Planctomycetota - Knowledge (XXG)

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Planctomycetota can survive on high-molecular-weight polysaccharides as their only source of carbon, meaningthey must have the ability to incorporate complex carbon substrates into their cytoplasm. Three hypotheses have been put forth: First, the Planctomycetota excrete an enzyme which, outside of the cell wall, degrades the complex substrates into smaller monosaccharides, which can more easily be transported through the different membranes. Second, the complex substrates become anchored to the outside of Planctomycetota, which are then able to slowly break down these substrates into oligosaccharides, which are able to be transported into the periplasm of Planctomycetota by specialized proteins. The third hypothesis involves the crateriform structures found on the outside of Planctomycetota cell walls. These structures have fibers lining their pits that may be able to absorb whole polysaccharides into the periplasm, where they would then be digested.

1511: 788:, regulatory systems, and protein interaction pathways. They are related to the functional organisation of the cell, which can be interpreted as an adaptation to a more complex lifestyle. The protein length is longer in the Gemmataceae than in most other bacteria and the genes have linkers. There is an overlap between the longest proteins in Planctomycetales and the shortest proteins in eukaryotes. In the terms of gene paralogy, protein length, and protein domain structures, prokaryotes and eukaryotes do not have sharp boundaries. 1702:. Planctomycetota are unique in that they have large invaginations of their cytoplasmic membrane, pulling away from the peptidoglycan cell wall and leaving room for the periplasm. Traditionally, the cytoplasmic membrane has been thought to be responsible for controlling the osmotic pressure of bacterial cells. Yet due to the folds in the cytoplasmic membrane, and the existence of large spaces of periplasm within Planctomycetota, their peptidoglycan acts as an osmotic barrier with the periplasm being isotonic to the cytosol. 48: 525: 1690: 28: 4392: 1465: 1734:. Up to 67% of dinitrogen gas production in the ocean can be attributed to anammox and about 50% of the nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is thought to be produced from anammox. Planctomycetota are the most dominant phylum of bacteria capable of performing anammox, thus the Planctomycetota capable of performing anammox play an important role in the global cycling of nitrogen. 1711: 1447:. Many Planctomycetota have the ability to breakdown extremely complex carbohydrates, making these nutrients available to other organisms. This ability to recycle carbon has been linked to specific C1 metabolism genes observed in many Planctomycetota and are suggested to play a significant role, but this area of research is still poorly understood. 1672:-like uptake system, which would be the first instance this function has been found outside of the eukaryotic domain. However, now that the existence of a rigid peptidoglycan cell wall has been confirmed, these vesicles to be able to pass through this cell wall seems unlikely. Additionally, deletion of one of these membrane coat proteins within 1776:

about Planctomycetota secondary metabolites. This is unexpected, as the Planctomycetota have several key features as other known producers of bioactive molecules, such as the Myxobacteria. However, a number of ongoing studies serve as various first steps in including Planctomycetota in small-molecule drug development for humans.

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Planctomycetota is one of the only known phyla whose members lack FtsZ proteins. Bacteria in the Chlamydiales, also a member of the PVC superphylum, also lack FtsZ. Although bacteria in the Planctomycetota lack FtsZ, two distinct modes of cell division have been observed. Most Planctomycetota divide

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Bacteria in the Planctomycetota that are anammox-capable form the order Brocadiales. The cells of anammox bacteria are often coccoid with a diameter of about 0.8 μm, and are suggested to contain three compartments, each surrounded by a membrane. The outer membrane encloses the cell and the protoplasm

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The impacts of research on Planctomycetota and their uses might be of global significance with regards to nutrient cycling processes and assist in furthering understanding for global marine biogeochemistry. However, with Planctomycetota's growing influences on metabolic processes involving water and

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Originally classified as a eukaryote due to morphology, the advent of genetic sequencing allowed researchers to agree that the Planctomycetota belong to the domain Bacteria. Within that domain, Planctomycetota are classified as their own phylum, however, other researchers have argued they could also

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perform a lifestyle switch that is often associated with cell division. The sessile mother cell produces a free-swimming daughter cell. The daughter cell must then attach to a surface before starting the cycle over again. However, not all of the Planctomycetota have a motile stage, and the lifestyle

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Representation of cell division modes in the last PVC common ancestor and in current the PVC superphylum: Outer membranes are represented by thick lines, and inner membranes are represented by thin lines. The peptidoglycan layer is displayed in dotted lines, and FtsZ proteins are displayed as a ring

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In marine environments, Planctomycetota are often suspended in the water column or present as biofilms on the surface of macroalgae, and are often exposed to harmful ultraviolet radiation. More highly pigmented species of the Planctomycetota are more resistant to ultraviolet radiation, although this

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Planctomycetota species are often associated with the surfaces of marine sponges. They interact with sponges either by attachment with a holdfast, or through a symbiotic relationship. A high diversity of Planctomycetota is present as biofilms on sponges. The symbiotic relationship among sponges and

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transporters, and the Verrucomicrobiota have also been found to have features common among eukaryotic cells. Thus, a common ancestor of this superphylum may have been the start of the eukaryotic lineage. While this is one possible explanation, because PVC is not the start of the bacterial tree, the

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Recently, interest has arisen in examining the Planctomycetota regarding their potential roles in biotechnology, mainly as a source of bioactive molecules, of interest mainly to the pharmaceutical industry. Bioactive compounds are mainly present as secondary metabolites, although little is known

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uptake. In addition, with the use of cryoelectron tomography-based three-dimensional reconstruction of Planctomycetota has found that what were originally thought to be vesicles being held in the periplasm are actually just folds in the cytoplasmic membrane. Yet it has been demonstrated that the

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communities in marine systems, and their vast distribution demonstrates their ability to inhabit many different environments. They can also adapt to both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Many factors can affect their distribution, such as humidity, oxygen levels, and pH levels. Planctomycetota

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Members of the Planctomycetota are found in a diverse range of environments, both geographically and ecologically, and occur in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In aquatic environments, they are found in both freshwater and marine systems. Planctomycetota were originally believed to exist

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A CSI has also been found to be shared by the entire PVC superphylum, including the Planctomycetota. Planctomycetota also contain an important conserved signature protein that has been characterized to play an important housekeeping function that is exclusive to members belonging to the PVC

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is the process of oxidizing ammonium where nitrite acts as the electron acceptor. This process creates energy for the organism performing the reaction in the same way humans gain energy from oxidizing glucose. In a marine environment, this ultimately removes nitrogen from the water, as

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displayed varying interpretations of this suggested compartmentalization. The cytosol was suggested to be separated into compartments, both the paryphoplasm and pirellulosome, by an intracytoplasmic membrane. This interpretation has since been demonstrated to be incorrect. In fact, the

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Crateriform structures. (A) Crateriform structures from the outside of the cell (B–E) Micrographs of crateriform structures, perpendicular to the membrane outer membrane (OM), inner membrane (IM), cytoplasm (C), and periplasm (P). Scale bars, 50

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were Planctomycetota. Almost 150 Planctomycetota species have been isolated from the biofilms of macroalgae, and these communities associated with macroalgae are mainly independent of changes in geographical distribution. This would suggest a

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was used to detect Planctomycetota in various environments, and Planctomycetota are found in abundance in sphagnum bogs. Some Planctomycetota were found in the digestive systems of marine lifeforms, while others tend to live among eukaryotes.

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can be identified near the origin. The changes of genetic material is through internal chromosomal inversion, and not through lateral gene transfer. This creates a way of diversification in the Planctomycetota variants as multiple transposon

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wetlands. Sphagnum wetlands store large amounts of carbon, contributing to the global carbon cycle. Planctomycetota play a considerable role in the degradation of sphagnum, accounting for roughly 15% of the bacterial community.

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Bacteria in the Planctomycetota are often small, spherical cells, but a large amount of morphological variation is seen. Members of the Planctomycetota also display distinct reproductive habits, with many species dividing by

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Almost all bacteria have a cytosol following the outer shape of their peptidoglycan cell wall. Eukaryotes are different in that they have their cytosol divided into multiple compartments to create organelles such as a

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Boersma AS, Kallscheuer N, Wiegand S, Rast P, Peeters SH, Mesman RJ, et al. (December 2020). "Alienimonas californiensis gen. nov. sp. nov., a novel Planctomycete isolated from the kelp forest in Monterey Bay".

