2092:
170:
5527:
206:
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152:
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and breathy-voiced consonants, the preservation of the distinction between the two sets of Indo-Iranian voiced palatals (which merged in Indo-Aryan), and the fronting of the Proto-Indo-Iranian primary palatal consonants. The latter were retained as dental affricates in Proto-Nuristani, in contrast to
2082:
is often thought to belong to
Nuristani instead of Dardic based on its vocabulary, but its pronoun system and morphology are characteristically of Dardic origin, suggesting that the language is Indo-Aryan, with heavy Nuristani influence.
2227:, one that has never been subject to any real central authority in modern times. This area is located along the northeastern border of present-day Afghanistan and adjacent portions of the northwest of present-day
2653:
Fries, Simon; Halfmann, Jakob; Hill, Eugen; Hübner, Denise (2023). "From noun to future tense: The functional diachrony of the l-future in the
Nuristani languages and its typological background".
2181:, though extensive Indo-Aryan influence can be detected within the Nuristani languages, pointing to prolonged contact. According to Jakob Halfmann (2023), Nuristani may have had contact with
2820:
This site is the primary source on the linguistics and ethnography of Nuristân and neighboring regions, collected and analyzed over the last forty years by the leading scholar on Nuristân.
2231:. These languages have not received the attention linguists would like to give them. Considering the very small number of people estimated to speak them, they must be considered
2575:
2860:
1991:
5313:
1955:
1153:
5436:
4696:
2758:
Rybatzki, Volker (2013). "Vocabularies from the middle of the 20th century from
Afghanistan Part one: Iranian, Nuristani and Dardic materials II".
2173:
subgroup. However, its classification within Indo-Iranian was debated until recent research settled its position as a third branch distinct from
2729:
Rybatzki, V. (2013). "Vocabularies from the middle of the 20th century from
Afghanistan Part one: Iranian, Nuristani and Dardic materials I.".
2610:
1962:
1934:
2289:
1919:
2618:
2479:
Morgenstierne, G. (1975) . "Die
Stellung der Kafirsprachen" [The position of the Kafir languages]. In Morgenstierne, G. (ed.).
2392:
simplification to sibilants (in most of
Iranian) or interdentals (in Persian). Nuristani is distinguished by the lack of debuccalizing
2853:
1984:
1941:
872:
5638:
5306:
4389:
2594:
2583:
2546:
2315:
205:
1948:
712:
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4689:
223:
983:
5643:
3259:
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1804:
1579:
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4041:
3076:
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1977:
1549:
818:
755:
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750:
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rivers in the east. More broadly, the
Nuristan (or Kafiristan) region is located at the northern intersection of the
892:
2678:
5422:
4682:
4109:
2188:
The
Nuristani languages were not described in literature until the 19th century. The older name for the region was
850:
450:
3546:
2541:. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
2297:
2282:
5132:
4969:
4744:
4548:
4249:
4223:
3662:
2554:
K dialektologii dardskich jazykov (glangali i zemiaki). Indijskaja i iranskaja filologija: Voprosy dialektologii.
2373:
The earliest divergence of
Nuristani from the other Indo-Iranian languages may be indicated by the fact that the
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1559:
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878:
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or
Kafiristani, but the terms have been replaced by the present ones since the conversion of the region to
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2013:
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116:
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2648:. Proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. 116. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 103–117.
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in terms of culture and historic religion, and are divided between speakers of the Nuristani language,
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5115:
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2017:
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The languages are spoken by tribal peoples in an extremely isolated mountainous region of the
2182:
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31:
2076:) or Iranian until they were finally classified as forming a third branch in Indo-Iranian.
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511:
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397:
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103:
74:
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169:
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2423:(SOV) word order, like most of the other Indo-Iranian languages, and unlike the nearby
2374:
1645:
1512:
1387:
945:
899:
867:
803:
294:
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142:
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5511:
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4938:
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4276:
4190:
4165:
3950:
3289:
3190:
2787:
Strand, Richard F. (2022). "Ethnolinguistic and Genetic Clues to Nûristânî Origins".
2644:
Degener, Almuth (2002). "The Nuristani Languages". In Sims-Williams, Nicholas (ed.).
2599:
2431:
2239:
2201:
2049:
1905:
1369:
1285:
1002:
860:
476:
30:"Pisaca languages" redirects here. For another group of languages called Pisaca, see
5455:
4615:
3380:
1854:
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707:
506:
501:
491:
5386:
5218:
3693:
3508:
3011:
2771:
2742:
2712:
Kuz’Mina, E.E.; Mallory, J.P. (2007). "The genesis of the dards and nuristani".
