644:
530:
276:
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36:
663:, and recreation. Reservoir and dam construction and design is based upon standards, typically set out by the government. In the United States, dam and reservoir design is regulated by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Design of a dam and reservoir follows guidelines set by the USACE and covers topics such as design flow rates in consideration to meteorological, topographic, streamflow, and soil data for the watershed above the structure.
853:
618:. It includes making buildings less prone to flooding. It also aims to make specific problems encountered during and after the storm less likely to recur. These include weeks-long fuel shortages even in unaffected areas due to legal and transportation problems, flooded health care facilities, insurance premium increases, damage to electricity and steam generation and distribution networks, and flooding of subway and roadway tunnels.
1252:
696:
940:. Instead of trucking in sandbag material for a flood, stacking it, then trucking it out to a hazmat disposal site, flood control can be accomplished by using the on site water. However, these are not fool proof. A 8 feet (2.4 m) high 2,000 feet (610 m) long water filled rubber flood berm that surrounded portions of the plant was punctured by a
377:
865:
454:(dark blue), the predicted floodplain for a 1 in 1000 year flood (light blue) and low-lying areas in need of flood defence (purple). The most sustainable way of reducing risk is to prevent further development in flood-prone areas and old waterways. It is important for at-risk communities to develop a comprehensive Floodplain Management plan.
76:
1004:, and urban topography to reproduce the evolution of a flood in order to identify the different levels of flooding risks associated with each element exposed. The modelling can be carried out using hydraulic models, conceptual models, or geomorphic methods. Nowadays, there is a growing attention also in the production of maps obtained with
196:, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether. It also involves the management of people, through measures such as evacuation and flood proofing properties. The prevention and mitigation of flooding can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole towns or cities.
835:. Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal waters from moving upland, and open during outgoing tides to allow waters to drain out via the culvert and into the estuary side of the dike. The opening and closing of the gates is driven by a difference in water level on either side of the gate.
1292:, it was found that forests would not have prevented or significantly reduced flooding in the case of an extreme weather event. However, more general or overview studies agree on the negative impacts that deforestation has on flood safety - and the positive effects of wise land use and reforestation.
1024:
goals, interactions of land-use planning with the integration of flood risks and required policies. In flood management, stakeholder engagement is seen as an important way to achieve greater cohesion and consensus. Integrating stakeholder engagement into flood management often provides a more complex
931:
In 1988, a method of using water to control flooding was discovered. This was accomplished by containing 2 parallel tubes within a third outer tube. When filled, this structure formed a non-rolling wall of water that can control 80 percent of its height in external water depth, with dry ground behind
241:
include for example land-use planning, advanced warning systems and flood insurance. Further examples for this type of flood control are: "zoning ordinances and codes, flood forecasting, flood proofing, evacuation and channel clearing, flood fight activities, and upstream land treatment or management
1055:
This relationship examines management methods which includes a wide range of flood management methods including but are not limited to flood mapping and physical implication measures. FRM looks at how to reduce flood risk and how to appropriately manage risks that are associated with flooding. Flood
985:
Flood mapping is a tool used by governments and policy makers to delineate the borders of potential flooding events, allowing educated decisions to prevent extreme flooding events. Flood maps are useful to create documentation that allows policy makers to make informed decisions about flood hazards.
658:
Many dams and their associated reservoirs are designed completely or partially to aid in flood protection and control. Many large dams have flood-control reservations in which the level of a reservoir must be kept below a certain elevation before the onset of the rainy/summer melt season to allow a
359:
Flooding has many impacts. It damages property and endangers the lives of humans and other species. Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant sediment deposition elsewhere (such as further downstream or down a coast). The spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitats can become
915:
The self-closing flood barrier (SCFB) is a flood defense system designed to protect people and property from inland waterway floods caused by heavy rainfall, gales, or rapid melting snow. The SCFB can be built to protect residential properties and whole communities, as well as industrial or other
990:
to both the public and private sectors with information about flooding hazards. Flood mapping has been criticized in many areas around the world, due to the absence of public accessibility, technical writing and data, and lack of easy-to-understand information. However, revived attention towards
416:
When more homes, shops and infrastructure are threatened by the effects of flooding, then the benefits of protection are worth the additional cost. Temporary flood defenses can be constructed in certain locations which are prone to floods and provide protection from rising flood waters. Rivers
1135:. As is the case with all north-flowing rivers in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, snow melt in southern sections may cause river levels to rise before northern sections have had a chance to completely thaw. This can lead to devastating flooding, as occurred in Winnipeg during the
999:
Flood modelling is a tool used to model flood hazard and the effects on humans and the physical environment. Flood modelling takes into consideration how flood hazards, external and internal processes and factors, and the main drivers of floods interact with each other. Flood modelling combines
749:
by diversion onto land that can absorb the water. This technique can reduce the impact of later droughts by using the ground as a natural reservoir. It is being used in
California, where orchards and vineyards can be flooded without damaging crops, or in other places wilderness areas have been
507:
Buildings and other urban infrastructure can be designed so that even if a flood does happen, the city can recover quickly and costs are minimized. For example, homes can be put on stilts, electrical and HVAC equipment can be put on the roof instead of in the basement, and subway entrances and
395:
Flood mitigation at the property level may also involve preventative measures focused on the building site, including scour protection for shoreline developments, improving rainwater in filtration through the use of permeable paving materials and grading away from structures, and inclusion of
967:
strategies. These can involve policy that reduces the amount of urban structures built around floodplains or flood prone areas through land zoning regulations. This helps to reduce the amount of mitigation needed to protect humans and buildings from flooding events. Similarly,
1238:
offered to buy out flood-prone properties in the United States in order to prevent repeated disasters after the 1993 flood across the
Midwest. Several communities accepted and the government, in partnership with the state, bought 25,000 properties which they converted into
1429:
The
Netherlands has one of the best flood control systems in the world, notably through its construction of dykes. The country faces high flooding risk due to the country's low-lying landscapes. The largest and most elaborate flood defenses are referred to as the
1295:
Many have proposed that loss of vegetation (deforestation) will lead to an increased risk of flooding. With natural forest cover the flood duration should decrease. Reducing the rate of deforestation should improve the incidents and severity of floods.
475:
One way of reducing the damage caused by flooding is to remove buildings from flood-prone areas, leaving them as parks or returning them to wilderness. Floodplain buyout programs have been operated in places like New Jersey (both before and after
360:
polluted or completely destroyed. Some prolonged high floods can delay traffic in areas which lack elevated roadways. Floods can interfere with drainage and economical use of lands, such as interfering with farming. Structural damage can occur in
330:
This has been exacerbated by human activities such as draining wetlands that naturally store large amounts of water and building paved surfaces that do not absorb any water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within
3594:
Bradshaw, CJ; Sodhi, NS; Peh, SH; Brook, BW (2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing. Also a flood has recently hit
Pakistan which is said to be more devastating than the Tsunami of 2005".
