66:
842:
The palatalized plosives and are not carried down into any of the modern families. Instead they are reflected differently in different branches allowing a reconstruction of these phonemes as palatalized plosives. In the western branch (Chujean–Qʼanjobʼalan and Cholan) they are reflected as and .
1106:
into . Wastek also is the only Mayan language to have a phonemic labialized velar phoneme , but this is known to be a postcolonial development. Comparing colonial documents in Wastek to modern Wastek it can be seen that they were originally clusters of and a rounded vowel followed by a glide. For
1123:
Vowel length distinction has been lost in Qʼanjobʼalan-Chujean (except for Mochoʼ and
Akateko), Kaqchikel and Cholan. Some languages have reduced the vowel length distinction into a tense lax distinction that was later lost for most vowels, Kaqchikel however retains a centralized lax
1057:
The changes of Proto-Mayan glottal fricative are many and it has different reflexes according to position. In some positions it has added length to the preceding vowel in languages that preserve a length distinction. In other languages it has the reflexes , , , or a zero-reflex.
62:. While there has been some controversy with Mayan subgrouping, there has been a general agreement that the following are the main five subgroups of the family: Huastecan, Yucatecan, Cholan-Tzeltalan, Kanjobalan-Chujean, and Quichean-Mamean.
484:
from proto-Mayan to the modern languages are used as the basis of the classification of the Mayan languages. Each sound change may be shared by a number of languages; a grey background indicates no change.
1260:, 1967, 1969, R. Wauchope (series ed.). Vol 7 (ethnographic sketches of Mayan groups), Volume 5 (linguistic sketches and other useful materials). F 1434, H 3, LAC (ref).
1061:
Only Kʼichean–Mamean and some Qʼanjobʼalan languages have retained Proto-Mayan uvular stops and whereas all other branches have changed these into and respectively.
920:
The Proto-Mayan liquid is reflected as in the western languages (Chujean–Qʼanjobʼalan and Cholan), Huastecan and
Yukatek but as in Mamean and in Kʼichean and Poqom.
1001:
is reflected as in the eastern branches (Kʼichean–Mamean), as in Qʼanjobʼalan, Cholan and
Yukatekan, and only conserved as in Chuj and Poptí. In Huastecan
1331:
1283:
1288:
1107:
example, the word for "vulture" which in modern Wastek is pronounced was written <cuyx> in colonial Wastek and pronounced .
65:
1324:
1128:-like vowel as a reflex of Proto-Mayan . Two languages, Yukatek and Uspantek and one dialect of Tzotzil have introduced a
1548:
1823:
1818:
1317:
1502:
1783:
1711:
1467:
1461:
1522:
1357:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1002:
998:
986:
981:
976:
971:
961:
956:
951:
946:
909:
904:
899:
894:
884:
879:
874:
869:
668:
223:
1664:
1776:
1752:
1450:
1414:
55:
1695:
1674:
78:
The Proto-Mayan language is reconstructed (Campbell and
Kaufman 1985) as having the following sounds:
1435:
1293:
1716:
1373:
1348:
1669:
1644:
1129:
1564:
1299:
1132:
distinction in vowels between high and low tones as reflexes of former vowel length and and .
1726:
1721:
1630:
1604:
1543:
1455:
1409:
1388:
1690:
1589:
1488:
1483:
1363:
1158:
1538:
1340:
51:
29:
1120:
All Cholan languages have changed long proto-Mayan vowels and into and respectively.
1162:
1799:
1744:
1393:
1812:
1659:
1609:
1517:
1289:
Bibliography of Maya related topics from the
University of Texas Anthropology website
1625:
1084:
1080:
into . These retroflex affricates and fricatives later diffused into Qʼanjobʼalan.
481:
59:
39:
1117:
Several languages particularly Cholan and
Yucatecan have changed short into .
1304:
843:
In Mamean they are reflected as and and in
Yukatek and Kʼichean as and .
1254:. (Ukutaʼmil Ramaqʼiil Utzijobʼaal ri Mayaʼ Amaaqʼ.) Cholsamaj. Guatemala.
1149:
Campbell, L.; Kaufman, T. (1985). "Mayan
Linguistics: Where Are We Now?".