2681:". Paper presented at the conference Sound of Indo-European 2 (Opava, Oct 2010).
2267:
2209:
2143:
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1500:
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59:
17:
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3742:
2687:"Two plant-based numeral classifiers in Nuristani languages: grain and branch"
2465:
2224:
2205:
2189:
2169:
The prehistory of Nuristani is unclear, except that it clearly belongs to the
2053:
2045:
2041:
1463:
1377:
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1020:
160:
156:
2789:
International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction
5602:
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1407:
1275:
722:
692:
136:
123:
2666:
2494:
Strand, Richard F. (1973). "Notes on the Nûristânî and Dardic Languages".
151:
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4372:
3723:
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1292:
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238:
67:
55:
2813:
Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List
2779:
2750:
5551:
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4835:
4564:
4435:
3908:
3642:
3155:
2838:
2107:
1659:
1623:
1616:
1414:
1034:
687:
667:
5291:
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2024:
groups. They have approximately 130,000 speakers primarily in eastern
5033:
4887:
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3903:
3752:
3727:
3284:
3276:
3200:
3091:
3016:
1382:
1336:
855:
672:
5414:
4674:
2628:
2608:
Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. "Indo-Iranian Languages". In:
2507:
5460:
3718:
3616:
2817:
2197:
2193:
2090:
1481:
1355:
1349:
1331:
702:
677:
2408:
in all Nuristani varieties other than Kamviri and Tregami, while
5202:
4419:
3732:
1873:
5418:
5295:
4678:
2842:
2827:
2603:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth
2072:. The languages were previously often grouped with Indo-Aryan (
4511:
2261:
2807:
2561:
Lād "law": a Bactrian loanword in the Nuristani languages
2238:
Many Nuristani people now speak other languages, such as
2565:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2716:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 307–320.
5565:
5534:
5467:
5373:
5329:
5241:
5141:
4977:
4968:
4827:
4752:
4743:
4712:
4601:
4557:
4534:
4490:
4433:
4407:
4398:
4365:
4340:
4310:
4259:
4248:
4241:
4204:
4158:
4128:
4085:
4022:
4011:
3976:
3938:
3917:
3891:
3870:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3811:
3780:
3686:
3677:
3630:
3522:
3439:
3371:
3364:
3317:
3275:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3131:
3110:
3084:
3075:
3025:
3004:
2968:
2952:
2906:
2885:
2876:
2629:- Kâmboǰâs and Sakas in the Holly-Oak Mountains.pdf
2483:(in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 327–343.
2348:
2340:
2330:
178:
in modern-day Afghanistan, where most speakers live
135:
109:
99:
73:
49:
39:
2589:Jettmar, Karl (1985). Religions of the Hindu Kush
27:Language group of the Indo-Iranian language family
2691:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics
2679:On the position of Nuristani within Indo-Iranian
2387:Nuristani shares with Iranian the merger of the
2146:(Nuristani Kalasha, Kalasha-ala) 12,000 speakers
2576:Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning
5430:
5307:
4690:
2854:
2572:Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan
2539:Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan 5
1985:
8:
2296:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5437:
5423:
5415:
5314:
5300:
5292:
4974:
4749:
4697:
4683:
4675:
4404:
4256:
4245:
4019:
3846:
3837:
3683:
3368:
3244:
3237:
3081:
2882:
2861:
2847:
2839:
2824:
1992:
1978:
1956:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
184:
2702:
2316:Learn how and when to remove this message
2012:, are one of the three groups within the
2496:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2655:STUF – Language Typology and Universals
2455:
196:
2377:does not apply after *u: e.g. Kamviri
2327:
36:
2611:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1963:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1935:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
108:
7:
2294:adding citations to reliable sources
1920:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
5277:Languages between parentheses are
2646:Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples
1942:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
2722:10.1163/ej.9789004160545.i-763.90
2048:mountains, and is drained by the
5525:
5251:(unknown further classification)
4567:(unknown further classification)
2266:
2095:A map of Nuristani Languages by
1949:Journal of Indo-European Studies
713:Bible translations into Armenian
204:
168:
150:
2714:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
224:List of Indo-European languages
159:, located on southern range of
5281:of the language on their left.
2818:Richard Strand's Nuristân Site
2419:Many Nuristani languages have
2192:and the languages were termed
2106:(Katë, Bashgali, includes the
2040:. The region inhabited by the
2028:and a few adjacent valleys in
1:
2570:Morgenstierne, Georg (1926).
