102:
a nominally revocable basis. This system was actually first used by the church to support local establishments, and by the seventh century was widely employed by the crown and also by the magnates (the high aristocracy) to pay their chief supporters and military retainers. The process of protofeudalization inevitably carried with it a splintering of juridical and economic sovereignty that further weakened political unity.
116:
has criticised the concept as little more than an attempt by
Spanish academics to integrate Spanish history into that of Europe in general. Collins cites L. García Moreno as proclaiming "international unanimity in applying the adjective 'protofeudal' to the socio-political formation incarnated by the
101:
Decentralization was unavoidable, and power became a matter of personal relationship and example. The chief lieutenants of the crown were rewarded for their services by salaries or stipendia in the form of overlordship of land or temporary assignment of income from land held in precarium, that is, on
111:
French historian Céline Martin has disputed the reality of "protofeudalism" by pointing to the public nature of oaths of fidelity in the late
Visigothic kingdom, where oaths were generally sworn by (local) populations and not by individual men to individual lords.
62:, but its usage is generally deprecated in the English-language historiography of Spain (or anywhere else). The current tendency in English scholarship to downplay feudalism and reduce the usage of related terminology, especially its application to the
77:
led some scholars to postulate the increased privatisation of public authority in the hands of regional, landed nobility: twin tendencies, called "protofeudalism" (privatisation) and "particularism" (regionalism).
66:, is in direct conflict with recent trends in Spanish historiography to push the start of feudalism back into the Visigothic period, sometimes seen as part of a tendency to "Europeanise" Spanish history.
345:
Barbero, A. and Vigil, M. (1974). "Algunos aspectos de la feudalización del reino visigodo en relación con su organización financiera y militar" in: A. Barbero and M. Vigil (edd.),
246:
Castellanos, Santiago and Viso, Iñaki Martín (2005). "The Local
Articulation of Central Power in the North of the Iberian Peninsula (500–1000)."
82:
210:
unanimidad internacional en adjetivar de protofeudal a la formación social y política encarnada por el Reino de Toledo a principios del siglo VIII
291:
277:
297:
Moreno, L. García (1992). "El estado protofeudal visigodo: precedente y modelo para la Europa carolingia" in: J. Fontaine and
81:
Typically, the protofeudal phenomenon is dated to the late 7th century, but sometimes earlier. In 1967, the
Spanish historian
450:
445:
325:
Stocking, Rachel L. (2007). "Review article: Continuity, culture and the state in late antique and early medieval Iberia."
97:. A description in English of the general phenomenon is given by Payne in his general history of Iberia in two volumes:
74:
435:
73:
in the mid-20th century. The perennial need to explain the rapid downfall of the
Visigothic kingdom in the face of
298:
94:
303:
440:
118:
59:
401:
El fin del reino visigodo de Toledo: Decadencia y catástrofe—Una contribución a su crítica
128:
287:
273:
63:
70:
69:
Interest was renewed in the history of a united
Visigothic Spain during the dictatorship of
35:
23:
117:
Kingdom of Toledo at the beginning of the eighth century". Collins, however, "thinks not".
131:
as evidence for commercial activity in central Spain refuting the prevailing notion of "
378:
55:
43:
235:
Castellanos, Santiago (2003). "The
Political Nature of Taxation in Visigothic Spain."
429:
113:
413:
Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (1967). "El ejército visigodo: su protofeudalización."
31:
316:
383:
Towns and their
Territories between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages
39:
377:
Díaz, P. C. (2000). "City and
Territory in Hispania in Late Antiquity" in:
257:
Collins, Roger J. H. (1984). "Late
Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages."
123:
132:
361:
Poder social, aristocracias y 'hombre santo' en la Hispania visigoda:
388:
Gibert, R. (1956). "El reino visigodo y el particularismo español."
90:
136:
58:
relies heavily on the concept and projects it onto the late
89:) of the Visigothic army at least to the legislation of
354:
La formación del feudalismo en la Península Ibérica
212:, from Collins (2004), 4, citing Moreno (1992), 17.
372:Formas económicas y sociales del monacato visigodo
38:, according to which the direct precursors of
347:Sobre los orígines sociales de la Reconquista
191:in 7th-century Spain, see Castellanos (2003).