1228:
Campbell, Lyle, 1998, "Historical
Linguistics", Thames & Hudson p.170
489:
Overview of soundrules from Proto-Mayan to modern Mayan language groups
1309:
1125:
1313:
1087:
words
Kaqchikel and Tzʼutujil have changed a final Proto-Mayan
1280:– Spanish/Mayan site, the primary authority on Mayan Languages
64:
1277:
1102:
Huastecan is the only branch to have changed Proto-Mayan
1296:
contains more than 40,000 entries for 31 Mayan languages
1110:
The Yucatecan languages have all shifted Proto-Mayan
50:
is the hypothetical common ancestor of the 30 living
1252:
Autonomia de los Idiomas Mayas: Historia e identidad
1174:
1172:
1761:
1743:
1704:
1683:
1652:
1643:
1618:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1557:
1531:
1510:
1501:
1476:
1443:
1434:
1427:
1402:
1381:
1372:
1347:
35:
25:
20:
1300:English Words and their Classic Maya Equivalents
1267:. 1985. "Mayan Linguistics: Where are We Now?"
1188:
1186:
1184:
1325:
1294:The Mayan Languages- A Comparative Vocabulary
111:. Each of these occurring as short and long:
8:
1064:In Mamean a chain shift took place changing
1192:adapted from cognate list in England (1994)
1649:
1594:
1585:
1507:
1440:
1431:
1378:
1332:
1318:
1310:
1278:The Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages
1007:
922:
845:
807:
786:
765:
744:
703:
666:
647:
621:
618:
600:
487:
143:
1141:
17:
1305:Ethnologue Mayan language family tree
7:
1263:Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman,
1258:Handbook of Middle American Indians
1163:10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.001155
14:
630:*ty > ty/t, *tyʼ > tyʼ/tʼ
847:reflexes of Proto-Mayan and
1:
1265:Annual Review of Anthropology
1151:Annual Review of Anthropology
1114:into in wordfinal position.
69:Genealogy of Mayan languages.
1284:Yucatec – English Dictionary
826:
723:
688:
615:
577:
554:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
1237:England (1994), pp.110–111.
1009:reflexes of Proto-Mayan
924:reflexes of Proto-Mayan
639:*ty > tz, *tyʼ > tzʼ
636:*ty > tʃ, *tyʼ > tʃʼ
627:*ty > tʃ, *tyʼ > tʃʼ
1840:
1793:
1201:England (1994), pp.30–31.
638:
635:
633:*ty > t, *tyʼ > tʼ
632:
629:
626:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
468:
465:
458:
451:
448:
445:
435:
432:
429:
426:
416:
413:
403:
400:
393:
390:
383:
376:
363:
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348:
342:
339:
320:
317:
288:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
1250:England, Nora C., 1994,
997:Proto-Mayan velar nasal
1219:Campbell (1997), p.164.
648:*e: > i, *o: > u
601:*q > k, *qʼ > kʼ
70:
26:Reconstruction of
1532:Qʼanjobʼalan–Jakaltek
1210:England (1994), p.37.
1178:England (1994), p.35.
503:Qʼanjobʼalan–Chujean
480:The following set of
68:
56:Classic Maya language
1503:Qʼanjobalan–Chujean
1010:
925:
848:
490:
1008:
1005:is reflected as .
923:
846:
827:*-ɓ > -ʔ/VCV_#
488:
71:
58:documented in the
1806:
1805:
1800:extinct languages
1784:Classical Kʼicheʼ
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1639:
1638:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1497:
1496:
1423:
1422:
1055:
1054:
995:
994:
918:
917:
835:
834:
550:
545:
540:
533:
500:Cholan–Tzeltalan
473:
472:
60:Maya inscriptions
54:, as well as the
45:
44:
1831:
1650:
1645:Greater Quichean
1595:
1586:
1508:
1441:
1436:Cholan–Tzeltalan
1432:
1403:Yucatec–Lacandon
1379:
1364:Huastec (Wastek)
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948:
926:
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881:
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871:
849:
745:CVʔVC > CVʔC
670:
548:
543:
536:
531:
506:Kʼichean–Mamean
491:
225:
144:
18:
1839:
1838:
1834:
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1824:Proto-languages
1819:Mayan languages
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1757:
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1679:
1653:Quichean proper
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1614:
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1341:Mayan languages
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1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
840:
578:*h > w/_o,u
538:
478:
76:
52:Mayan languages
30:Mayan languages
12:
11:
5:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1810:
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1794:
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1619:Mamean proper
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1358:Chicomuceltec
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689:*-t > -tʃ
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532:Core Kʼicheʼ
530:
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517:Qʼanjobʼalan
509:
492:
486:
483:
482:sound changes
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133:
128:
127:
122:
121:
116:
115:
110:
109:
104:
103:
98:
97:
92:
91:
86:
85:
81:Five vowels:
79:
73:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
38:
34:
31:
28:
24:
19:
16:
1795:
1782:
1777:Classic Maya
1775:
1769:
1768:
1753:Cauque Mayan
1460:
1415:Yucatec Maya
1356:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1085:polysyllabic
1082:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1014:Proto-Mayan
996:
929:Proto-Mayan
919:
852:Proto-Mayan
841:
838:Developments
808:*tʃ > tʂ
724:*-h > -j
713:*-h > -j
479:
460:
453:
441:
421:
417:
409:
395:
385:
378:
372:
364:
358:
349:
343:
335:
312:
306:
300:
294:
284:
276:
270:
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
219:
213:
208:
137:
136:
131:
130:
125:
124:
119:
118:
113:
112:
107:
106:
101:
100:
95:
94:
89:
88:
83:
82:
80:
77:
47:
46:
15:
1770:Proto-Mayan
1722:Sipakapense
1157:: 187–198.
