2579:
986:
770:
2585:
741:
465:
3135:
898:
157:
127:
799:
511:. The neural spines on the caudal vertebrae were longer in the middle of the tail than at the base, increasing the tail's height and flattening it. The middle of the tail was rigid and straight. The entire tail was quite horizontally flexible, but vertical movement was limited. The neck had limited mobility, especially in the lateral direction. The neck allowed individuals to bend their necks up and down so that they could reach food.
828:
3165:
3141:
1079:
452:. As ceratopsians, protoceratopsids were herbivorous, with constantly replacing tooth batteries made for slicing through plants and a hooked beak for grabbing them. Protoceratopsids were small ceratopsians around 1-2.5 m in length. Their bony frill and horns were much smaller than more derived members of Ceratopsia, such as
917:
and nocturnal animals because a larger eye has increased sensitivity and resolution. Because of the energy necessary to maintain a larger eye and the weakness of the skull that corresponds with a larger orbit, Nick
Longrich argues that this structure may have been an adaptation for a nocturnal lifestyle.
916:
had an unusually large eye among protoceratopsids. In birds, a medium-sized sclerotic ring indicates that the animal is a predator, a large sclerotic ring indicates that it is nocturnal, and the largest ring size indicates it is a nocturnal predator. Eye size is an important adaptation in predators
1002:
formed groups. Specimens of juveniles and young adults are often found in groups, although adults tend to be solitary. The nature of these groups is not completely known, though herds of young likely formed for protection from predators, and adults are believed to have come together for communal
493:
dotted the maxilla which allowed branches from the trigimenal nerve to reach the tissues attached to the maxilla, indicating that such tissues were likely muscular. The end of the upper jaw was likely not fleshy but instead covered by a horn-like material, and the upper and lower jaws curved in
976:
There are three phases in the life cycle of a protoceratopsid: juvenile, subadult, and adult. Juveniles are roughly one third the size of an adult and have an underdeveloped frill and nasal bump. They have not developed epijugals. Nests containing juveniles have been found indicating that they
977:
received some level of parental care. In the subadult stage, individuals are two thirds the size of an adult, and the frill and quadrates grow wider. The epijugal begins forming. As an adult, the frill becomes even larger, the epijugal is fully formed, and a small nasal horn develops.
540:
s close relationship to other ceratopsians, but considered it primitive enough to warrant its own family, and perhaps suborder. Protoceratopsidae was later expanded to include all ceratopsians that were too advanced to be psittacosaurids, but too primitive to be ceratopsids. In 1998,
1011:
Protoceratopsids were likely slow runners and tended to move at a walk or a trot. Their legs may have been straight, creating an upright posture, but there are some theories that they were splayed out to the side, contributing to their slowness. The skeleton of
480:
is unusually small, and the antorbital fossa sits high on the skull with a slit connecting it to a sinus in the maxilla. This sinus is unique to
Protoceratopsidae. Protoceratopsids may have had cheeks to hold food in their mouths. They have very well-defined
500:, which may have aided in breathing or thermoregulation. In Protoceratopsidae, the nasal cavity, which was ancestrally one large cavity, was split into two by the hard palate. This splitting likely happened to accommodate the deeper oral cavity.
1016:
juveniles indicates that protoceratopsids were able to employ facultative bipedalism when young and became obligate quadrupeds in adulthood. However, adults still had proportions allowing the capacity to occasionally stand on two legs.
683:, were long considered valid and distinct taxa, and sometimes placed within Protoceratopsidae, Czepiński found the diagnostic features used to distinguish these taxa to be largely present in
1791:
Fastovsky, D. E. (1997). "The
Paleoenvironments of Tugrikin-Shireh (Gobi Desert, Mongolia) and Aspects of the Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Protoceratops (Dinosauria: Ornithishichia)".
1478:
Alifanov, V. R. (2003). "Two new dinosaurs of the infraorder
Neoceratopsia (Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nemegt depression, Mongolian People's Republic".
964:
found that they were dimorphic. The length and width of the frill, parietal fenestra, and external nares, the nasal height, the skull width, the orbit height, and the
1664:
Fastovsky, D.E.; Weishampel, D.B.; Watabe, M.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K.H.; Narmandakh, P. (2011). "A Nest of
Protoceratops Andrewsi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)".
