57:
44:
450:
3698:
438:
are related to treating acne-related issues. This issue often develops during hormonal periods; however, it is also apparent through early adulthood. There are no quantitative differences between C. acnes of the skin of patients with acne, but the C. acnes phylogenetic groups display distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics. C. acnes
827:
by which salicylic acid (SA) treats acne vulgaris. A study finds that SA suppresses the AMPK/SREBP1 (AMP-activated protein kinase)(AMPK/SREBP1 pathway is a signaling pathway involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism in sebocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing sebum in the skin)
437:
infection. Cutibacterium acnes is one of the most common and universal skin diseases, affecting more than 45 million individuals in the United States. It is one of the most prominent skin diseases, affecting more than 45 million individuals yearly within the country. 20% of all dermatologist visits
528:
In addition to contributing to skin inflammation and acne lesions, an imbalance in these bacteria may also impair the skin's ability to heal and regenerate, leading to prolonged and more severe acne outbreaks. This disruption can also affect the skin's overall microbiome diversity, potentially
420:
bacteria secrete many proteins, including several digestive enzymes. These enzymes are involved in the digestion of sebum and the acquisition of other nutrients. They can also destabilize the layers of cells that form the walls of the follicle. The cellular damage, metabolic byproducts and
2769:
Ross JI, Snelling AM, Eady EA, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ, Leyden JJ, et al. (February 2001). "Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant
Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients attending dermatology clinics in Europe, the U.S.A., Japan and Australia".
981:"The natural history of cutaneous propionibacteria, and reclassification of selected species within the genus Propionibacterium to the proposed novel genera Acidipropionibacterium gen. nov., Cutibacterium gen. nov. and Pseudopropionibacterium gen. nov"
463:
starts to colonize on the skin around 1 to 3 years prior to puberty and grows exponentially during this time. This is why so many teens and young adults struggle with acne. Prescriptions to treat acne are often antibiotics. However, with the rise of
590:
that cause these infections of otherwise sterile tissues (prior to medical procedures), however, are the same subspecies found on the skin of individuals who do not have acne-prone skin, so are likely local contaminants. Moderate to severe
567:. The propionic acid which it secretes creates micro-fractures of the surrounding bone. These micro-fractures are sensitive and it has been found that antibiotics have been helpful in resolving this type of low back pain.
2882:
Coates P, Vyakrnam S, Eady EA, Jones CE, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ (May 2002). "Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant propionibacteria on the skin of acne patients: 10-year surveillance data and snapshot distribution study".
529:
increasing susceptibility to other skin conditions such as eczema or rosacea. Investigating the dynamics of this relationship may offer insights into novel therapeutic approaches for managing various skin disorders.
980:
458:
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, which includes the hair follicle, hair shaft, and sebaceous gland and about 650 million people are affected globally by this disease.
2263:
Haidar R., Najjar M., Boghossian A.D., Tabbarah Z., "Propionibacterium acnes causing delayed postoperative spine infection: Review." Scandinavian
Journal of Infectious Diseases. 42 (6-7) (pp 405-411), 2010
3759:
835:. These results suggest that SA has a multifaceted approach in treating acne vulgaris by targeting several key factors that contribute to its development. The minimum inhibitory concentration for SA is
822:
is a naturally occurring substance derived from plants (white willow bark and wintergreen leaves) used to promote exfoliation of the skin in order to treat acne. Additionally, research investigates the
3070:
Fu Y, Zu Y, Chen L, Efferth T, Liang H, Liu Z, Liu W (October 2007). "Investigation of antibacterial activity of rosemary essential oil against
Propionibacterium acnes with atomic force microscopy".
3558:
Togsverd-Bo K, Wiegell SR, Wulf HC, Haedersdal M (February 2009). "Short and limited effect of long-pulsed dye laser alone and in combination with photodynamic therapy for inflammatory rosacea".
942:
1877:
Hiramatsu J, Kataoka M, Nakata Y, Okazaki K, Tada S, Tanimoto M, Eishi Y (October 2003). "Propionibacterium acnes DNA detected in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from patients with sarcoidosis".
525:
have a symbiotic relationship. Both bacteria exist on the normal flora of the skin and a disrupt in balance of these bacteria on the skin can result in acne or other bacterial infection.
3113:
Raman A, Weir U, Bloomfield SF (October 1995). "Antimicrobial effects of tea-tree oil and its major components on
Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes".
4543:
1231:
Brüggemann H, Henne A, Hoster F, Liesegang H, Wiezer A, Strittmatter A, et al. (July 2004). "The complete genome sequence of
Propionibacterium acnes, a commensal of human skin".
669:
bacteria are susceptible to a wide range of antimicrobial molecules, from both pharmaceutical and natural sources. The antibiotics most frequently used to treat acne vulgaris are
878:, which boosts production of this chemical, although this causes significant side effects in humans, and in practice was not significantly better than the light treatment alone.
828:
pathway in sebocytes, leading to a decrease in lipid synthesis and sebum production. SA also reduces the inflammatory response of sebocytes and decreases the proliferation of
3752:
2131:"Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy"
1325:
Gilchrist TC (1900). "A bacteriological and microscopical study of over 300 vesicular and pustular lesions of the skin, with a research upon the etiology of acne vulgaris".
3374:
McLean RJ, Hussain AA, Sayer M, Vincent PJ, Hughes DJ, Smith TJ (September 1993). "Antibacterial activity of multilayer silver-copper surface films on catheter material".
402:, cellular debris and metabolic byproducts from the surrounding skin tissue as their primary sources of energy and nutrients. Elevated production of sebum by hyperactive
307:
present on most healthy adult humans' skin. It is usually just barely detectable on the skin of healthy preadolescents. It lives, among other things, primarily on
4517:
3745:
4556:
509:, amongst other bacterial contaminants. Whether this is a root causality, just opportunistic and a side effect, or a more complex pathological duality between
4210:
1607:
Kim J (2005). "Review of the innate immune response in acne vulgaris: activation of Toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses".
4205:
2272:
Nisbet, M.; Briggs, S.; Ellis-Pegler, R.; Thomas, M. ;Holland, D. "Propionibacterium acnes: an under-appreciated cause of post-neurosurgical infection"
950:
3409:
Lu J, Cong T, Wen X, Li X, Du D, He G, Jiang X (October 2019). "Salicylic acid treats acne vulgaris by suppressing AMPK/SREBP1 pathway in sebocytes".
3197:
Lang G, Buchbauer G (January 2012). "A review on recent research results (2008–2010) on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals. A review".
2572:
Strauss JS, Krowchuk DP, Leyden JJ, Lucky AW, Shalita AR, Siegfried EC, et al. (April 2007). "Guidelines of care for acne vulgaris management".