3359:
3825:
Crawford-Flett, Kaley; Blake, Daniel M.; Pascoal, Eduardo; Wilson, Matthew; Wotherspoon, Liam (2022). "A standardised inventory for New
Zealand's stopbank (levee) network and its application for natural hazard exposure assessments".
220:
are all terms that mean "the detention and/or diversion of water during flood events for the purpose of reducing discharge or downstream inundation". They include methods that are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of
1019:
is a useful tool for flood risk management that allows enhanced public engagement for agreements to be reached on policy discussions. Different management considerations can be taken into account including emergency management and
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as its crowning achievement. These works in the southwestern part of the country were built in response to the North Sea flood of 1953. The Dutch had already built one of the world's largest dams in the north of the country. The
321:, or other structures that retained the water. Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires, which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall.
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to deal with increased run-off from rainfall. This includes reducing paved areas or changing to water-permeable pavements, adding water-buffering vegetation, adding underground storage tanks, and subsidizing household
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1211:(2005) in the city proper and in eastern sections of the Metro Area, resulting in the inundation of approximately 50 percent of the metropolitan area, ranging from a few inches to twenty feet in coastal communities.
947:
In 1999, a group of
Norwegian engineers patented a transportable, removable, and reusable flood barrier which uses the water's weight against itself. This removable flood panels protect cities and public utilities.
437:
The most effective way of reducing the risk to people and property is through the production of flood risk maps. Most countries have produced maps which show areas prone to flooding based on flood data. In the
1191:
using a deployable fabric cover system called Flex-Gate, a system that protects the subway entrances against 14 feet (4.3 m) of water. Extreme storm flood protection levels have been revised based on new
1051:
and tries to create understanding and action about the risks posed by flooding. The relationships cover a wide range of topics, from drivers and natural processes, to models and socio-economic consequences.
976:
can be integrated into flood risk management plans. Flood risk management strategy diversification is needed to ensure that management strategies cover several different scenarios and ensure best practices.
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and other major cities on the lower
Mississippi. It is the largest of a system of spillways and floodways along the Mississippi. Completed in 1954, the spillway has been opened twice, in 1973 and in 2011.
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The Leeds flood alleviation scheme uses movable weirs which are lowered during periods of high water to reduce the chances of flooding upstream. Two such weirs, the first in the UK, were installed on the
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1942:
2152:
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hillsides to slow flow downhill, and the construction of floodways (man-made channels to divert floodwater). Other techniques include the construction of levees, lakes, dams, reservoirs,
261:, risk management involves "plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or perceived risks".
1056:
risk management includes mitigating and preparing for flooding disasters, analyzing risk, and providing a risk analysis system to mitigate the negative impacts caused by flooding.
425:
and areas of the community, which causes damage. Defenses (both long-term and short-term) can be constructed to minimize damage, which involves raising the edge of the water with
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3955:
643:
305:
Floods are caused by many factors or a combination of any of these generally prolonged heavy rainfall (locally concentrated or throughout a catchment area), highly accelerated
1382:, which is raised when the water level reaches a certain point. This project has been operational since 1982 and was designed to protect against a surge of water such as the
368:
are often impaired. Financial losses due to floods are typically millions of dollars each year, with the worst floods in recent U.S. history having cost billions of dollars.
1785:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2994:
Ajmar, Andrea; Boccardo, Piero; Broglia, Marco; Kucera, Jan; Giulio-Tonolo, Fabio; Wania, Annett (2017-07-07), Molinari, Daniela; Menoni, Scira; Ballio, Francesco (eds.),
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closing an entire river, are being developed or used around the world. Regular maintenance of hydraulic structures, however, is another crucial part of flood control.
324:
During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as
1139:. To protect the city from future floods, the Manitoba government undertook the construction of a massive system of diversions, dikes, and flood ways (including the
916:
strategic areas. The barrier system is constantly ready to deploy in a flood situation, it can be installed in any length and uses the rising flood water to deploy.
3515:
2900:
2684:
2452:
1486:, while gravel extraction to lower river water levels is also a popular flood control technique. The management of flooding in the country is shifting towards
1454:, Rotterdam started a project to construct a floating housing development of 120 acres (0.49 km) to deal with rising sea levels. Several approaches, from
2562:
3244:"Multidimensional flood risk management under climate changes: Bibliometric analysis, trends and strategic guidelines for decision-making in urban dynamics"
2819:
1964:
3668:
2914:
Gomes Miguez, Marcelo; Peres
Battemarco, Bruna; Martins De Sousa, Matheus; Moura Rezende, Osvaldo; Pires Veról, Aline; Gusmaroli, Giancarlo (2017-06-21).
1008:. Flood modelling is helpful for determining building development practices and hazard mitigation methods that reduce the risks associated with flooding.
3789:
1950:
1025:
analysis of the situation; this generally adds more demand in determining collective solutions and increases the time it takes to determine solutions.
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1446:
New ways to deal with water are constantly being developed and tested, such as the underground storage of water, storing water in reservoirs in large
4214:
3738:
3551:
Bradshaw, CJ; Sodhi, NS; Peh, SH; Brook, BW (2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world".
3479:
Hamilton, Lawrence S (1987). "What Are the
Impacts of Himalayan Deforestation on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands and Delta? Assumptions and Facts".
3152:
2149:
429:, embankments or walls. The high population and value of infrastructure at risk often justifies the high cost of mitigation in larger urban areas.
253:) is a broader term that includes mitigating and preparing for flooding disasters, and providing risk analysis for example through the practice of
4582:
1288:
and changing land use on the risk and severity of flooding are subjects of discussion. In assessing the impacts of Himalayan deforestation on the
1243:. These wetlands act as a sponge in storms and in 1995, when the floods returned, the government did not have to expend resources in those areas.
1235:
933:
2488:
2470:
1270:, Japan, the Hata clan successfully controlled floods on the Katsura River in around 500 A.D and also constructed a sluice on the Kazuno River.
2033:
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certain amount of space in which floodwaters can fill. Other beneficial uses of dam created reservoirs include hydroelectric power generation,
3427:
3015:
2876:
2608:
1759:
1482:), and its control is primarily managed and funded by local councils. Throughout the country there is a network of more than 5284 km of
1180:
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from flooding the protected area behind the barrier. A surge barrier is almost always part of a larger flood protection system consisting of
3969:
3297:
2996:"Response to Flood Events: The Role of Satellite-based Emergency Mapping and the Experience of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service"
2532:
1097:
1567:
Paoletti, Michele; Pellegrini, Marco; Belli, Alberto; Pierleoni, Paola; Sini, Francesca; Pezzotta, Nicola; Palma, Lorenzo (January 2023).
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2336:
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1080:
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Some methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient times. These methods include planting vegetation to retain extra water,
508:
tunnels can have built-in movable water barriers. New York City began a substantial effort to plan and build for flood resilience after
1993:
1658:
3895:
Kelly, D.; McKerchar, A.; Hicks, M. (2005). "Making concrete: ecological implications of gravel extraction in New Zealand rivers".