1550:Proto-Indo-European mythology
819:Paleolithic continuity theory
2016:, alongside the much larger
2014:Indo-Iranian language family
1238:Northern Black Polished Ware
437:Proto-Indo-European language
2808:Reiko and Jun's Kalash Page
2772:10.1556/aorient.66.2013.4.6
2743:10.1556/aorient.66.2013.3.4
2533:Decker, Kendall D. (1992).
2400:as in Indo-Aryan. Later on
2044:is located in the southern
1555:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
5660:
2605:. Thames and Hudson, 1989.
851:Domestication of the horse
29:
5523:
5452:
5258:
4644:
2836:
2614:. Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
2567:, London, United Kingdom.
2552:Grjunberg, A. L. (1971).
2335:
1560:Historical Vedic religion
837:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
167:
149:
75:Linguistic classification
44:
5639:Languages of Afghanistan
4445:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2152:(Gambiri) 3,500 speakers
2140:(Ashkun) 40,000 speakers
2131:(Prasuni) 8,000 speakers
1565:Ancient Iranian religion
928:Novotitarovskaya culture
775:Indo-European migrations
2704:10.1515/jsall-2023-1001
2559:Jakob Halfmann (2023).
2185:in the 1st millennium.
2056:in the center, and the
1066:Northern/Eastern Steppe
5608:Nuristan National Park
4653:Indo-Iranian languages
2830:Indo-Iranian languages
2685:Hegedűs, Irén (2022).
2667:10.1515/stuf-2023-2002
2432:verb-second word order
2341:Reconstruction of
2204:are very close to the
2099:
1537:Religion and mythology
1496:Medieval Scandinavians
787:Alternative and fringe
5644:Languages of Pakistan
4323:Maharashtrian Konkani
2578:, Serie C I-2. Oslo.
2094:
1887:Indo-European studies
1250:Peoples and societies
5272:historical languages
4611:Andaman Creole Hindi
4042:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3862:Caribbean Hindustani
2870:Indo-Aryan languages
2627:Strand, Richard F. "
2623:Encyclopædia Iranica
2617:Strand, Richard F. "
2535:Languages of Chitral
2290:improve this section
2250:of Afghanistan) and
2233:endangered languages
794:Anatolian hypothesis
746:Proto-Indo-Europeans
653:Hittite inscriptions
198:Indo-European topics
5634:Nuristani languages
5578:Nuristani languages
5323:Nuristani languages
4658:Nuristani languages
4390:Mitanni superstrate
2996:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
2619:NURESTÂNI LANGUAGES
2421:subject–object–verb
2358:Proto-Indo-European
2344:Nuristani languages
2214:Indo-Aryan language
2097:Georg Morgenstierne
2066:Indian subcontinent
2006:Nuristani languages
1050:Multi-cordoned ware
921:Mikhaylovka culture
809:Indigenous Aryanism
799:Armenian hypothesis
658:Hieroglyphic Luwian
4544:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4425:Early Ardhamagadhi
2363:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2248:official languages
2100:
2030:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
630:Proto-Indo-Iranian
616:Proto-Balto-Slavic
597:Proto-Italo-Celtic
129:Southern Nuristani
5621:
5620:
5598:Landai Sin Valley
5446:Nuristan Province
5412:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5289:
5288:
5237:
5236:
4964:
4963:
4706:Iranian languages
4672:
4671:
4663:Iranian languages
4530:
4529:
4450:Dramatic Prakrits
4361:
4360:
4336:
4335:
4237:
4236:
4154:
4153:
4110:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
4007:
4006:
3827:
3826:
3673:
3672:
3663:list of languages
3360:
3359:
3313:
3312:
3229:
3228:
3071:
3070:
2428:Kashmiri language
2371:
2370:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2125:) 40,000 speakers
2052:in the west, the
2002:
2001:
1263:Anatolian peoples
1233:Painted Grey Ware
1121:Nordic Bronze Age
770:Kurgan hypothesis
723:Old Irish glosses
688:Gaulish epigraphy
183:
182:
176:Nuristan Province
16:(Redirected from
5651:
5593:Landai Sin River
5535:Populated places
5529:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5416:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5133:Zoroastrian Dari
4975:
4750:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4676:
4549:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4405:
4328:Canarese Konkani
4257:
4246:
4020:
3847:
3838:
3684:
3369:
3245:
3238:
3082:
2883:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2825:
2796:
2783:
2754:
2725:
2708:
2706:
2670:
2649:
2520:
2519:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2460:
2444:Dardic languages
2416:only in Ashkun.