3258:
944:
However, the frill may have been used in mating displays. The frill may have been brightly colored and used in head-bobbing displays similar to those of modern-day
1396:
1025:
Tereschenko proposed that protoceratopsids were actually aquatic, using their laterally-flattened tails as a paddle to aid in swimming. According to
Tereschenko,
1245:
1059:, dating to between about 75 and 71 million years ago. Ceratopsians originated in Asia and had two major dispersal events. The first was the migration of
494:
towards each other. Compared to more derived ceratopsians, protoceratopsids had a deep and wide oral cavity, though more narrow than in predecessors like
1122:
1209:
Tereschenko, V.; Singer, T (2013). "Structural
Features of Neural Spines of the Caudal Vertebrae of Protoceratopoids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)".
1063:'s ancestor through Europe and into North America. The second dispersal was 15 million years later, this time of Ceratopsidae's ancestors across the
3245:
3327:
2578:
1775:
1561:
1357:
472:
Protoceratopsids were relatively small ceratopsians, averaging around 1-2.5 m in length from head to tail. Protoceratopsids have a frill and
1900:
932:
was nocturnal, it could avoid the hottest parts of the day and survive in an arid environment without highly developed cooling mechanisms.
1307:
440:
period. Although ceratopsians have been found all over the world, protoceratopsids are only definitively known from
Cretaceous strata in
3317:
2584:
960:
and concluded that there is no difference in male and female structures. Alternatively, Dodson's analysis of structure sizes in large
476:
characteristic of all ceratopsians. Their snout is particularly wedge-shaped with tall and narrow nostrils situated high on it. The
3158:
1092:
965:
1163:
Osmolska, Halszka (1986). "STRUCTURE OF NASAL AND ORAL CAVITIES IN THE PROTOCERATOPSID DINOSAURS (CERATOPSIA, ORNITHISCHIA)".
1047:. Because the posture of some animals is preserved, it is likely that they were buried during a sandstorm or a dune collapse.
3322:
156:
1341:
1709:"A New Mass Mortality of Juvenile Protoceratops and Size-Segregated Aggregation Behaviour in Juvenile Non-Avian Dinosaurs"
764:
3134:
985:
1374:
563:, but probably excludes some dinosaurs that have been traditionally thought of as protoceratopsids (for example,
769:
598:. Derived characters shared by these dinosaurs include a narrow strap-shaped paroccipital process, a very small
1991:
1893:
707:
the derived-most one. Below are the proposed phylogenetic relationships within
Protoceratopsidae by Czepiński:
1415:
2109:
953:
699:. Based on cranial characters such as presence or absence of premaxillary teeth and an antorbital fenestra,
1870:
3185:
735:
300:
3223:
3312:
3284:
3168:
2018:
1835:
1637:
Dodson, Peter (1976). "Quantitative
Aspects of Relative Growth and Sexual Dimorphism in Protoceratops".
3140:
1308:"A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher level taxonomy of Dinosauria"
740:
627:
1067:
into North America between 120Ma and 140Ma. Protoceratopsids are found in Asia but not North America.
464:
3232:
1800:
1720:
524:
2274:
1886:
477:
2994:
2944:
2376:
1816:
1689:
1681:
1525:
1460:
1281:
1226:
1142:
1064:
623:
375:
151:
1498:
897:
622:
to other protoceratopsids remain unclear due to its fragmentary nature, and it is regarded as a
3289:
3271:
3077:
3015:
2978:
2339:
1771:
1766:
Fastovsky, David; Weishampel, David (12 January 2009). "Dinosaurs A Concise Natural History".