2224:
906:
Flood barrier may also refer to barriers placed around or at individual buildings to keep floodwaters from entering the buildings.
529:
512:. Flood resilience technologies support the fast recovery of individuals and communities affected, but their use remains limited.
5208:
3805:"$ 1.5 billion urgently needed to protect New Zealanders from floods – investment support from government falling woefully short"
458:
3332:
2051:
4739:
2583:
Hegger, D.; Driessen, P.; Bakker, M. (2018). "Diversification of Flood Risk Management Strategies – Necessity and Importance".
1184:
1389:
In 2023 it was found that over 4,000 flood defence schemes in England were ‘almost useless’ with many of them in areas hit by
5203:
69:
1203:, 35 percent of which sits below sea level, is protected by hundreds of miles of levees and flood gates. This system failed
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are important for reducing risks. Following the occurrence of flooding events, other measures such as rebuilding plans and
1200:
3526:
2711:"Flood-Risk Management, Mapping, and Planning: The Institutional Politics of Decision Support in England | EndNote Click"
235:
is the reduction of the effects of a flood using physical solutions, such as reservoirs, levees, dredging and diversions.
4905:
4855:
4749:
1168:
969:
2439:
US Army Corps of Engineers. (1997). Hydrologic engineering requirements for reservoirs. EM 1110-2-1420. Retrieved from
2070:
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are used in conjunction with dykes and culverts. They can be placed at the mouth of streams or small rivers, where an
546:
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1417:
around Saint Petersburg. Eleven dams extend for 25.4 kilometres (15.8 mi) and stand 8 metres (26 ft) above
991:
flood mapping has renewed the interest in enhancing current flood mapping for use as a flood risk management method.
339:. About 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow.
1047:. Flood risk management analyzes the relationships between physical systems and socio-economic environments through
4409:
2015:
1183:(MTA) initiated multiple flood barrier projects to protect the transit assets in Manhattan. In one case, the MTA's
3153:"Partnership Funding in flood risk management: multi-level stakeholder engagement – a question of roles and power"
5239:
5193:
5145:
5028:
3739:
http://water.dhv.com/EN/Water_management/Documents/2008%20Leaflet%20Innovative%20water%20storage%20techniques.pdf
3112:. Participatory and Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Flood Risk Management: An emerging research agenda.
3106:"Multi-level stakeholder engagement in flood risk management—A question of roles and power: Lessons from England"
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1972:
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Barendrecht, M. H.; Sairam, N.; Cumiskey, L.; Metin, A. D.; Holz, F.; Priest, S. J.; Kreibich, H. (2020-12-01).
275:
5178:
4895:
4860:
4702:
2360:"Uncertainty in the Himalayan energy–water nexus: estimating regional exposure to glacial lake outburst floods"
2270:
Menéndez, Pelayo; Losada, Iñigo J.; Torres-Ortega, Saul; Narayan, Siddharth; Beck, Michael W. (10 March 2020).
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the edges of the building. Private precautionary measures are increasingly important in flood risk management.
1338:
1738:
Raadgever, G. T. (Tom); Booister, Nikéh; Steenstra, Martijn K. (2018), Raadgever, Tom; Hegger, Dries (eds.),
1707:
1683:
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4880:
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1021:
736:. Flood channels are sometimes built on the former courses of natural waterways as a way to reduce flooding.
188:. It involves the management of flood water movement, such as redirecting flood run-off through the use of
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type. Structural methods hold back floodwaters physically, while non-structural methods do not. Building
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1048:
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In many countries, rivers are prone to floods and are often carefully managed. Defenses such as levees,
705:
688:
628:
254:
131:
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Schwanghart, Wolfgang; Worni, Raphael; Huggel, Christian; Stoffel, Markus; Korup, Oliver (2016-07-01).
1784:
3243:
3196:
3105:
3036:
Abebe, Yared Abayneh; Ghorbani, Amineh; Nikolic, Igor; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez, Arlex (2019-10-15).
2820:"Modeling urban floods at submeter resolution: challenges or opportunities for flood risk management?"
2764:
2763:
Abebe, Yared Abayneh; Ghorbani, Amineh; Nikolic, Igor; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez, Arlex (2019-01-01).
2633:
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2371:
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1402:
1343:
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1136:
709:
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1841:"Needed: A systems approach to improve flood risk mitigation through private precautionary measures"
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135:
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running through large urban developments are often controlled and channeled. Water rising above a
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upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. Flood control methods can be either of the
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4000:
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2800:
2724:
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2101:
1943:"For Communities Plagued by Repeated Flooding, Property Acquisition May Be the Answer - FEMA.gov"
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660:
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New York City produced a comprehensive report for its Rebuilding and Resiliency initiative after
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443:
178:
158:
53:
4840:
2765:"A coupled flood-agent-institution modelling (CLAIM) framework for urban flood risk management"
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areas are rural areas that are deliberately flooded in emergencies in order to protect cities.
328:. Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb all the water.
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da Silva, Lucas Borges Leal; Alencar, Marcelo Hazin; de Almeida, Adiel Teixeira (2020-11-01).
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Grimaldi, Salvatore; Petroselli, Andrea; Arcangeletti, Ettore; Nardi, Fernando (2013-04-22).
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2085:
2071:"Flood resilience technology in Europe: identifying barriers and co-producing best practice"
1860:
1788:
1747:
1606:
1588:
1406:
987:
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671:
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refers to a dam that serves purely for flood control without any conservation storage (e.g.
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replaced with concrete dams to provide protection. This may also provide hydroelectric power
542:
405:
384:
Property owners may fit their homes to stop water entering by blocking doors and air vents,
291:
258:
154:
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2001:
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The costs of flood protection rise as more people and property are to be protected. The US
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has produced maps which show areas at risk. The map to the right shows a flood map for the
17:
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4013:
3038:"Flood risk management in Sint Maarten – A coupled agent-based and flood modelling method"
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779:
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509:
477:
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364:, bank lines, sewer lines, and other structures within floodways. Waterway navigation and
361:
111:
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2514:
1039:
Flood risk management (FRM) aims to reduce the human and socio-economic losses caused by
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3564:
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3259:
3212:
3121:
3053:
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2649:
2384:
2375:
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1584:
545:. Sea level rise can make coastal flooding worse. In some areas there are also risks of
5234:
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4022:
2634:"Flood mapping in ungauged basins using fully continuous hydrologic–hydraulic modeling"
2312:
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3916:
Aotearoa New Zealand's first emissions reduction plan: Chapter 4: Working with Nature
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1880:
1805:
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1083:, for example, estimates that for every $ 1.00 spent on mitigation, $ 4.00 is saved.
881:
845:
824:
806:
775:
713:
557:
385:
3624:
3580:
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2105:
1569:"Discharge Monitoring in Open-Channels: An Operational Rating Curve Management Tool"
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955:, are polypropylene exteriors with wood pulp within, though they are one-time use.
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1918:
1787:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897–2930,
963:
There are several methods of non-structural flood control that form part of flood
904:(also known as dikes), and other constructions and natural geographical features.