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is unique within Planctomycetota. Sterol synthesis is suggested to be associated with regulation of membrane fluidity in Planctomycetota, and has been described as essential to the proper growth and reproduction of

1555:, the association of the Planctomycetota with kelp could indicate their significant role in coastal habitats. Planctomycetota also play an important role as components of detritus in the water column, also known as 1388:

diversity and abundance are strongly associated with relative humidity. The effects of oxygen levels demonstrate the energy needs of the individual. Many species of Planctomycetota are chemoheterotrophic, including

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of Planctomycetota, and is the only known species to divide by lateral budding at the middle of the cell. Lastly, members of the clade Saltatorellus are capable of switching between both binary fission and budding.

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Interest is growing in the Planctomycetota regarding biotechnology and human applications, mainly as a source of bioactive molecules. In addition, some Planctomycetota were recently described as human pathogens.

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The distinct morphological characteristics of bacteria in the Planctomycetota have been discussed extensively. The common morphology is often spherical cells roughly 2 μm in diameter, as observed in the species

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Planctomycetota species are worthwhile considerations in challenging the current models for the origin of the nucleus, along with other aspects of origin and evolution of the eukaryotic endomembrane system.

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and were only later described as bacteria in 1972. Early examination of members of the Planctomycetota suggested a cell plan differing considerably from other bacteria, although they are now confirmed as

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is not yet well understood. It has since been shown that Planctomycetota synthesize C30 carotenoids from squalene and that this squalene route to C30 carotenoids is the most widespread in prokaryotes.

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dominate the rocky coastlines of temperature regions, and provide habitat, shelter, and food for many organisms, including the Planctomycetota. Given the considerable role of kelp forests in coastal

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Kohn, Timo; Rast, Patrick; Kallscheuer, Nicolai; Wiegand, Sandra; Boedeker, Christian; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Jeske, Olga; Vollmers, John; Kaster, Anne-Kristin; Rohde, Manfred; Jogler, Mareike (2020).

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Planctomycetota species were recently identified as being an opportunistic human pathogen, but a lack of culture media limits studies on the bacteria in the Planctomycetota as pathogens of humans.

2218:"Planctomycetes as Host-Associated Bacteria: A Perspective That Holds Promise for Their Future Isolations, by Mimicking Their Native Environmental Niches in Clinical Microbiology Laboratories" 341:

display both large and small crateriform structures. Large crateriform structures often cover the cell surface, while small crateriform structures are often only at the end of the cell. Light

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Omnitrophica". Within this superphylum, its members have been found to be closely related through the creation of 16S rRNA trees. Both the Planctomycetota and Chlamydiota encode proteins for

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of roughly 6-14 days. In contrast, some other Planctomycetota have doubling times of around 30 days. Their high abundance in many ecosystems is surprising, given their slow growth rates.

642:(CSIs). These CSIs demarcate the group from neighboring phyla within the PVC group. An additional CSI has been found that is shared by all Planctomycetota species, with the exception of 309:. However, the diversity in cell shape often varies greatly in them. Ovoid and pear-shaped cells have been described in some species, and often occur in rosettes of three to 10 cells. 7298: 7164: 1871: 199:

and terrestrial habitats. They play a considerable role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles, with many species of this phylum capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, also known as

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Izumi H, Sagulenko E, Webb RI, Fuerst JA (October 2013). "Isolation and diversity of planctomycetes from the sponge Niphates sp., seawater, and sediment of Moreton Bay, Australia".

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cells. However, bacterial budding observed in Planctomycetota is still poorly understood. Budding has been observed in both radial symmetric cells, such as bacteria in the species

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Unique appendages known as crateriform structures have been observed in species of Planctomycetota belonging to the class Planctomycetia. The outer surface of cells in the species

353:. The pili fibers in both these species were often associated with large crateriform structures; in contrast, the stalk fibers were associated with small crateriform structures. 1524:

Planctomycetota are often associated with marine surfaces high in nutrients. They occur as biofilms on algal surfaces in relatively high abundance. Macroalgae such as the kelps

773:, a subgroup within Planctomycetota, have low sequence similarity to eukaryotic proteins; however, they show highest sequence similarity to other Gemmataceae protein families. 1651:. The growth of many Planctomycetota is often supported by the essential nutrients provided by other bacteria within the community, and some Planctomycetota rely strongly on 638:

Planctomycetota are known for their unusual cellular characteristics, and their distinctness from all other bacteria is additionally supported by the shared presence of two

3427:"Molecular Signatures for the PVC Clade (Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Lentisphaerae) of Bacteria Provide Insights into Their Evolutionary Relationships" 4437: 1356:

exclusively in aquatic environments, but they are now known to be also abundant in soils and hypersaline environments. They are widespread on five continents, including

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The synthesis of sterols, often observed in eukaryotes and uncommon among bacteria, has been observed very rarely in Planctomycetota. The synthesis of sterols such as

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be categorized as part of a larger superphylum entitled PVC, which would encompass the phyla Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae and Lentisphaerae, and the candidate phylum "

241:. The phylum Planctomycetota is composed of the classes Planctomycetia and Phycisphaerae. First described in 1924, members of the Planctomycetota were identified as 7272: 2752:

Rivas-Marin, Elena; Stettner, Sean; Gottshall, Ekaterina Y.; Santana-Molina, Carlos; Helling, Mitch; Basile, Franco; Ward, Naomi L.; Devos, Damien P. (2019-07-02).

1894: 3255:"Characterization of Planctomyces limnophilus and development of genetic tools for its manipulation establish it as a model species for the phylum Planctomycetes" 410:, giving the appearance of compartmentalization within the cytosol. Planctomycetota therefore display the two compartments typical of Gram-negative bacteria, the 7177: 1898: 749:

sp. strain 1 incorporates 110 genes that contribute to encoding proteins that produce sulfatase enzymes. In comparison with a different species of prokaryotic,

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Peeters SH, Wiegand S, Kallscheuer N, Jogler M, Heuer A, Jetten MS, et al. (December 2020). "Three marine strains constitute the novel genus and species

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and the innermost membrane surrounds the anammoxosome, the central structure of anammox bacteria. The anammoxosome membrane is largely composed of unusual

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of glycans, present in all free-living bacteria, and its rigidity helps maintain integrity of the cell. Peptidoglycan synthesis is also essential during

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Laterigemmans baculatus" gen. nov. sp. nov., the first representative of rod shaped planctomycetes with lateral budding in the family Pirellulaceae".

7246: 7151: 4002:"Fosmids of novel marine Planctomycetes from the Namibian and Oregon coast upwelling systems and their cross-comparison with planctomycete genomes" 1486:

Planctomycetota have often been observed in association with many organisms, including, macroalgae, microalgae, marine sponges, and plants such as

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has been identified specifically as comprising bacteria with unique characteristics among the Planctomycetota, such as their ability to synthesize

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Many Planctomycetota also have a holdfast, or stalk, which attaches the cell to a surface or substrate. Members of some species, though, such as

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gene that is expressed when the environment offers excessive ultraviolet radiation stress. Other stress responses include the decomposition of

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Strous M, Pelletier E, Mangenot S (6 April 2006). "Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome".

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Planctomycetota contributes to the health of the sponge, and the sponge often provides suitable habitat and nutrients to the Planctomycetota.

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existence of eukaryotic traits and genes is more likely explained through lateral gene transfer, and not a more recent eukaryotic ancestor.

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While macroalgae are well known substrates for Planctomycetota communities, their abundance has also been known to correlate with blooms of

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Planctomycetota often perform a lifestyle switch between both a sessile stalked stage and a free-swimming stage. Members of the species

3481:"Impact of genomics on the understanding of microbial evolution and classification: the importance of Darwin's views on classification" 4201:

Qian; et al. (2018). "Diversity and distribution of anammox bacteria in water column and sediments of the Eastern Indian Ocean".

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only 6 sulfatases occur and the genes that express these proteins are contained as two to five pairs, usually clustered in 22 groups.

2280:"The Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae and sister phyla comprise a superphylum with biotechnological and medical relevance" 4396: 3129:

Kartal, Boran; de Almeida, Naomi M.; Maalcke, Wouter J.; Op den Camp, Huub J.M.; Jetten, Mike S.M.; Keltjens, Jan T. (2013-05-01).

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Jing; et al. (2015). "A snapshot on spatial and vertical distribution of bacterial communities in the eastern Indian Ocean".

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by binary fission, mainly species of the class Phycisphaerae. In contrast, species of the class Planctomycetia divide by budding.

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Planctomycetota have a significant impact on global biogeochemistry and climate, with their ability to mineralize and break down

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Planctomycetota species grow slowly, when compared to other bacteria, often forming rosette structures of 3-5 cells. The species

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Many Planctomycetota species display pink or orange coloring, suggested to result from the production of carotenoid pigments.