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2383:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2270:
2262:
2206:Nuristani people
2074:Dardic sub-group
2034:Chitral District
2010:Kafiri languages
2008:, also known as
1994:
1987:
1980:
1835:
1828:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1683:
1669:
1662:
1648:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1393:Germanic peoples
1383:Hellenic peoples
1372:
1365:
1358:
1281:Mycenaean Greeks
1270:
1198:Thraco-Cimmerian
1096:Globular Amphora
1073:Abashevo culture
1012:
1005:
975:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
718:Tocharian script
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
339:
325:
318:
311:
297:
273:
266:
247:
208:
185:
172:
154:
145:
37:
32:Dardic languages
21:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5561:
5530:
5521:
5463:
5448:
5443:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5369:
5325:
5320:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5254:
5233:
5137:
4960:
4823:
4739:
4708:
4703:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4640:
4603:
4597:
4553:
4536:
4526:
4486:
4429:
4415:Ashokan Prakrit
4394:
4357:
4332:
4306:
4251:
4233:
4200:
4150:
4124:
4081:
4014:
4003:
3972:
3934:
3913:
3887:
3866:
3823:
3807:
3776:
3748:Hyderabadi Urdu
3669:
3626:
3518:
3435:
3356:
3309:
3300:Pahari-Pothwari
3271:
3225:
3206:Pahari Kinnauri
3127:
3106:
3067:
3033:Indus Kohistani
3026:Hazara Division
3021:
3000:
2964:
2948:
2902:
2872:
2867:
2832:
2804:
2799:
2786:
2760:Acta Orientalia
2757:
2731:Acta Orientalia
2728:
2711:
2684:
2673:Hegedűs, Irén;
2652:
2643:
2639:
2637:Further reading
2634:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2440:
2367:
2353:
2351:
2331:Proto-Nuristani
2322:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2287:
2271:
2260:
2258:Proto-Nuristani
2167:
2089:
2070:Iranian plateau
1998:
1969:
1968:
1901:Marija Gimbutas
1889:
1879:
1878:
1870:Winter solstice
1860:Horse sacrifice
1831:
1824:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1707:
1692:
1679:
1665:
1658:
1644:
1635:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1569:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1472:
1459:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1272:
1266:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1216:
1193:
1180:
1168:
1149:
1091:
1068:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1001:
992:
990:Northern Europe
971:
967:
954:
941:
926:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
873:Steppe cultures
846:
839:
832:
824:
823:
814:Baltic homeland
788:
784:
780:Eurasian nomads
764:
760:
736:
728:
727:
698:Runic epigraphy
693:Latin epigraphy
648:
640:
639:
577:Proto-Anatolian
561:
516:
512:Thraco-Illyrian
497:Graeco-Phrygian
487:Graeco-Armenian
482:Graeco-Albanian
461:
439:
426:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
335:
321:
314:
307:
293:
269:
262:
243:
228:
220:
218:
179:
173:
163:
157:Nuristan region
141:
104:Proto-Nuristani
62:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Proto-Nuristani
15:
12:
11:
5:
5657:
5655:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5626:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:Middle Persian
5222:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4730:Middle Iranian
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4254:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3844:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Lisan ud-Dawat
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2802:External links
2800:
2798:
2797:
2784:
2766:(4): 443–469.
2755:
2737:(3): 297–348.
2726:
2709:
2697:(1–2): 69–95.
2682:
2675:Blažek, Václav
2671:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2615:
2606:
2600:Mallory, J. P.
2597:
2587:
2568:
2557:
2550:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2508:10.2307/599462
2502:(3): 297–305.