608:, so that overflows in peak periods do not contaminate rivers. One example is the
3129:
5059:
4983:
4687:
4650:
4597:
4321:
4306:
4281:
4155:
3428:"Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Wildfires, Earthquakes... Why We Don't Prepare."
3385:
3267:
2592:
2558:
1864:
1819:
1751:
1641:
1475:
1451:
1440:
1431:
1418:
1410:
1390:
1223:
893:
889:
791:
762:, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks. A
725:
600:
More frequent drenching rains may make it necessary to increase the capacity of
575:
3007:
2295:
228:
A distinction is made between structural and non-structural flood mitigation:
5165:
4845:
4729:
4669:
4627:
4499:
4336:
4204:
4145:
4135:
4052:
3961:
2916:"Urban Flood Simulation Using MODCEL—An Alternative Quasi-2D Conceptual Model"
2886:
1792:
1739:
1534:
1518:
1495:
1251:
787:
767:
601:
267:
methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels.
193:
147:
127:
3664:
3275:
3228:
3178:
3137:
3071:
2980:
2941:
2843:
2796:
2665:
2393:
2303:
2203:
2097:
1872:
1602:
5135:
5084:
5054:
5023:
4953:
4865:
4622:
4509:
4494:
4434:
4381:
4376:
4276:
4199:
4189:
4087:
1455:
1001:
952:
897:
885:
864:
336:
189:
3707:
3079:
2866:
2321:
1620:
110:
waters. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes, such as
3690:
Eijgenraam, Carel; Brekelmans, Ruud; Hertog, Dick den; Roos, Kees (2017).
695:
4805:
4772:
4449:
4291:
4258:
3870:
3653:"More than 4,000 English flood defences 'almost useless', analysis finds"
3639:
Paris Under Water: How the City of Light Survived the Great Flood of 1910
2440:
2150:
As Waters Rise, Miami Beach Builds Higher Streets And Political Willpower
1479:
1240:
1124:
1112:
810:
798:. They are designed to reduce potential flood levels by up to one metre.
567:
Installing devices to prevent seawater from backflowing into storm drains
561:
485:
422:
401:
306:
495:
that identify areas of future risk, enabling local governments to apply
75:
5115:
5064:
4592:
4587:
4569:
4549:
4454:
4391:
4326:
4263:
3847:
3500:
2955:
Manfreda, Salvatore; Di Leo, Margherita; Sole, Aurelia (October 2011).
2835:
2600:
2471:"Where Levees Fail In California, Nature Can Step In To Nurture Rivers"
2453:"As Rains Soak California, Farmers Test How To Store Water Underground"
2337:"Many hydroelectric plants in Himalayas are at risk from glacial lakes"
2089:
2034:"To Flood-Proof Subways, N.Y. Looks At Everything From Plugs To Sheets"
1414:
925:
828:
759:
667:
593:
389:
310:
204:
There are a number of similar terms that are all used interchangeably:
2145:
2143:
1593:
376:
242:
to control flood damages without physically restraining flood waters".
4910:
4782:
4607:
4602:
4554:
4544:
4514:
4439:
4194:
4125:
4097:
3996:
2932:
2915:
2515:"Nebraska Nuclear Plant's Vital Equipment Remains Dry, Officials Say"
2166:
2164:
1371:
721:
496:
426:
418:
314:
3492:
2069:
White, I.; Connelly, A.; Garvin, S.; Lawson, N.; O'Hare, P. (2018).
3002:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 211–228,
2719:
2710:
2246:"New Jersey homeowners to get buyout offers after Superstorm Sandy"
1151:
which devastated many communities upriver from Winnipeg, including
720:), or dry channels that run below the street levels of some larger
130:, is effective at managing flooding. However, best practice within
106:) methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of
5008:
4993:
4948:
4692:
4665:
4612:
4479:
4474:
4444:
4429:
4238:
4008:
3992:
1919:"Floodplain Management: Sound Techniques to Improve Your Recovery"
1659:"Strengthening climate resilience through better flood management"
1483:
1459:
1349:
1305:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1040:
901:
863:
851:
831:
begins or where tributary streams, or drainage ditches connect to
729:
728:
occurs the excess water can drain out along these channels into a
717:
694:
642:
528:
375:
354:
298:
274:
222:
143:
107:
74:
5038:
5003:
4559:
4519:
4484:
1544:
1317:
932:
it. Eight foot tall water filled barriers were used to surround
763:
447:
397:
162:
80:
3965:
2957:"Detection of Flood-Prone Areas Using Digital Elevation Models"
2818:
Almeida, Gustavo De; Bates, Paul; Ozdemir, Hasan (2016-11-07).
4958:
4399:
3525:. London: James & James Science Publishers. Archived from
2016:"Federal Insurance & Mitigation Administration - FEMA.gov"
1196:
guidelines for 100-year and 500-year design flood elevations.
1107:
An elaborate system of flood way defenses can be found in the
29:
2415:
NYC Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency (2013).
1316:(1976) have controlled various amounts of flooding along the
884:, surge barrier or storm surge barrier is a specific type of
1746:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–100,
1708:"UNTERM, search term: non-structural flood control measures"
1337:, the French government built a series of reservoirs called
766:, also known as a lowhead dam, is most often used to create
592:
Glacial lakes in danger of outburst flooding can have their
1059:
Flooding and flood risk are especially important with more
3360:"Anti-flood system rolled out in a lower Manhattan subway"
860:
contains 62 steel doors, each 42 metres (138 ft) wide
3516:"The Hydrology of Disastrous floods in Asia: An Overview"
1413:. It also has a main traffic function, as it completes a
924:
When permanent defenses fail, emergency measures such as
461:
must agree to regulate development in flood-prone areas.
3783:
Meeting the Challenges of Future Flooding in New Zealand
3765:"In Europe, High-Tech Flood Control, With Nature's Help"
27:
Methods for reducing detrimental effects of flood waters
2551:"Rosyth residents' fears over 'useless' flood measures"
2122:"All Climate Is Local: How Mayors Fight Global Warming"
1352:
during floods, especially the regular winter flooding.
533:
Flood protection for town of Ybbs along the river Donau
47:
1348:(or Great Lakes) which helps remove pressure from the
790:
in October 2017 at Crown Point, Leeds city centre and
778:
to prevent a recurrence of the flood damage caused by
944:
and it collapsed flooding a portion of the facility.
44:
A request that this article title be changed to
3487:(3). Bern: International Mountain Society: 256–263.
716:
can flow through but is not retained (except during
499:
regulations to prevent or minimize property damage.
421:
full capacity may cause flooding to spread to other
335:
or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and human-made
5108:
5047:
4929:
4791:
4763:
4664:
4636:
4568:
4390:
4257:
4174:
4096:
4007:
2685:"Flood Risk Management in Canada | Research report"
2272:"The Global Flood Protection Benefits of Mangroves"
1333:Following the misery and destruction caused by the
3104:Thaler, Thomas; Levin-Keitel, Meike (2016-01-01).