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Lage OM, Bondoso J, Lobo-da-Cunha A (October 2013). "Insights into the ultrastructural morphology of novel Planctomycetes".

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As the climate continues to warm, the abundance of Planctomycetota associated with macroalgae might increase. The seaweed

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Considerable diversity has been observed in cell division among bacteria in the Planctomycetota. During cell division in

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Transmission electron micrographs of dividing cells displaying different cell division modes in the PVC superphylum. (a)

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Buckley, Daniel H.; Huangyutitham, Varisa; Nelson, Tyrrell A.; Rumberger, Angelika; Thies, Janice E. (2006-07-01).

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air, it may also have a role in interchanges between oceans and atmosphere, potentially affecting climate change.

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When comparing under a microscope, a defining characteristic for some Planctomycetota is that a single unlinked

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in their cell walls, and were instead suggested to have proteinaceous cell walls. Peptidoglycan is an essential

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conditions, and the abundance of Planctomycetota increased substantially, as much as 10 times in some species.

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and displayed extremely high diversity. Planctomycetota have also been associated with lichen communities and

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sequenced. Extensive genome duplication takes up about 25% of the genome sequence. This may be a way for the

461:. Three different carotenoid pigments have been identified in two different strains of the Planctomycetota. 7375: 6564: 6278: 6122: 5918: 4559: 2632:

Rivas-Marin E, Peeters SH, Claret Fernández L, Jogler C, van Niftrik L, Wiegand S, Devos DP (January 2020).

780:. More than one thousand protein families were acquired by duplications and domain rearrangements. The new 315:

is a well studied species in the Planctomycetota with spherical cells. In contrast, bacteria in the species

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Garrity GM, Holt JG. (2001). "The Road Map to the Manual". In Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM. (eds.).

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Fuerst, John (2004). "Planctomycetes: A phylum of emerging interest for microbial evolution and ecology".

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are suggested to be an important habitat for Planctomycetota. Roughly 70% of the bacterial community on

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Early examination of the Planctomycetota suggested that their cell plan differed considerably from both

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Viana F, Lage OM, Oliveira R (October 2013). "High ultraviolet C resistance of marine Planctomycetes".

5910: 5754: 5376: 5339: 5317: 5226: 5214: 4335:"From genome mining to phenotypic microarrays: Planctomycetes as source for novel bioactive molecules" 3588:"Paralogization and New Protein Architectures in Planctomycetes Bacteria with Complex Cell Structures" 2279: 7342: 7233: 6457: 6173: 6110: 5992: 5886: 5202: 5131: 5108: 4725: 4688: 4636: 4249: 3893: 3644: 3533: 3266: 2855: 2769: 2645: 2084: 1526: 1515: 1077: 766: 5776: 5605: 5395: 5357: 3862: 7224: 6285: 6179: 5934: 5727: 5657: 5269: 5113: 4000:

Woebken D, Teeling H, Wecker P, Dumitriu A, Kostadinov I, Delong EF, et al. (September 2007).

3583: 2901:"Pink- and orange-pigmented planctomycetes produce saproxanthin-type carotenoids including a rare C 1636: 1143: 1069: 859: 785: 398: 123: 6266: 6192: 5624: 4333:

Jeske, Olga; Jogler, Mareike; Petersen, Jörn; Sikorski, Johannes; Jogler, Christian (2013-10-01).

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Boedeker C, Schüler M, Reintjes G, Jeske O, van Teeseling MC, Jogler M, et al. (April 2017).

6787: 6469: 6228: 6018: 5715: 5407: 5257: 4539: 4517: 4505: 4480: 4370: 4312: 4218: 4158: 4031: 3882:"Diversity of Planctomycetes in Soil in Relation to Soil History and Environmental Heterogeneity" 3678: 3232: 3050: 2991: 2935: 2512:

Wiegand S, Jogler M, Boedeker C, Pinto D, Vollmers J, Rivas-Marín E, et al. (January 2020).

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Many Planctomycetota species display structures and appendages on the outer surface of the cell.

133: 42: 7329: 2634:"Non-essentiality of canonical cell division genes in the planctomycete Planctopirus limnophila" 2514:"Cultivation and functional characterization of 79 planctomycetes uncovers their unique biology" 1668:

The existence of membrane coat proteins near the intracytoplasmic membrane could be used for an

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primer used often mismatches with the genes, creating difficulty when sequencing the genome.

609:, the daughter cells originate from the region opposite to the pole with the holdfast or stalk. 3077:

gen. nov., sp. nov., an Unusual Member of the Phylum Planctomycetes from the German Wadden Sea"

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Planctomycetota were found to be highly abundant in lichen communities throughout northwestern

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Kallscheuer N, Moreira C, Airs R, Llewellyn CA, Wiegand S, Jogler C, Lage OM (December 2019).

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Planctomycetota originate from within the Bacteria and these similarities between proteins in

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intracytoplasmic membrane is well known to be the cytoplasmic membrane which displays unique

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Bernander R, Ettema TJ (December 2010). "FtsZ-less cell division in archaea and bacteria".

1750:. Lanosterol is common in eukaryotes and two other groups of bacteria, both methylotrophic 7277: 7028: 6933: 6895: 6850: 6782: 6499: 6484: 6377: 6235: 6139: 5952: 5947: 5701: 5481: 5296: 5009: 4980: 4930: 4765: 4660: 4628: 3009:

Santana-Molina C, Henriques V, Hornero-Méndez D, Devos DP, Rivas-Marin E (December 2022).

1644: 1180: 896: 219: 69: 2334:"The Microbiome of Posidonia oceanica Seagrass Leaves Can Be Dominated by Planctomycetes" 2071:

Glöckner FO, Kube M, Bauer M, Teeling H, Lombardot T, Ludwig W, et al. (July 2003).

6320: 4253: 3897: 3648: 3537: 3270: 2859: 2773: 2649: 2088: 567:. The dominant form of reproduction observed in almost all bacteria is cell division by 524: 7088: 7033: 7023: 6865: 6679: 6631: 6544: 6519: 6514: 6494: 6489: 6392: 6382: 6215: 6154: 6145: 6042: 5998: 5806: 5769: 5683: 5575: 5516: 5019: 4996: 4699: 4612: 4599: 4594: 4495: 4415: 4272: 4237: 3952:"The planctomycetes: Emerging models for microbial ecology, evolution and cell biology" 3922: 3881: 3554: 3521: 3453: 3426: 3359: 3320: 3287: 3254: 3103: 3072: 3037: 3010: 2876: 2843: 2800: 2753: 2726: 2699: 2666: 2633: 2594: 2567: 2538: 2513: 2368: 2333: 2244: 2217: 1751: 1596: 1569: 1210: 926: 558: 231: 145: 102: 2107: 2072: 1689: 393:

Planctomycetota were once thought to display distinct compartmentalization within the

27: 7359: 6812: 6797: 6759: 6684: 6620: 6606: 6554: 6549: 6463: 6452: 6447: 6427: 6422: 6397: 6221: 5875: 5594: 5534: 5511: 5450: 5237: 5120: 5098: 5067: 5041: 4942: 4756: 4647: 4623: 4604: 4575: 3236: 3054: 2939: 2483: 2179: 1848: 1727: 1677: 1588: 1223: 1129: 961: 846: 689: 496: 378: 370: 97: 4374: 4316: 4222: 4162: 4035: 2995: 2427: 7008: 7003: 6978: 6953: 6943: 6870: 6739: 6613: 6574: 6559: 6534: 6529: 6474: 6407: 6081: 6071: 5795: 5587: 5559: 5468: 5388: 5324: 5179: 5154: 5077: 4673: 4655: 4051:"Community composition of the Planctomycetota associated with different macroalgae" 3682: 1755: 1710: 1699: 1640: 1444: 1436: 1282: 1007: 572: 426: 407: 4407: 1464: 7209: 7142: 3951: 2716: 2700:"Three-dimensional reconstruction of bacteria with a complex endomembrane system" 2295: 7259: 7218: 7063: 7038: 6983: 6958: 6880: 6875: 6840: 6830: 6524: 6437: 6053: 5957: 5564: 5491: 4214: 4178:

Cultivation, Detection, andEcophysiology of AnaerobicAmmonium-Oxidizing Bacteria

3967: 2467: 1669: 1556: 1548: 1458: 1397: 1099: 777: 770: 715: 616:, a tubular structure is connected from the bud to the mother cell. The species 454: 227: 4391: 3210: 3071:

Kohn T, Heuer A, Jogler M, Vollmers J, Boedeker C, Bunk B, et al. (2016).