4491:
2016:
866:
is especially sensitive to light in the 405–420 nanometer (near the ultraviolet) range due to an endogenic porphyrin–coporphyrin III. A total
610:, causing a range of postoperative and device-related infections, notably e.g., surgical infections, post-neurosurgical infections, infected joint
4530:
4053:
704:
bacteria represents a growing problem worldwide. The problem is especially pronounced in North
America and Europe. The antibiotic families that
2926:
Leyden JJ, Wortzman M, Baldwin EK (December 2008). "Antibiotic-resistant
Propionibacterium acnes suppressed by a benzoyl peroxide cleanser 6%".
2831:
Ross JI, Snelling AM, Carnegie E, Coates P, Cunliffe WJ, Bettoli V, et al. (March 2003). "Antibiotic-resistant acne: lessons from Europe".
2367:
Perry A., Lambert P. " Propionibacterium acnes: Infection beyond the skin." Expert Review of Anti-Infective
Therapy. 9 (12) (pp 1149-1156), 2011
3839:
2996:
2479:
Gharamti AA, Kanafani ZA (December 2017). "Cutibacterium (formerly
Propionibacterium) acnes infections associated with implantable devices".
2273:
1742:
Tuchayi, Sara Moradi; Makrantonaki, Evgenia; Ganceviciene, Ruta; Dessinioti, Clio; Feldman, Steven R.; Zouboulis, Christos C. (2015-09-17).
3515:
Papageorgiou P, Katsambas A, Chu A (May 2000). "Phototherapy with blue (415 nm) and red (660 nm) light in the treatment of acne vulgaris".
3255:
Albietz JM, Lenton LM (October 2006). "Effect of antibacterial honey on the ocular flora in tear deficiency and meibomian gland disease".
2522:
4617:
906:
425:
in follicles can trigger inflammation. This inflammation can lead to the symptoms associated with some common skin disorders, such as
3955:
346:
structure and DNA G + C content, the cutaneous species was distinguishable from other species that had been previously categorized as
901:
that is closely related to the human-associated strains. The two lines diverged roughly 7,000 years ago, at about the same time when
4048:
3768:
3702:
468:, antibiotics are now often combined with broad-spectrum antibacterial agents such as benzoyl peroxide, and other medications like
2726:
Tzellos T, Zampeli V, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC (June 2011). "Treating acne with antibiotic-resistant bacterial colonization".
4023:
4612:
4375:
4092:
4082:
3989:
4535:
2207:"Population genetic analysis of Propionibacterium acnes identifies a subpopulation and epidemic clones associated with acne"
1393:
185:
178:
4607:
4355:
4200:
3833:
366:
56:
4341:
4247:
4186:
4112:
171:
4456:
1468:
1420:
3901:
505:
4561:
4232:
4016:
3950:
2705:
1184:"Draft Genome Sequences of Propionibacterium acnes Type Strain ATCC6919 and Antibiotic-Resistant Strain HL411PA1"
4369:
4033:
3847:
3712:
3226:"Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils extracted from Korean endemic citrus species"
3158:"The antibacterial activity of clove essential oil against Propionibacterium acnes and its mechanism of action"
698:
465:
360:
4271:
4257:
4038:
3867:
3809:
3339:
Libenson L, Hadley FP, Mcilroy AP, Wetzel VM, Mellon RR (1953). "Antibacterial effect of elemental sulfur".
2953:
752:
607:
490:
2072:"Propionibacterium acnes biofilm is present in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing microdiscectomy"
4418:
4264:
4218:
4166:
4131:
4043:
3994:
3963:
3938:
647:
623:
619:
579:
320:
586:
and is associated with disease activity, but it can also be found in 23% of controls. The subspecies of
4400:
4303:
4243:
4177:
4156:
4138:
4121:
495:
407:
141:
1469:"Cutibacterium (Formerly Propionibacterium) avidum: A Rare but Avid Agent of Prosthetic Hip Infection"
4571:
4478:
4064:
4028:
4006:
3858:
3825:
3798:
3469:
2547:
2218:
2083:
1240:
1039:"Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: a brief look at the latest updates"
108:
3737:
4299:
4194:
4097:
4077:
3984:
3906:
3818:
3708:
3654:"Interkingdom transfer of the acne-causing agent, Propionibacterium acnes, from human to grapevine"
875:
655:
269:
98:
3724:
3225:
3021:"Efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate ointment (Oronine H(®)) for experimentally-induced comedones"
4391:
4307:
4144:
4087:
3974:
3583:
3540:
3434:
3280:
3138:
3095:
2908:
2864:
2813:
2779:
2751:
2504:
2377:
Emery DC, Shoemark DK, Batstone TE, Waterfall CM, Coghill JA, Cerajewska TL, et al. (2017).
2052:
1856:
1822:
1632:
1496:
1307:
1264:
242:
195:
51:
2070:
Capoor MN, Ruzicka F, Schmitz JE, James GA, Machackova T, Jancalek R, et al. (2017-04-03).
342:
was taxonomically reclassified as a result of biochemical and genomic studies. In terms of both
4522:
2526:
1556:
Holland C, Mak TN, Zimny-Arndt U, Schmid M, Meyer TF, Jungblut PR, Brüggemann H (August 2010).
836:
689:
bacteria, including quinolones, cephalosporins, pleuromutilins, penicillins, and sulfonamides.
4579:
3999:
3923:
3675:
3634:
3575:
3532:
3497:
3426:
3391:
3356:
3321:
3272:
3237:
3179:
3130:
3087:
3052:
2992:
2988:
2935:
2900:
2856:
2805:
2743:
2687:
2638:
2589:
2496:
2461:
2410:
2379:"16S rRNA Next Generation Sequencing Analysis Shows Bacteria in Alzheimer's Post-Mortem Brain"
2350:
2309:
2246:
2187:
2160:
2111:
2044:
2036:
1997:
1948:
1886:
1848:
1771:
1763:
1667:
1624:
1589:
1538:
1488:
1442:
1375:
1299:
1256:
1213:
1164:
1070:
1005:
643:
343:
3652:
Campisano A, Ometto L, Compant S, Pancher M, Antonielli L, Yousaf S, et al. (May 2014).
3019:
Yamakoshi T, Makino T, Matsunaga K, Yoshihisa Y, Rehman MU, Seki T, et al. (July 2012).