1017:Qʼanjobʼal
855:Qʼanjobʼal
704:*t > tʃ
476:Sound rules
48:Proto-Mayan
40:Mesoamerica
21:Proto-Mayan
1813:Categories
1717:Sakapultek
1549:Qʼanjobʼal
1523:Tojolabʼal
1382:Mopan–Itza
1136:References
1095:into and
1076:into and
787:*r > j
766:*r > t
622:*ŋ > x
619:*ŋ > n
616:*ŋ > h
555:*w > b
537:Kaqchikel-
514:Tzeltalan
497:Yucatecan
494:Huastecan
1798:indicate
1696:Poqomchiʼ
1675:Tzʼutujil
1670:Kaqchikel
1477:Tzeltalan
1374:Yucatecan
1349:Huastecan
667:*a: >
539:Tzʼutujil
523:Kʼichean
336:Fricative
285:Affricate
200:ejective
194:ejective
188:ejective
182:ejective
176:ejective
153:Alveolar
150:Bilabial
74:Phonology
1727:Uspantek
1631:Tektitek
1605:Awakatek
1544:Jakaltek
1468:Chʼortiʼ
1462:Chʼoltiʼ
1410:Lacandon
1026:English
941:English
938:Kʼicheʼ
932:Yukatek
864:English
861:Kʼicheʼ
520:Chujean
511:Chʼolan
231:
165:Glottal
156:Palatal
1796:Italics
1762:History
1712:Qʼeqchi
1691:Poqomam
1665:Kʼicheʼ
1598:Ixilean
1582:Eastern
1511:Chujean
1489:Tzotzil
1484:Tzeltal
1451:Chontal
1428:Western
1245:Sources
1072:into ,
1068:into ,
1023:Poptiʼ
526:Mamean
469:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
449:
446:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
414:
404:
401:
398:
394:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
367:
361:
355:
352:
346:
340:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
309:
303:
297:
289:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
216:
162:Uvular
1705:others
1590:Mamean
1565:Mochoʼ
1539:Akatek
966:green
914:ashes
895:*tʲaʔŋ
870:*tʲeːʔ
410:Liquid
222:
203:plain
197:plain
191:plain
185:plain
179:plain
173:plain
170:Sound
159:Velar
36:Region
1684:Poqom
1456:Chʼol
1444:Chʼol
1394:Mopan
1389:Itzaʼ
1126:schwa
1051:tail
1032:*ŋeːh
1020:Ixil
991:fish
957:tʃaʔʃ
947:*raʔʃ
935:Ixil
910:tʃaːχ
905:tsaʔχ
889:tree
885:tʃeːʔ
442:Glide
373:Nasal
220:bʼ/pʼ
147:Type
1660:Achi
1610:Ixil
1518:Chuj
1130:tone
1091:and
982:tʃaj
972:*kar
952:jaʔʃ
880:tseʔ
858:Mam
549:Ixil
209:Stop
135:and
105:and
1626:Mam
1159:doi
1083:In
1047:ŋeh
1042:xeh
987:kar
977:kaj
962:raʃ
900:tan
875:teʔ
544:Mam
313:chʼ
301:tsʼ
247:tyʼ
1815::
1183:^
1171:^
1155:14
1153:.
1037:ne
396:nh
307:ch
295:ts
271:qʼ
259:kʼ
241:ty
235:tʼ
141:,
138:uu
132:oo
129:,
126:ii
123:,
120:ee
117:,
114:aa
99:,
93:,
87:,
1333:e
1326:t
1319:v
1165:.
1161::
1112:*
1104:*
1097:*
1093:*
1089:*
1078:*
1074:*
1070:*
1066:*
1003:*
999:*
669:ɨ
461:w
454:y
422:r
418:l
386:n
379:m
365:h
359:j
350:x
344:s
265:q
253:k
229:t
224:/
214:p
108:u
102:o
96:i
90:e
84:a
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