2120:
809:has been addressed with coastal defenses, such as
702:is an example of a concrete flood control channel.
3722:"In pictures: Rotterdam strengthens sea defences"
3464:"China blows up seventh dike to divert flooding."
433:Protection of wider areas such as towns or cities
3248:International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
552:There are many adaptation options for flooding:
161:practices have to handle natural processes like
87:to prevent a recurrence of a catastrophic flood.
2585:Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance
2192:"A City Prepares for a Warm Long-Term Forecast"
1744:Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance
457:In the US, communities that participate in the
309:, severe winds over water, unusual high tides,
3751:"Dutch Architects Plan for a Floating Future."
2533:"New weapon in the fight against flood damage"
1579:(4). MDPI (published 10 February 2023): 2035.
1234:In an act of successful flood prevention, the
1218:provides a method of diverting water from the
1071:as more areas will be effected by flood risk.
635:to hold extra water during times of flooding.
3977:
3317:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC.
2052:"Sustainable Communities - Climate Resiience"
8:
3362:. Reuters. November 19, 2015. Archived from
1147:). The system kept Winnipeg safe during the
794:. The Knostrop weir was operated during the
580:Raising pumps at wastewater treatment plants
61:this article until the discussion is closed.
3333:"New York Today: In Hurricane Sandy's Wake"
2489:"Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme: Phase One"
1474:Flooding is the greatest natural hazard in
3984:
3970:
3962:
3790:Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)
3300:. Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency
2899:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2225:"Cities Embrace the Adaptation Imperative"
928:or inflatable impermeable sacks are used.
583:Buying out homeowners in flood-prone areas
3692:"Optimal Strategies for Flood Prevention"
3331:Schlossberg, Tatiana (October 29, 2015).
3168:
3061:
2931:
2868:Flood modeling, prediction and mitigation
2718:
2383:
2311:
1610:
1592:
741:Floodplains and groundwater replenishment
556:Installing better flood defences such as
537:Flooding can occur in cities or towns as
3523:Hydrology and Water Resources Department
1359:
1171:is the lead flood control agency. After
604:systems. This separates stormwater from
586:Raising street level to prevent flooding
173:. Flood control is an important part of
4583:International scale of river difficulty
1556:
1378:, a huge mechanical barrier across the
934:Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station
541:. It can also take place by the sea as
150:, for handling the increase in water.
3875:Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3763:Broad, William J. (6 September 2005).
3753:National Public Radio, Washington, DC.
2892:
2769:Environmental Modelling & Software
2745:
2734:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2441:http://www.publications.usace.army.mil
1834:
1832:
450:, including the floodplain for a 1 in
3914:Ministry for the Environment (2022).
3641:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
3190:
3188:
3151:Thale, Thomas; Priest, Sally (2016).
3099:
3097:
2417:"A Stronger, More Resilient New York"
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1181:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
750:re-engineered to act as floodplains.
7:
1994:"Missouri Buyout Program - FEMA.gov"
1823:
1684:"UNTERM, search term: flood control"
1645:
1562:
1560:
1098:Lists of floods in the United States
523:Climate change adaptation § Flooding
491:In the United States, FEMA produces
3942:. Forest and Bird. 2022. p. 3.
3042:Journal of Environmental Management
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1194:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1043:and is part of the larger field of
372:Protection of individual properties
3651:Halliday, Josh (30 October 2023).
3110:Environmental Science & Policy
2973:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000367
2513:Wald, Matthew L. (June 27, 2011).
1900:. BC Housing Management Commission
1740:"Flood Risk Management Strategies"
1187:(NYCT) sealed subway entrances in
774:in Toronto, a weir was built near
25:
3481:Mountain Research and Development
3197:"Flood risk and flood management"
2961:Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
2223:Revkin, Andrew C. (23 May 2011).
1405:was completed in 2008 to protect
3828:Journal of Flood Risk Management
3617:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x
3573:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x
2824:Journal of Flood Risk Management
2078:Journal of Flood Risk Management
1464:movable semi-circular structures
872:closes the main entrance to the
844:This section is an excerpt from
687:This section is an excerpt from
521:This section is an excerpt from
459:National Flood Insurance Program
297:This section is an excerpt from
34:
4740:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1207:, with numerous breaks, during
1185:New York City Transit Authority
3803:Ko Tatou LGNZ (6 April 2022).
3203:. Advances in Flood Research.
3195:Plate, Erich J. (2002-10-01).
2364:Environmental Research Letters
2190:Kaufman, Leslie (2011-05-23).
2173:"Cities combat climate change"
2171:Koch, Wendy (15 August 2011).
1490:, such as the widening of the
1374:is protected from flooding by
1123:, passing through the city of
589:Using and protecting mangroves
564:and increased pumping capacity
349:Reducing the impacts of floods
292:Coastal flooding § Causes
70:Flood control (communications)
1:
3918:. The New Zealand Government.
3869:McSaveney, E (12 June 2006).
3426:Ripley, Amanda (2006-08-28).
3221:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00135-X
3063:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109317
2789:10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.10.015
2658:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.023
2385:10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074005
1222:when a river flood threatens
1201:New Orleans Metropolitan Area
876:, the largest port in Europe.
745:Excess water can be used for
259:natural hazards and disasters
126:to prevent flooding, such as
4906:Universal Soil Loss Equation
4856:Hydrological transport model
4750:Storm Water Management Model
3298:"What is Hazard Mitigation?"
3130:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.007
3000:Geophysical Monograph Series
2561:. 2013-06-12. Archived from
1969:City of Charlotte Government
1169:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
986:Flood mapping also provides
938:2011 Missouri River Flooding
920:Temporary perimeter barriers
547:glacial lake outburst floods
239:Non-structural flood control
134:is more and more to rely on
68:For the protocol issue, see
3268:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101865
3170:10.1051/e3sconf/20160720009
2709:Demeritt, J. Porter and D.
2593:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_2
2244:Hillary Russ (2013-07-03).
1924:. Disaster Management Today
1865:10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100080
1752:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_8
1458:sensors detecting imminent
1290:Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands
18:Protection against flooding
5256:
4410:Antecedent drainage stream
3445:. Kyoto City Council. 2004
3008:10.1002/9781119217930.ch14
2296:10.1038/s41598-020-61136-6
1443:closing occurred in 1932.
1167:In the United States, the
1095:
1032:
911:Self-closing flood barrier
843:
686:
520:
468:
352:
296:
289:
67:
5174:
5146:River valley civilization
5029:Riparian-zone restoration
3871:"'Floods'- Flood control"
3749:Palca, Joe (2008-01-28).
3514:Semi, Naginder S (1989).