2782: 2698:

Santarella-Mellwig R, Pruggnaller S, Roos N, Mattaj IW, Devos DP (2013-05-21).

2657: 2153: 2077:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

369:

bacteria. Until recently, bacteria in the Planctomycetota were thought to lack

7169: 7096: 7058: 6988: 6968: 6963: 6948: 6918: 6890: 6845: 6835: 6807: 6802: 6744: 6719: 6412: 6387: 6166: 6058: 5837: 5569: 5496: 4833: 4799: 4679: 4446: 4403:

Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization.

4350: 4308: 4146: 4095:

Fuerst JA (October 2005). "Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes".

3400: 2969: 2529: 2411: 2234: 1743: 1731: 1635:

Planctomycetota display associations with other bacterial communities, mainly

1584: 1475: 1440: 1384: 1357: 1245: 946: 808: 727: 667: 442: 342: 109: 7303: 4358: 3975: 3913: 3816: 3613: 3582:

Mahajan, Mayank; Yee, Benjamin; Hägglund, Emil; Guy, Lionel; Fuerst, John A;

3443: 3349: 3166: 3093: 2791: 2584: 2359: 2350: 2303: 2073:"Complete genome sequence of the marine planctomycete Pirellula sp. strain 1" 1863: 700:

in these regions have reverse orientation that transfers to rearrangements.

521:

switch observed in many species may not be common among all Planctomycetota.

7013: 6993: 6885: 6764: 6699: 6689: 6674: 6669: 6650: 6402: 5549: 4815: 4334: 4067: 4050: 3604: 3587: 3497: 3480: 3147: 3130: 3027: 2923: 2097: 2033: 2016: 1652: 1599:

provide nutrients for Planctomycetota, which could explain the association.

1542: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1451: 1361: 1091: 742: 666:

has been estimated to be over 7 million bases, making it one of the largest

475: 415: 411: 323: 242: 113: 4366: 4281: 4154: 4116: 4076: 4027: 3931: 3674: 3621: 3563: 3506: 3462: 3408: 3368: 3296: 3228: 3174: 3112: 3046: 2987: 2931: 2885: 2809: 2735: 2675: 2603: 2547: 2475: 2419: 2377: 2311: 2253: 2171: 2116: 2042: 1840: 1831: 1814: 707:, and have genes that are required for heterotactic acid fermentation. The 4018: 4001: 3983: 3696: 7203: 7136: 7068: 7048: 7043: 7018: 6998: 6973: 6938: 6928: 6923: 6754: 6729: 6709: 6369: 4534: 4450: 3905: 3762: 3545: 3278: 2450:

Kumar D, Kumar G, Jagadeeshwari U, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (April 2021). ""

1622: 1429: 781: 678: 674: 192: 59: 7156: 3656: 3219: 2867: 2162: 295: 7073: 7053: 6749: 6724: 6714: 6704: 6660: 6597: 4821: 4262: 3157: 2754:"Essentiality of sterol synthesis genes in the planctomycete bacterium 1718: 1617: 1413: 1409: 704: 597:

The mechanisms involved in budding have been described extensively for

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Some Planctomycetota thrive in regions containing highly concentrated

6913: 6905: 6774: 1592: 1487: 1454: 1405: 708: 692: 670: 450: 430: 276: 212: 188: 7113: 7251: 6822: 6694: 1931:) (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 119–166. 1815:"Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes" 735: 681:, allowing for redundancy if a part of the genome is damaged. The 621: 605:, and axially symmetric cells. During cell division in members of 598: 586:

FtsZ proteins are suggested to be similar in structure to that of

446: 326:, common in most bacteria, have also been observed in the species 196: 557:

The current understanding of bacterial cell division is based on

258:, in contrast to all other free-living bacteria, which divide by 6860: 6352: 776:

There is massive emergence of novel protein families within the

718:

radiation protection response, and is associated with the genes

697: 576: 7117: 6324: 4419: 1443:, the primary source of carbon used by Planctomycetota is from 714:

plays a key role in this process. The genetic process also has

579:. In contrast, many bacteria in the Planctomycetota divide by 7238: 3321:"Evolutionary Cell Biology of Division Mode in the Bacterial 433:, which is suggested to be associated with sterol synthesis. 203:. Many Planctomycetota occur in relatively high abundance as 1417: 3520:

Lagkouvardos I, Jehl MA, Rattei T, Horn M (January 2014).

2844:"Determining the bacterial cell biology of Planctomycetes" 1416:. Planctomycetota can also inhabit regions with ranges in 3131:"How to make a living from anaerobic ammonium oxidation" 4238:"Anammox Planctomycetes have a peptidoglycan cell wall" 2568:"Planctomycetes as Novel Source of Bioactive Molecules" 1872:

List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature

650:

forms a deep branch within the Planctomycetota phylum.

385:

were found to have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

4049:

Bondoso J, Balagué V, Gasol JM, Lage OM (June 2014).

2286:. Environmental biotechnology/Energy biotechnology. 7193: 7126: 7086: 6904: 6821: 6773: 6658: 6649: 6596: 6368: 6258: 6132: 5933: 5818: 5805: 5548: 5480: 5422: 5349: 5249: 5236: 5172: 5091: 5060: 5053: 4958: 4798: 4746: 4587: 4574: 4203:

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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World Federation for Culture Collections Newsletter

