumptions, the division between bacteria and the rest is the most important difference between organisms.
7314:
5977:
2304:"UV-inducible cellular aggregation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by pili formation"
614:. Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to reflect an occasional error during intracellular assembly of
195:
that characterize the eukaryotic cell. It was once thought that prokaryotic cellular components were unenclosed within the
6127:
6117:
6100:
4222:
4212:
4195:
3694:
3650:
3486:
Johnston C, Caymaris S, Zomer A, Bootsma HJ, Prudhomme M, Granadel C, Hermans PW, Polard P, Martin B, Claverys JP (2013).
2463:
2416:
742:
7424:
2089:
Solomon JM, Grossman AD (April 1996). "Who's competent and when: regulation of natural genetic competence in bacteria".
1125:
1139:
Phylogenetic tree showing the diversity of prokaryotes. This 2018 proposal shows eukaryotes emerging from the archaean
1545:
991:
of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism.
270:, and other characteristic membrane-bound organelles including mitochondria. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include
1908:
1181:
which usually package DNA in eukaryotic nuclei, have also been found in several archaean groups, giving evidence for
1151:
There is increasing evidence that the roots of the eukaryotes are to be found in (or at least next to) the archaean
850:. Soil prokaryotes are still heavily undercharacterized despite their easy proximity to humans and their tremendous
131:
7036:
2721:
2505:
Chua SL, Liu Y, Yam JK, Chen Y, Vejborg RM, Tan BG, Kjelleberg S, Tolker-Nielsen T, Givskov M, Yang L (July 2014).
838:
prokaryotes live in or on the bodies of other organisms, including humans. Prokaryote have high populations in the
766:, present additional challenges to researchers and medical professionals seeking to treat the associated diseases.
212:
204:
1343:
may have been built together with primordial nucleic acids at the same time, which also supports the concept of a
925:
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2712:
1101:
851:
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7190:
7113:
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1391:
1113:
738:
578:
333:
323:
256:
5494:
4035:
2507:"Dispersed cells represent a distinct stage in the transition from bacterial biofilm to planktonic lifestyles"
2220:
987:
While Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist, some have suggested that there is
1541:
356:, is one of the most significant cytoskeletal proteins of bacteria, as it provides structural backgrounds of
6417:
6132:
5946:
5790:
5586:
4227:
3545:
3204:
2773:
2128:"Incorporation of the whole chromosomal DNA in protoplast lysates into competent cells of Bacillus subtilis"
2001:
683:
599:
157:
4858:
2414:
Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM (October 1995). "Microbial biofilms".
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Poole A, Jeffares D, Penny D (October 1999). "Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block".
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Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger
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5044:
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4985:
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4882:
1279:, though common (homologous) in all organisms, differs greatly between bacteria (including eukaryotic
1054:
and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
906:. The resulting arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eucarya"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the
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and is not a replicative process, simply involving the transference of DNA between two cells, as in
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5953:
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3675:
3488:"Natural genetic transformation generates a population of merodiploids in Streptococcus pneumoniae"
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1507:
1190:
1135:
941:
907:
378:
Most prokaryotes are between 1 μm and 10 μm, but they can vary in size from 0.2 μm (
262:
153:
106:
5934:
5860:
5292:
1840:"Insights into the molecular evolution of HslU ATPase through biochemical and mutational analyses"
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847:
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725:
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337:
286:
The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists
1795:
Kaiser D (October 2003). "Coupling cell movement to multicellular development in myxobacteria".
922:
According to the phylogenetic analysis of Hug (2016), the relationships could be the following:
751:
299:
145:
3936:
2916:"Primal eukaryogenesis: on the communal nature of precellular States, ancestral to modern life"
778:
Phylogenetic ring showing the diversity of prokaryotes, and symbiogenetic origins of eukaryotes
121:
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911:
808:
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3789:"Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life"
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2010:
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796:
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687:, transfers DNA between cells by direct contact. Frols et al. (2008) found that exposure of
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511:
428:
Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.
368:
224:
161:
45:
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1531:
Campbell, N. "Biology:Concepts & Connections". Pearson
Education. San Francisco: 2003.
1291:) and the archaea/eukaryote nucleus group. The last common antecessor of all life (called
1272:
1117:
799:. This enables prokaryotes to thrive in harsh environments as cold as the snow surface of
705:
548:
4045:
2605:. Springer Series on Biofilms. Vol. 2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–11.
1271:
may be the division between bacteria and the rest (archaea and eukaryota). For instance,
1132:, a higher growth rate, and as a consequence, a shorter generation time than eukaryotes.
3979:
3374:
3287:
3157:
2933:
2653:
2635:
2571:
2524:
2429:
2385:. Springer Series on Biofilms. Vol. 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 3–4.
2272:
1857:
1649:
1480:
1081:. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a
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364:
291:
98:
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1996:
946:
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1968:
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645:
3D animation of a prokaryotic cell that shows all the elements that it is composed of
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Prokaryotes live in nearly all environments on Earth. Some archaea and bacteria are
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7343:
7223:
6964:
6882:
6830:
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6709:
6692:
6641:
6630:
6290:
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6218:
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5255:
5227:
5136:
5056:
4992:
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4822:
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4323:
3932:
3832:"The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa"
3735:
3558:
2874:
2837:
1824:
1581:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1276:
1256:
1051:
1039:
1008:
819:
551:– Some rods twist into spiral shapes and are called spirilla (singular, spirillum).
493:
444:
271:
236:
188:
102:
2661:
2476:
2014:
536:– A bacterium that is spherical or ovoid is called a coccus (Plural, cocci). e.g.
451:
Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.
3749:
3731:"Three-dimensional reconstruction of bacteria with a complex endomembrane system"
3506:
3357:"Origin of carbonate-magnetite-sulfide assemblages in Martian meteorite ALH84001"
3295:
3058:, Philippe H (October 1999). "Where is the root of the universal tree of life?".
2234:
2215:
1866:
1356:
RNA to DNA). As a result, prokaryota comprising bacteria and archaea may also be
7246:
6570:
6245:
6230:
5721:
5625:
5232:
5159:
2390:
1763:
1714:
1460:
1288:
1248:
1097:
1086:
1043:
891:
843:
823:
804:
774:
721:
545:– A bacterium with cylindrical shape called rod or a bacillus (Plural, bacilli).
372:
17:
3807:
3788:
3146:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2891:
2786:
1371:
176:(formerly Archaebacteria). Organisms with nuclei are placed in a third domain,
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7256:
6989:
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5726:
5505:
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5164:
4501:
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3847:
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619:
529:
Prokaryotic cells have various shapes; the four basic shapes of bacteria are:
486:
438:
357:
275:
30:
2900:
2737:
2046:
Chen I, Dubnau D (March 2004). "DNA uptake during bacterial transformation".
7348:
7179:
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6943:
5217:
4483:
4040:
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3920:
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2990:
2556:
Hamilton WD (July 1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II".