1748:
1646:
1619:
1557:
1549:
1375:"The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia"
1353:
1060:
687:
and thus becoming synonyms of this genus. Under this reasoning, Protoceratopsidae consists of
599:
576:
520:
126:
3276:
3263:
3107:
2905:
2730:
2432:
2127:
1847:
1808:
1738:
1728:
1673:
1609:
1599:
1517:
1452:
1419:
1411:
1322:
1260:
1218:
1191:
1134:
1084:
924:
s mouth structures and general abundance indicate it was not a predator, so if it were also
508:
503:
The vertebral column of protoceratopsids was S-shaped, and the vertebrae had unusually long
798:
3001:
2953:
2912:
2848:
2751:
2702:
2404:
2328:
2283:
2157:
2143:
2102:
1976:
1960:
1056:
827:
631:
594:
571:
437:
39:
1401:, a New Primitive Ceratopsian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of Mongolia"
1804:
1724:
3008:
2967:
2898:
2885:
2856:
2841:
2811:
2772:
2758:
2675:
2636:
2515:
2425:
2390:
2383:
2263:
2213:
2136:
2116:
1743:
1708:
1614:
1583:
1195:
909:
615:
496:
233:
1868:
Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,
3306:
3086:
3065:
3035:
3026:
2926:
2820:
2765:
2744:
2716:
2709:
2695:
2688:
2494:
2483:
2476:
2418:
2411:
2397:
2355:
2290:
2256:
2227:
2180:
1693:
1529:
1464:
998:
793:
659:
In 2019 Czepiński analyzed a vast majority of referred specimens to the ceratopsians
652:
640:
565:
533:
504:
365:
355:
344:
142:
77:
1554:
New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium
1326:
1230:
1146:
667:, and concluded that most were in fact specimens of the former. Although the genera
3100:
3051:
3044:
2960:
2933:
2919:
2827:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2737:
2723:
2615:
2602:
2533:
2522:
2507:
2469:
2461:
2443:
2348:
2314:
2297:
2249:
2242:
2198:
2003:
1951:
1582:
Maiorino, Leonardo; Farke, Andrew A.; Kotsakis, Tassos; Piras, Paolo (7 May 2015).
1043:
Protoceratopsids likely lived in highly arid regions. Specimens are often found in
1027:
822:
646:
588:
560:
473:
334:
323:
289:
265:
217:
136:
1521:
1456:
1439:
Morschhauser, E. M.; You, H.; Li, D.; Dodson, P. (2019). "Phylogenetic history of
1346:(Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta"
928:, then it would have been expected to have a much smaller sclerotic ring size. If
1733:
1604:
3217:
3093:
2987:
2870:
2834:
2657:
2369:
2234:
1443:(Ceratopsia: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Gansu Province, China".
575:). The latter genera are now often classified in a mostly North American family
555:
542:
453:
52:
1707:
Hone, D. W. E.; Farke, A. A.; Watabe, M.; Shigeru, S.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2014).
17:
2863:
2779:
2629:
2362:
2150:
2084:
2071:
2030:
1909:
1852:
1222:
1138:
1074:
1044:
925:
433:
249:
97:
62:
3208:
1650:
1380:. In Benton, M. J.; Shishkin, M. A.; Unwin, D. M.; Kurochkin, E. N. (eds.).
949:
168:
102:
46:
1752:
1623:
3202:
2664:
2650:
2643:
2206:
1942:
1933:
490:
449:
201:
188:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
1685:
3250:
3058:
2220:
2164:
1820:
1550:"The Function of Large Eyes in Protoceratops: A Nocturnal Ceratopsian?"
486:
482:
107:
82:
507:, with spines on caudal vertebrae that were five times as tall as the
1927:
1677:
1424:
1265:
1123:"Adaptive Features of Protoceratopsids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)"
945:
489:
where the muscles in the cheek would have connected, and a number of
178:
3179:
1812:
1552:. In Ryan, M. J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B. J.; Eberth, D. A. (eds.).
984:
896:
546:
463:
445:
940:
There is no conclusive evidence supporting sexual dimorphism for
3237:
1352:. Life of the Past. Indiana University Press. pp. 243−262.
441:
3183:
2600:
2069:
1920:
1882:
1182:
Galton, P.M. (2007). "The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs".