489:
and the associated inflammation make the affected tissue more susceptible to colonization by
4584:
4321:
3789:
3718:
3665:
3624:
3614:
3567:
3524:
3487:
3477:
3418:
3383:
3348:
3311:
3264:
3206:
3169:
3122:
3079:
3042:
3032:
2892:
2848:
2840:
2797:
2789:
2735:
2677:
2669:
2628:
2620:
2581:
2488:
2451:
2441:
2400:
2390:
2340:
2299:
2236:
2226:
2150:
2142:
2101:
2091:
2028:
1987:
1979:
1938:
1928:
1840:
1832:
1790:"Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Complications"
1755:
1722:
1659:
1616:
1579:
1569:
1530:
1480:
1432:
1365:
1357:
1291:
1248:
1203:
1195:
1154:
1146:
1060:
1050:
995:
867:
736:
732:
545:
4332:
4102:
3882:
1282:
Perry A, Lambert P (December 2011). "Propionibacterium acnes: infection beyond the skin".
615:
541:
443:
403:
265:
1789:
1711:"Recent advances in understanding Propionibacterium acnes ( Cutibacterium acnes) in acne"
3473:
2222:
2087:
1685:
1244:
43:
3979:
3780:
3772:
3629:
3602:
3492:
3453:
3268:
3126:
3047:
3020:
2456:
2429:
2405:
2378:
2288:"Propionibacterium acnes postoperative shoulder arthritis: an emerging clinical entity"
2241:
2206:
2155:
2130:
2106:
2071:
1992:
1967:
1943:
1908:
1663:
1584:
1557:
1534:
1208:
1183:
819:
748:
631:
564:
472:(commonly known as Accutane) are being used on patients with severe or resistant acne.
335:
78:
17:
2682:
2657:
2633:
2609:"Antimicrobiol susceptibility of Propinibacterium acnes and related microbial species"
2608:
2430:"Propionibacterium acnes: an underestimated pathogen in implant-associated infections"
1370:
1345:
4601:
3969:
3891:
3804:
3571:
3528:
3438:
2981:
2896:
2844:
2793:
2508:
2345:
2328:
1836:
1159:
1150:
1134:
789:
has also been shown to have some antibacterial properties that may be active against
770:
744:
592:
549:
430:
316:
293:
257:
246:
118:
88:
3587:
3284:
3099:
2868:
2817:
2755:
2056:
1860:
1636:
1311:
1268:
394:, although they are also found on the surface of healthy skin. In these follicles,
4548:
4290:
4224:
3928:
3915:
3544:
3142:
2912:
2286:
Levy PY, Fenollar F, Stein A, Borrione F, Cohen E, Lebail B, Raoult D (June 2008).
1727:
1710:
1500:
774:
721:
713:
670:
469:
426:
300:
239:
3174:
3157:
2492:
1933:
2983:
Vanity, Vitality, and
Virility: The Chemistry Behind the Products You Love to Buy
2739:
2231:
2096:
2032:
1135:"Susceptibilities of Propionibacterium acnes ophthalmic isolates to moxifloxacin"
4504:
4450:
4313:
3300:"In vitro antimicrobial activity of silver-processed catheters for neurosurgery"
1467:
Zeller VA, Letembet VA, Meyssonnier VA, Heym B, Ziza JM, Marmor SD (July 2018).
917:
859:
782:
717:
682:
678:
674:
635:
583:
261:
4441:
3482:
2585:
1484:
1361:
1117:
1037:
Dréno B, Pécastaings S, Corvec S, Veraldi S, Khammari A, Roques C (June 2018).
449:
4361:
4347:
4011:
3943:
3919:
3298:
Bayston R, Vera L, Mills A, Ashraf W, Stevenson O, Howdle SM (February 2010).
2146:
1437:
851:
611:
391:
354:
was created for the cutaneous species, including those formerly identified as
308:
304:
3352:
2395:
2040:
2017:"Clinical Features of Infectious Keratitis Caused by Propionibacterium Acnes"
1767:
1743:
1574:
1199:
1182:
Liu J, Cheng A, Bangayan NJ, Barnard E, Curd E, Craft N, Li H (August 2014).
824:
3670:
3653:
1813:
Ross; et al. (2003). "Antibiotic-resistant acne: lessons from Europe".
1252:
902:
894:
890:
855:
778:
740:
709:
249:
3679:
3638:
3579:
3536:
3501:
3430:
3360:
3325:
3276:
3241:
3183:
3091:
3056:
2939:
2904:
2860:
2809:
2747:
2593:
2500:
2465:
2414:
2354:
2313:
2250:
2191:
2164:
2115:
2048:
2001:
1952:
1890:
1852:
1775:
1671:
1628:
1593:
1542:
1492:
1446:
1379:
1303:
1260:
1217:
1168:
1088:
1074:
1009:
1000:
731:
bacteria are susceptible to many types of antimicrobial chemicals found in
3697:
3603:"Current evidence and applications of photodynamic therapy in dermatology"
3452:
Blaskovich MA, Elliott AG, Kavanagh AM, Ramu S, Cooper MA (October 2019).
3395:
3134:
3083:
2446:
1558:"Proteomic identification of secreted proteins of Propionibacterium acnes"
815:
Some other antimicrobials like salicylic acid have been proven to inhibit
4435:
3316:
3299:
2691:
2673:
2642:
2624:
1907:
Fournière M, Latire T, Souak D, Feuilloley MG, Bedoux G (November 2020).
1759:
808:
have also been demonstrated to be toxic towards many bacteria, including
639:
68:
3619:
3224:
Baik JS, Kim SS, Lee JA, Oh TH, Kim JY, Lee NH, Hyun CG (January 2008).
3037:
1983:
1917:: Two Major Sentinels of Skin Microbiota and the Influence of Cosmetics"
4496:
4470:
4465:
4073:
1295:
1065:
439:
289:
4509:
3458:
Antimicrobial Activity of Acne Drugs Against Skin-Associated Bacteria"
3422:
2852:
2801:
1872:
1870:
1844:
1620:
1421:"Cutibacterium acnes molecular typing: time to standardize the method"
1055:
1038:
3210:
3156:
Fu Y, Chen L, Zu Y, Liu Z, Liu X, Liu Y, et al. (January 2009).
1394:"Propionibacterium Cutibacterium - late breaking news and a new name"
805:
801:
797:
281:
273:
4412:
3387:
2658:"Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to seventeen antibiotics"
517:
species is not known. Current research has pointed to the idea that
442:
are also found much more frequently in acne and can induce distinct
2784:
2304:
2287:
1827:
786:
651:
448:
399:
312:
2327:
Sohail MR, Gray AL, Baddour LM, Tleyjeh IM, Virk A (April 2009).
2129:
Albert HB, Sorensen JS, Christensen BS, Manniche C (April 2013).
988:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
765:
Several naturally occurring molecules and compounds are toxic to
685:. Several other families of antibiotics are also active against
499:. Preliminary research shows healthy pores are only colonized by
2954:"Q&A for Health Care Professionals: Health Care Antiseptics"
1398:
Shoulder Arthritis / Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain
634:(synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis) syndrome,
503:, while unhealthy ones universally include the nonpore-resident
285:
277:
253:
4483:
4416:
3741:
3560:
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
1043:
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
218:(Gilchrist 1900) Douglas and Gunter 1946 (Approved Lists 1980)
2015:
Lim, Sung A.; Na, Kyung-Sun; Joo, Choun-Ki (September 2017).
433:. Acne vulgaris is the disease most commonly associated with
1419:
Dagnelie MA, Khammari A, Dréno B, Corvec S (November 2018).
1133:
Dali P, Giugliano ER, Vellozzi EM, Smith MA (October 2001).
874:. Its photosensitivity can be enhanced by pretreatment with
595:
appears to be more often associated with virulent strains.
2551:
1650:
Zouboulis CC (2004). "Acne and sebaceous gland function".
1521:
Zouboulis CC (2011). "Acne and sebaceous gland function".
920:, to highlight its unexpected and unconventional habitat.
2548:"The Cause Of Acne and Natural or Medical Acne Treatment"
2329:"Infective endocarditis due to Propionibacterium species"
2656:
Wang WL, Everett ED, Johnson M, Dean E (January 1977).
2205:
Lomholt HB, Kilian M (August 2010). Bereswill S (ed.).
1968:"Staphylococcus epidermidis--the 'accidental' pathogen"
2706:"Antibiotic Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes"
390:
bacteria predominantly live deep within follicles and
2525:. Skincarephysicians.com. 2007-02-16. Archived from
4425:
4390:
4331:
4289:
4242:
4176:
4155:
4120:
4111:
4062:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3857:
3788:
3779:
2428:Portillo ME, Corvec S, Borens O, Trampuz A (2013).
1686:"Understanding Acne - News in Health, January 2010"
1116:Bhatia A, Maisonneuve JF, Persing DH (2004-01-01).
3607:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
3025:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
2980:
1879:Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, and Diffuse Lung Diseases
642:. It is also suspected a main bacterial source of
1346:"The Taxonomic Position of Corynebacterium acnes"
708:are most likely to acquire resistance to are the
421:bacterial debris produced by the rapid growth of
276:has been sequenced and a study has shown several
2607:Hoeffler U, Ko HL, Pulverer G (September 1976).
630:may play a role in other conditions, including
2574:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3753:
1119:Proprionibacterium acnes and Chronic Diseases
905:agriculture may have been established. This
854:, possibly due to the presence of endogenous
350:. As part of restructuring, the novel genus
8:
2523:"Prescription Medications for Treating Acne"
1111:
1109:
897:appears to host an endophytic population of
238:) is the relatively slow-growing, typically
4413:
4117:
3896:
3887:
3785:
3760:
3746:
3738:
42:
31:
3711:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3669:
3628:
3618:
3491:
3481:
3315:
3304:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
3230:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
3173:
3046:
3036:
2783:
2681:
2632:
2455:
2445:
2404:
2394:
2344:
2303:
2240:
2230:
2154:
2105:
2095:
1991:
1942:
1932:
1826:
1726:
1583:
1573:
1436:
1369:
1207:
1158:
1064:
1054:
999:
785:contain antibacterial chemicals. Natural
974:
972:
970:
968:
410:) or blockage of the follicle can cause
292:that may be immunogenic (activating the
4054:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
2481:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
1284:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
929:
3840:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
3733:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
937:
935:
933:
650:brains. It is a common contaminant in
582:of approximately 70% of patients with
319:. It may also be found throughout the
2662:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2613:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2274:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2178:Inoue Y, Suga M (February 2008). "".
1902:
1900:
1709:Platsidaki, E; Dessinioti, C (2018).
1704:
1702:
1139:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
979:Scholz CF, Kilian M (November 2016).
870:of 320 J/cm inactivates this species
724:(e.g., doxycycline and minocycline).
614:(especially shoulder), neurosurgical
7:
4572:d1dbafb9-ad6f-4d06-a8e2-db6f84cc9384
916:in honour of the eccentric composer
370:. Characterization of phylotypes of
315:secreted by sebaceous glands in the
268:, the latter particularly following
2333:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
1425:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
1344:Douglas HC, Gunter SE (July 1946).
947:Prokaryotic Nomenclature Up-to-Date
3956:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
3517:The British Journal of Dermatology
3341:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3269:10.1097/01.ico.0000225716.85382.7b
3127:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb01051.x
2885:The British Journal of Dermatology
2833:The British Journal of Dermatology
2772:The British Journal of Dermatology
2276:. 60(5). NOV 2007. 1097-1103.1103.
1664:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004
1535:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004
735:antibacterial products, including
25:
4049:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
3769:Gram-positive bacterial infection
2958:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2728:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
4024:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
3696:
3572:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02781.x
3529:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03481.x
3376:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
2897:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04690.x
2845:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05067.x
2794:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.03956.x
2346:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02703.x
1837:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05067.x
1151:10.1128/AAC.45.10.2969-2970.2001
1122:. National Academies Press (US).
374:is an active field of research.
55:
4376:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
3658:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3115:Letters in Applied Microbiology
2708:. ScienceOfAcne.com. 2011-07-15
2383:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
414:bacteria to grow and multiply.
4093:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
4083:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
3990:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
1815:British Journal of Dermatology
1748:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
1728:10.12688/f1000research.15659.1
548:. The pathogen may also cause
1:
3199:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
3175:10.1001/archdermatol.2008.549
2987:. Oxford University. p.
2493:10.1080/14787210.2017.1404452
2434:BioMed Research International
1934:10.3390/microorganisms8111752
1327:Johns Hopkins Hospital Report
850:glows orange when exposed to
540:is a common cause of chronic
4356:Corynebacterium minutissimum
4201:Mycobacterium intracellulare
3834:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
2740:10.1517/14656566.2011.553192
2292:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2232:10.1371/journal.pone.0012277
2097:10.1371/journal.pone.0174518
2033:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000281
662:Antimicrobial susceptibility
367:Propionibacterium granulosum
334:for its ability to generate
260:; it can also cause chronic
4342:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
3601:Wan MT, Lin JY (May 2014).
1473:The Journal of Arthroplasty
4634:
4618:Bacteria described in 1946
3483:10.1038/s41598-019-50746-4
2586:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.048
1911:Staphylococcus epidermidis
1485:10.1016/j.arth.2018.02.008
1362:10.1128/JB.52.1.15-23.1946
506:Staphylococcus epidermidis
4017:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
3951:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
2979:Emsley J (July 1, 2004).
2147:10.1007/s00586-013-2675-y
1966:Otto, M (7 August 2009).