2280:
1667:
1386:
1280:
1244:
1194:
1186:
1035:
960:
899:
866:
835:
827:
456:
433:
404:
353:
349:
216:
196:
192:
184:
177:
110:
4007:
3906:
3855:
3816:
3768:
3715:
3671:
3627:
3525:
3464:
3392:
3257:
3118:
3111:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199910)21:10<880::AID-BIES11>3.0.CO;2-P
3081:
3074:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199910)21:10<871::AID-BIES10>3.0.CO;2-Q
3033:
2998:
2961:
2855:
2745:
2669:
2542:
2334:
2243:
2200:
2155:
2067:
1929:
1885:
1816:
1781:
1732:
1675:
1599:
1085:
chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as
959:
is that these were some form of prokaryotes, which may have evolved out of
3888:
3609:
3576:
3303:
3185:
2804:
2610:
2587:
2484:
2437:
2288:
2112:
2032:
1185:. This idea might clarify the mysterious predecessor of eukaryotic cells (
481:
Area of the cytoplasm that contains the prokaryote's single DNA molecule.
6857:
6834:
6799:
6107:
4202:
4118:
3729:
Santarella-Mellwig R, Pruggnaller S, Roos N, Mattaj IW, Devos DP (2013).
3383:
3356:
1844:
1615:"Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Planctomycetes and Cell Organization"
1559:
1438:
1344:
1324:
1316:
1066:
1050:
holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by
1027:
883:
831:
701:
515:
476:
466:
166:
2942:
2769:"There must be a prokaryote somewhere: microbiology's search for itself"
2192:
666:
for the development of competence. The length of DNA transferred during
577:. Genetic exchange and recombination still occur, but this is a form of
573:
Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction, usually by
7287:
7251:
6887:
6023:
4489:
3927:
The Vital
Question – Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life
3199:
Martin, William (2005). "Woe is the Tree of Life". In Sapp, Jan (ed.).
2533:
2506:
2146:
2127:
2059:
1997:"Walsby's square bacterium: fine structure of an orthogonal procaryote"
1921:
1808:
1434:
1396:
1222:
1178:
1082:
1078:
1062:
1023:
903:
887:
603:
327:
252:
228:
208:
172:
3692:
Fuerst JA (2005). "Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes".
3455:
3436:
1221:. The non-bacterial group comprising archaea and eukaryota was called
999:
410:
Long, whip-like protrusion that aids cellular locomotion used by both
7333:
7088:
3244:
McSween HY (July 1997). "Evidence for life in a martian meteorite?".
2216:"Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms and function"
1448:
1426:
1058:
976:
554:
135:
125:
4050:
3025:
1112:. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as
1217:. There might have been some additional support by viruses, called
7261:
6444:
3541:"Conservation and transformation of energy by bacterial membranes"
3437:"The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure"
2601:
Balaban N, Ren D, Givskov M, Rasmussen TB (2008). "Introduction".
1238:
1230:
1174:
1134:
998:
945:
924:
856:
773:
631:
615:
533:
298:(though spelled procaryote and eucaryote there). That paper cites
29:
2456:"Thinking about bacterial populations as multicellular organisms"
791:
for energy, as eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain energy from
6553:
4073:
3966:
2975:
Zimmer C (August 2009). "Origins. On the origin of eukaryotes".
1292:
1177:
to be found nearby the then-unknown Asgard group). For example,
839:
345:
341:
328:
Archaea § Structure, composition development, and operation
6803:
5992:
4087:
314:) would not be classified as plants but grouped with bacteria.
3012:
Brown JR (February 2003). "Ancient horizontal gene transfer".
1953:
Titres Et
Travaux Scientifiques (1906-1937) De Edouard Chatton
1320:
1019:
1012:
267:
63:
3201:
Microbial
Phylogeny and Evolution: Concepts and Controversies
2636:"Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections"
1746:
Murat, Dorothee; Byrne, Meghan; Komeili, Arash (2010-10-01).
2820:"The prokaryote-eukaryote dichotomy: meanings and mythology"
1564:"The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology"
1061:
in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the
336:
that is more primitive than that of the eukaryotes. Besides
1339:
world) hypothesis has been proposed based on the idea that
895:
822:, thriving in harsh conditions, such as high temperatures (
78:
69:
66:
54:
4041:
The
Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology
2214:
Johnsborg O, Eldholm V, Håvarstein LS (December 2007).
1315:
might clarify this scenario, as LUCA might have been a
929:
Phylogenetic tree showing the diversity of prokaryotes.
518:
and larger masses scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix.
207:, which are thought to be quasi-organelles enclosed in
1038:
of prokaryotes are smaller than those of eukaryotes.
704:". Cells in biofilms often show distinct patterns of
219:. While being unicellular, some prokaryotes, such as
60:
27:
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
2699:. National Council of Science & the Environment.
2603:
Control of Biofilm Infections by Signal Manipulation
471:
Cell structures responsible for protein production.
81:
72:
51:
48:
7300:
7280:
7232:
7121:
7112:
7064:
6957:
6895:
6881:
6841:
6723:
6670:
6661:
6561:
6552:
6543:
6443:
6376:
6264:
6199:
6180:
6156:
6147:
5926:
5800:
5601:
5486:
5473:
5216:
5148:
5090:
5017:
4917:
4904:
4840:
4759:
4728:
4721:
4626:
4466:
4414:
4255:
4242:
2634:Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (May 1999).
2360:(13th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
1015:, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
955:A widespread current model of the evolution of the
57:
3924:
3435:Thanbichler M, Wang SC, Shapiro L (October 2005).
3407:
1967:
1116:. It has been suggested that the bacterial phylum
3643:"Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton"
3414:(fourth ed.). Garland Science. p. 808.
1966:Bauman RW, Tizard IR, Machunis-Masouka E (2006).
865:tree of living organisms, showing the origins of
278:; these are common in some extreme environments.
1319:(also called ribocell) lacking DNA, but with an
348:), the helically arranged building-block of the
148:, prokaryotes were classified within the empire
3782:
3780:
3778:
1159:(an idea which is a modern version of the 1984
1143:group which represents a modern version of the
1018:Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large
6815:
6004:
4099:
4051:TOLWEB page on Eukaryote-Prokaryote phylogeny
4036:The Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea
231:, and large colonies can create multilayered
8:
2381:Costerton JW (2007). "Direct Observations".
1974:. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
1697:Murat D, Byrne M, Komeili A (October 2010).
500:covering that surrounds the cell membranes.
2133:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
7118:
6892:
6822:
6808:
6800:
6667:
6558:
6549:
6153:
6011:
5997:
5989:
5483:
4914:
4725:
4252:
4106:
4092:
4084:
3876:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
3597:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
3327:"After 10 years, few believe life on Mars"
2825:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1752:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
1703:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
1569:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1259:group, just like dinosaurs without birds.