1494:. They have also been observed inhabiting deep-sea 495:is suggested to be relatively fast growing, with a 345:demonstrated fibers of both stalk and pili type in 3391:. Growth and development: eukaryotes/prokaryotes. 4180:. San Diego CA: Academic Press. pp. 89–108. 207:, often associating with other organisms such as 6637:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms 2222:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 1435:Planctomycetota play a considerable role in the 3474: 3472: 3253:Jogler C, Glöckner FO, Kolter R (August 2011). 2015:Wiegand S, Jogler M, Jogler C (November 2018). 2278:Wagner, Michael; Horn, Matthias (2006-06-01). 1498:, where they are dominant organisms living on 6336: 4431: 1899:National Center for Biotechnology Information 1559:, given their ability to attach to surfaces. 575:of both peptidoglycans and proteins known as 8: 3420: 3418: 2216:Kaboré OD, Godreuil S, Drancourt M (2020). 1439:. As both obligate and facultative aerobic 1383:Planctomycetota account for roughly 11% of 7114: 6655: 6593: 6365: 6361: 6343: 6329: 6321: 5815: 5246: 5057: 4584: 4438: 4424: 4416: 3522:"Signature protein of the PVC superphylum" 3319:Rivas-Marín E, Canosa I, Devos DP (2016). 1927:and the deeply branching and phototrophic 1921:Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 1520:a species of kelp in the phylum Ochrophyta 1424:Ecological impacts and global carbon cycle 26: 17: 4271: 4261: 4066: 4017: 3921: 3861: 3664: 3603: 3553: 3496: 3452: 3442: 3425:Gupta RS, Bhandari V, Naushad HS (2012). 3358: 3348: 3286: 3218: 3197:conspicua in the phylum Planctomycetes". 3156: 3146: 3102: 3092: 3036: 3026: 2977: 2875: 2799: 2781: 2725: 2715: 2665: 2593: 2583: 2537: 2367: 2349: 2243: 2233: 2161: 2106: 2096: 2032: 1830: 1709: 1688: 1509: 1463: 1379:Environmental influences on distribution 814: 523: 501: 294: 250:, but with many unique characteristics. 1805: 1758:. The synthesis of sterols observed in 469:Unique characteristics of anammox cells 4328: 4326: 4128: 4126: 4109:10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121258 4090: 4088: 4086: 3995: 3993: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3886:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3875: 3873: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3526:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3382: 3380: 3378: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3259:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3248: 3246: 3124: 3122: 3066: 3064: 2951: 2949: 2747: 2745: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 1706:Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) 825:120 single copy marker proteins based 3188: 3186: 3184: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2566:Graça AP, Calisto R, Lage OM (2016). 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2211: 2209: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 7: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1771:Biotechnology and human applications 1612:Lichen communities and sphagnum bogs 218:Planctomycetota are included in the 2456:Systematic and Applied Microbiology 1693:Labeled diagram of an anammox cell. 1655:relationships with other bacteria. 1260: 1238: 1216: 1158: 1136: 1124: 1064: 1057: 1050: 985: 939: 932: 874: 852: 842: 835: 2912:Environmental Microbiology Reports 1450:Planctomycetota also display many 741:Many Planctomycetota also express 14: 1714:Diagram of the anammox mechanisms 381:. Recently, those in the species 4390: 2284:Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2017:"On the maverick Planctomycetes" 1482:Association with other organisms 1474:a species of kelp in the phylum 421:The excess membrane observed in 46: 4236:Teeseling; et al. (2015). 3718:"LTP_all tree in newick format" 3592:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3389:Current Opinion in Microbiology 1432:particles in the water column. 1: 4097:Annual Review of Microbiology 769:. Gained protein families in 482:Life history and reproduction 3950:Fuerst, J. A. (1995-07-01). 2717:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001565 2296:10.1016/j.copbio.2006.05.005 1793:Planctomycetota as pathogens 1579:Microalgae and diatom blooms 1400:anaerobic species occupying 646:This supports the idea that 457:bacteria to protect against 429:of the cell relative to its 4215:10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.05.015 3968:10.1099/13500872-141-7-1493 3739:"LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" 2468:10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126188 1813:Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). 1631:Other bacterial communities 1587:such as diatoms. Blooms of 1568:was incubated under higher 1404:regions, can use elemental 7392: 7371:Environmental microbiology 3211:10.1007/s10482-019-01375-4 2783:10.1038/s41467-019-10983-7 2658:10.1038/s41598-019-56978-8 2154:10.1007/s10482-019-01367-4 1351:Distribution and abundance 795: 640:conserved signature indels 282:Phylum of aquatic bacteria 234:, Kiritimatiellaeota, and 6592: 6364: 6360: 6355:phyla/divisions by domain 6295: 5832:"Acidulodesulfobacteriia" 4458: 4351:10.1007/s10482-013-0007-1 4309:10.1007/s13131-016-0871-4 4147:10.1007/s10482-013-0003-5 4055:FEMS Microbiology Ecology 3485:FEMS Microbiology Reviews 3431:Frontiers in Microbiology 3401:10.1016/j.mib.2010.10.005 3337:Frontiers in Microbiology 3135:FEMS Microbiology Reviews 3081:Frontiers in Microbiology 2970:10.1007/s10482-013-0027-x 2572:Frontiers in Microbiology 2530:10.1038/s41564-019-0588-1 2412:10.1007/s10482-013-9969-2 2338:Frontiers in Microbiology 2235:10.3389/fcimb.2020.519301 2021:FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1819:Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 1730:and is released into the 1420:levels from 4.2 to 11.6. 1280: 1265: 1258: 1243: 1236: 1221: 1214: 1178: 1163: 1156: 1141: 1134: 1122: 1096: 1074: 1062: 1055: 1005: 990: 983: 959: 944: 937: 930: 894: 879: 872: 857: 850: 840: 824: 817: 683:polymerase chain reaction 644:Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. 389:Internal cell composition 291:Cell shape and appendages 148:1987) Cavalier-Smith 2002 139: 132: 94: 89: 43:Scientific classification 41: 34: 25: 20: 6089:"Thermodesulfovibrionia" 5827:Acidulodesulfobacteriota 4842:"Thermosediminibacteria" 4780:"Marinamargulisbacteria" 4297:Acta Oceanologica Sinica 3822:Genome Taxonomy Database 3795:Genome Taxonomy Database 3768:Genome Taxonomy Database 3444:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00327 3350:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01964 3094:10.3389/fmicb.2016.02079 3075:Fuerstia marisgermanicae 3015:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2585:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01241 2351:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01458 1901:(NCBI) taxonomy database 614:Fuerstia marisgermanicae 286:Structure and morphology 6565:Thermodesulfobacteriota 6123:Thermodesulfobacteriota 5924:"Thermosulfidibacteria" 4783:"Riflemargulisbacteria" 4339:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 4135:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 4068:10.1111/1574-6941.12258 3763:"GTDB release 08-RS214" 3199:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3148:10.1111/1574-6976.12014 3028:10.1073/pnas.2210081119 2958:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2924:10.1111/1758-2229.12796 2400:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2142:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2098:10.1073/pnas.1431443100 765:and eukaryotes reflect 751:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 720:recA, lexA, uvrA, uvrB, 658:General characteristics 629:Genetic characteristics 542:Phycisphaera mikurensis 317:Planctopirus limnophila 307:Aquisphaera giovannonii 6279:Salinosulfoleibacteria 6097:"Lambdaproteobacteria" 5919:Thermosulfidibacterota 5196:"Macinerneyibacteriia" 4839:"Thermoanaerobacteria" 4766:Vampirovibrionophyceae 4176:Kartal, Boran (2011). 3790:"bac120_r214.sp_label" 3479:Gupta RS (July 2016). 1832:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056 1726:gas cannot be used by 1715: 1694: 1521: 1478: 664:Rhodopirellula baltica 549: 508: 301: 248:Gram-negative bacteria 191:of widely distributed 7325:Paleobiology Database 6793:Neocallimastigomycota 5191:Macinerneyibacteriota 4242:Nature Communications 4019:10.1038/ismej.2007.63 3605:10.1093/molbev/msz287 3498:10.1093/femsre/fuw011 2848:Nature Communications 2762:Nature Communications 2756:Gemmata obscuriglobus 2034:10.1093/femsre/fuy029 1862:Euzéby JP, Parte AC. 1746:has been observed in 1713: 1692: 1676:found no decrease in 1513: 1467: 745:genes. The genome of 712:lactate dehydrogenase 571:, which involves the 548:. Scale bars, 0.5 μm. 546:Chlamydia trachomatis 538:Lentisphaera araneosa 534:Chthoniobacter flavus 530:Gemmata obscuriglobus 527: 505: 357:Cell wall composition 312:Gemmata obscuriglobus 298: 272:Gemmata obscuriglobus 164:Garrity and Holt 2001 84:Garrity and Holt 2021 36:Brocadia anammoxidans 6458:Coprothermobacterota 6174:Polarisedimenticolia 6162:"Guanabaribacteriia" 6104:Schekmaniibacteriota 5845:"Desulfurobacteriia" 5760:"Handelsmanbacteria" 5748:"Krumholzibacteriia" 5311:Firestoneibacteriota 5291:Desantisiibacteriota 5109:Coprothermobacterota 4989:"Absconditabacteria" 4906:"Desulfitobacteriia" 4775:Margulisiibacteriota 3906:10.1128/AEM.00149-06 3546:10.1128/AEM.02655-13 3279:10.1128/AEM.05132-11 1893:Sayers; et al. 1553:primary productivity 1527:Laminaria hyperborea 1516:Laminaria hyperborea 767:convergent evolution 634:Molecular signatures 397:. Three-dimensional 195:, occurring in both 152:"Planctomycetaeota" 6308:Alternative views: 6180:Thermoanaerobaculia 5983:"Anaeroferrophilia" 5935:Deltaproteobacteria 5907:Desulfobacterota G 5770:Neomarinimicrobiota 5743:Krumholzibacteriota 5644:Edwardsiibacteriota 5370:"Hinthialibacteria" 5149:"Thermodesulfobiia" 5114:Coprothermobacteria 4926:"Halanaerobiaeota" 4874:"Thermaerobacteria" 4761:"Sericytochromatia" 4254:2015NatCo...6.6878V 3898:2006ApEnM..72.4522B 3657:10.1038/nature04647 3649:2006Natur.440..790S 3538:2014ApEnM..80..440L 3271:2011ApEnM..77.5826J 3021:(52): e2210081119. 