2486:
2471:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2375:Ruki sound law
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2088:
2085:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Fire sacrifice
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:Zoroastrianism
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1513:Medieval India
1504:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1395:
1390:
1388:Italic peoples
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1164:Gandhara grave
1161:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:Middle Dnieper
1006:
987:
986:
981:
976:
965:Eastern Europe
962:
961:
949:
948:
936:
935:
934:
933:
932:
931:
924:
910:
903:
896:
893:Dnieper–Donets
889:
882:
870:
868:Kurgan culture
865:
864:
863:
853:
841:
840:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
804:Beech argument
801:
796:
790:
789:
783:
782:
777:
772:
766:
765:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
627:
613:
608:
594:
587:Proto-Germanic
584:
582:Proto-Armenian
579:
574:
572:Proto-Albanian
568:
567:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
523:
522:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
460:
459:
458:
457:
433:
432:
425:
424:
423:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
361:
356:
350:
349:
343:
342:
341:
340:
328:
327:
326:
319:
312:
300:
299:
298:
286:
281:
276:
275:
274:
267:
255:
250:
249:
248:
235:
234:
227:
226:
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
201:
200:
194:
193:
181:
180:
174:
165:
164:
155:
147:
146:
139:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
120:
111:
107:
106:
101:
100:Proto-language
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
77:
71:
70:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5656:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:(Kalasha-ala)
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Caucasian Tat
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Proto-Iranian
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Haflong Hindi
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4576:Chinali–Lahul
4574:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4523:
4522:Khasa Prakrit
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4010:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Chhattisgarhi
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Rathwi Bareli
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Mahasu Pahari
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:0-85668-163-6
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:0-923891-09-9
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:4-87187-520-2
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2481:Irano-Dardica
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2350:Reconstructed
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2320:
2317:
2309:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2275:This section
2273:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:Kalash people
2200:in 1896. The
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:Alingar River
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:J. P. Mallory
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:Reconstructed
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1370:Insular Celts
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:Indo-Iranians
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:Pontic Steppe
1022:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
994:
993:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
974:
970:
969:
968:
966:
960:
957:
956:
955:
953:
947:
944:
943:
942:
940:
929:
925:
922:
918:
917:
915:
911:
908:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
887:
883:
880:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
862:
861:Kurgan stelae
859:
858:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
845:
844:Pontic Steppe
838:
835:
834:
828:
827:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
786:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
762:
761:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
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742:
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732:
731:
724:
721:
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689:
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674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
644:
643:
635:
634:Proto-Iranian
631:
628:
625:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
588:
585:
583:
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570:
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563:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
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538:
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533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
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518:
517:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:Daco-Thracian
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:Reconstructed
428:
427:
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413:
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402:
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395:
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140:
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134:
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119:
118:
114:
113:
112:
105:
102:
98:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:Indo-European
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
5577:
5477:Barg-i Matal
5454:
5337:Kamkata-vari
5322:
5263:
5224:
5217:
5185:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5016:
4994:
4946:
4937:
4926:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4801:
4657:
4616:Bombay Hindi
4558:Unclassified
4455:Ardhamagadhi
4282:Berar Deccan
4136:Chittagonian
4129:Chittagonian
3622:Vaagri Booli
3587:Pauri Bareli
3582:Palya Bareli
3547:Dhodia–Kukna
3421:Parkari Koli
3234:Northwestern
2924:Kundal Shahi
2792:
2788:
2763:
2759:
2734:
2730:
2713:
2694:
2690:
2661:(1): 53–85.
2658:
2654:
2645:
2609:
2602:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2538:
2534:
2527:Bibliography
2499:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2458:
2430:, which has
2418:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2312:
2303:
2288:Please help
2276:
2237:
2222:
2187:
2171:Indo-Iranian
2168:
2158:500 speakers
2104:Kamkata-vari
2078:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1927:Publications
1926:
1912:
1893:
1847:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:Paleo-Balkan
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1630:
1629:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1542:
1525:Greater Iran
1518:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1398:Paleo-Balkan
1363:Celtiberians
1342:
1341:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1146:
1145:
1088:
1087:
1065:
1064:
1027:
1026:
989:
988:
964:
963:
951:
950:
938:
937:
879:Bug–Dniester
843:
842:
708:Gothic Bible
624:Proto-Baltic
620:Proto-Slavic
605:Proto-Italic
601:Proto-Celtic
564:
519:
507:Italo-Celtic
502:Indo-Hittite
492:Graeco-Aryan
465:Hypothetical
464:
429:
364:Paleo-Balkan
346:
322:
303:Indo-Iranian
258:Balto-Slavic
231:
122:
117:Kamkata-vari
115:
110:Subdivisions
89:
85:Indo-Iranian
52:distribution
5219:Old Persian
5056:Mazanderani
4850:Khwarezmian
4735:New Iranian
4725:Old Iranian
4604:and creoles
4586:Lahul Lohar
4465:Maharashtri
4062:Mal Paharia
4052:Kharia Thar
3694:Braj Bhasha
2412:shifted to
2404:shifted to
2306:August 2021
2210:Kalasha-ala
2026:Afghanistan
1805:Continental
1798:Anglo-Saxon
1501:Middle Ages
1451:Middle Ages
1306:Indo-Aryans
1299:Indo-Aryans
1106:Bell Beaker
1101:Corded ware
997:Corded ware
886:Sredny Stog
831:Archaeology
611:Proto-Greek
591:Proto-Norse
60:Afghanistan
5628:Categories
5613:Pech River
5588:Kafiristan
5573:Nuristanis
4894:Sarghulami
4814:Yazghulami
4767:Ishkashimi
4507:Apabhraṃśa
4493:Apabhraṃśa
4470:Shauraseni
4186:Bodo Parja
4171:Sambalpuri
4103:Goalpariya
4077:Tanchangya
4067:Noakhailla
3992:Bote-Darai
3803:Fiji Hindi
3772:Sadhukkadi
3743:Judeo-Urdu
3709:Hindustani
3499:Shekhawati
3441:Rajasthani
3426:Saurashtra
3151:Bhadarwahi
2981:Gawar-Bati
2795:: 267–353.