902:but have since been found in all types of
215:), have been discovered, along with other
3997:
3987:
3896:
3806:
3758:
3748:
3617:
3566:
3515:
3505:
3454:
3382:
3175:
3165:
2951:
2941:
2890:
2845:
2794:
2532:
2324:
2233:
2145:
2022:
1875:
1865:
1771:
1722:
1657:
1589:
4024:Prokaryote versus eukaryote, BioMineWiki
3664:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142452
2180:Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
1748:"Cell Biology of Prokaryotic Organelles"
1699:"Cell biology of prokaryotic organelles"
1263:Prokaryotes may be split into two groups
1003:Comparison of eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes
392:
3787:Castelle CJ, Banfield JF (March 2018).
3590:Shih YL, Rothfield L (September 2006).
1472:
882:proposed dividing prokaryotes into the
3708:10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121258
2867:
2865:
2730:10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-054952
1906:(1962). "The concept of a bacterium".
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1512:"Prokaryotes: Single-celled Organisms"
1502:
1500:
2695:. In Monosson E, Cleveland C (eds.).
1251:dinosaur group. In contrast, archaea
239:, have multicellular stages in their
34:Diagram of a typical prokaryotic cell
7:
7384:
2126:Akamatsu T, Taguchi H (April 2001).
1329:primordial self-replicating entities
489:(only in some types of prokaryotes)
187:before eukaryotes, and lack nuclei,
3869:Barry ER, Bell SD (December 2006).
3406:Bruce Alberts; et al. (2002).
2430:10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431
1417:List of sequenced bacterial genomes
160:, prokaryotes are divided into two
1838:Sung KH, Song HK (July 22, 2014).
1412:List of sequenced archaeal genomes
1108:take place across the prokaryotic
852:economic importance to agriculture
25:
3410:The Molecular Biology of the Cell
662:. About 40 genes are required in
7383:
7374:
7373:
4061: This article incorporates
4056:
3871:"DNA replication in the archaea"
3442:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
2875:"A new view of the tree of life"
2326:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06459.x
1407:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1370:
44:
7072:Bacterial cellular morphologies
3830:Cavalier-Smith T (March 2002).
3362:Journal of Geophysical Research
3333:(on space.com]). Archived from
2358:Brock biology of microorganisms
732:, and (in some cases) discrete
304:Titres et Travaux Scientifiques
3559:10.1128/MMBR.36.2.172-230.1972
2838:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005
2559:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1995:Stoeckenius W (October 1981).
1582:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005
1247:because they evolved from the
565:has flat square-shaped cells.
538:Streptococcus, Staphylococcus.
191:or most of the other distinct
1:
3836:Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol
3695:Annual Review of Microbiology
3651:Annual Review of Biochemistry
2662:10.1126/science.284.5418.1318
2477:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.81
2464:Annual Review of Microbiology
2417:Annual Review of Microbiology
2015:10.1128/JB.148.1.352-360.1981
1237:archaea in the same sense as
1100:. Instead, processes such as
743:evolution of multicellularity
3750:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001565
3592:"The bacterial cytoskeleton"
3507:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003819
3296:10.1126/science.273.5277.924
2580:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6
2235:10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004
2105:10.1016/0168-9525(96)10014-7
2048:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1867:10.1371/journal.pone.0103027
1797:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1613:Coté G, De Tullio M (2010).
1126:surface-area-to-volume ratio
910:, replacing the traditional
762:and quorum-sensing-mediated
136:
126:
2391:10.1007/978-3-540-68022-2_2
1764:10.1101/cshperspect.a000422
1715:10.1101/cshperspect.a000422
1546:Online Etymology Dictionary
396:Prokaryotic cell structure
205:bacterial microcompartments
7441:
7315:Bacteria (classifications)
7037:Primary nutritional groups
4046:Quiz on prokaryote anatomy
3808:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016
3641:Michie KA, Löwe J (2006).
3355:Scott ER (February 1999).
2892:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.48
2787:10.1128/MMBR.58.1.1-9.1994
1481:"Definition of PROCARYOTE"
1193:forming the first eucyte (
995:Relationship to eukaryotes
939:
618:particles, rather than an
321:
296:The concept of a bacterium
170:(formerly Eubacteria) and
7369:
6780:
6031:
5963:
5500:"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
4126:
3848:10.1099/00207713-52-2-297
2713:Annual Review of Virology
1955:. Sète: Impr. E. Sottano.
1255:eukaryota appear to be a
1167:being an old synonym for
1114:prokaryotic cytoskeletons
1102:oxidative phosphorylation
387:Thiomargarita namibiensis
144:arising from the work of
7191:Bacterial outer membrane
5757:"Thermodesulfovibrionia"
5495:Acidulodesulfobacteriota
4510:"Thermosediminibacteria"
4448:"Marinamargulisbacteria"
3325:Crenson M (2006-08-06).
3142:"The universal ancestor"
3014:Nature Reviews. Genetics
2221:Research in Microbiology
1909:Archiv für Mikrobiologie
1392:Bacterial cell structure
830:). Many archaea grow as
807:, or as hot as undersea
712:, a phenomenon known as
579:horizontal gene transfer
334:prokaryotic cytoskeleton
324:Bacterial cell structure
257:horizontal gene transfer
213:encapsulin protein cages
140:) 'nut, kernel'. In the
89:, less commonly spelled
6418:Methanomassiliicoccales
6343:Methanonatronarchaeales
5791:Thermodesulfobacteriota
5592:"Thermosulfidibacteria"
4451:"Riflemargulisbacteria"
3989:10.1073/pnas.0510333103
3546:Bacteriological Reviews
3539:Harold FM (June 1972).
3205:Oxford University Press
3167:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6854
2991:10.1126/science.325_666
2914:Egel R (January 2012).
2774:Microbiological Reviews
2767:Woese CR (March 1994).
2281:10.1126/science.2818746
2002:Journal of Bacteriology
1668:10.1126/science.1113397
1485:www.merriam-webster.com
1229:in 2002. However, in a
1128:, giving them a higher
684:Sulfolobus solfataricus
7186:Gram-negative bacteria
7165:Gram-positive bacteria
6340:Methanonatronarchaeia
6250:"Methanofastidiosales"
5947:Salinosulfoleibacteria
5765:"Lambdaproteobacteria"
5587:Thermosulfidibacterota
4864:"Macinerneyibacteriia"
4507:"Thermoanaerobacteria"
4434:Vampirovibrionophyceae
4063:public domain material
2312:Molecular Microbiology
1455:Parakaryon myojinensis
1213:ncestor) according to
1148:
1004:
973:
957:first living organisms
952:
930:
870:
779:
710:cell-to-cell signaling
646:
612:natural transformation
506:Cytoplasmic inclusions
416:gram-negative bacteria
340:of actin and tubulin (
251:without any fusion of
217:prokaryotic organelles
35:
7041:Substrate preference
6622:"Methanomethylicales"
6190:"Hydrothermarchaeles"
6187:"Hydrothermarchaeia"
6181:"Hydrothermarchaeota"
4859:Macinerneyibacteriota
3889:10.1128/MMBR.00029-06
3681:on November 17, 2006.