404:
Granger & Gregory, 1923 (Tereschenko & Alifanov, 2003)
1878:
1584:"Males Resemble Females: Re-Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism in
1315:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
582:
Sereno in 2000 included three genera in Protoceratopsidae:
1055:
Protoceratopsids have so far been found in rocks from the
1416:
10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3530[1:YDANPC]2.0.CO;2
559:". Sereno's definition ensures that Protoceratopsidae is
952:
to attract a mate. Leonardo Maiorino and his team used
1499:"Ontogeny and variation of a protoceratopsid dinosaur
626:
with highly variable phylogenetic positions. In 2003,
602:, and an upturned dorsal margin of the predentary. In
630:
named, but did not define, a new ceratopsian family
361:
351:
340:
330:
319:
296:
3192:
3076:
3034:
3025:
2977:
2943:
2884:
2810:
2674:
2613:
2532:
2493:
2451:
2442:
2338:
2312:
2273:
2178:
2126:
2082:
2029:
2002:
1975:
519:The family Protoceratopsidae was introduced by
420:Granger & Gregory, 1923 (Tereschenko, 2007)
1840:The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan
1556:. Indiana University Press. pp. 308−327.
1384:. Cambridge University Press. p. 489−492.
1894:
8:
1503:from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert"
1257:American Museum of Natural History Novitates
545:defined Protoceratopsidae as the stem-based
1382:The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia
1250:, a pre-ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia"
3180:
3031:
2890:
2680:
2621:
2610:
2597:
2499:
2448:
2320:
2190:
2186:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2066:
2008:
1981:
1972:
1917:
1901:
1887:
1879:
125:
31:
1851:
1742:
1732:
1613:
1603:
1423:
1348:. In Tanke, D. H.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).
1264:
1395:Makovicky, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2006).
1282:"Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia"
468:Size comparison of four protoceratopsids
1577:
1575:
1573:
1244:Granger, W. W.; Gregory, W. K. (1923).
1158:
1156:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1543:
1541:
1539:
703:is the basal-most protoceratopsid and
527:in May 1923 as a monotypic family for
1834:Matsumoto, Y.; Saneyoshi, M. (2010).
610:(and also in the non-protoceratopsid
549:including "all coronosaurs closer to
7:
1768:New York: Cambridge University Press
1280:Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1975).
992:group of four juveniles buried alive
614:), there is a blade-shaped parietal
1588:(Neoceratopsia, Protoceratopsidae)"
814:
785:
756:
727:
720:
710:
1445:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1196:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x
25:
531:. Granger and Gregory recognized
432:is a family of basal (primitive)
396:Alifanov, 2003 (Ősi et al., 2010)
3164:
3163:
3139:
3133:
2583:
2577:
1093:Timeline of ceratopsian research
1077:
904:skull with large sclerotic rings
826:
797:
768:
739:
155:
444:, with most specimens found in
27:Extinct family of ceratopsians
1:
3328:Prehistoric dinosaur families
1522:10.1080/08912963.2019.1593404
1457:10.1080/02724634.2018.1509866
956:to analyze the dimorphism in
765:Protoceratops hellenikorhinus
1866:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011)
1734:10.1371/journal.pone.0113306
1605:10.1371/journal.pone.0126464
1501:Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi
1344:Montanoceratops cerorhynchus
1035:was only partially aquatic.
968:height all varied with sex.
412:Granger & Gregory, 1923
306:Granger & Gregory, 1923
283:Granger & Gregory, 1923
3344:
3318:Turonian first appearances
1836:"Bored dinosaur skeletons"
1399:Yamaceratops dorngobiensis
3153:
3131:
2893:
2683:
2624:
2609:
2596:
2574:
2502:
2323:
2193:
2189:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2065:
2011:
1984:
1971:
1916:
1853:10.5575/geosoc.116.1.I_II
1408:American Museum Novitates
1340:Makovicky, P. J. (2001).
1327:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
1223:10.1134/S0031030113060105
1139:10.1134/S003103010803009X
908:Based on the size of its
819:
812:
790:
783:
761:
754:
732:
725:
718:
381:
374:
316:
311:
295:
288:
152:Scientific classification
150:
133:
124:
34:
1548:Longrich, N. R. (2010).
1350:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
1121:Tereschhenko, V (2008).
1031:was fully aquatic while
2110:Micropachycephalosaurus
1666:Journal of Paleontology
1639:Journal of Paleontology
1480:Paleontological Journal
1289:Palaeontologia Polonica
1211:Paleontological Journal
1127:Paleontological Journal
996:There is evidence that
954:geometric morphometrics
618:. The relationships of
1586:Protoceratops andrewsi
1497:Czepiński, Ł. (2019).