2466:Ethnologue
2450:References
2225:Hindu Kush
2218:Kalaṣa-mun
2190:Kafiristan
2175:Indo-Aryan
2134:Southern:
2058:Landai Sin
2054:Pech River
2046:Hindu Kush
2042:Nuristanis
2018:Indo-Aryan
1913:Institutes
1833:Lithuanian
1587:Indo-Aryan
1573:Historical
1507:Indo-Aryan
1464:Tocharians
1378:Cimmerians
1256:Bronze Age
1147:South Asia
1021:Bronze Age
959:Afanasievo
763:Mainstream
527:Vocabulary
447:Sound laws
309:Indo-Aryan
161:Hindu Kush
50:Geographic
5603:Mir Samir
5583:Governors
5542:Bagalgrom
5469:Districts
5364:Wasi-wari
5347:Kata-vari
5279:varieties
5266:indicate
5187:Pahlavani
5179:Bakhtiari
5164:Kuhmareyi
5154:Bashkardi
5076:Old Azeri
4787:Sanglechi
4593:Sheikhgal
4537:languages
4502:Abahattha
4482:Paishachi
4383:Classical
4348:Maldivian
4120:Surjapuri
4086:Kamarupic
3988:Kuswaric
3850:Bhojpuric
3638:Khandeshi
3171:Chambeali
3166:Bilaspuri
3063:Mankiyali
2991:Shumashti
2986:Nangalami
2898:Kishtwari
2677:(2010). "
2384:"mouse".
2352:ancestors
2277:does not
2212:, and an
2129:Wasi-wari
2111:Kata-vari
2087:Languages
1848:Practices
1667:Yarsanism
1477:Albanians
1457:East Asia
1444:Scythians
1436:Phrygians
1429:Paeonians
1422:Illyrians
1408:Thracians
1325:East Asia
1276:Armenians
1203:Hallstatt
1185:Chernoles
1126:Terramare
1116:Trzciniec
1083:Sintashta
1078:Andronovo
979:Cernavodă
952:East Asia
907:Khvalynsk
647:Philology
557:Particles
443:Phonology
384:Liburnian
359:Tocharian
354:Anatolian
323:Nuristani
216:Languages
137:Glottolog
124:Wasi-wari
90:Nuristani
40:Nuristani
5557:Peshawar
5502:Nuristan
5497:Nurgaram
5383:(Ashkun)
5374:Southern
5366:(Prasun)
5352:Shekhani
5330:Northern
5208:Hazaragi
5159:Garmsiri
5099:Sangsari
5094:Lasgerdi
5083:Parthian
5061:Tabaroid
5029:Kurmanji
4985:Ashtiani
4954:Yaghnobi
4912:Ossetian
4901:Scythian
4876:Southern
4871:Northern
4843:Bactrian
4792:Sarikoli
4762:Bartangi
4649:See also
4631:Nefamese
4626:Nagamese
4517:Kamarupi
4477:Gāndhārī
4434:Middle (
4373:Sanskrit
4311:Konkanic
4260:Marathic
4250:Marathi–
4242:Southern
4146:Rohingya
4115:Rangpuri
4093:Assamese
4057:Kurmukar
4035:dialects
4015:Kamarupa
3899:Maithili
3892:Maithili
3857:Bhojpuri
3762:Kannauji
3724:Hinglish
3704:Haryanvi
3469:Dhundari
3409:Wadiyara
3391:Jandavra
3386:Gujarati
3373:Gujarati
3295:Khetrani
3260:dialects
3216:Sirmauri
3196:Jaunsari
3186:Mandeali
3181:Pangwali
3161:Bhateali
3118:Garhwali
3077:Northern
3043:Chilisso
2919:Brokskat
2893:Kashmiri
2886:Kashmiri
2780:43282530
2751:43282518
2438:See also
2229:Pakistan
2183:Bactrian
2119:Shekhani
2108:dialects
2068:and the
2038:Pakistan
1894:Scholars
1792:Germanic
1763:Scottish
1728:Thracian
1722:Illyrian
1716:Albanian
1704:European
1697:Armenian
1681:Ossetian
1675:Scythian
1660:Yazidism
1610:Buddhism
1601:Hinduism
1492:Norsemen
1402:Anatolia
1319:Iranians