3610:10.1128/MMBR.00017-06
3140:Woese C (June 1998).
2697:Encyclopedia of Earth
2611:10.1007/7142_2007_006
2512:Nature Communications
1227:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
1138:
1002:
968:
949:
928:
860:
777:
760:bacterial conjugation
730:programmed cell death
644:
583:bacterial conjugation
407:(not always present)
381:Mycoplasma genitalium
322:Further information:
33:
7022:Microbial metabolism
6740:"Heimdallarchaeales"
6619:"Methanomethylicia"
6601:"Geothermarchaeales"
6422:"Natronoplasmatales"
6408:"Aciduliprofundales"
6367:"Syntropharchaeales"
5842:Polarisedimenticolia
5830:"Guanabaribacteriia"
5772:Schekmaniibacteriota
5513:"Desulfurobacteriia"
5428:"Handelsmanbacteria"
5416:"Krumholzibacteriia"
4979:Firestoneibacteriota
4959:Desantisiibacteriota
4777:Coprothermobacterota
4657:"Absconditabacteria"
4574:"Desulfitobacteriia"
4443:Margulisiibacteriota
3384:10.1029/1998JE900034
2818:Sapp J (June 2005).
1313:RNA world hypothesis
1219:viral eukaryogenesis
1215:endosymbiotic theory
1191:alphaproteobacterium
1189:) which engulfed an
1048:endosymbiotic theory
826:) or high salinity (
734:biological dispersal
294:in their 1962 paper
211:shells (such as the
199:except for an outer
95:single-cell organism
7425:Paraphyletic groups
7272:Non-motile bacteria
6868:Pathogenic bacteria
6787:Alternative views:
6390:"Thermoprofundales"
6361:"Syntropharchaeia"
6200:"Methanobacteriota"
6173:"Persephonarchaeia"
5976:Alternative views:
5848:Thermoanaerobaculia
5651:"Anaeroferrophilia"
5603:Deltaproteobacteria
5575:Desulfobacterota G
5438:Neomarinimicrobiota
5411:Krumholzibacteriota
5312:Edwardsiibacteriota
5038:"Hinthialibacteria"
4817:"Thermodesulfobiia"
4782:Coprothermobacteria
4594:"Halanaerobiaeota"
4542:"Thermaerobacteria"
4429:"Sericytochromatia"
3980:2006PNAS..103.3669F
3960:Forterre P (2006).
3375:1999JGR...104.3803S
3288:1996Sci...273..924M
3234:, October 21, 1999.
3231:Scientific American
3158:1998PNAS...95.6854W
2943:10.3390/life2010170
2934:2012Life....2..170E
2879:Nature Microbiology
2654:1999Sci...284.1318C
2572:1964JThBi...7...17H
2525:2014NatCo...5.4462C
2273:1989Sci...245.1387R
2193:10.1263/jbb.101.257
1858:2014PLoSO...9j3027S
1650:2005Sci...309..936K
1508:NC State University
942:Molecular evolution
908:three-domain system
793:inorganic compounds
332:Prokaryotes have a
154:three-domain system
7201:Lipopolysaccharide
6598:Conexivisphaerales
6459:"Aenigmatarchaeia"
6425:"Sysuiplasmatales"
6334:Methanomicrobiales
6323:"Methanoliparales"
6212:Methanobacteriales
5704:"Methylomirabilia"
5654:"Deferrimicrobiia"
5538:"Calescibacteriia"
5364:"Raymondbacteriia"
5346:"Fermentibacteria"
5305:Delongiibacteriota
5286:Coatesiibacteriota
5113:Lindowiibacteriota
5033:Hinthialibacterota
4812:Thermodesulfobiota
4660:"Andersenbacteria"
4586:"Syntrophomonadia"
4577:"Desulfotomaculia"
4568:"Carboxydothermia"
4399:"Eudoremicrobiia"
4384:"Heboniibacteriia"
4029:2012-10-25 at the
2534:10.1038/ncomms5462
2383:The Biofilm Primer
2356:Madigan T (2012).
2147:10.1271/bbb.65.823
2092:Trends in Genetics
2060:10.1038/nrmicro844
1951:Chatton É (1937).
1922:10.1007/BF00425185
1809:10.1038/nrmicro733
1422:Marine prokaryotes
1402:Evolution of cells
1354:reverse transcribe
1149:
1026:structures called
1005:
953:
931:
871:
809:hydrothermal vents
780:
726:circulatory system
649:Natural bacterial
647:
384:) to 750 μm (
375:or gas vacuoles).
247:, reproducing via
243:. Prokaryotes are
235:. Others, such as
158:molecular analysis
36:
7397:
7396:
7296:
7295:
7242:Bacterial capsule
7208:Periplasmic space
7175:Lipoteichoic acid
7060:
7059:
7032:Microbial ecology
7027:Nitrogen fixation
6797:
6796:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6725:Heimdallarchaeota
6704:"Sigynarchaeales"
6657:
6656:
6625:"Nezhaarchaeales"
6605:Nitrososphaerales
6531:"Undinarchaeota"
6511:"Nanohalarchaeia"
6484:"Huberarchaeota"
6454:Aenigmatarchaeota
6439:
6438:
6429:Thermoplasmatales
6414:"Lunaplasmatales"
6411:"Gimiplasmatales"
6364:"Methanophagales"
6352:Methanosarcinales
6320:"Methanoliparia"
6285:"Mnemosynellales"
5986:
5985:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5873:Leptospirillaeota
5827:"Fischerbacteria"
5699:Methylomirabilota
5675:Desulfuromonadota
5646:Deferrimicrobiota
5570:"Deferribacteria"
5533:Calescibacteriota
5523:"Campylobacteria"
5457:Tianyaibacteriota
5431:"Latescibacteria"
5341:Fermentibacterota
5319:Eiseniibacteriota
5221:(Sphingobacteria)
5195:Verrucomicrobiota
5153:(Planctobacteria)
5050:"Hydrogenedentia"
4952:"Tritonobacteria"
4836:
4835:
4702:"Saccharimonadia"
4683:"Howlettbacteria"
4622:
4621:
4606:"Selenobacteria"
4571:"Dehalobacteriia"
4565:"Carboxydocellia"
4560:Desulfotomaculota
4550:"Hydrogenisporia"
4539:"Symbiobacteriia"
4528:"Proteinivoracia"
4372:"Abditibacteriia"
4285:"Geothermincolia"
3974:(10): 3669–3674.
3946:978-0-393-08881-6
3842:(Pt 2): 297–354.
3456:10.1002/jcb.20519
2691:Hogan CM (2010).
2648:(5418): 1318–22.