2868:10.1038/ncomms14853 2860:2017NatCo...814853B 2774:2019NatCo..10.2916R 2650:2020NatSR..10...66R 2518:Nature Microbiology 2089:2003PNAS..100.8298G 1923:. Vol. 1 (The 1637:Alphaproteobacteria 1437:global carbon cycle 1394:Thermostilla marina 1144:Sedimentisphaerales 860:Sedimentisphaerales 786:signal transduction 757:Molecular evolution 726:, in addition to a 662:The genome size of 399:electron tomography 90:Classes and orders 6788:Blastocladiomycota 6036:"Methylomirabilia" 5986:"Deferrimicrobiia" 5870:"Calescibacteriia" 5696:"Raymondbacteriia" 5678:"Fermentibacteria" 5637:Delongiibacteriota 5618:Coatesiibacteriota 5445:Lindowiibacteriota 5365:Hinthialibacterota 5144:Thermodesulfobiota 4992:"Andersenbacteria" 4918:"Syntrophomonadia" 4909:"Desulfotomaculia" 4900:"Carboxydothermia" 4731:"Eudoremicrobiia" 4716:"Heboniibacteriia" 4263:10.1038/ncomms7878 3584:Andersson, Siv G E 2638:Scientific Reports 1716: 1695: 1685:Osmotic regulation 1565:Caulerpa taxifolia 1522: 1479: 798:Bacterial taxonomy 648:K. stuttgartiensis 618:Kolteria novifilia 550: 509: 401:reconstruction of 332:Isosphaera pallida 319:have ovoid cells. 302: 168:"Planctomycetota" 142:"Planctobacteria" 7353: 7352: 7312:Open Tree of Life 7120:Taxon identifiers 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7082: 7081: 6645: 6644: 6588: 6587: 6580:Verrucomicrobiota 6318: 6317: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6205:Leptospirillaeota 6159:"Fischerbacteria" 6031:Methylomirabilota 6007:Desulfuromonadota 5978:Deferrimicrobiota 5902:"Deferribacteria" 5865:Calescibacteriota 5855:"Campylobacteria" 5789:Tianyaibacteriota 5763:"Latescibacteria" 5673:Fermentibacterota 5651:Eiseniibacteriota 5553:(Sphingobacteria) 5527:Verrucomicrobiota 5485:(Planctobacteria) 5382:"Hydrogenedentia" 5284:"Tritonobacteria" 5168: 5167: 5034:"Saccharimonadia" 5015:"Howlettbacteria" 4954: 4953: 4938:"Selenobacteria" 4903:"Dehalobacteriia" 4897:"Carboxydocellia" 4892:Desulfotomaculota 4882:"Hydrogenisporia" 4871:"Symbiobacteriia" 4860:"Proteinivoracia" 4704:"Abditibacteriia" 4617:"Geothermincolia" 4187:978-0-12-381294-0 3643:(7085): 790–794. 3205:(12): 1797–1809. 2148:(12): 1751–1766. 1649:Verrucomicrobiota 1441:chemoheterotrophs 1412:and respire with 1402:hydrothermal vent 1343: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1111: 1110: 1045: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1017: 972: 971: 916: 915: 907: 906: 732:hydrogen peroxide 620:forms a distinct 507:of gray circles. 334:lack a holdfast. 224:Verrucomicrobiota 181: 180: 175: 165: 162:"Planctomycetes" 159: 149: 85: 7383: 7346: 7345: 7333: 7332: 7320: 7319: 7307: 7306: 7294: 7293: 7281: 7280: 7268: 7267: 7255: 7254: 7242: 7241: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7186: 7185: 7173: 7172: 7160: 7159: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7115: 6856:Anthocerotophyta 6735:Hemimastigophora 6656: 6627:Nitrososphaerota 6594: 6570:Thermomicrobiota 6510:Kiritimatiellota 6505:Ignavibacteriota 6470:Deferribacterota 6433:Campylobacterota 6418:Bdellovibrionota 6366: 6362: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6322: 6210:"Leptospirillia" 6185:Vicinamibacteria 6116:"Entotheonellia" 6012:Desulfuromonadia 5943:Bdellovibrionota 5911:Syntrophorhabdia 5898:Deferribacterota 5851:Campylobacterota 5816: 5755:Latescibacterota 5689:Chitinivibrionia 5666:"Tariuqbacteria" 5539:Verrucomicrobiia 5377:Hydrogenedentota 5340:Ratteibacteriota 5333:"Velamenicoccia" 5318:Goldiibacteriota 5281:"Erginobacteria" 5275:"Ancaeobacteria" 5247: 5227:Walliibacteriota 5215:Rifleibacteriota 5208:"Muiribacteriia" 5137:"Lithacetigenia" 5058: 5028:"Microgenomatia" 5005:"Doudnabacteria" 4850:"Dethiobacteria" 4809: 4789:"Termititenacia" 4753:Cyanobacteriota 4737:"Eremiobacteria" 4668:"Limnocylindria" 4642:"Bipolaricaulia" 4585: 4487: 4467: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4417: 4395:Data related to 4394: 4379: 4378: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4265: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4092: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4021: 4006:The ISME Journal 3997: 3988: 3987: 3962:(7): 1493–1506. 3947: 3936: 3935: 3925: 3892:(7): 4522–4531. 3877: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3845: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3668: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3607: 3598:(4): 1020–1040. 3579: 3568: 3567: 3557: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3500: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3446: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3384: 3373: 3372: 3362: 3352: 3316: 3301: 3300: 3290: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3222: 3190: 3179: 3178: 3160: 3150: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3096: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3040: 3030: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2981: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2909: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2839: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2785: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2729: 2719: 2695: 2680: 2679: 2669: 2629: 2608: 2607: 2597: 2587: 2563: 2552: 2551: 2541: 2509: 2488: 2487: 2447: 2432: 2431: 2395: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2353: 2329: 2316: 2315: 2275: 2258: 2257: 2247: 2237: 2213: 2184: 2183: 2165: 2136: 2121: 2120: 2110: 2100: 2083:(14): 8298–303. 2068: 2047: 2046: 2036: 2012: 1933: 1932: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1895:"Planctomycetes" 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1834: 1810: 1765:G. obscuriglobus 1760:G. obscuriglobus 1748:G. obscuriglobus 1738:Sterol synthesis 1538:Ecklonia radiata 1533:Ecklonia radiata 1470:Ecklonia radiata 1390:G. obscuriglobus 1268:Planctomycetales 1261: 1239: 1217: 1166:Tepidisphaerales 1159: 1137: 1125: 1065: 1058: 1051: 993:Planctomycetales 986: 940: 933: 882:Tepidisphaerales 875: 853: 843: 836: 815: 763:Planctomycetales 564:Escherichia coli 459:oxidative stress 445:are produced by 423:G. obscuriglobus 403:G. obscuriglobus 383:G. obscuriglobus 351:G. obscuriglobus 169: 163: 153: 143: 83: 51: 50: 30: 21:Planctomycetota 18: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7366:Planctomycetota 7356: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7341: 7336: 7328: 7323: 7315: 7310: 7302: 7297: 7289: 7284: 7276: 7271: 7263: 7258: 7250: 7245: 7237: 7232: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7189: 7181: 7176: 7170:planctomycetota 7168: 7163: 7155: 7150: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7128:Planctomycetota 7122: 7111: 7109: 7100: 7078: 7029:Gnathostomulida 6934:Xenacoelomorpha 6900: 6896:Flowering plant 6851:Marchantiophyta 6817: 6783:Chytridiomycota 6769: 6641: 6584: 6540:Planctomycetota 6500:Gemmatimonadota 6485:Elusimicrobiota 6378:Acidobacteriota 6356: 6349: 6319: 6314: 6302:Bergey's Manual 6291: 6246: 6241:"Pseudomonadia" 6151:"Aminicenantia" 6140:Acidobacteriota 6128: 6111:Tectimicrobiota 5993:Deferrisomatota 5953:Bdellovibrionia 5948:Bacteriovoracia 5929: 5887:Dadaibacteriota 5809: 5801: 5796:Zixiibacteriota 5782:"Marinisomatia" 5736:"Stahlbacteria" 5709:"Glassbacteria" 5702:Gemmatimonadota 5611:"Cloacimonadia" 5576:Ignavibacteriia 5552: 5544: 5531:Kiritimatiellia 5521:"Uabimicrobiia" 5504:Planctomycetota 5484: 5476: 5425:bacteriobiontes 5424: 5418: 5401:"Saltatorellae" 5345: 5297:Elusimicrobiota 5240: 5232: 5220:"Ozemibacteria" 5203:Muiribacteriota 5164: 5132:Lithacetigenota 5121:Dictyoglomerota 5087: 5049: 5037:"Torokbacteria" 5031:"Paceibacteria" 5025:"Kazanbacteria" 5010:Gracilibacteria 5002:"Dojkabacteria" 4981:Patescibacteria 4974:"Elulimicrobia" 4950: 4868:"Sulfobacillia" 4807: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4786:"Saganbacteria" 4747:Cyanoprokaryota 4742: 4726:Eremiobacterota 4694:"Dormibacteria" 4689:Dormiibacterota 4665:Ktedonobacteria 4661:Dehalococcoidia 4637:Bipolaricaulota 4629:Thermoleophilia 4620:"Humimicrobiia" 4578: 4570: 4569: 4485: 4463: 4454: 4444: 4397:Planctomycetota 4387: 4382: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4132: 4131: 4124: 4094: 4093: 4084: 4048: 4047: 4043: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3949: 3948: 3939: 3879: 3878: 3871: 3863:10.1.1.538.2883 3847: 3846: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3817:"Taxon History" 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3581: 3580: 3571: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3478: 3477: 3470: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3327:Verrucomicrobia 3318: 3317: 3304: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3070: 3069: 3062: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2841: 2840: 2817: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2710:(5): e1001565. 