1438:10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.010
453:Comedo acne from C. acnes
326:Originally identified as
201:
194:
167:
162:
147:
140:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
4370:Corynebacterium jeikeium
4034:Tuberculous pericarditis
3848:Actinomyces gerencseriae
3713:Medical Subject Headings
3411:Experimental Dermatology
2396:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00195
1575:10.1186/1471-2180-10-230
1200:10.1128/genomeA.00740-14
889:has been found to be an
720:(e.g., clindamycin) and
712:(e.g., erythromycin and
533:Ophthalmic complications
446:to combat against acne.
361:Propionibacterium avidum
4457:Propionibacterium acnes
4039:Urogenital tuberculosis
3868:Propionibacterium acnes
3810:Cutaneous actinomycosis
3727:Propionibacterium acnes
3709:Propionibacterium+acnes
3703:Propionibacterium acnes
3162:Archives of Dermatology
1350:Journal of Bacteriology
1253:10.1126/science.1100330
858:. It is also killed by
753:chlorhexidine gluconate
624:prosthetic heart valves
606:is often considered an
356:Propionibacterium acnes
332:Propionibacterium acnes
299:The species is largely
235:Propionibacterium acnes
215:Propionibacterium acnes
157:Scholz and Kilian, 2016
18:Propionibacterium acnes
4613:Gram-positive bacteria
4044:Tuberculous dactylitis
3995:Tuberculous cellulitis
3353:10.1093/infdis/93.1.28
2135:European Spine Journal
2021:Eye & Contact Lens
1794:emedicine.medscape.com
1688:. Newsinhealth.nih.gov
1652:Clinics in Dermatology
1523:Clinics in Dermatology
1001:10.1099/ijsem.0.001367
949:. DSMZ. Archived from
943:"Genus: Cutibacterium"
608:opportunistic pathogen
599:Opportunistic diseases
580:bronchoalveolar lavage
491:opportunistic bacteria
454:
321:gastrointestinal tract
4401:Gardnerella vaginalis
4304:Nocardia brasiliensis
3671:10.1093/molbev/msu075
3084:10.1055/s-2007-981614
1089:"Genus Cutibacterium"
693:Antibiotic-resistance
626:(predominantly men).
496:Staphylococcus aureus
485:The damage caused by
466:antibiotic resistance
452:
408:sebaceous hyperplasia
330:, it was later named
4007:Lichen scrofulosorum
3859:Propionibacteriaceae
3799:Actinomyces israelii
3705:at Wikimedia Commons
2674:10.1128/aac.11.1.171
2625:10.1128/aac.10.3.387
1760:10.1038/nrdp.2015.29
1188:Genome Announcements
893:of plants. Notably,
699:antibiotic-resistant
513:and this particular
252:(rod) linked to the
109:Propionibacteriaceae
27:Species of bacterium
4608:Propionibacteriales
4549:cutibacterium-acnes
4427:Cutibacterium acnes
4300:Nocardia asteroides
4195:Mycobacterium avium
4098:Lepromatous leprosy
4078:Tuberculoid leprosy
3819:Tropheryma whipplei
3620:10.2147/CCID.S35334
3474:2019NatSR...914658B
3038:10.2147/CCID.S33361
2960:. December 19, 2017
2447:10.1155/2013/804391
2223:2010PLoSO...512277L
2088:2017PLoSO..1274518C
1984:10.1038/nrmicro2182
1915:Cutibacterium acnes
1245:2004Sci...305..671B
887:Cutibacterium acnes
876:aminolevulinic acid
848:Cutibacterium acnes
667:Cutibacterium acnes
656:cerebrospinal fluid
648:Alzheimer's disease
604:Cutibacterium acnes
576:Cutibacterium acnes
561:Cutibacterium acnes
538:Cutibacterium acnes
418:Cutibacterium acnes
388:Cutibacterium acnes
270:intraocular surgery
229:Cutibacterium acnes
151:Cutibacterium acnes
99:Propionibacteriales
36:Cutibacterium acnes
4392:Bifidobacteriaceae
4333:Corynebacteriaceae
4308:Nocardia farcinica
4145:Aquarium granuloma
4088:Borderline leprosy
3975:Erythema induratum
3462:Scientific Reports
3317:10.1093/jac/dkp420
1296:10.1586/eri.11.137
773:such as rosemary,
563:has been found in
455:
4595:
4594:
4580:Open Tree of Life
4419:Taxon identifiers
4410:
4409:
4386:
4385:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4000:Tuberculous gumma
3883:Corynebacterineae
3877:
3876:
3826:Whipple's disease
3719:Propionibacterium
3701:Media related to
3423:10.1111/exd.13934
2998:978-0-19-280509-6
2487:(12): 1083–1094.
1621:10.1159/000087011
1431:(11): 1149–1155.
1056:10.1111/jdv.15043
1049:(Suppl 2): 5–14.
994:(11): 4422–4432.
953:on 17 August 2018
860:ultraviolet light
697:The emergence of
644:neuroinflammation
622:in patients with
344:phylogenetic tree
225:
224:
219:
211:
16:(Redirected from
4625:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4487:
4486:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4414:
4322:Rhodococcus equi
4118:
3985:Prosector's wart
3897:
3892:Mycobacteriaceae
3888:
3790:Actinomycetaceae
3786:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3739:
3721:(Kenyon College)
3700:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3622:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3211:10.1002/ffj.2082
3194:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2986:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2787:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2550:. Archived from
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1830:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1562:BMC Microbiology
1553:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1479:(7): 2246–2250.
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1194:(4): e00740–14.
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1003:
985:
976:
963:
962:
960:
958:
939:
868:radiant exposure
843:Photosensitivity
769:bacteria. Some
737:benzoyl peroxide
733:over-the-counter
578:can be found in
546:cataract surgery
444:immune responses
404:sebaceous glands
378:Role in diseases
303:and part of the
217:
209:
186:subsp. elongatum
179:subsp. defendens
153:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4568:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4421:
4411:
4406:
4382:
4327:
4277:
4238:
4172:
4151:
4107:
4103:Histoid leprosy
4058:
3905:
3902:M. tuberculosis
3873:
3853:
3775:
3766:
3725:Type strain of
3693:
3688:
3687:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3388:10.1139/m93-134
3373:
3372:
3368:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3078:(12): 1275–80.
3069:
3068:
3064:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2082:(4): e0174518.
2069:
2068:
2064:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1972:Nat Rev Microbi
1965:
1964:
1960:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1744:"Acne vulgaris"
1741:
1740:
1736:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1400:. April 2, 2017
1392:
1391:
1387:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1290:(12): 1149–56.
1281:
1280:
1276:
1239:(5684): 671–3.
1230:
1229:
1225:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1145:(10): 2969–70.
