38:
347:
120:, created by the fusion of cells after division. Under suitable conditions, plasmodia differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
276:
228:
296:
340:
291:
Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae An
Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1529:
333:
1042:
116:, which in other organisms pulls newly-divided cells apart. In some cases, the resulting structure is a
50:: the living structure contains many nuclei, not separated from each other by cell membranes or cell walls.
1479:
1418:
1357:
1071:
144:
46:
1439:
1430:
1423:
309:
1367:
255:
448:
183:
78:
1413:
1372:
292:
272:
224:
90:
1016:
216:
1387:
1231:
1178:
1130:
1089:
1054:
1047:
984:
861:
787:
37:
1163:
395:
191:
129:
310:
Aggregative
Multicellularity Evolved Independently in the Eukaryotic Supergroup Rhizaria
1347:
1188:
1098:
1084:
885:
741:
689:
546:
465:
325:
1523:
1444:
1277:
1249:
1153:
1126:
1123:
1057:
551:
525:
475:
148:
94:
1464:
1434:
1294:
945:
797:
792:
694:
630:
494:
360:
356:
105:
63:
1494:
1469:
1457:
1272:
1226:
1027:
994:
974:
895:
808:
679:
647:
585:
575:
510:
485:
433:
416:
195:
113:
17:
1508:
1503:
1484:
1474:
1452:
1108:
1032:
852:
823:
751:
730:
616:
601:
489:
443:
385:
175:
164:
156:
133:
74:
70:
66:, rather than being divided into individual cells each with a single nucleus.
42:
31:
1489:
1362:
1352:
1216:
1198:
1173:
1142:
1103:
955:
935:
921:
900:
828:
725:
708:
611:
590:
536:
499:
428:
407:
137:
117:
109:
98:
59:
1382:
1377:
1289:
1254:
1183:
1168:
1158:
1037:
960:
911:
875:
842:
756:
668:
565:
520:
400:
380:
187:
179:
171:
160:
1318:
1299:
818:
772:
411:
364:
102:
1221:
1079:
782:
658:
438:
390:
1193:
761:
423:
152:
36:
329:
271:(2nd ed.). Belmont CA: Thomson Corporation. p. 398.
112:, is created by many nuclear divisions without the process of
30:
For the genus of parasitic protozoa which causes malaria, see
269:
Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the
Environment
223:. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education. pp. 33–48.
27:
Living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei
308:
Brown MW, Kolisko M, Silberman JD, Roger AJ. (2012).
250:
1404:
1338:
1263:
1240:
1207:
1140:
1014:
1007:
982:
973:
943:
934:
909:
883:
874:
850:
841:
806:
770:
739:
716:
707:
677:
656:
638:
629:
599:
573:
564:
534:
508:
473:
464:
457:
371:
186:, are called plasmodia. These lack cell walls; the
143:The multinucleate developmental stages of some
341:
8:
1011:
979:
940:
880:
847:
713:
635:
570:
470:
461:
348:
334:
326:
132:, usually refers to the feeding stage of
207:
167:, are also sometimes called plasmodia.
198:are other multinucleated rhizarians.
7:
128:The term plasmodium, introduced by
73:, but are also found in parasitic
25:
316:, Volume 22, Issue 12, 1123-1127.
190:are created by cell fusion. Some
1095:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
174:, the amoeboid, multinucleate
69:Plasmodia are best known from
1:
1065:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
108:. The resulting structure, a
77:, and some algae such as the
1546:
29:
58:is a living structure of
386:Mastigophora/Flagellates
136:; these are macroscopic
1424:Baas-Becking hypothesis
145:intracellular parasites
1530:SAR supergroup biology
1419:Microbial biogeography
124:Taxonomic distribution
51:
439:Fungus-like organisms
41:Plasmodiocarp of the
40:
1154:Simple cell membrane
1090:Pseudoparenchymatous
1078:Filamentous/trichal/
1062:Colonial flagellated
995:Collar of microvilli
267:Berg, Linda (2008).
97:, and naked mass of
1368:Contractile vacuole
1319:Meiosis in protists
1300:Mitosis in protists
1278:Multinucleate cells
500:Flagellar apparatus
449:Ambiregnal protists
391:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
252:Acta Protozoologica
215:Sharma OP. (1988).