1441:Auroraceratops rugosus
1373:Sereno, P. C. (2000).
1306:Sereno, P. C. (1998).
1248:Protoceratops andrewsi
993:
958:Protoceratops andrewsi
942:Protoceratops andrewsi
905:
736:Protoceratops andrewsi
529:Protoceratops andrewsi
469:
301:Protoceratops andrewsi
134:Two protoceratopsids:
3323:Campanian extinctions
3285:Paleobiology Database
1871:Winter 2010 Appendix.
988:
900:
467:
525:William King Gregory
2275:Archaeoceratopsidae
1805:1997Palai..12...59F
1725:2014PLoSO...9k3306H
1451:(sup. 1): 117–147.
478:antorbital fenestra
2995:Crittendenceratops
2945:Albertaceratopsini
1510:Historical Biology
1065:Bering Land Bridge
994:
906:
470:
3300:
3299:
3272:Open Tree of Life
3224:Protoceratopsidae
3194:Protoceratopsidae
3186:Taxon identifiers
3177:
3176:
3149:
3148:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3078:Pachyrhinosaurini
3016:Yehuecauhceratops
2979:Nasutoceratopsini
2880:
2879:
2592:
2591:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2453:Protoceratopsidae
2340:Leptoceratopsidae
2308:
2307:
2174:
2173:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
1777:978-0-521-71902-5
1563:978-0-253-35358-0
1516:(10): 1394–1421.
1359:978-0-253-33907-2
1061:Leptoceratopsidae
1051:Paleobiogeography
936:Sexual Dimorphism
884:
883:
875:
874:
866:
865:
857:
856:
848:
847:
839:
838:
715:Protoceratopsidae
628:Vladimir Alifanov
600:occipital condyle
577:Leptoceratopsidae
521:Walter W. Granger
430:Protoceratopsidae
427:
426:
421:
417:Protoceratopoidea
413:
409:Protoceratopsinae
405:
397:
389:
284:
279:Protoceratopsidae
16:(Redirected from
3335:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3181:
3167:
3166:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3108:Pachyrhinosaurus
3032:
2906:Machairoceratops
2891:
2731:Coahuilaceratops
2681:
2622:
2611:
2598:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2500:
2449:
2433:Zhuchengceratops
2321:
2191:
2187:
2128:Chaoyangsauridae
2095:
2091:
2080:
2067:
2009:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1918:
1903:
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1757:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1678:10.1666/11-008.1
1672:(6): 1035–1041.
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1634:
1628:
1627:
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1607:
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1160:
1151:
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1118:
1087:
1085:Dinosaurs portal
1082:
1081:
1080:
1039:Paleoenvironment
966:coronoid process
923:
830:
815:
801:
786:
772:
757:
743:
728:
721:
711:
539:
419:
411:
403:
401:Protoceratopidae
395:
393:Bagaceratopsidae
387:
363:
353:
342:
332:
321:
298:
282:
277:
264:
248:
232:
216:
160:
159:
129:
119:
49:
38:Temporal range:
35:Protoceratopsids
32:
21:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3145:
3138:
3113:
3072:
3021:
3002:Furcatoceratops
2973:
2954:Albertaceratops
2939:
2913:Menefeeceratops
2876:
2849:Tatankaceratops
2806:
2752:Mercuriceratops
2703:Arrhinoceratops
2670:
2618:
2605:
2588:
2576:
2548:
2528:
2489:
2438:
2405:Montanoceratops
2334:
2329:Graciliceratops
2317:
2304:
2284:Archaeoceratops
2269:
2183:
2170:
2158:Xuanhuaceratops
2144:Hualianceratops
2122:
2103:Albalophosaurus
2087:
2074:
2045:
2025:
1998:
1992:Avemetatarsalia
1977:Avemetatarsalia
1967:
1961:Marginocephalia
1923:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1813:10.2307/3515294
1790:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1719:(11): e113306.
1706:
1705:
1701:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1598:(5): e0126464.
1581:
1580:
1571:
1564:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:(1–2): 145–157.