2620:978-3-540-73852-7
2400:978-3-540-68021-5
1981:978-0-8053-7693-7
1333:Peptide-RNA world
1161:eocyte hypothesis
1157:Heimdallarchaeota
1145:eocyte hypothesis
1092:Prokaryotes lack
1011:containing their
975:The oldest known
918:Phylogenetic tree
912:two-empire system
861:Phylogenetic and
789:organic compounds
748:inclusive fitness
746:individuals (see
664:Bacillus subtilis
642:
522:
521:
263:Molecular studies
227:held together by
152:. However in the
142:two-empire system
16:(Redirected from
7432:
7387:
7386:
7377:
7376:
7325:Former groupings
7119:
6970:Human microbiome
6893:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6801:
6765:"Wukongarchaeia"
6757:"Borrarchaeales"
6746:"Kariarchaeales"
6737:"Gerdarchaeales"
6733:Heimdallarchaeia
6701:"Lokiarchaeales"
6685:"Hermodarchaeia"
6668:
6638:"Marsarchaeales"
6614:"Culexarchaeles"
6611:"Culexarchaeia"
6595:"Caldarchaeales"
6559:
6550:
6506:Nanohalarchaeota
6379:Thermoplasmatota
6356:Methanotrichales
6348:Methanosarcinia
6310:"Methanocellia"
6242:"Theionarchaeia"
6154:
6060:
6040:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5990:
5878:"Leptospirillia"
5853:Vicinamibacteria
5784:"Entotheonellia"
5680:Desulfuromonadia
5611:Bdellovibrionota
5579:Syntrophorhabdia
5566:Deferribacterota
5519:Campylobacterota
5484:
5423:Latescibacterota
5357:Chitinivibrionia
5334:"Tariuqbacteria"
5207:Verrucomicrobiia
5045:Hydrogenedentota
5008:Ratteibacteriota
5001:"Velamenicoccia"
4986:Goldiibacteriota
4949:"Erginobacteria"
4943:"Ancaeobacteria"
4915:
4895:Walliibacteriota
4883:Rifleibacteriota
4876:"Muiribacteriia"
4805:"Lithacetigenia"
4726:
4696:"Microgenomatia"
4673:"Doudnabacteria"
4518:"Dethiobacteria"
4477:
4457:"Termititenacia"
4421:Cyanobacteriota
4405:"Eremiobacteria"
4336:"Limnocylindria"
4310:"Bipolaricaulia"
4253:
4155:
4135:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4076:. Archived from
4060:
4059:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3991:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3930:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3801:(6): 1181–1197.
3784:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3674:. Archived from
3647:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3509:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3458:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3413:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3331:Associated Press
3322:
3316:
3315:
3282:(5277): 924–30.
3268:
3262:
3261:
3241:
3235:
3222:J Peter Gogarten
3215:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3169:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2487:. Archived from
2460:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2328:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2267:(4924): 1387–9.
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2149:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1661:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1477:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1323:genome built by
1233:view, eukaryota
1071:nuclear envelope
1069:, which lacks a
989:evidence on Mars
842:- including the
797:hydrogen sulfide
643:
393:
369:chemolithotrophy
308:blue-green algae
259:may take place.
139:
129:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
21:
18:Prokaryotic cell
7440:
7439:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7365:
7320:Bacterial phyla
7304:
7292:
7276:
7234:
7228:
7219:Arabinogalactan
7124:
7108:
7056:
6953:
6897:
6885:
6877:
6863:Lysogenic cycle
6844:
6837:
6828:
6798:
6793:
6768:
6760:"Sifarchaeales"
6751:"Njordarchaeia"
6743:"Hodarchaeales"
6719:
6698:"Helarchaeales"
6682:"Freyrarchaeia"
6679:"Baldrarchaeia"
6653:
6647:Thermoproteales
6591:Nitrososphaeria
6575:"Korarchaeales"
6545:Proteoarchaeota
6539:
6534:"Undinarchaeia"
6487:"Huberarchaeia"
6464:"Altarchaeota"
6435:
6398:"Poseidoniales"
6372:
6329:Methanomicrobia
6314:Methanocellales
6305:"Hikarchaeales"
6296:Halobacteriales
6281:Archaeoglobales
6260:
6224:Methanococcales
6207:Methanobacteria
6195:
6176:
6168:"Hadarchaeales"
6143:
6142:
6058:
6036:
6027:
6017:
5987:
5982:
5970:Bergey's Manual
5959:
5914:
5909:"Pseudomonadia"
5819:"Aminicenantia"
5808:Acidobacteriota
5796:
5779:Tectimicrobiota
5661:Deferrisomatota
5621:Bdellovibrionia
5616:Bacteriovoracia
5597:
5555:Dadaibacteriota
5477:
5469:
5464:Zixiibacteriota
5450:"Marinisomatia"
5404:"Stahlbacteria"
5377:"Glassbacteria"
5370:Gemmatimonadota
5279:"Cloacimonadia"
5244:Ignavibacteriia
5220:
5212:
5199:Kiritimatiellia
5189:"Uabimicrobiia"
5172:Planctomycetota
5152:
5144:
5093:bacteriobiontes
5092:
5086:
5069:"Saltatorellae"
5013:
4965:Elusimicrobiota
4908:
4900:
4888:"Ozemibacteria"
4871:Muiribacteriota
4832:
4800:Lithacetigenota
4789:Dictyoglomerota
4755:
4717:
4705:"Torokbacteria"
4699:"Paceibacteria"
4693:"Kazanbacteria"
4678:Gracilibacteria
4670:"Dojkabacteria"
4649:Patescibacteria
4642:"Elulimicrobia"
4618:
4536:"Sulfobacillia"
4475:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4454:"Saganbacteria"
4415:Cyanoprokaryota
4410:
4394:Eremiobacterota
4362:"Dormibacteria"
4357:Dormiibacterota
4333:Ktedonobacteria
4329:Dehalococcoidia
4305:Bipolaricaulota
4297:Thermoleophilia
4288:"Humimicrobiia"
4246:
4238:
4237:
4153:
4131:
4122:
4112:
4066:
4057:
4031:Wayback Machine
4020:
4015:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3786:
3785:
3776:
3743:(5): e1001565.
3728:
3727:
3723:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3500:(9): e1003819.
3485:
3484:
3480:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3369:(E2): 3803–13.
3354:
3353:
3349:
3340:
3338:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3216:
3212:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3026:10.1038/nrg1000
3011:
3010:
3006:
2985:(5941): 666–8.
2974:
2973:
2969:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2045:
2044:
2040:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1758:(10): a000422.
1745:
1744:
1740:
1709:(10): a000422.
1696:
1695:
1691:
1659:10.1.1.1026.896
1644:(5736): 936–8.
1633:
1632:
1628:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1273:DNA replication
1265:
1155:group, perhaps
1118:Planctomycetota
1032:produce protein
997:
944:
936:
920:
876:
869:and prokaryotes
834:in the oceans.