1312:Iranians
1293:Iron Age
1268:Hittites
1221:Colchian
1214:Caucasus
1172:Iron Age
1141:Lusatian
1136:Urnfield
1060:Srubnaya
1055:Poltavka
1045:Catacomb
984:Cucuteni
939:Caucasus
756:Religion
741:Homeland
683:Behistun
663:Linear B
552:Numerals
547:Pronouns
472:Balkanic
419:Thracian
412:Phrygian
405:Paeonian
391:Messapic
377:Illyrian
289:Hellenic
284:Germanic
253:Armenian
245:Albanian
239:Albanoid
190:a series
188:Part of
143:nuri1243
68:Pakistan
56:Nuristan
5552:Pesawur
5547:Kamdesh
5487:Kamdesh
5456:Capital
5398:Zemiaki
5393:Tregami
5387:Waigali
5357:Mumviri
5342:Kamviri
5268:extinct
5264:Italics
5249:Badeshi
5193:Persian
5169:Kumzari
5111:Taleshi
5104:Sorkhei
5089:Semnani
5044:Kordali
5024:Kurdish
5018:Gorgani
4996:Daylami
4990:Balochi
4970:Western
4948:Sogdian
4907:Alanian
4881:Wanetsi
4866:Central
4856:Parachi
4836:Avestan
4797:Shughni
4782:Roshani
4745:Eastern
4713:History
4602:Pidgins
4581:Chinali
4571:Bazigar
4565:Badeshi
4460:Magadhi
4436:Prakrit
4353:Sinhala
4341:Insular
4318:Konkani
4297:Katkari
4292:Phudagi
4272:Varhadi
4267:Marathi
4252:Konkani
4224:Bhunjia
4098:Kamrupi
4072:Sylheti
4030:Bengali
4023:Bengali
3984:Kumhali
3951:Kochila
3939:Tharuic
3930:Kurmali
3918:Sadanic
3909:Bajjika
3883:Khortha
3833:Eastern
3793:Bagheli
3781:Eastern
3738:Deccani
3714:Kauravi
3699:Bundeli
3687:Western
3679:Central
3648:Dawoodi
3643:Lambadi
3567:Bhilori
3537:Bhilali
3484:Marwari
3474:Harauti
3404:Parkari
3365:Western
3332:Kholosi
3327:Jadgali
3305:Saraiki
3255:Punjabi
3248:Eastern
3241:Punjabi
3211:Hinduri
3156:Churahi
3133:Western
3123:Kumaoni
3111:Central
3085:Eastern
3012:Kalasha
3005:Chitral
2960:Pashayi
2953:Pashayi
2929:Kalkoti
2556:Moscow.
2382:/muˈsɘ/
2298:removed
2283:sources
2179:Iranian
2165:History
2156:Zemiaki
2150:Tregami
2144:Waigali
2123:Mumviri
2115:Kamviri
2022:Iranian
1826:Latvian
1784:Cornish
1654:Kurdish
1640:Persian
1632:Iranian
1624:Sikhism
1617:Jainism
1580:Hittite
1519:Iranian
1415:Dacians
1208:Jastorf
1131:Tumulus
1111:Únětice
1040:Yamnaya
1035:Chariot
973:Usatovo
914:Yamnaya
751:Society
735:Origins
668:Rigveda
520:Grammar
347:Extinct
337:Romance
316:Iranian
64:Chitral
5517:Waygal
5492:Mandol
5381:Askunu
5242:Others
5149:Achomi
5121:Tatoid
5069:Median
5039:Xwarin
5034:Sorani
5012:Gorani
5007:Gilaki
4928:Jassic
4888:Ormuri
4861:Pashto
4828:Others
4819:Yidgha
4535:Proto-
4491:Late (
4400:Middle
4302:Kadodi
4229:Nahari
4206:Halbic
4181:Bhatri
4141:Chakma
4047:Hajong
4013:Gauda–
3997:Danwar
3977:Others
3968:Musasa
3904:Angika
3878:Magahi
3871:Magahi
3842:Bihari
3812:Others
3788:Awadhi
3753:Rekhta
3728:Urdish
3658:Romani
3653:Domari
3631:Others
3612:Vasavi
3597:Pardhi
3577:Magari
3572:Mawchi
3562:Bauria
3552:Dhanki
3542:Chodri
3514:Nimadi
3504:Dhatki
3494:Mewari
3489:Mewati
3464:Gujari
3459:Loarki