2697: 2696: 2683: 2631: 2630: 2611: 2565: 2564: 2555: 2511: 2510: 2491: 2449: 2448: 2435: 2397: 2396: 2385: 2331: 2330: 2319: 2277: 2276: 2261: 2215: 2214: 2187: 2138: 2137: 2124: 2070: 2069: 2050: 2014: 2013: 1936: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1786: 1773: 1740: 1725: 1708: 1687: 1666: 1661: 1645:Gemmatimonadota 1633: 1614: 1605: 1597:dinoflagellates 1581: 1573: 1508: 1484: 1426: 1381: 1353: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1303: 1294: 1201: 1192: 1181:Phycisphaerales 1112: 1078:Uabimicrobiales 1046: 1037: 1028: 1019: 973: 917: 908: 897:Phycisphaerales 818:16S rRNA based 800: 794: 759: 660: 636: 631: 559:model organisms 555: 514: 489: 484: 476:ladderane-based 471: 439: 391: 359: 293: 288: 283: 220:PVC superphylum 185:Planctomycetota 82: 80:Planctomycetota 70:PVC superphylum 45: 12: 11: 5: 7389: 7387: 7379: 7378: 7376:Bacteria phyla 7373: 7368: 7358: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7334: 7321: 7308: 7304:planctomycetes 7295: 7282: 7269: 7256: 7243: 7230: 7225:Planctomycetes 7215: 7199: 7197: 7195:Planctomycetes 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7174: 7161: 7148: 7132: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7092: 7089:Incertae sedis 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7034:Micrognathozoa 7031: 7026: 7024:Acanthocephala 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6866:Lycopodiophyta 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6680:Ancyromonadida 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6632:Thermoproteota 6629: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6600: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6545:Pseudomonadota 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6520:Mycoplasmatota 6517: 6515:Lentisphaerota 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6495:Fusobacteriota 6492: 6490:Fibrobacterota 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6393:Armatimonadota 6390: 6385: 6383:Actinomycetota 6380: 6374: 6372: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6306: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6216:Pseudomonadota 6213: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6155:Blastocatellia 6152: 6149: 6146:Acidobacteriia 6136: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6107: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063:"Bradymonadia" 6061: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6048:"Moduliflexia" 6039: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5999:Deferrisomatia 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892:"Dadabacteria" 5883: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5822: 5820: 5813: 5807:Proteobacteria 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5777:Marinisomatota 5773: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5733:"Hydrothermia" 5724: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706:Gemmatimonadia 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5684:Fibrobacterota 5681: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5663:"Electryoneia" 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5630:"Cosmopolitia" 5621: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5606:Cloacimonadota 5602: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5581:"Kapabacteria" 5579: 5572: 5567: 5556: 5554: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5517:Planctomycetia 5514: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5488: 5486: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5458:"Brachyspirae" 5456: 5455:"Brevinematia" 5448: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5396:Saltatorellota 5392: 5389:Poribacteriota 5385: 5384: 5383: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5358:Abyssubacteria 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301:Elusimicrobiia 5294: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5278:"Auribacteria" 5276: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5253: 5251: 5244: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5180:Fusobacteriota 5176: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125:Dictyoglomeria 5118: 5117: 5116: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020:Katanobacteria 5016: 5013: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997:Berkelbacteria 4993: 4990: 4987: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4921:"Thermincolia" 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4855:Natranaerobiia 4851: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4812: 4810: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4759: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4713:Fimbriimonadia 4711: 4710:Chthonomonadia 4708: 4705: 4700:Armatimonadota 4697: 4696: 4695: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4613:Coriobacteriia 4610: 4609:"Aquicultoria" 4607: 4602: 4600:Acidimicrobiia 4595:Actinomycetota 4591: 4589: 4582: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560:Mesomycetozoea 4557: 4552: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4496:Diaphoretickes 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453:classification 4445: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411:at Microbewiki 4405: 4400: 4399:at Wikispecies 4386: 4385:External links 4383: 4381: 4380: 4345:(4): 551–567. 4322: 4287: 4228: 4193: 4186: 4168: 4122: 4103:(1): 299–328. 4082: 4041: 3989: 3937: 3869: 3835: 3808: 3781: 3754: 3730: 3709: 3688: 3627: 3586:(2019-12-11). 3569: 3512: 3468: 3414: 3374: 3323:Planctomycetes 3302: 3265:(16): 5826–9. 3242: 3180: 3141:(3): 428–461. 3118: 3060: 3001: 2945: 2918:(6): 741–748. 2902: 2891: 2815: 2741: 2681: 2609: 2553: 2524:(1): 126–140. 2489: 2433: 2383: 2317: 2290:(3): 241–249. 2259: 2185: 2122: 2048: 2027:(6): 739–760. 1934: 1911: 1885: 1866:Planctomycetes 1854: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784:Climate change 1782: 1772: 1769: 1752:Pseudomonadota 1739: 1736: 1723: 1707: 1704: 1686: 1683: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1632: 1629: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603:Marine sponges 1601: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1545:relationship. 1507: 1504: 1483: 1480: 1425: 1422: 1380: 1377: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1211:Planctomycetia 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1073: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 989: 984: 982: 979: 978: 975: 974: 970: 969: 966: 965: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 943: 938: 936: 931: 929: 927:Planctomycetia 923: 922: 919: 918: 914: 913: 910: 909: 905: 904: 901: 900: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 878: 873: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 856: 851: 849: 841: 839: 834: 831: 830: 823: 793: 790: 758: 755: 659: 656: 635: 632: 630: 627: 569:binary fission 554: 551: 513: 510: 488: 485: 483: 480: 470: 467: 453:, and by some 438: 435: 390: 387: 371:peptidoglycans 358: 355: 328:P. limnophila. 292: 289: 287: 284: 281: 260:binary fission 232:Lentisphaerota 179: 178: 177: 176: 166: 160: 150: 146:Cavalier-Smith 137: 136: 130: 129: 128: 127: 117: 105: 103:Planctomycetia 100: 92: 91: 87: 86: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 39: 38: 32: 31: 23: 22: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7388: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6813:Basidiomycota 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:Glomeromycota 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Stramenopiles 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6685:Apusomonadida 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6621:Nanoarchaeota 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6607:Euryarchaeota 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Spirochaetota 6553: 6551: 6550:Rhodothermota 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6480:Dictyoglomota 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6464:Cyanobacteria 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6453:Chrysiogenota 6451: 6449: 6448:Chloroflexota 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:Calditrichota 6426: 6424: 6423:Caldisericota 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6398:Atribacterota 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6287: 6286:Teskebacteria 6283: 6280: 6276: 6272:"Qinglongiia" 6271: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6240: 6237: 6236:Magnetococcia 6233: 6230: 6229:Mariprofundia 6226: 6223: 6222:Caulobacteria 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6198:"Canglongiia" 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043:Moduliflexota 6040: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5876:Chrysiogenota 5874: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5858:Desulfurellia 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728:Hydrothermota 5725: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5695: 5693:Fibrobacteria 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658:Electryoneota 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5595:Calditrichota 5593: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5538: 5536: 5535:Lentisphaeria 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5512:Phycisphaeria 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5464:"Leptospiria" 5463: 5461:"Exilispiria" 5460: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5451:Spirochaetota 5449: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5330:"Omnitrophia" 5329: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5304:Endomicrobiia 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270:Auribacterota 5267: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5238:Hydrobacteria 5235: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5184:Fusobacteriia 5183: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173:Fusobacterida 5171: 5159:"Thermotogia" 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5099:Caldisericota 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5068:Atribacterota 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061:Synergistetes 5059: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5042:Wirthbacteria 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4944: 4943:Selenomonadia 4940: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4931:Halanaerobiia 4928: 4927: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4915:"Peptococcia" 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Cyanobacteria 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4707:Armatimonadia 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652:"Caldilineia" 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648:Chloroflexota 4646: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4624:Rubrobacteria 4622: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4605:Actinomycetia 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580:BV1, BV3, BV5 4577: 4576:Terrabacteria 4573: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4523:Stramenopiles 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4486:(major groups 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141:(4): 533–46. 