1162:
1161:
1154:
1120:
1119:
1106:
1101:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1057:Late Cretaceous
1053:
1041:
1023:
1009:
983:
981:Social behavior
974:
938:
921:
895:
890:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
632:Bagaceratopidae
620:Graciliceratops
595:Graciliceratops
572:Montanoceratops
537:
517:
462:
438:Late Cretaceous
385:Bagaceratopidae
307:
304:
281:
275:
262:
246:
230:
214:
154:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
40:Late Cretaceous
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Protoceratopsid
15:
12:
11:
5:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3214:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3009:Nasutoceratops
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2968:Medusaceratops
2964:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2899:Diabloceratops
2894:
2888:
2886:Centrosaurinae
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2857:Titanoceratops
2853:
2845:
2842:Regaliceratops
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2812:Triceratopsini
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2773:Sierraceratops
2769:
2762:
2759:Navajoceratops
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2676:Chasmosaurinae
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2637:Brachyceratops
2633:
2625:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2516:Turanoceratops
2512:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2426:Unescoceratops
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2391:Ischioceratops
2387:
2384:Gryphoceratops
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2264:Sasayamagnomus
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2214:Auroraceratops
2210:
2203:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2137:Chaoyangsaurus
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2117:Psittacosaurus
2113:
2106:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1826:
1783:
1776:
1758:
1699:
1656:
1645:(5): 929–940.
1629:
1569:
1562:
1535:
1489:
1470:
1431:
1410:(3530): 1–42.
1387:
1365:
1358:
1332:
1298:
1272:
1236:
1217:(6): 618–630.
1201:
1174:
1165:Paleontologica
1152:
1133:(3): 273–286.
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1072:
1069:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1022:
1019:
1008:
1005:
982:
979:
973:
970:
937:
934:
910:sclerotic ring
894:
893:Daily activity
891:
889:
886:
882:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:
860:
859:
855:
854:
851:
850:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
833:
832:
818:
813:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
789:
784:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
760:
755:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
709:
616:sagittal crest
516:
515:Classification
513:
497:Psittacosaurus
487:dentary ridges
461:
458:
425:
424:
423:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
388:Alifanov, 2003
379:
378:
372:
371:
370:
369:
359:
349:
338:
328:
314:
313:
309:
308:
305:
293:
292:
286:
285:
273:
269:
268:
260:
253:
252:
244:
237:
236:
234:Neornithischia
228:
221:
220:
212:
205:
204:
199:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3340:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3142:
3136:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:Achelousaurus
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3066:Styracosaurus
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3036:Centrosaurini
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Eucentrosaura
3024:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:Wendiceratops
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:Eotriceratops
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:Pentaceratops
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:Kosmoceratops
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:Bravoceratops
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:Bisticeratops
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:Anchiceratops
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:Agujaceratops
2686:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Ceratopsoidea
2492:
2486:
2485:
2484:Protoceratops
2481:
2479:
2478:
2477:Breviceratops
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2419:Udanoceratops
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:Prenoceratops
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2398:Leptoceratops
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:Bainoceratops
2353:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:Helioceratops
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:Mosaiceratops
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:Koreaceratops
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:Neoceratopsia
2177:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1490:
1486:(5): 524–534.