3454:Goaria
3431:Vaghri
3352:Sindhi
3347:Memoni
3342:Luwati
3337:Kutchi
3319:Sindhi
3285:Hindko
3277:Lahnda
3221:Sarazi
3201:Kullui
3146:Kangri
3102:Nepali
3092:Doteli
3058:Tirahi
3053:Kalami
3038:Bateri
3017:Khowar
2976:Dameli
2939:Palula
2934:Ushoji
2878:Dardic
2778:
2749:
2593:
2582:
2545:
2537:. In:
2516:599462
2514:
2425:Dardic
2410:/*t͡s/
2402:/*d͡z/
2389:tenuis
2252:Khowar
2244:Pashto
2194:Kafiri
2138:Askunu
2080:Dameli
1841:Slavic
1820:Baltic
1770:Breton
1750:Celtic
1734:Dacian
1690:Others
1470:Europe
1343:Europe
1337:Yuezhi
1191:Europe
1178:Steppe
1089:Europe
946:Maykop
900:Samara
856:Kurgan
673:Avesta
455:Ablaut
451:Accent
398:Mysian
370:Dacian
331:Italic
279:Celtic
271:Slavic
264:Baltic
232:Extant
45:Kafiri
5566:Other
5507:Parun
5482:Du Ab
5461:Parun
5213:Tajik
5142:South
4978:North
4917:Digor
4809:Wakhi
4803:Vanji
4777:Munji
4772:Khufi
4754:Pamir
4636:Vedda
4408:Early
4378:Vedic
4287:Varli
4219:Kamar
4214:Halbi
4196:Kupia
4176:Desia
3963:Majhi
3956:Buksa
3946:Tharu
3925:Sadri
3819:Parya
3767:Sansi
3719:Hindi
3617:Wagdi
3607:Kalto
3602:Gamit
3557:Dubli
3532:Bhili
3479:Malvi
3449:Bagri
3399:Kachi
3395:Koli
3267:Sansi
3176:Gaddi
3141:Dogri
3097:Jumli
3048:Gowro
2969:Kunar
2914:Shina
2907:Shina
2776:JSTOR
2747:JSTOR
2621:" in
2563:, in
2512:JSTOR
2246:(two
2198:Islam
2062:Kunar
1812:Norse
1777:Welsh
1756:Irish
1745:Roman
1740:Greek
1595:Vedic
1487:Slavs
1482:Balts
1356:Gauls
1350:Celts
1332:Wusun
1227:India
1003:Baden
703:Ogham
678:Homer
565:Other
542:Nouns
537:Verbs
295:Greek
5512:Wama
5203:Dari
5174:Luri
5128:Zaza
5116:Tati
5049:Laki
5002:Fars
4939:Saka
4922:Iron
4420:Pāli
4277:Andh
4191:Reli
4166:Odia
4159:Odia
3733:Urdu
3524:Bhil
3290:Inku
2944:Sawi
2591:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2379:musa
2336:PNur
2281:any
2279:cite
2242:and
2240:Dari
2121:and
2060:and
2020:and
2004:The
1874:Yule
1865:Sati
1154:BMAC
532:Root
5270:or
4512:Elu
4366:Old
3381:Aer
2768:doi
2739:doi
2718:doi
2699:doi
2663:doi
2504:doi
2463:SIL
2414:/s/
2406:/z/
2398:/h/
2396:to
2394:/s/
2292:by
2177:or
2032:'s
1159:Yaz
5630::
5459::
3509:Od
2793:19
2791:.
2774:.
2764:66
2762:.
2745:.
2735:66
2733:.
2693:.
2689:.
2659:76
2657:.
2574:.
2510:.
2500:93
2498:.
2434:.
2254:.
2235:.
2220:.
2216:,
2117:,
2113:,
2036:,
1271:)
622:·
603:·
453:,
449:,
445::
192:on
66:,
58:,
5438:e
5431:t
5424:v
5315:e
5308:t
5301:v
5274:.
4698:e
4691:t
4684:v
4495:)
4438:)
3726:/
2862:e
2855:t
2848:v
2782:.
2770::
2753:.
2741::
2724:.
2720::
2707:.
2701::
2695:9
2669:.
2665::
2631:"
2586:.
2549:.
2518:.
2506::
2319:)
2313:(
2308:)
2304:(
2300:.
2286:.
1993:e
1986:t
1979:v
1872:/
1736:)
1731:·
1725:·
1719:·
1714:(
1494:/
1400:/
1265:(
636:)
632:(
626:)
618:(
607:)
599:(
593:)
589:(
34:.
20:)
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