1132:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1014:
1012:
983:
978:
977:
966:
956:
954:
941:
940:
931:
926:
884:
845:
837:4000–8000 μg/mL
763:
695:
664:
618:infections and
601:
573:
565:herniated discs
558:
556:Disk herniation
542:endophthalmitis
535:
483:
457:
385:
380:
266:endophthalmitis
158:
155:
149:
136:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4631:
4629:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4576:
4566:
4553:
4540:
4527:
4514:
4501:
4488:
4475:
4462:
4447:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4251:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4233:M. haemophilum
4229:
4228:
4227:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4183:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4160:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4127:
4125:
4115:
4113:Nontuberculous
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:Lupus vulgaris
3977:
3972:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3931:
3926:
3924:Ghon's complex
3912:
3910:
3894:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3781:Actinomycineae
3777:
3776:
3773:Actinomycetota
3767:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3722:
3716:
3706:
3692:
3691:External links
3689:
3686:
3685:
3664:(5): 1059–65.
3644:
3593:
3550:
3507:
3444:
3417:(7): 786–794.
3401:
3366:
3331:
3290:
3247:
3216:
3189:
3148:
3105:
3062:
3011:
2997:
2971:
2945:
2918:
2874:
2823:
2761:
2734:(8): 1233–47.
2718:
2697:
2648:
2599:
2564:
2539:
2514:
2471:
2420:
2369:
2360:
2319:
2305:10.1086/588477
2298:(12): 1884–6.
2278:
2265:
2256:
2197:
2170:
2141:(4): 697–707.
2121:
2062:
2027:(5): 330–333.
2007:
1978:(8): 555–567.
1958:
1921:Microorganisms
1896:
1885:(3): 197–203.
1866:
1805:
1781:
1734:
1698:
1677:
1642:
1599:
1548:
1513:
1459:
1411:
1385:
1336:
1317:
1274:
1223:
1174:
1125:
1105:
1080:
1022:
964:
928:
927:
925:
922:
883:
882:Other habitats
880:
844:
841:
820:Salicylic acid
771:essential oils
762:
759:
749:salicylic acid
694:
691:
663:
660:
600:
597:
572:
569:
557:
554:
550:corneal ulcers
534:
531:
523:S. epidermidis
515:Staphylococcus
482:
477:Staphylococcus
474:
384:
381:
379:
376:
336:propionic acid
328:Bacillus acnes
284:for degrading
223:
222:
221:
220:
212:
210:Gilchrist 1900
206:Bacillus acnes
199:
198:
192:
191:
190:
189:
182:
175:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
145:
144:
138:
137:
130:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
79:Actinomycetota
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4630:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4211:MAI infection
4209:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Scrofuloderma
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Actinomycosis
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3310:(2): 258–65.
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:(9): 1012–9.
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:Planta Medica
3066:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2975:
2972:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2934:(6): 417–21.
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:(3): 467–78.
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2778:(2): 339–46.
2777:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:(3): 387–94.
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:(4): 651–63.
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2554:on 2017-10-11
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2529:on 2012-06-20
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2339:(4): 387–94.
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:(8): e12277.
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2186:(2): 115–30.
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1821:(3): 467–78.
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:F1000Research
1712:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
982:
975:
973:
971:
969:
965:
952:
948:
944:
938:
936:
934:
930:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
840:
838:
834:
831:
826:
821:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:The elements
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
760:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:chloroxylenol
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
722:tetracyclines
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
596:
594:
593:acne vulgaris
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:
568:
566:
562:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
532:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
481:
478:
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
451:
447:
445:
441:
436:
432:
431:acne vulgaris
428:
424:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:bacteria use
397:
393:
389:
383:Acne vulgaris
382:
377:
375:
373:
369:
368:
363:
362:
357:
353:
352:Cutibacterium
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
294:immune system
291:
287:
283:
280:can generate
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:condition of
255:
251:
248:
247:gram-positive
244:
241:
237:
236:
231:
230:
216:
213:
207:
203:
202:
200:
197:
193:
188:
187:
183:
181:
180:
176:
174:
173:
169:
168:
166:
161:
154:
152:
146:
143:
142:Binomial name
139:
135:
134:
133:C. acnes
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:Cutibacterium
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Actinomycetia
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4426:
4399:
4368:
4354:
4340:
4320:
4298:
4291:Nocardiaceae
4272:M. abscessus
4270:
4263:
4258:M. fortuitum
4256:
4231:
4225:Buruli ulcer
4217:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4165:
4137:
4130:
4063:
3962:
3933:
3929:Pott disease
3916:Tuberculosis
3900:
3866:
3846:
3832:
3817:
3797:
3730:
3726:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3566:(2): 200–1.
3563:
3559:
3553:
3523:(5): 973–8.
3520:
3516:
3510:
3468:(1): 14658.
3465:
3461:
3455:
3447:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3382:(9): 895–9.
3379:
3375:
3369:
3347:(1): 28–35.
3344:
3340:
3334:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3205:(1): 13–39.
3202:
3198:
3192:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3121:(4): 242–5.
3118:
3114:
3108:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2982:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2957:
2948:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2891:(5): 840–8.
2888:
2884:
2877:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2710:. Retrieved
2700:
2668:(1): 171–3.
2665:
2661:
2651:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:the original
2542:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2517:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2363:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2268:
2259:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1927:(11): 1752.
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1882:
1878:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1754:(1): 15029.
1751:
1747:
1737:
1718:
1714:
1690:. Retrieved
1680:
1658:(5): 360–6.
1655:
1651:
1645:
1615:(3): 193–8.
1612:
1608:
1602:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1529:(5): 360–6.
1526:
1522:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1476:
1472:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1428:
1424:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1397:
1388:
1356:(1): 15–23.
1353:
1349:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1046:
1042:
1013:. Retrieved
991:
987:
955:. Retrieved
951:the original
946:
913:
907:
898:
886:
885:
871:
863:
847:
846:
832:
829:
816:
814:
809:
795:
790:
775:tea tree oil
766:
764:
757:
728:
726:
718:lincosamides
714:azithromycin
705:
701:
696:
686:
671:erythromycin
666:
665:
627:
620:endocarditis
603:
602:
587:
575:
574:
560:
559:
537:
536:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
500:
494:
486:
484:
479:
476:
470:isotretinoin
460:
456:
434:
427:folliculitis
422:
417:
416:
411:
395:
387:
386:
371:
365:
359:
355:
351:
347:
339:
331:
327:
325:
298:
240:aerotolerant
234:
233:
228:
227:
226:
214:
205:
184:
177:
172:subsp. acnes
170:
150:
148:
132:
131:
119:
35:
29:
4505:iNaturalist
4451:Wikispecies
4314:Nocardiosis
4265:M. chelonae
4219:M. ulcerans
4167:M. gordonae
4132:M. kansasii
3236:(1): 74–9.