3407:"How to Read a Flood Map"
2129:. No. September 2011
1793:10.1017/9781009325844.029
1524:Flood Control Act of 1936
1335:1910 Great Flood of Paris
1119:flows northward from the
1000:factors such as terrain,
951:Other solutions, such as
747:groundwater replenishment
516:Climate change adaptation
493:flood insurance rate maps
412:Protection of communities
186:environmental engineering
184:Flood control is part of
175:climate change adaptation
5209:Countries without rivers
5184:Rivers by discharge rate
4896:Runoff model (reservoir)
4861:Infiltration (hydrology)
3637:See Jeffrey H. Jackson,
2341:environmentalresearchweb
1339:Les Grands Lacs de Seine
888:, designed to prevent a
233:Structural flood control
4881:River Continuum Concept
4646:Agricultural wastewater
2335:Kate Ravilious (2016).
2155:8 December 2016 at the
1509:Disaster risk reduction
1384:North Sea flood of 1953
1022:disaster risk reduction
380:Emergency flood barrier
5204:River name etymologies
5131:Hydraulic civilization
4989:Floodplain restoration
4765:Point source pollution
4540:Sedimentary structures
3936:Making Room for Rivers
3931:Tukua Ngā Awa Kei Rere
3897:Water & Atmosphere
3708:10.1287/mnsc.2015.2395
3157:E3S Web of Conferences
2744:Cite journal requires
1804:Basic Biology (2016).
1488:nature based solutions
1368:
1263:
1017:Stakeholder engagement
1012:Stakeholder engagement
959:Non-structural methods
877:
861:
706:Flood control channels
703:
655:
534:
484:, North Carolina, and
381:
313:, or failure of dams,
287:
88:
85:Humber River (Ontario)
4816:Discharge (hydrology)
4778:Industrial wastewater
4259:Sedimentary processes
3597:Global Change Biology
3553:Global Change Biology
2871:. Cham, Switzerland.
2119:Rosenzweig, Cynthia.
1364:Flood barrier on the
1363:
1254:
1049:flood risk assessment
1035:Flood risk assessment
1029:Flood risk assessment
970:flood warning systems
867:
855:
698:
689:Flood control channel
647:Flood Discharging at
646:
532:
379:
290:Further information:
279:Relationship between
278:
255:flood risk assessment
251:flood risk management
153:To prevent or manage
132:landscape engineering
78:
4921:Volumetric flow rate
4505:Riffle-pool sequence
3321:Accessed 2014-01-24.
3201:Journal of Hydrology
2638:Journal of Hydrology
1403:Saint Petersburg Dam
1284:The consequences of
1127:(where it meets the
708:are large and empty
388:important areas and
355:Flood § Effects
257:. In the context of
5095:Whitewater kayaking
5090:Whitewater canoeing
4891:Runoff curve number
4735:Flood pulse concept
3840:2022JFRM...15E2777C
3728:. 27 November 2009.
3609:2007GCBio..13.2379B
3565:2007GCBio..13.2379B
3366:on December 8, 2015
3260:2020IJDRR..5001865D
3213:2002JHyd..267....2P
3122:2016ESPol..55..292T
3054:2019JEnvM.24809317A
2865:Şen, Zekâi (2018).
2781:2019EnvMS.111..483A
2650:2013JHyd..487...39G
2376:2016ERL....11g4005S
2288:2020NatSR..10.4404M
2127:Scientific American
1857:2020WatSe..1100080B
1822:, 2008 (see below:
1644:, 2008 (see below:
1585:2023Senso..23.2035P
1436:Oosterscheldekering
1155:, North Dakota and
1087:Examples by country
858:Oosterscheldekering
796:2019 England floods
366:hydroelectric power
281:impervious surfaces
136:soft infrastructure
124:hard infrastructure
5121:Aquatic toxicology
5034:Stream restoration
4999:Infiltration basin
4851:Hydrological model
4367:Sediment transport
4190:Estavelle/Inversac
4068:Subterranean river
3848:10.1111/jfr3.12777
3792:. 2008. p. v.
3769:The New York Times
3696:Management Science
3671:on 30 October 2023
3443:"History of Kyoto"
3338:The New York Times
2836:10.1111/jfr3.12276
2689:Geneva Association
2587:. pp. 25–33.
2519:The New York Times
2276:Scientific Reports
2230:The New York Times
2196:The New York Times
2090:10.1111/jfr3.12239
1781:Annex II: Glossary
1530:Coastal management
1369:
1264:
1236:federal government
1141:Red River Floodway
878:
862:
704:
661:water conservation
656:
623:Structural methods
535:
444:Environment Agency
408:in the landscape.
382:
288:
271:Causes of flooding
179:climate resilience
159:coastal management
89:
5217:
5216:
5194:Whitewater rivers
5100:Whitewater slalom
4931:River engineering
4831:Groundwater model
4792:River measurement
4720:Flood forecasting
4535:Sedimentary basin
4392:Fluvial landforms
4297:Bed material load
4073:River bifurcation
3603:(11): 2379–2395.
3559:(11): 2379–2395.
3017:978-1-119-21793-0
2878:978-3-319-52356-9
2610:978-3-319-67698-2
2555:Dunfermline Press
1818:"Flood Control",
1761:978-3-319-67699-9
1640:"Flood Control",
1594:10.3390/s23042035
1220:Mississippi River
1216:Morganza Spillway
1209:Hurricane Katrina
1145:Portage Diversion
1129:Assiniboine River
1109:Canadian province
1069:by climate change
988:conceptual models
942:skid-steer loader
874:Port of Rotterdam
815:beach nourishment
782:in October 1954.
653:2020 China floods
612:in Kuala Lumpur.
571:Rainwater storage
465:Strategic retreat
218:flood alleviation
83:was built on the
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
5247:
5240:Water management
5179:Rivers by length
5014:River morphology
4916:Wetted perimeter
4821:Drainage density
4332:Headward erosion
4161:Perennial stream
4033:Blackwater river
3986:
3979:
3972:
3963:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3702:(5): 1644–1656.
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3667:. Archived from
3648:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3476:
3470:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3065:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2933:10.3390/w9060445
2911:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2722:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2539:. July 31, 2014.
2529:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2493:www.leeds.gov.uk
2485:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2387:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:. Archived from
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2159:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2004:on July 6, 2016.
2000:. Archived from
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1971:. Archived from
1961:
1955:
1954:
1953:on June 2, 2014.
1949:. Archived from
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1836:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1596:
1564:
1407:Saint Petersburg
1347:
1205:catastrophically
807:Coastal flooding
802:Coastal defenses
682:Diversion canals
672:Mount Morris Dam
649:Xin'an River Dam
543:coastal flooding
362:bridge abutments
247:Flood management
214:flood protection
210:flood mitigation
155:coastal flooding
118:type and of the
96:flood mitigation
54:under discussion
50:
48:Flood management
38:
37:
30:
21:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5189:Drainage basins
5170:
5104:
5043:
5019:Retention basin
4979:Erosion control
4974:Detention basin
4925:
4841:Hjulström curve
4793:
4787:
4759:
4703:Non-water flood
4660:
4632:
4578:Helicoidal flow
4564:
4465:Fluvial terrace
4460:Floating island
4386:
4261:
4253:
4244:Rhythmic spring
4178:
4170:
4151:Stream gradient
4092:
4078:River ecosystem
4043:Channel pattern
4011:
4003:
3990:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3632:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3532:on 24 July 2011
3529:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3493:10.2307/3673202
3478:
3477:
3473:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2967:(10): 781–790.