101:that contains many
89:A plasmodium is an
62:that contains many
47:Hemitrichia serpula
1199:Periplast/pellicle
922:Periplast/pellicle
862:Cruciform division
184:Chlorarachniophyta
79:Chlorarachniophyta
52:
1517:
1516:
1414:Microbial ecology
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1373:Eyespot apparatus
1003:
1002:
985:Choanoflagellates
969:
968:
930:
929:
870:
869:
837:
836:
703:
702:
625:
624:
560:
559:
278:978-0-03-075453-1
230:978-0-07-460329-1
221:Textbook of Fungi
16:(Redirected from
1537:
1388:Mastigont system
1341:
1266:
1243:
1232:Gliding motility
1210:
1147:
1092:/plektenchymatic
1048:Amoeboflagellate
1021:
1012:
988:
980:
949:
941:
915:
889:
881:
855:
848:
812:
776:
745:
719:
714:
683:
662:
641:
636:
605:
579:
571:
540:
514:
478:
471:
462:
350:
343:
336:
327:
317:
306:
300:
289:
283:
282:
264:
258:
248:
242:
241:
239:
237:
212:
192:plasmodiophorids
21:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1406:
1392:
1339:
1334:
1264:
1259:
1241:
1236:
1208:
1203:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1018:
1015:
999:
983:
965:
944:
926:
910:
905:
884:
866:
851:
833:
807:
802:
771:
766:
742:Dinoflagellates
740:
735:
717:
699:
678:
673:
657:
652:
639:
621:
600:
595:
574:
556:
535:
530:
509:
504:
474:
453:
374:classifications
373:
367:
354:
323:
321:
320:
314:Current Biology
307:
303:
290:
286:
279:
266:
265:
261:
249:
245:
235:
233:
231:
217:"4. Myxomycota"
214:
213:
209:
204:
196:haplosporidians
130:Leon Cienkowski
126:
87:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Protoplasmodium
15:
12:
11:
5:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:Siphonocladous
1114:
1106:
1099:Multinucleated
1096:
1093:
1087:
1085:Parenchymatous
1082:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1024:
1022:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
991:
989:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
952:
950:
938:
932:
931:
928:
927:
925:
924:
918:
916:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
892:
890:
886:Kinetoplastids
878:
872:
871:
868:
867:
865:
864:
858:
856:
845:
839:
838:
835:
834:
832:
831:
826:
821:
815:
813:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
777:
768:
767:
765:
764:
759:
754:
748:
746:
737:
736:
734:
733:
728:
722:
720:
711:
705:
704:
701:
700:
698:
697:
692:
686:
684:
675:
674:
672:
671:
665:
663:
654:
653:
651:
650:
644:
642:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
620:
619:
614:
608:
606:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
582:
580:
568:
562:
561:
558:
557:
555:
554:
552:Phycobilisomes
549:
547:Pit connection
543:
541:
532:
531:
529:
528:
526:Phycobilisomes
523:
517:
515:
506:
505:
503:
502:
497:
492:
481:
479:
476:Chloroplastida
468:
466:Archaeplastida
459:
455:
454:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
420:
419:
414:
405:
404:
403:
398:
388:
377:
375:
369:
368:
355:
353:
352:
345:
338:
330:
319:
318:
301:
284:
277:
259:
243:
229:
206:
205:
203:
200:
170:Similarly, in
125:
122:
86:
83:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1542:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Fertilization
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1313:Pleuromitosis
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Hydrogenosome
1248:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:Multicellular
1122:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1006:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
981:
978:
976:
972:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
947:
946:Dictyostelids
942:
939:
937:
933:
923:
920:
919:
917:
913:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
887:
882:
879:
877:
873:
863:
860:
859:
857:
854:
849:
846:
844:
840:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
810:
809:Apicomplexans
805:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
774:
769:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
747:
743:
738:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
721:
715:
712:
710:
706:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
681:
676:
670:
667:
666:
664:
660:
655:
649:
646:
645:
643:
637:
634:
632:
631:Stramenopiles
628:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
607:
603:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
577:
572:
569:
567:
563:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
542:
538:
533:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
516:
512:
507:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:
480:
477:
472:
469:
467:
463:
460:
456:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
418:
415:
413:
409:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
378:
376:
370:
366:
362:
358:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
332:
331:
328:
324:
315:
311:
305:
302:
298:
297:0-521-30419-9
294:
288:
285:
280:
274:
270:
263:
260:
256:
254:26 (1): 1-2,
253:
247:
244:
232:
226:
222:
218:
211:
208:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Microsporidia
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
95:multinucleate
92:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
49:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
1465:Heterotrophy
1435:Reproduction
1310:Orthomitosis
1295:Heterokaryon
1282:
1242:Mitochondria
1143:Cell surface
1019:organization
975:Opisthokonta
798:Micronucleus
793:Macronucleus
695:Pneumatocyst
511:Glaucophytes
495:Phragmoplast
434:Thallophytes
361:Protistology
357:Microbiology
322:
313:
304:
287:
268:
262:
251:
246:
234:. Retrieved
220:
210:
182:algae, e.g.