811:and land-based
772:
752:Hamilton's rule
706:gene expression
698:
689:S. solfataricus
674:Among archaea,
632:
591:
571:
549:Spiral bacteria
527:
436:(except genera
330:
320:
300:Édouard Chatton
284:
146:Édouard Chatton
130:) 'before' and
117:comes from the
77:
47:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7438:
7436:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7402:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7381:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7336:
7331:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7298:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7210:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7077:cell structure
7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7050:Saccharophilic
7047:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6939:Microaerophile
6936:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6901:
6899:
6890:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6839:
6838:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6754:"Sifarchaeia"
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6729:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6689:
6688:"Jordarchaeia"
6686:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6636:
6635:"Gearchaeales"
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6585:"Hecatellales"
6578:
6577:
6576:
6567:
6565:
6563:Thermoproteota
6556:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6526:"Nanohalobiia"
6524:
6523:"Nanoarchaeia"
6514:
6513:
6512:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6499:"Micrarchaeia"
6490:
6489:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6479:"Iainarchaeia"
6470:
6469:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6404:Thermoplasmata
6401:
6400:
6399:
6395:"Poseidoniia"
6393:
6392:
6391:
6387:"Izemarchaea"
6384:
6382:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6302:"Hikarchaeia"
6300:
6299:
6298:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6272:
6270:
6267:Halobacteriota
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6254:Thermococcales
6251:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6236:Methanopyrales
6228:
6227:
6226:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6165:"Hadarchaeia"
6162:
6160:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6133:Mesomycetozoea
6130:
6125:
6115:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6069:Diaphoretickes
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:classification
6018:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5993:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5974:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5884:Pseudomonadota
5881:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5823:Blastocatellia
5820:
5817:
5814:Acidobacteriia
5804:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:"Bradymonadia"
5729:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5716:"Moduliflexia"
5707:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5667:Deferrisomatia
5657:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:"Dadabacteria"
5551:
5550:
5549:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5490:
5488:
5481:
5475:Proteobacteria
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5445:Marinisomatota
5441:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:"Hydrothermia"
5392:
5391:
5390:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:Gemmatimonadia
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5352:Fibrobacterota
5349:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:"Electryoneia"
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5298:"Cosmopolitia"
5289:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5274:Cloacimonadota
5270:
5269:
5268:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5250:
5249:"Kapabacteria"
5247:
5240:
5235:
5224:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5200:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5185:Planctomycetia
5182:
5177:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5156:
5154:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5126:"Brachyspirae"
5124:
5123:"Brevinematia"
5116:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5064:Saltatorellota
5060:
5057:Poribacteriota
5053:
5052:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5026:Abyssubacteria
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:Elusimicrobiia
4962:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:"Auribacteria"
4944:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4921:
4919:
4912:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:Fusobacteriota
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4793:Dictyoglomeria
4786:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:Katanobacteria
4684:
4681:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:Berkelbacteria
4661:
4658:
4655:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4589:"Thermincolia"
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4523:Natranaerobiia
4519:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4480:
4478:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4397:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:Fimbriimonadia
4379:
4378:Chthonomonadia
4376:
4373:
4368:Armatimonadota
4365:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:Coriobacteriia
4278:
4277:"Aquicultoria"
4275:
4270:
4268:Acidimicrobiia
4263:Actinomycetota
4259:
4257:
4250:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:Mesomycetozoea
4225:
4220:
4210:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4164:Diaphoretickes
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:classification
4113:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4080:on 2009-12-08.
4069:Science Primer
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4019:
4018:External links
4016:
4014:
4013:
3952:
3945:
3912:
3861:
3822:
3774:
3721:
3702:(1): 299–328.
3684:
3633:
3582:
3553:(2): 172–230.
3531:
3478:
3427:
3420:
3398:
3347:
3317:
3263:
3236:
3210:
3207:. p. 139.
3191:
3152:(12): 6854–9.
3132:
3087:
3047:
3004:
2967:
2928:(1): 170–212.
2906:
2861:
2832:(2): 292–305.
2810:
2759:
2722:Annual Reviews
2702:
2693:"Extremophile"
2683:
2626:
2619:
2593:
2548:
2497:
2494:on 2011-07-17.
2443:
2406:
2399:
2373:
2366:
2348:
2294:
2249:
2228:(10): 767–78.
2206:
2169:
2118:
2081:
2038:
1987:
1980:
1958:
1943:
1891:
1852:(7): e103027.
1830:
1787:
1738:
1689:
1626:
1605:
1576:(2): 292–305.
1551:
1533:
1517:
1496:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1429:, an obsolete
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:Biology portal
1365:
1362:
1352:as they could
1264:
1261:
1170:Thermoproteota
1130:metabolic rate
1106:photosynthesis
996:
993:
940:Main article:
935:
932:
919:
916:
875:
874:Classification
872:
785:photosynthesis
771:
768:
714:quorum sensing
697:
694:
651:transformation
590:
587:
575:binary fission
570:
567:
559:
558:
557:– comma-shaped
552:
546:
540:
526:
523:
520:
519:
508:
502:
501:
498:polysaccharide
490:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
430:
429:
426:
420:
419:
408:
401:
400:
397:
365:photosynthesis
319:
316:
292:C. B. van Niel
283:
280:
249:binary fission
233:microbial mats
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7437:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7390:
7382:
7380:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:Schizomycetes
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7303:
7299:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7170:Teichoic acid
7168:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7142:Peptidoglycan
7139:
7136:
7134:
7133:Cell membrane
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6820:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6764:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6672:Lokiarchaeota
6669:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6631:Thermoproteia
6629:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6581:Bathyarchaeia
6579:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:Nanoarchaeota
6515:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:Micrarchaeota
6491:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:Iainarchaeota
6471:
6467:"Altarchaeia"
6466:
6465:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6375:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6276:Archaeoglobia
6274:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6263:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:Euryarchaeota
6146:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:Stramenopiles
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6059:(major groups
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6009:
6007:
6002:
6000:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5955:
5954:Teskebacteria
5951:
5948:
5944:
5940:"Qinglongiia"
5939:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5908:
5905:
5904:Magnetococcia
5901:
5898:
5897:Mariprofundia
5894:
5891:
5890:Caulobacteria
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5866:"Canglongiia"
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:Moduliflexota
5708:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5544:Chrysiogenota
5542:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5526:Desulfurellia
5525:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:Hydrothermota
5393:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5363:
5361:Fibrobacteria
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:Electryoneota
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5263:Calditrichota
5261:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5206:
5204:
5203:Lentisphaeria
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Phycisphaeria
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5138:
5134:
5132:"Leptospiria"
5131:
5129:"Exilispiria"
5128:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5119:Spirochaetota
5117:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4998:"Omnitrophia"
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4972:Endomicrobiia
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:Auribacterota
4935:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:Hydrobacteria
4903:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4852:Fusobacteriia
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:Fusobacterida
4839:
4827:"Thermotogia"
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:Caldisericota
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4736:Atribacterota
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:Synergistetes
4727:
4724:
4720:
4711:
4710:Wirthbacteria
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4612:
4611:Selenomonadia
4608:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4599:Halanaerobiia
4596:
4595:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4583:"Peptococcia"
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4425:Cyanobacteria
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:Armatimonadia
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:"Caldilineia"
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:Chloroflexota
4314:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Rubrobacteria
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:Actinomycetia
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:BV1, BV3, BV5
4245:
4244:Terrabacteria
4241:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:Stramenopiles
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4154:(major groups
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3883:(4): 876–87.