2954:
2953:
2949:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2891:
2879:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2743:
2733:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2611:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2347:on 7 March 2018
2334:
2333:
2329:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2157:Wayback Machine
2148:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1824:Further reading
1817:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1646:Further reading
1639:
1628:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1504:
1472:
1448:parking garages
1427:
1425:The Netherlands
1399:
1358:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1312:(1902) and the
1302:
1249:
1189:lower Manhattan
1173:Hurricane Sandy
1165:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1077:
1061:extreme weather
1045:risk management
1037:
1031:
1014:
997:
995:Flood modelling
983:
965:risk management
961:
922:
913:
908:
907:
849:
841:
819:barrier islands
804:
780:Hurricane Hazel
756:
743:
738:
737:
734:bodies of water
724:, so that if a
692:
684:
641:
633:retention ponds
625:
620:
619:
616:Hurricane Sandy
526:
518:
510:Hurricane Sandy
505:
478:Hurricane Sandy
473:
471:Managed retreat
467:
435:
414:
374:
357:
351:
346:
341:
340:
333:stream channels
319:retention ponds
302:
294:
273:
202:
140:natural systems
112:extreme weather
73:
62:
46:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5253:
5251:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Stone skipping
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4964:Drop structure
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4944:Balancing lake
4941:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4871:Playfair's law
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4826:Exner equation
4823:
4818:
4813:
4811:Bradshaw model
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4698:Urban flooding
4690:
4685:
4683:Crevasse splay
4680:
4678:100-year flood
4674:
4672:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4638:Surface runoff
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:Stream capture
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4530:Rock-cut basin
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4372:Suspended load
4369:
4364:
4362:Secondary flow
4359:
4354:
4352:Retrogradation
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:Dissolved load
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4249:Spring horizon
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:Mineral spring
4231:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4215:list in the US
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:Stream channel
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:Drainage basin
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:Alluvial river
4019:
4017:
4005:
4004:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3956:Flood articles
3951:
3950:External links
3948:
3946:
3945:
3921:
3906:
3887:
3861:
3817:
3795:
3774:
3755:
3742:
3731:
3713:
3682:
3643:
3630:
3586:
3543:
3506:
3471:
3456:
3434:
3419:
3398:
3377:
3351:
3323:
3319:"Civil Works."
3310:
3289:
3234:
3184:
3143:
3093:
3028:
3016:
2986:
2947:
2906:
2877:
2857:
2810:
2755:
2746:|journal=
2720:10.1068/a44660
2701:
2671:
2624:
2609:
2575:
2542:
2524:
2505:
2480:
2462:
2444:
2432:
2421:nyc Government
2407:
2327:
2262:
2236:
2215:
2182:
2160:
2139:
2111:
2061:
2043:
2025:
2007:
1985:
1956:
1934:
1910:
1895:"Flood Events"
1886:
1845:Water Security
1828:
1811:
1796:
1772:
1760:
1723:
1699:
1675:
1665:. 30 July 2021
1650:
1626:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1471:
1468:
1426:
1423:
1398:
1395:
1376:Thames Barrier
1357:
1356:United Kingdom
1354:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1314:Aswan High Dam
1301:
1298:
1255:Floodgates in
1248:
1245:
1164:
1161:
1137:spring of 1950
1104:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1065:sea level rise
1033:Main article:
1030:
1027:
1013:
1010:
1006:remote sensing
996:
993:
982:
979:
960:
957:
921:
918:
912:
909:
870:Maeslantkering
850:
842:
840:
837:
803:
800:
755:
754:River defenses
752:
742:
739:
693:
685:
683:
680:
676:Seven Oaks Dam
640:
637:
624:
621:
598:
597:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
568:
565:
558:flood barriers
539:urban flooding
527:
519:
517:
514:
504:
501:
469:Main article:
466:
463:
452:100-year flood
434:
431:
413:
410:
373:
370:
353:Main article:
350:
347:
345:
342:
326:surface runoff
303:
299:Flood § Causes
295:
285:surface runoff
272:
269:
244:
243:
236:
201:
198:
171:climate change
167:sea level rise
120:non-structural
64:
63:
60:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5252:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:Flood control
5228:
5227:
5225:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Surface water
5159:
5157:
5156:Sacred waters
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Riparian zone
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Body of water
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:Riverboarding
5073:
5071:
5070:River surfing
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:and modelling
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4755:Return period
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Flood control
4713:
4711:
4710:Flood barrier
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Palaeochannel
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:Granular flow
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
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4086:
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4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Channel types
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Braided river
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:(2): e12777.
3833:
3829:
3821:
3818:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3756:
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3740:
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3429:
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3408:
3402:
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3340:
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3327:
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3299:
3293:
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3257:
3253:
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3210:
3206:
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3198:
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3158:
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3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3098:
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3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
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3059:
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3047:
3043:
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3029:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
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2974:
2970:
2966:
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2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:: S855–S865.
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
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2726:
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2655:
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2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2565:on 2014-07-14
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
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2543:
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2534:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
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2418:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:(7): 074005.
2369:
2365:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
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2240:
2237:
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2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2128:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:: S468–S478.
2083:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1975:on 2017-04-16
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1713:
1712:unterm.un.org
1709:
1703:
1700:
1689:
1688:unterm.un.org
1685:
1679:
1676:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1647:
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1637:
1635:
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1618:
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1595:
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1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Tidal barrage
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Flood barrier
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1469:
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1362:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Aswan Low Dam
1307:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:deforestation
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:New York City
1174:
1170:
1163:United States
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:Lake Winnipeg
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:United States
1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1092:North America
1091:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
989:
981:Flood mapping
980:
978:
975:
971:
966:
958:
956:
954:
949:
945:
943:
939:
935:
929:
927:
919:
917:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:flood barrier
875:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
846:Flood barrier
839:Flood barrier
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
783:
781:
777:
776:Raymore Drive
773:
770:, but on the
769:
765:
761:
753:
751:
748:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:surface water
711:
707:
701:
697:
690:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
654:
650:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
622:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
595:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
577:
572:
569:
566:
563:
559:
555:
554:
553:
550:
548:
544:
540:
531:
524:
515:
513:
511:
502:
500:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
472:
464:
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
393:
391:
387:
386:waterproofing
378:
371:
369:
367:
363:
356:
348:
343:
338:
334:
329:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
293:
286:
282:
277:
270:
268:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Flood control
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:Flood control
86:
82:
77:
71:
58:
56:
55:
51:
49:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5199:Flash floods
5151:River cruise
5048:River sports
4901:Stream gauge
4886:Rouse number
4876:Relief ratio
4725:Flood-meadow
4714:
4656:Urban runoff
4570:Fluvial flow
4555:River valley
4525:River island
4490:Meander scar
4405:Alluvial fan
4347:Progradation
4222:Karst spring
4166:Winterbourne
4121:Chalk stream
4083:River source
4058:Distributary
3935:
3930:
3924:
3915:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3878:. Retrieved
3874:
3864:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3798:
3777:
3768:
3758:
3745:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3669:the original
3657:The Guardian
3656:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3536:15 September
3534:. Retrieved
3527:the original
3522:
3509:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3467:China Daily.