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1033:Protoceratops
1030:
1029:
1021:Tail function
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:Protoceratops
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:Protoceratops
991:
990:Protoceratops
987:
980:
978:
971:
969:
967:
963:
962:Protoceratops
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
935:
933:
931:
930:Protoceratops
927:
920:
919:Protoceratops
915:
914:Protoceratops
911:
903:
902:Protoceratops
899:
892:
887:
880:
879:
871:
870:
862:
861:
853:
852:
844:
843:
835:
834:
831:
829:
825:
824:
817:
816:
810:
809:
806:
805:
802:
800:
796:
795:
794:Breviceratops
788:
787:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
771:
767:
766:
759:
758:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
742:
738:
737:
730:
729:
723:
722:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:Protoceratops
694:
693:Breviceratops
690:
686:
682:
681:Platyceratops
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Breviceratops
662:
657:
655:
654:
653:Breviceratops
649:
648:
643:
642:
641:Platyceratops
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Leptoceratops
609:
605:
604:Protoceratops
601:
597:
596:
591:
590:
585:
584:Protoceratops
580:
578:
574:
573:
568:
567:
566:Leptoceratops
562:
558:
557:
552:
551:Protoceratops
548:
544:
536:
535:
534:Protoceratops
530:
526:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
505:neural spines
501:
499:
498:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:
466:
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
418:
415:
410:
407:
402:
399:
394:
391:
386:
383:
382:
380:
377:
373:
368:
367:
366:Protoceratops
360:
358:
357:
356:Breviceratops
350:
347:
346:
345:Bainoceratops
339:
337:
336:
329:
326:
325:
318:
317:
315:
310:
303:
302:
294:
291:
287:
280:
274:
271:
270:
267:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
145:
144:
143:Protoceratops
139:
138:
132:
128:
123:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
33:
30:
19:
3313:Ceratopsians
3193:
3106:
3101:Stellasaurus
3099:
3092:
3085:
3064:
3057:
3052:Coronosaurus
3050:
3045:Centrosaurus
3043:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2966:
2961:Lokiceratops
2959:
2952:
2934:Xenoceratops
2932:
2925:
2920:Sinoceratops
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2828:Nedoceratops
2826:
2819:
2801:Vagaceratops
2799:
2794:Utahceratops
2792:
2787:Terminocavus
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2738:Judiceratops
2736:
2729:
2724:Chasmosaurus
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2616:Ceratopsidae
2603:Ceratopsidae
2534:Ceratopsidae
2523:Zuniceratops
2521:
2514:
2508:Ajkaceratops
2506:
2482:
2475:
2470:Bagaceratops
2468:
2462:Ajkaceratops
2460:
2452:
2444:Coronosauria
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2349:Asiaceratops
2347:
2327:
2315:Euceratopsia
2298:Yamaceratops
2296:
2289:
2282:
2262:
2255:
2250:Microceratus
2248:
2243:Liaoceratops
2241:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2199:Ajkaceratops
2197:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2019:Ornithischia
2004:Ornithischia
1956:
1952:Ornithischia
1947:
1938:
1867:
1862:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1799:(1): 59−70.
1796:
1792:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1553:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1407:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1368:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1321:(1): 41−83.
1318:
1314:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1256:
1247:
1239:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1190:(1): 67–89.
1187:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1130:
1126:
1054:
1042:
1032:
1028:Bagaceratops
1026:
1024:
1013:
1010:
997:
995:
989:
975:
961:
957:
941:
939:
929:
918:
913:
907:
901:
888:Paleobiology
823:Bagaceratops
821:
820:
792:
791:
763:
762:
734:
733:
714:
705:Bagaceratops
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:Bagaceratops
688:
685:Bagaceratops
684:
680:
677:Magnirostris
676:
673:Lamaceratops
672:
669:Gobiceratops
668:
664:
661:Bagaceratops
660:
658:
651:
647:Lamaceratops
645:
639:
636:Bagaceratops
635:
619:
611:
608:Bagaceratops
607:
603:
593:
589:Bagaceratops
587:
583:
581:
570:
564:
561:monophyletic
554:
550:
532:
528:
518:
502:
495:
474:rostral bone
471:
434:ceratopsians
429:
428:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
364:
354:
343:
335:Bagaceratops
333:
324:Ajkaceratops
322:
299:
290:Type species
278:
266:Coronosauria
256:
240:
224:
218:Ornithischia
208:
195:
141:
137:Bagaceratops
135:
29:
3218:Wikispecies
3094:Einiosaurus
2988:Avaceratops
2871:Triceratops
2835:Ojoceratops
2658:Monoclonius
2370:Ferrisaurus
2235:Kulceratops
1846:(1): I–II.
1770:: 118–133.
1259:(72): 1−9.
701:P. andrewsi
634:to include
624:metaspecies
556:Triceratops
543:Paul Sereno
460:Description
454:ceratopsids
45:75–71
3307:Categories
3157:See also:
2864:Torosaurus
2780:Spiclypeus
2630:Agathaumas
2543:see below↓
2363:Cerasinops
2151:Stenopelix
2085:Ceratopsia
2072:Ceratopsia
2040:see below↓
2031:Ceratopsia
1943:Dinosauria
1910:Ceratopsia
1295:: 134−143.