3168:(1): 86–8.
1609:Dermatology
1066:2434/620522
918:Frank Zappa
912:was dubbed
783:citrus oils
683:minocycline
679:doxycycline
675:clindamycin
636:sarcoidosis
584:sarcoidosis
571:Sarcoidosis
480:epidermidis
338:. In 2016,
309:fatty acids
262:blepharitis
163:Subspecies
4602:Categories
4362:Erythrasma
4348:Diphtheria
4139:M. marinum
4012:Tuberculid
3944:Rich focus
3939:Meningitis
3920:Ghon focus
3613:: 145–63.
2853:10454/3069
2802:10454/3311
2785:1510.02343
2712:2012-08-08
2558:2019-11-18
2533:2012-06-14
2440:: 804391.
1845:10454/3069
1799:2022-04-22
1692:2012-06-14
1333:: 409–430.
924:References
856:porphyrins
852:blacklight
761:Treatments
710:macrolides
658:cultures.
612:prostheses
544:following
493:, such as
305:skin flora
4065:M. leprae
3964:cutaneous
3439:108295123
3031:: 79–83.
3004:17 August
2964:17 August
2509:205850559
2041:1542-233X
1828:0706.4406
1768:2056-676X
1506:17 August
1452:17 August
1404:17 August
1098:17 August
1015:17 August
957:17 August
903:grapevine
895:grapevine
891:endophyte
825:mechanism
817:C. acnes.
779:clove oil
741:triclosan
727:However,
317:follicles
301:commensal
250:bacterium
243:anaerobic
127:Species:
4523:10032060
4442:Q2442109
4436:Wikidata
4188:M. avium
3907:M. bovis
3680:24554779
3639:24899818
3588:30935383
3580:18452529
3537:10809858
3502:31601845
3456:In vitro
3431:30972839
3361:13069766
3326:19942617
3285:12053077
3277:17133045
3242:18239420
3184:19153353
3100:37769650
3092:17893831
3057:22936850
2940:19181031
2905:12000382
2869:20838517
2861:12653738
2818:44614220
2810:11251569
2756:26957816
2748:21355786
2594:17276540
2501:29125405
2466:24308006
2415:28676754
2355:19260876
2314:18462110
2251:20808860
2211:PLOS ONE
2192:18326339
2165:23404353
2116:28369127
2076:PLOS ONE
2057:22829150
2049:27203796
2002:19609257
1953:33171837
1891:14620162
1861:20838517
1853:12653738
1776:27189872
1721:: 1953.
1672:15556719
1637:21459334
1629:16205063
1594:20799957
1543:15556719
1493:29544969
1447:29544912
1380:16561149
1312:42012357
1304:22114965
1269:26252335
1261:15286373
1218:25125638
1169:11583007
1075:29894579
1010:27488827
908:C. acnes
899:C. acnes
872:in vitro
864:C. acnes
810:C. acnes
791:C. acnes
767:C. acnes
729:C. acnes
706:C. acnes
702:C. acnes
687:C. acnes
640:sciatica
628:C. acnes
588:C. acnes
519:C. acnes
511:C. acnes
501:C. acnes
487:C. acnes
461:C. acnes
440:biofilms
435:C. acnes
423:C. acnes
412:C. acnes
396:C. acnes
372:C. acnes
348:P. acnes
340:P. acnes
290:proteins
196:Synonyms
105:Family:
75:Phylum:
69:Bacteria
65:Domain:
4497:3225701
4466:BacDive
4190:complex
4074:Leprosy
4029:Miliary
3630:4038525
3545:9237317
3493:6787063
3470:Bibcode
3396:8242490
3143:5687026
3135:7576514
3048:3426266
2913:5725343
2457:3838805
2406:5476743
2389:: 195.
2242:2924382
2219:Bibcode
2180:Kekkaku
2156:3631045
2107:5378350
2084:Bibcode
1993:2807625
1944:7695133
1585:3224659
1568:: 230.
1501:3916758
1241:Bibcode
1233:Science
1209:4132614
910:subtype
282:enzymes
115:Genus:
95:Order:
85:Class:
4585:360356
4569:NZOR:
4536:965070
4510:356609
4484:971823
3729:at Bac
3715:(MeSH)
3678:
3637:
3627:
3586:
3578:
3543:
3535:
3500:
3490:
3437:
3429:
3394:
3359:
3324:
3283:
3275:
3257:Cornea
3240:
3182:
3141:
3133:
3098:
3090:
3055:
3045:
2995:
2938:
2911:
2903:
2867:
2859:
2816:
2808:
2754:
2746:
2692:836012
2690:
2683:351938
2680:
2643:984781
2641:
2634:429758
2631:
2592:
2507:
2499:
2464:
2454:
2413:
2403:
2353:
2312:
2249:
2239:
2190:
2163:
2153:
2114:
2104:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2000:
1990:
1951:
1941:
1889:
1859:
1851:
1774:
1766:
1670:
1635:
1627:
1592:
1582:
1541:
1499:
1491:
1445:
1378:
1371:518134
1368:
1310:
1302:
1267:
1259:
1216:
1206:
1167:
1157:
1073:
1008:
914:Zappae
806:copper
804:, and
802:sulfur
798:silver
781:, and
681:, and
364:, and
274:genome
272:. Its
4518:IRMNG
4471:12636
3934:brain
3584:S2CID
3541:S2CID
3435:S2CID
3281:S2CID
3139:S2CID
3096:S2CID
2928:Cutis
2909:S2CID
2865:S2CID
2814:S2CID
2780:arXiv
2752:S2CID
2505:S2CID
2053:S2CID
1857:S2CID
1823:arXiv
1633:S2CID
1497:S2CID
1308:S2CID
1265:S2CID
1160:90767
984:(PDF)
833:acnes
787:honey
652:blood
632:SAPHO
616:shunt
400:sebum
392:pores
313:sebum
278:genes
4562:1747
4557:NCBI
4544:LPSN
4531:ITIS
4492:GBIF
3731:Dive
3676:PMID
3635:PMID
3576:PMID
3533:PMID
3498:PMID
3427:PMID
3392:PMID
3357:PMID
3322:PMID
3273:PMID
3238:PMID
3180:PMID
3131:PMID
3088:PMID
3053:PMID
3006:2018
2993:ISBN
2966:2018
2936:PMID
2901:PMID
2857:PMID
2806:PMID
2744:PMID
2688:PMID
2639:PMID
2590:PMID
2497:PMID
2462:PMID
2438:2013
2411:PMID
2351:PMID
2310:PMID
2247:PMID
2188:PMID
2161:PMID
2112:PMID
2045:PMID
2037:ISSN
1998:PMID
1949:PMID
1913:and
1887:PMID
1849:PMID
1772:PMID
1764:ISSN
1668:PMID
1625:PMID
1590:PMID
1539:PMID
1508:2018
1489:PMID
1454:2018
1443:PMID
1406:2018
1376:PMID
1300:PMID
1257:PMID
1214:PMID
1165:PMID
1100:2018
1093:LPSN
1071:PMID
1017:2018
1006:PMID
959:2018
751:and
654:and
638:and
521:and
429:and
288:and
286:skin
264:and
258:acne
254:skin
4479:EoL
4206:MAP
3666:doi
3625:PMC
3615:doi
3568:doi
3525:doi
3521:142
3488:PMC
3478:doi
3419:doi
3384:doi
3349:doi
3312:doi
3265:doi
3207:doi
3170:doi
3166:145
3123:doi
3080:doi
3043:PMC
3033:doi
2989:130
2893:doi
2889:146
2849:hdl
2841:doi
2837:148
2798:hdl
2790:doi
2776:144
2736:doi
2678:PMC
2670:doi
2629:PMC
2621:doi
2582:doi
2489:doi
2452:PMC
2442:doi
2401:PMC
2391:doi
2341:doi
2300:doi
2237:PMC
2227:doi
2151:PMC
2143:doi
2102:PMC
2092:doi
2029:doi
1988:PMC
1980:doi
1939:PMC
1929:doi
1841:hdl
1833:doi
1819:148
1756:doi
1723:doi
1660:doi
1617:doi
1613:211
1580:PMC
1570:doi
1531:doi
1481:doi
1433:doi
1366:PMC
1358:doi
1292:doi
1249:doi
1237:305
1204:PMC
1196:doi
1155:PMC
1147:doi
1061:hdl
1051:doi
996:doi
716:),
646:in
311:in
296:).