3882:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3658:(1): 467–92.
3657:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3604:(3): 729–54.
3603:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3493:PLOS Genetics
3489:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3449:(3): 506–21.
3448:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3421:0-8153-3218-1
3417:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3337:on 2006-08-09
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:(10): 880–9.
3104:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:(10): 871–9.
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:(2): 121–32.
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:(1): 81–104.
2470:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:(1): 711–45.
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2367:9780321649638
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2319:(4): 938–52.
2318:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:(3): 257–62.
2186:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:(1): 352–60.
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Nanobacterium
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1341:oligopeptides
1338:
1335:(also called
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:cell membrane
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1001:
994:
992:
990:
985:
983:
982:endosymbiosis
978:
972:
967:
964:
962:
958:
948:
943:
938:
933:
927:
923:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
873:
868:
864:
863:symbiogenetic
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:extremophiles
816:
814:
810:
806:
803:, studied in
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
776:
769:
767:
765:
764:pathogenicity
761:
755:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:microcolonies
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
693:
690:
686:
685:
680:
678:
677:Halobacterium
672:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
630:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:bacteriophage
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
568:
566:
564:
563:Haloquadratum
561:The archaeon
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
539:
535:
532:
531:
530:
524:
517:
513:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:
485:
484:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
432:
431:
427:
425:
424:Cell membrane
422:
421:
417:
413:
412:gram-positive
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
394:
391:
389:
388:
383:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
312:cyanobacteria
309:
305:
302:'s 1937 book
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Roger Stanier
281:
279:
277:
273:
272:extremophiles
269:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:cyanobacteria
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:cell membrane
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
159:
156:, based upon
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
120:
119:Ancient Greek
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
86:
41:
32:
19:
7420:Biochemistry
7415:Bacteriology
7359:Mendosicutes
7344:Gracilicutes
7324:
7224:Mycolic acid
7214:Mycobacteria
7212:
7184:
7163:
7099:Coccobacilli
6999:in pregnancy
6965:Extremophile
6949:Aerotolerant
6883:Biochemistry
6845:microbiology
6831:Microbiology
6715:Thorarchaeia
6710:Odinarchaeia
6693:Lokiarchaeia
6642:Sulfolobales
6291:Halobacteria
6219:Methanococci
6158:Hadarchaeota
6118:Opisthokonta
6019:
5968:
5935:Qinglongiota
5861:Canglongiota
5750:Nitrospirota
5740:Nitrospinota
5692:"Lernaellia"
5548:Chrysiogenia
5389:"Heilongiia"
5293:Cosmopoliota
5267:Calditrichia
5256:Rhodothermia
5252:"Kryptoniia"
5228:Bacteroidota
5137:Spirochaetia
5081:"Sumerlaeia"
4993:Omnitrophota
4931:"Aerophobia"
4823:Thermotogota
4771:Caldisericia
4746:Synergistota
4740:Atribacteria
4722:Thermotogida
4553:Limnochordia
4547:Bacillota G
4533:Bacillota E
4515:Bacillota D
4497:Bacillota A
4387:"Zipacnadia"
4342:Deinococcota
4324:Chloroflexia
4213:Opisthokonta
4114:
4078:the original
4068:
4055:
3971:
3965:
3955:
3933:W. W. Norton
3926:
3915:
3880:
3874:
3864:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3798:
3792:
3740:
3736:PLOS Biology
3734:
3724:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3676:the original
3655:
3649:
3636:
3601:
3595:
3585:
3550:
3544:
3534:
3497:
3491:
3481:
3446:
3440:
3430:
3409:
3401:
3366:
3360:
3350:
3339:. Retrieved
3335:the original
3320:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3229:
3213:
3200:
3194:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2925:
2919:
2909:
2882:
2878:
2829:
2823:
2813:
2778:
2772:
2762:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2696:
2686:
2645:
2639:
2629:
2602:
2596:
2566:(1): 17–52.
2563:
2557:
2551:
2516:
2510:
2500:
2489:the original
2468:
2462:
2446:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2382:
2376:
2357:
2351:
2316:
2310:
2297:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2225:
2219:
2209:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2140:(4): 823–9.
2137:
2131:
2121:
2099:(4): 150–5.
2096:
2090:
2084:
2054:(3): 241–9.
2051:
2047:
2041:
2006:
2000:
1990:
1970:Microbiology
1969:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1916:(1): 17–35.
1913:
1907:
1894:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1803:(1): 45–54.
1800:
1796:
1790:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1618:
1608:
1573:
1567:
1554:
1542:"prokaryote"
1536:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1453:
1358:polyphyletic
1350:retroviruses
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:chloroplasts
1285:mitochondria
1277:ATP synthase
1266:
1257:paraphyletic
1252:
1241:
1234:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1168:
1164:
1150:
1123:
1098:chloroplasts
1094:mitochondria
1091:
1087:merodiploidy
1056:
1052:phagocytosis
1044:chloroplasts
1040:Mitochondria
1017:
1006:
986:
974:
969:
965:
954:
937:
921:
877:
824:thermophiles
817:
781:
756:
739:co-operation
718:
699:
688:
682:
675:
673:
667:
663:
648:
623:
600:transduction
592:
589:DNA transfer
572:
569:Reproduction
560:
537:
528:
494:glycoprotein
445:Thermoplasma
443:
437:
399:Description
385:
379:
377:
373:carboxysomes
362:
331:
310:(now called
307:
303:
295:
285:
261:
237:myxobacteria
189:mitochondria
183:Prokaryotes
182:
171:
165:
149:
114:
90:
39:
37:
7410:Prokaryotes
7247:Slime layer
6927:Facultative
6915:Facultative
6789:Wikispecies
6571:Korarchaeia
6246:Thermococci
6231:Methanopyri
6020:Prokaryotes
5978:Wikispecies
5973:(2001–2012)
5754:Nitrospiria
5744:Nitrospinia
5722:Myxococcota
5687:Lernaellota
5626:Oligoflexia
5384:Heilongiota
5233:Bacteroidia
5176:"Brocadiia"
5160:Chlamydiota
5091:Spirochaeto
5076:Sumerlaeota
4926:Aerophobota
4760:Thermocalda
4750:Synergistia
4580:"Moorellia"
4502:Clostridiia
4348:Deinococcia
4115:Prokaryotes
2724:: 197–214.