1099:References
1045:sandstones
1007:Locomotion
950:chameleons
312:Subgroups
250:Ceratopsia
202:Dinosauria
140:(top) and
1926:Kingdom:
1694:129085129
1651:1937-2337
1530:132780322
1465:202867827
1425:2246/5808
1266:2246/4670
1003:nesting.
483:maxillary
436:from the
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
146:(bottom)
3203:Wikidata
3169:Category
3159:Timeline
2665:Polyonax
2651:Dysganus
2644:Ceratops
2207:Aquilops
1934:Chordata
1932:Phylum:
1928:Animalia
1753:25426957
1713:PLOS ONE
1686:41409110
1624:25951329
1592:PLOS ONE
1231:84639150
1147:84366476
1071:See also
553:than to
491:foramina
450:Mongolia
376:Synonyms
272:Family:
189:Chordata
185:Phylum:
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
3277:4946422
3251:3238856
3238:4531818
3209:Q133149
3059:Spinops
2377:Gremlin
2165:Yinlong
1821:3515294
1801:Bibcode
1793:PALAIOS
1744:4245121
1721:Bibcode
1615:4423778
1184:Lethaia
946:iguanas
926:diurnal
509:centrum
114:↓
3264:115638
1819:
1774:
1751:
1741:
1692:
1684:
1649:
1622:
1612:
1560:
1528:
1463:
1356:
1229:
1145:
972:Growth
695:, and
679:, and
592:, and
3290:38845
3259:IRMNG
1957:Clade
1948:Clade
1939:Clade
1817:JSTOR
1690:S2CID
1682:JSTOR
1526:S2CID
1506:(PDF)
1461:S2CID
1404:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1227:S2CID
1143:S2CID
922:'
547:clade
538:'
446:China
257:Clade
241:Clade
225:Clade
209:Clade
196:Clade
3246:GBIF
2017:see
1990:see
1772:ISBN
1749:PMID
1647:ISSN
1620:PMID
1558:ISBN
1354:ISBN
948:and
663:and
650:and
606:and
569:and
523:and
485:and
448:and
442:Asia
53:PreꞒ
3233:EoL
2221:Beg
1848:doi
1844:116
1809:doi
1739:PMC
1729:doi
1674:doi
1610:PMC
1600:doi
1518:doi
1453:doi
1420:hdl
1412:doi
1342:"A
1323:doi
1319:210
1261:hdl
1219:doi
1192:doi
1135:doi
3309::
3287::
3274::
3261::
3248::
3235::
3220::
3205::
1959::
1950::
1941::
1842:.
1838:.
1815:.
1807:.
1797:12
1795:.
1747:.
1737:.
1727:.
1715:.
1711:.
1688:.
1680:.
1670:85
1668:.
1643:50
1641:.
1618:.
1608:.
1596:10
1594:.
1590:.
1572:^
1538:^
1524:.
1514:32
1512:.
1508:.
1484:37
1482:.
1459:.
1449:38
1447:.
1418:.
1406:.
1317:.
1313:.
1293:33
1291:.
1287:.
1255:.
1225:.
1215:47
1213:.
1186:.
1169:31
1167:.
1155:^
1141:.
1131:42
1129:.
1125:.
1107:^
912:,
691:,
675:,
671:,
656:.
644:,
638:,
586:,
579:.
456:.
259::
243::
227::
211::
198::
103:Pg
47:Ma
42:,
3069:?
2852:?
2511:?
2465:?
2301:?
2238:?
2202:?
1902:e
1895:t
1888:v
1856:.
1850::
1823:.
1811::
1803::
1780:.
1755:.
1731::
1723::
1717:9
1696:.
1676::
1653:.
1626:.
1602::
1566:.
1532:.
1520::
1467:.
1455::
1428:.
1422::
1414::
1397:"
1362:.
1329:.
1325::
1269:.
1263::
1246:"
1233:.
1221::
1198:.
1194::
1188:6
1149:.
1137::
362:†
352:†
348:?
341:†
331:†
327:?
320:†
297:†
276:†
263:†
247:†
231:†
215:†
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
20:)
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