4604::
4582::
4559::
4546::
4533::
4520::
4507::
4494::
4481::
4468::
4453::
4438::
4248:RG
4244:R4
4178:R3
4157:R2
4122:R1
4076::
3918::
3822:"
3771::
3674:.
3662:31
3660:.
3656:.
3633:.
3623:.
3609:.
3605:.
3582:.
3574:.
3564:23
3562:.
3539:.
3531:.
3519:.
3496:.
3486:.
3476:.
3464:.
3460:.
3433:.
3425:.
3415:28
3413:.
3390:.
3380:39
3378:.
3355:.
3345:93
3343:.
3320:.
3308:65
3306:.
3302:.
3279:.
3271:.
3261:25
3259:.
3234:18
3232:.
3228:.
3203:27
3201:.
3178:.
3164:.
3160:.
3137:.
3129:.
3119:21
3117:.
3094:.
3086:.
3076:73
3074:.
3051:.
3041:.
3027:.
3023:.
2991:.
2956:.
2932:82
2930:.
2907:.
2899:.
2887:.
2863:.
2855:.
2847:.
2835:.
2812:.
2804:.
2796:.
2788:.
2774:.
2750:.
2742:.
2732:12
2730:.
2686:.
2676:.
2666:11
2664:.
2660:.
2637:.
2627:.
2617:10
2615:.
2611:.
2588:.
2578:56
2576:.
2503:.
2495:.
2485:15
2483:.
2460:.
2450:.
2436:.
2432:.
2409:.
2399:.
2385:.
2381:.
2349:.
2337:15
2335:.
2331:.
2308:.
2296:46
2294:.
2290:.
2245:.
2235:.
2225:.
2213:.
2209:.
2184:83
2182:.
2159:.
2149:.
2139:22
2137:.
2133:.
2110:.
2100:.
2090:.
2080:12
2078:.
2074:.
2051:.
2043:.
2035:.
2025:43
2023:.
2019:.
1996:.
1986:.
1974:.
1970:.
1947:.
1937:.
1923:.
1919:.
1899:^
1883:20
1881:.
1869:^
1855:.
1847:.
1839:.
1831:.
1817:.
1792:.
1770:.
1762:.
1750:.
1746:.
1717:.
1713:.
1701:^
1666:.
1656:22
1654:.
1631:.
1623:.
1611:.
1588:.
1578:.
1566:10
1564:.
1560:.
1537:.
1527:22
1525:.
1495:.
1487:.
1477:33
1475:.
1471:.
1441:.
1429:24
1427:.
1423:.
1396:.
1374:.
1364:.
1354:52
1352:.
1348:.
1329:.
1306:.
1298:.
1286:.
1263:.
1255:.
1247:.
1235:.
1212:.
1202:.
1190:.
1186:.
1163:.
1153:.
1143:45
1141:.
1137:.
1108:^
1091:.
1069:.
1059:.
1047:32
1045:.
1041:.
1025:^
1004:.
992:66
990:.
986:.
967:^
945:.
932:^
862:.
839:.
830:C.
812:.
800:,
793:.
777:,
755:.
747:,
743:,
739:,
677:,
673:,
552:.
358:,
323:.
245:,
208:"
4306:/
4302:/
4250::
4246:/
4204:/
4198:/
4192:/
4180::
4159::
4124::
3922:/
3904:/
3816:"
3761:e
3754:t
3747:v
3682:.
3668::
3641:.
3617::
3611:7
3590:.
3570::
3547:.
3527::
3504:.
3480::
3472::
3466:9
3454:"
3441:.
3421::
3398:.
3386::
3363:.
3351::
3328:.
3314::
3287:.
3267::
3244:.
3213:.
3209::
3186:.
3172::
3145:.
3125::
3102:.
3082::
3059:.
3035::
3029:5
3008:.
2968:.
2942:.
2915:.
2895::
2871:.
2851::
2843::
2820:.
2800::
2792::
2782::
2758:.
2738::
2715:.
2694:.
2672::
2645:.
2623::
2596:.
2584::
2561:.
2536:.
2511:.
2491::
2468:.
2444::
2417:.
2393::
2387:9
2357:.
2343::
2316:.
2302::
2253:.
2229::
2221::
2215:5
2194:.
2167:.
2145::
2118:.
2094::
2086::
2059:.
2031::
2004:.
1982::
1976:7
1955:.
1931::
1925:8
1909:"
1893:.
1863:.
1843::
1835::
1825::
1802:.
1778:.
1758::
1752:1
1731:.
1725::
1719:7
1695:.
1674:.
1662::
1639:.
1619::
1596:.
1572::
1545:.
1533::
1510:.
1483::
1456:.
1435::
1408:.
1382:.
1360::
1331:9
1314:.
1294::
1288:9
1271:.
1251::
1243::
1220:.
1198::
1192:2
1171:.
1149::
1102:.
1077:.
1063::
1053::
1019:.
998::
961:.
406:(
232:(
204:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