4140: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4061:(3): 445–56. 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4012:(5): 419–35. 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3491:(4): 520–53. 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3395:(6): 747–52. 3394: 3390: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964:(4): 585–95. 2963: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2462:(2): 126188. 2461: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406:(4): 467–76. 2405: 2401: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1792: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1728:phytoplankton 1720: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678:macromolecule 1675: 1674:P. limnophila 1671: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1611: 1609: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:cyanobacteria 1586: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1445:carbohydrates 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372:hybridization 1371: 1368:Fluorescence 1365: 1363: 1359: 1350: 1345: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1298: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224:Isosphaerales 1219: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1130:Phycisphaeria 1127: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1071: 1070:Uabimicrobiia 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 994: 988: 987: 981: 980: 977: 976: 968: 967: 964: 963: 962:Isosphaerales 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 948: 942: 941: 935: 934: 928: 925: 924: 921: 920: 912: 911: 903: 902: 899: 898: 892: 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 877: 876: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 855: 854: 848: 847:Phycisphaeria 845: 844: 838: 837: 833: 832: 828: 821: 816: 813: 810: 806: 799: 791: 789: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 756: 754: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710: 706: 701: 699: 694: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 669: 665: 657: 655: 654:superphylum. 651: 649: 645: 641: 633: 628: 626: 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 607:P. limnophila 604: 603:P. limnophila 600: 595: 591: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565: 560: 552: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 522: 519: 518:P. limnophila 511: 504: 500: 498: 497:doubling time 494: 493:P. limnophila 486: 481: 479: 477: 468: 466: 462: 460: 456: 455:heterotrophic 452: 448: 444: 436: 434: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 408:invaginations 404: 400: 396: 388: 386: 384: 380: 379:cell division 376: 372: 368: 367:Gram-negative 364: 363:Gram-positive 356: 354: 352: 348: 347:P. limnophila 344: 340: 339:P. limnophila 335: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 313: 308: 297: 290: 285: 280: 278: 274: 273: 267: 263: 261: 257: 251: 249: 244: 240: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 173: 167: 161: 157: 151: 147: 141: 140: 138: 135: 131: 125: 124:Uabimicrobiia 122: 118: 115: 112: 111: 106: 104: 101: 99: 98:Phycisphaerae 96: 95: 93: 88: 81: 78: 75: 74: 71: 68: 66:Superphylum: 65: 64: 61: 58: 55: 54: 49: 44: 40: 37: 33: 29: 24: 19: 16: 7194: 7127: 7110: 7095: 7087: 7009:Orthonectida 7004:Gastrotricha 6979:Nematomorpha 6954:Chaetognatha 6944:Hemichordate 6871:Pteridophyta 6740:Malawimonada 6614:Korarchaeota 6575:Thermotogota 6560:Synergistota 6539: 6535:Nitrospirota 6530:Nitrospinota 6475:Deinococcota 6408:Bacteroidota 6300: 6267:Qinglongiota 6193:Canglongiota 6082:Nitrospirota 6072:Nitrospinota 6024:"Lernaellia" 5880:Chrysiogenia 5721:"Heilongiia" 5625:Cosmopoliota 5599:Calditrichia 5588:Rhodothermia 5584:"Kryptoniia" 5560:Bacteroidota 5503: 5469:Spirochaetia 5413:"Sumerlaeia" 5325:Omnitrophota 5263:"Aerophobia" 5155:Thermotogota 5103:Caldisericia 5078:Synergistota 5072:Atribacteria 5054:Thermotogida 4885:Limnochordia 4879:Bacillota G 4865:Bacillota E 4847:Bacillota D 4829:Bacillota A 4719:"Zipacnadia" 4674:Deinococcota 4656:Chloroflexia 4545:Opisthokonta 4408: 4342: 4338: 4303:(6): 85–93. 4300: 4296: 4290: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4177: 4171: 4138: 4134: 4100: 4096: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4009: 4005: 3959: 3956:Microbiology 3955: 3889: 3885: 3853: 3849: 3826:. Retrieved 3820: 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3793: 3784: 3772:. Retrieved 3766: 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3733: 3721:. Retrieved 3712: 3700:. Retrieved 3691: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3595: 3591: 3532:(2): 440–5. 3529: 3525: 3515: 3488: 3484: 3434: 3430: 3392: 3388: 3340: 3336: 3333:Superphylum" 3330: 3326: 3322: 3262: 3258: 3220:10033/623180 3202: 3198: 3195:Crateriforma 3194: 3138: 3134: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3018: 3014: 3004: 2961: 2957: 2915: 2911: 2894: 2854:(1): 14853. 2851: 2847: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2707: 2704:PLOS Biology 2703: 2641: 2637: 2575: 2571: 2521: 2517: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2403: 2399: 2341: 2337: 2287: 2283: 2225: 2221: 2163:10033/623182 2145: 2141: 2080: 2076: 2024: 2020: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1903:. Retrieved 1888: 1876:. Retrieved 1865: 1857: 1825:(10): 5056. 1822: 1818: 1808: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1759: 1756:myxobacteria 1747: 1741: 1717: 1696: 1673: 1667: 1641:Bacteroidota 1634: 1621: 1615: 1606: 1582: 1563: 1561: 1549:Kelp forests 1547: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1514: 1485: 1468: 1449: 1434: 1427: 1408:to generate 1398:thermophilic 1393: 1389: 1382: 1369: 1366: 1354: 1283:Pirellulales 1281: 1266: 1244: 1222: 1179: 1164: 1142: 1097: 1075: 1008:Pirellulales 1006: 991: 960: 945: 895: 880: 858: 804: 801: 784:function in 775: 760: 750: 746: 740: 723: 719: 702: 687: 677:to adapt to 663: 661: 652: 647: 643: 637: 617: 613: 611: 606: 602: 596: 592: 585: 562: 556: 553:Reproduction 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 517: 515: 492: 490: 472: 463: 440: 427:surface area 425:triples the 422: 420: 402: 392: 382: 360: 350: 346: 338: 336: 331: 327: 321: 316: 310: 306: 303: 270: 269:The species 268: 264: 252: 239:Omnitrophica 238: 235: 217: 184: 182: 171: 155: 120: 108: 79: 35: 15: 7260:iNaturalist 7219:Wikispecies 7064:Brachiopoda 7039:Cycliophora 6984:Onychophora 6959:Kinorhyncha 6881:Ginkgophyta 6876:Cycadophyta 6841:Chlorophyta 6831:Glaucophyta 6525:Myxococcota 6443:Chlorobiota 6438:Chlamydiota 6310:Wikispecies 6305:(2001–2012) 6086:Nitrospiria 6076:Nitrospinia 6054:Myxococcota 6019:Lernaellota 5958:Oligoflexia 5716:Heilongiota 5565:Bacteroidia 5508:"Brocadiia" 5492:Chlamydiota 5423:Spirochaeto 5408:Sumerlaeota 5258:Aerophobota 5092:Thermocalda 5082:Synergistia 4912:"Moorellia" 4834:Clostridiia 4680:Deinococcia 4447:Prokaryotes 3747:23 February 3723:23 February 3702:23 February 3158:2066/103425 2905:carotenoid" 2768:(1): 2916. 1670:endocytosis 1664:Endocytosis 1557:marine snow 1459:carrageenan 1385:prokaryotic 1100:Brocadiales 778:Gemmataceae 771:Gemmataceae 716:ultraviolet 668:prokaryotic 443:Carotenoids 228:Chlamydiota 222:along with 211:and marine 7360:Categories 7097:Parakaryon 7059:Entoprocta 6994:Arthropoda 6989:Tardigrada 6969:Priapulida 6964:Loricifera 6949:Echinoderm 6919:Ctenophora 6891:Gnetophyta 6846:Charophyta 6836:Rhodophyta 6808:Ascomycota 6803:Zygomycota 6745:Metamonada 6720:Euglenozoa 6705:Ciliophora 6413:Balneolota 6388:Aquificota 6167:Holophagia 6066:Polyangiia 6059:Myxococcia 5838:Aquificota 5819:Aquificida 5570:Chlorobiia 5497:Chlamydiia 5438:"Babeliae" 4800:Firmicutes 4734:"Xenobiia" 3666:2066/35981 3331:Chlamydiae 2979:1822/50752 2452:Candidatus 2228:: 519301. 1905:2016-03-20 1878:August 26, 1801:References 1744:lanosterol 1732:atmosphere 1659:Physiology 1585:microalgae 1506:Macroalgae 1500:tube worms 1496:cold seeps 1492:bryophytes 1476:Ochrophyta 1358:Antarctica 1246:Gemmatales 947:Gemmatales 809:nucleotide 805:Candidatus 796:See also: 728:photolyase 343:microscopy 243:eukaryotes 236:Candidatus 209:macroalgae 7210:Q18674594 7143:Q18674593 7014:Dicyemida 6886:Pinophyta 6765:Telonemia 6700:Cryptista 6690:Breviatea 6675:Amoebozoa 6670:Alveolata 6651:Eukaryote 6403:Bacillota 5971:"Binatia" 5842:Aquificia 5550:FCB group 5482:PVC group 4960:CPR group 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