169:
165:cnidosporans
157:Myxosporidia
142:
127:
88:
68:
55:
53:
45:
1495:Necrotrophy
1480:Saprotrophy
1470:Phagotrophy
1458:Phototrophy
1451:Nutrition:
1440:Life cycles
1431:Development
1405:Ecology and
1273:Nucleomorph
1227:Pseudopodia
1028:Unicellular
912:Euglenoidea
896:Kinetoplast
680:Brown algae
648:Mastigoneme
586:Mastigoneme
576:Cryptophyta
486:green algae
444:Slime molds
236:January 31,
176:protoplasts
138:mycetozoans
134:slime molds
114:cytokinesis
71:slime molds
1509:Auxotrophy
1504:Mixotrophy
1485:Parasitism
1475:Osmotrophy
1453:Autotrophy
1407:physiology
1283:Plasmodium
1209:Locomotion
1145:structures
1109:Coenocytic
853:Phytomyxea
824:Apicoplast
752:Dinokaryon
731:Trichocyst
602:Haptophyte
490:Phycoplast
458:Morphology
429:Cryptogams
202:References
163:), former
75:Myxosporea
56:plasmodium
43:slime mold
32:Plasmodium
1490:Biotrophy
1363:Extrusome
1353:Cytostome
1217:Flagellum
1174:Cell wall
1133:/histonal
1113:Siphonous
1104:Syncytial
1072:Coenobial
1068:Sarcinoid
1017:Levels of
956:Macrocyst
936:Amoebozoa
901:Glycosome
829:Microneme
709:Alveolata
617:Haptonema
612:Coccolith
591:Periplast
537:Red algae
521:Cyanelles
408:Infusoria
180:Cercozoan
147:, namely
118:syncytium
110:coenocyte
99:cytoplasm
85:Structure
60:cytoplasm
1524:Category
1383:Axostyle
1378:Pyrenoid
1358:Fimbriae
1290:Dikaryon
1255:Mitosome
1184:Skeleton
1169:Frustule
1159:Mucilage
1131:tissular
1055:Colonial
1038:Amoeboid
1033:Monadoid
961:Sorocarp
876:Excavate
843:Rhizaria
773:Ciliates
757:Dinocyst
718:General:
669:Frustule
640:General:
566:Hacrobia
417:Sporozoa
412:Ciliates
401:Heliozoa
381:Protozoa
365:Protists
188:syncytia
178:of some
172:Rhizaria
161:Cnidaria
159:(now in
151:(now in
91:amoeboid
1326:Zygotic
1323:Gametic
1265:Nucleus
1043:Coccoid
1008:General
819:Rhoptry
726:Alveoli
659:Diatoms
396:Testate
103:diploid
1329:Sporic
1307:Closed
1222:Cilium
1179:Lorica
1080:hyphal
788:Cirrus
783:Cilium
690:Lamina
372:Former
295:
275:
227:
155:) and
106:nuclei
64:nuclei
1340:Other
1194:Theca
1164:Scale
762:Theca
424:Algae
153:Fungi
1348:Cyst
1304:Open
1189:Test
1127:s.s.
1058:s.s.
293:ISBN
273:ISBN
238:2013
225:ISBN
194:and
488:":
1526::
363::
359::
312:.
219:.
140:.
93:,
81:.
54:A
1433:/
1129:/
987::
948::
914::
888::
811::
775::
744::
682::
661::
604::
578::
539::
513::
484:"
410:/
349:e
342:t
335:v
299:.
281:.
257:.
240:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