3466:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3437:
3430:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3386:"Flood Maps"
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3336:
3326:
3313:
3302:. Retrieved
3292:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3204:
3200:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3113:
3109:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3021:, retrieved
2999:
2989:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2867:
2860:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2737:cite journal
2704:
2693:. Retrieved
2691:. 2020-11-24
2688:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2584:
2578:
2567:. Retrieved
2563:the original
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:
2410:
2367:
2363:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2340:
2330:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2254:. Retrieved
2249:
2239:
2228:
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2195:
2185:
2176:
2131:. Retrieved
2126:
2114:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2056:www1.nyc.gov
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2020:www.fema.gov
2019:
2010:
2002:the original
1998:www.fema.gov
1997:
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1968:
1959:
1951:the original
1947:www.fema.gov
1946:
1937:
1926:. Retrieved
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1889:
1848:
1844:
1814:
1799:
1779:IPCC, 2022:
1775:
1765:, retrieved
1743:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1576:
1572:
1473:
1445:
1428:
1411:storm surges
1400:
1388:
1380:River Thames
1370:
1366:River Thames
1332:
1303:
1294:
1283:
1272:
1265:
1233:
1213:
1198:
1166:
1159:, Manitoba.
1106:
1078:
1058:
1054:
1038:
1015:
998:
984:
962:
950:
946:
930:
923:
914:
879:
823:
805:
784:
772:Humber River
757:
744:
700:Tujunga Wash
665:
657:
626:
610:SMART Tunnel
599:
576:rain barrels
551:
536:
506:
490:
474:
456:
448:City of York
436:
415:
394:
383:
358:
323:
304:
265:Flood relief
264:
263:
250:
246:
245:
238:
232:
227:
217:
213:
209:
205:
203:
183:
152:
148:flood plains
119:
115:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
45:
43:
5060:Fly fishing
4984:Fish ladder
4969:Daylighting
4688:Flash flood
4651:First flush
4598:Plunge pool
4322:Downcutting
4307:Debris flow
4282:Aggradation
4156:Stream pool
3903:(1): 20–21.
3469:2003-07-07.
3412:December 3,
3391:December 3,
3370:December 3,
3344:December 3,
3207:(1): 2–11.
3116:: 292–301.
2775:: 483–492.
2601:1874/364499
2559:Dunfermline
2498:17 November
2282:(1): 4404.
1820:MSN Encarta
1642:MSN Encarta
1526:(in the US)
1494:channel in
1476:New Zealand
1462:failure to
1452:playgrounds
1441:Afsluitdijk
1432:Delta Works
1419:water level
1391:Storm Babet
1342: [
1308:, both the
1228:Baton Rouge
1224:New Orleans
1157:Ste. Agathe
1153:Grand Forks
1131:) and into
936:during the
894:spring tide
890:storm surge
726:flash flood
390:sandbagging
200:Terminology
194:flood gates
128:flood walls
104:alleviation
59:do not move
5224:Categories
5166:Wild river
4846:Hydrograph
4836:Hack's law
4801:Baer's law
4745:Inundation
4730:Floodplain
4670:stormwater
4628:Whitewater
4500:Oxbow lake
4337:Knickpoint
4312:Deposition
4205:Hot spring
4146:Streamflow
4136:Stream bed
4053:Confluence
3958:– BBC News
3788:(Report).
3675:30 October
3449:11 January
3304:2014-04-07
3254:: 101865.
3048:: 109317.
3023:2023-02-15
2926:(6): 445.
2887:1011501335
2695:2021-10-29
2569:2014-07-04
2426:2023-02-08
2256:2023-02-08
2209:2023-02-08
2133:2023-02-08
1979:2017-05-22
1965:"Flooding"
1928:2019-07-06
1904:2021-06-24
1851:: 100080.
1806:"Wetlands"
1767:2021-11-03
1717:2023-07-21
1693:2023-07-21
1669:2021-11-04
1552:References
1535:Hydrosacks
1519:Flood wall
1496:Wellington
1492:Hutt River
1149:1997 flood
1096:See also:
898:floodwalls
825:Tide gates
788:River Aire
606:blackwater
602:stormwater
503:Resilience
337:reservoirs
190:floodwalls
142:, such as
116:structural
100:protection
5136:Limnology
5085:Triathlon
5055:Canyoning
5024:Revetment
4954:Check dam
4866:Main stem
4623:Waterfall
4510:Point bar
4495:Mouth bar
4435:Billabong
4382:Water gap
4377:Wash load
4357:Saltation
4277:Anabranch
4200:Holy well
4088:Tributary
3856:244541176
3665:0261-3077
3284:224900317
3276:2212-4209
3229:0022-1694
3179:2267-1242
3163:: 20009.
3138:1462-9011
3088:199507673
3072:0301-4797
2981:1084-0699
2942:2073-4441
2895:cite book
2844:1753-318X
2797:1364-8152
2729:143980409
2666:0022-1694
2644:: 39–47.
2619:169803184
2404:. 074005.
2402:133059262
2394:1748-9326
2304:2045-2322
2252:. Reuters
2204:0362-4331
2177:USA Today
2098:1753-318X
1881:229429649
1873:2468-3124
1663:ReliefWeb
1603:1424-8220
1456:high-tech
1434:with the
1415:ring road
1279:diversion
1117:Red River
1002:hydrology
974:insurance
953:HydroSack
886:floodgate
811:sea walls
768:millponds
732:or other
666:The term
629:terracing
562:sea walls
482:Charlotte
423:waterways
165:but also
57:. Please
4939:Aqueduct
4806:Baseflow
4773:Effluent
4450:Cut bank
4415:Avulsion
4292:Bed load
4272:Abrasion
3726:BBC News
3625:53608837
3581:53608837
3080:31394474
2852:59940176
2805:54459631
2537:Fox News
2322:32157114
2153:Archived
2106:55098365
1621:36850632
1502:See also
1480:Aotearoa
1241:wetlands
1143:and the
1125:Winnipeg
1113:Manitoba
1041:flooding
926:sandbags
792:Knostrop
718:flooding
594:moraines
486:Missouri
402:wetlands
344:Purposes
311:tsunamis
307:snowmelt
225:waters.
5116:Aquifer
5109:Related
5065:Rafting
4593:Meander
4588:Log jam
4550:Thalweg
4455:Estuary
4327:Erosion
4264:erosion
4176:Springs
4131:Current
4098:Streams
4038:Channel
4001:springs
3997:streams
3880:3 March
3836:Bibcode
3810:3 March
3605:Bibcode
3561:Bibcode
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