2519:(1): 4462.
1904:Van Niel CB
1461:ProGlycProt
1249:maniraptora
1075:chromosomes
1065:called the
892:temperature
848:rhizosheath
844:rhizosphere
813:hot springs
805:cryobiology
770:Environment
668:B. subtilis
608:conjugation
598:)-mediated
276:methanogens
255:, although
241:life cycles
223:, may form
113:. The word
7404:Categories
7354:Mollicutes
7349:Firmicutes
7339:Prokaryota
7257:Glycocalyx
7082:plasticity
7045:Lipophilic
6898:preference
6873:Resistance
5835:Holophagia
5734:Polyangiia
5727:Myxococcia
5506:Aquificota
5487:Aquificida
5238:Chlorobiia
5165:Chlamydiia
5106:"Babeliae"
4468:Firmicutes
4402:"Xenobiia"
3935:. p.
3341:2006-08-06
3252:(7): 1–7.
3218:Carl Woese
3203:. Oxford:
3056:Forterre P
2885:(5): 1–6.
2781:(1): 1–9.
2452:Shapiro JA
1900:Stanier RY
1490:2023-12-30
1468:References
1433:including
1281:organelles
1205:ukaryotic
1034:, but the
977:fossilized
961:protocells
880:Carl Woese
867:eukaryotes
828:halophiles
801:Antarctica
660:competence
655:adaptation
620:adaptation
610:, and (3)
606:-mediated
525:Morphology
512:inclusions
487:Glycocalyx
439:Mycoplasma
358:chemotaxis
338:homologues
193:organelles
150:Prokaryota
115:prokaryote
111:organelles
105:and other
91:procaryote
40:prokaryote
7307:evolution
7281:Composite
7180:Endospore
7138:Cell wall
7114:Structure
7005:Placental
6944:Nanaerobe
6922:Anaerobic
6853:Infection
6113:Amoebozoa
6091:Alveolata
6079:Cryptista
6054:Eukaryota
5639:"Binatia"
5510:Aquificia
5218:FCB group
5150:PVC group
4628:CPR group
4484:Bacillota
4208:Amoebozoa
4186:Alveolata
4174:Cryptista
4149:Eukaryota
3246:GSA Today
3098:BioEssays
3061:BioEssays
2901:2058-5276
2738:2327-056X
2076:205499369
1654:CiteSeerX
1387:Actinonin
1325:ribosomes
1303:niversal
1245:dinosaurs
1231:cladistic
1036:ribosomes
1028:ribosomes
934:Evolution
900:radiation
878:In 1977,
836:Symbiotic
696:Sociality
516:ribosomes
457:Cytoplasm
434:Cell wall
405:Flagellum
354:flagellin
350:flagellum
318:Structure
197:cytoplasm
178:Eukaryota
7379:Category
7302:Taxonomy
7235:envelope
7125:envelope
7015:Salivary
6932:Obligate
6910:Obligate
6858:Exotoxin
6835:Bacteria
6108:Amorphea
6086:Rhizaria
6074:Hacrobia
6064:Excavata
6049:Bacteria
5967:Source:
5634:Binatota
5101:Babelota
4910:BV2, BV4
4490:Bacillia
4203:Amorphea
4181:Rhizaria
4169:Hacrobia
4159:Excavata
4144:Bacteria
4119:Bacteria
4027:Archived
4008:16505372
3923:(2015).
3907:17158702
3856:11931142
3817:29522741
3769:23700385
3716:15910279
3672:16756499
3628:16959967
3526:24086154
3473:25355087
3465:15988757
3393:11542931
3312:40690489
3258:11541665
3127:45607498
3119:10497339
3082:10497338
3042:22294114
3034:12560809
2999:19661396
2962:25382122
2856:15944457
2754:36517589
2746:27741409
2678:27364291
2670:10334980
2543:25042103
2454:(1998).
2343:12797510
2335:18990182
2244:17997281
2201:16716928
2164:30118947
2156:11388459
2068:15083159
1938:29859498
1930:13916221
1886:25050622
1845:PLOS ONE
1817:15040179
1782:20739411
1733:20739411
1684:24561197
1676:16081736
1600:15944457
1562:(2005).
1560:Sapp, J.
1439:Bacteria
1364:See also
1345:ribocyte
1317:ribocyte
1283:such as
1183:homology
1179:histones
1079:plasmids
1067:nucleoid
1030:, which
951:complex.
904:habitats
884:Bacteria
832:plankton
795:such as
741:and the
702:biofilms
679:volcanii
514:such as
477:Nucleoid
467:Ribosome
229:biofilms
225:colonies
167:Bacteria
107:membrane
101:lacks a
7389:Commons
7288:Biofilm
7267:Fimbria
7252:S-layer
7233:Outside
7094:Bacilli
7010:Uterine
6995:Vaginal
6905:Aerobic
6888:ecology
6843:Medical
6784:Source:
6123:Animals
6044:Archaea
6024:Archaea
5762:SAR324
5018:Clade 2
4918:Clade 1
4637:Elulota
4218:Animals
4139:Archaea
3999:1450140
3976:Bibcode
3898:1698513
3760:3660258
3619:1594594
3577:4261111
3517:3784515
3371:Bibcode
3304:8688069
3284:Bibcode
3275:Science
3186:9618502
3154:Bibcode
2978:Science
2953:4187143
2930:Bibcode
2847:1197417
2805:8177167
2650:Bibcode
2641:Science
2588:5875340
2568:Bibcode
2521:Bibcode
2485:9891794
2438:8561477
2289:2818746
2269:Bibcode
2260:Science
2113:8901420
2033:7287626
1877:4106860
1854:Bibcode
1825:9486133
1773:2944366
1724:2944366
1646:Bibcode
1637:Science
1591:1197417
1435:Archaea
1431:kingdom
1397:Combrex
1253:without
1223:Neomura
1187:eucytes
1165:eocytes
1083:haploid
1063:cytosol
1024:protein
1009:nucleus
888:Archaea
625:E. coli
604:plasmid
543:Bacilli
282:History
253:gametes
245:asexual
209:protein
185:evolved
173:Archaea
162:domains
109:-bound
103:nucleus
93:) is a
7334:Monera
7104:Spiral
6896:Oxygen
6663:Asgard
6101:Plants
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1427:Monera
1307:ommon
1209:ommon
1153:asgard
1141:Asgard
1059:genome
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7188:only:
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6985:Mouth
6958:Other
6445:DPANN
6128:Fungi
4223:Fungi
4065:from
3679:(PDF)
3646:(PDF)
3469:S2CID
3308:S2CID
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3123:S2CID
3038:S2CID
2750:S2CID
2720:(1).
2674:S2CID
2492:(PDF)
2459:(PDF)
2339:S2CID
2307:(PDF)
2160:S2CID
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1934:S2CID
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1269:biota
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616:virus
534:Cocci
7305:and
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2007:148
1918:doi
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