187:Stocking, 341. For a brief discussion of the
8:
310:L'Europe héritière de l'Espagne wisigothique
322:Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press.
259:Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature
381:, N. Gauthier, and N. Christie (edd.),
153:
121:cites the discovery of mid-7th-century
408:En torno a los orígenes del feudalismo
28:protofeudalismo / feudalismo prematuro
7:
406:Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (1942).
352:Barbero, A. and Vigil, M. (1978).
14:
272:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
415:Cuadernos de Historia de España
396:(Madrid), pp. 15–47.
318:A History of Spain and Portugal
312:. Madrid, pp. 17–43.
284:Late Roman Spain and Its Cities
270:Visigothic Spain, 409–711
85:traced the protofeudalisation (
359:Castellanos, Santiago (1998).
1:
268:Collins, Roger J. H. (2004).
16:Early precursors of feudalism
421:(1967), pp. 5–73.
333:(3), pp. 335–348.
282:Kulikowski, Michael (2004).
467:
399:Moreno, L. García (1975).
315:Payne, Stanley G. (1973).
265:(1), pp. 32–41.
254:(1), pp. 1–42.
50:Historiographical context
243:, pp. 201–28.
83:Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz
365:de Braulio de Zaragoza
299:Christine Pellistrandi
104:
27:
451:8th century in Europe
446:7th century in Europe
327:Early Medieval Europe
248:Early Medieval Europe
237:Early Medieval Europe
99:
370:Díaz, P. C. (1987).
169:Kulikowski, 415 n55.
436:Visigothic Kingdom
390:Estudios visigodos
135:" and protofeudal
119:Michael Kulikowski
87:protofeudalización
60:Visigothic Kingdom
30:) is a concept in
363:La Vita Aemiliani
64:Early Middle Ages
34:, especially the
458:
307:
222:
221:Kulikowski, 301.
219:
213:
207:
201:
198:
192:
185:
179:
176:
170:
167:
161:
158:
71:Francisco Franco
42:can be found in
36:history of Spain
32:medieval history
466:
465:
461:
460:
459:
457:
456:
455:
426:
425:
424:
341:
339:Further reading
336:
301:
231:
226:
225:
220:
216:
208:
204:
199:
195:
186:
182:
177:
173:
168:
164:
159:
155:
150:
145:
109:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
464:
462:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
428:
427:
423:
422:
411:
404:
397:
386:
375:
368:
357:
350:
342:
340:
337:
335:
334:
323:
313:
295:
280:
266:
255:
244:
232:
230:
227:
224:
223:
214:
202:
200:Stocking, 343.
193:
180:
171:
162:
160:Stocking, 336.
152:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
108:
105:
75:Arab invasions
56:historiography
51:
48:
44:Late Antiquity
20:Protofeudalism
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
463:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
431:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:G.P. Brogiolo
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
348:
344:
343:
338:
332:
328:
324:
321:
319:
314:
311:
305:
300:
296:
293:
292:0-8018-7978-7
289:
286:. JHU Press.
285:
281:
279:
278:0-631-18185-7
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
218:
215:
211:
206:
203:
197:
194:
190:
189:fidelis regis
184:
181:
175:
172:
166:
163:
157:
154:
147:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:
120:
115:
114:Roger Collins
106:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
49:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
418:
414:
407:
400:
393:
389:
382:
374:. Salamanca.
371:
364:
360:
356:. Barcelona.
353:
349:. Barcelona.
346:
330:
326:
317:
309:
283:
269:
262:
258:
251:
247:
240:
236:
217:
209:
205:
196:
188:
183:
174:
165:
156:
122:
110:
100:
86:
80:
68:
53:
19:
18:
302: [
430:Categories
419:43–4
410:. Mendoza.
367:. Logroño.
178:Payne, 13.
143:References
129:El Bovalar
441:Feudalism
403:. Madrid.
385:. Leiden.
320:, Vol. 1.
107:Criticism
40:feudalism
308:(edd.),
124:trientes
54:Spanish
229:Sources
137:serfdom
133:autarky
24:Spanish
290:
276:
306:]
148:Notes
95:Wamba
91:Erwig
288:ISBN
274:ISBN
93:and
127:at
432::
417:,
392:,
331:15
329:,
304:fr
263:68
261:,
252:13
250:,
241:12
239:,
139:.
46:.
26::
394:1
294:.
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.