115:, attaining the vote was only one step toward increasing women's participation in the public sphere. MEMCh members focused their efforts on women's issues throughout the social spectrum including the families of the urban poor, middle classes and educated elites. Social issues MEMCh supported were the availability of sanitary, affordable housing; assistance for alcoholism; reform of women's prisons; and equal access to education.
92:
class women, they stressed the importance of equal pay and elimination of segregation which barred women's participation in certain jobs based on marital or other status. Related concerns were state-sponsored child care and maternity benefits, as well as the right of women to choose whether they would become mothers.
193:
and campaigns to protect children. The organization survived until 1953, when it was dissolved. Though specific reasons for the dissolution are unknown, the political polarization and MEMCh's refusal to exclude anyone for their political views and factionalism dividing the focus to interest groups
91:
The organization was considered radical for its era, in that the women wanted full emancipation of their economic, civic and political spheres, recognizing that to attain those goals, radical changes must occur in all structures of society. Because the organization was heavily joined by working
118:
MEMCh was the first women's group to use mass mobilization through public events, held not only in
Santiago but also in the provinces. They held rallies for votes and political freedom, and in favor of regulations dealing with the high unemployment and subsistence living; and others against a
218:. Initially the organization made no demands for women's rights, but when MEMCh83 organized its first mass mobilization on 28 November 1983, they expressed opposition to Pinochet and demanded peace and women's equality. In 1985, the organization was established as MEMch, under a
47:; however, their goal was to have broad membership representing all aspects of the nation. It was the first women's group formed in Chile with specific political goals and an organizational strategy to become a national organization, rather than a local club. The journal,
222:. Since democracy was restored in 1988, the organization has focused on joining a broad coalition of Chilean NGOs in the advocacy of women's equality, which includes their reproductive and sexual rights, as well as all aspects of development.
177:, believing that though charismatic, de la Cruz's vision was too narrow to support the needs of a wide constituency of women. After González Videla's election to the presidency in 1946, moderate members' relationships were strained by the
188:
In 1949, having survived the government decision to outlaw the
Communist Party and state harassment aimed at curtailing its activities, Chilean women gained universal suffrage. Membership turned their attention to
485:
612:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Centro de análisis y difusión de la condición de la mujer, ‘‘La Morada” Fempress, Ilet Isis Librería Lila Pemci, and Centro de Estudios de la Mujer. Archived from
111:(MEMCh members) view, they saw controlling one's biology as a part of women's family rights, including child support, inheritance, legitimacy, pension rights and others. While they strove for
130:, but rumors and actual links with communism of some of the feminists led to public defamation of several members and press which was critical of their objectives. MEMch joined the
43:
Pro-Emancipation
Movement of Chilean Women or MEMCh was created on 28 May 1935 by a group of mostly working class women, many of whom were members of or sympathizers with the
31:
reorganized in 1983 to organize other women's organizations to provide unity in the struggle for the country to return to democracy. Once the dictatorship was overturned the
123:. MEMch developed an educational work, hosting schools for workers and job training courses, and created social service facilities to provide health care and legal advice.
68:) was created by the organization as a means of publishing their views on feminist issues. Its leadership was composed of some of Chile's pioneering feminists and include
497:
155:
697:
134:
and held two congresses (1937, 1940) to gather information from various sectors to create a platform which would address the issues that women faced. When
744:
27:) (often known as MEMCh or MEMCH) was both a historic women's rights organization, which pressed for equality between 1935 and 1953 and a current
625:
749:
739:
687:
666:
514:
713:
561:
599:
534:
626:"Feminist Activism and Women's Rights Mobilization in the Chilean Círculo de Estudios de la Mujer: Beyond Maternalist Mobilization"
35:
turned their focus to uniting organizations which pursue a broad spectrum of issues pertaining to women's rights and development.
704:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Portal de la Cultura de Chile, Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos. 2004. Archived from
142:
drafted a proposal for consideration, but Cerda died before it was introduced. In 1944, MEMCh organized a meeting held at the
107:
was already legal, caused some parts of society to accuse MEMCh members of wanting to destroy the traditions of family. In
720:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Archivo Nacional de Chile, Ministerio de Educación, Gobierno de Chile. 2004. Archived from
219:
147:
88:
among others. Its first
General Secretary and founder was Caffarena, who served in that capacity from 1935 to 1941.
202:
In 1983, MEMCh83, named after the original organization, was founded by a broad spectrum of women's groups, some with
705:
174:
559:
Furci, Carmelo (October 1982). "The
Chilean Communist Party (PCCh) and Its Third Underground Period, 1973-1980".
154:. She brought together women from 200 different women's organizations, who agreed to align in an organization,
44:
49:
138:
was elected as president, he agreed to introduce the issue of women's right to vote. In 1941, Caffarena and
207:
131:
28:
636:
361:
359:
274:
272:
270:
598:
Gaviola
Artigas, Edda; Jiles Moreno, Ximena; Lopresti Martínez, Lorella; Rojas Mira, Claudia (1986).
211:
104:
151:
119:
military pact between Chile and the United States, and sending
Chilean troops to participate in the
170:
143:
135:
112:
522:
521:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Movimiento Pro-Emancipación de las Mujeres de Chile. Archived from
139:
586:
73:
601:'Queremos Votar en las Próximas Elecciones': Historia del movimiento femenino chileno 1913-1952
721:
683:
662:
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656:
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613:
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215:
159:
61:
20:
100:
69:
606:'We Want to Vote in the Next Elections': History of the Chilean Female Movement 1913-1952
178:
440:
365:
278:
733:
658:
Right-Wing Women in Chile: Feminine Power and the
Struggle Against Allende, 1964-1973
96:
81:
54:
210:'s purpose was to unite women's efforts in the restoration of democracy during the
77:
85:
716:[MEMCH: "For the defense of the woman and against all her scourges!"].
120:
582:
569:(1). Hoboken, New Jersey: Society for Latin American Studies, Wiley: 81–95.
679:
Gendered
Compromises: Political Cultures and the State in Chile, 1920-1950
714:"MEMCH: "¡Por la defensa de la mujer y en contra de todos sus flagelos!""
203:
190:
182:
590:
127:
574:
451:
449:
682:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
334:
332:
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32:
635:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. Archived from
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303:
301:
299:
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in 1946, but MEMCh adhered to the
Popular Front candidate,
624:
Mooney, Jadwiga E. Pieper; Campbell, Jean (March 2009).
150:
and that was followed by another congress, organized by
376:
374:
164:
Federación Chilena de Instituciones Femeninas (FECHIF)
547:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: SERNAM. Archived from
455:
338:
245:
243:
241:
239:
484:
Antezana-Pernet, Corinne; Miller, Francesca (2017).
661:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press.
25:
Movimiento Pro-Emancipación de las Mujeres de Chile
513:Caffarena, Elena; Garafulić, M. A. (28 May 1935).
261:
486:"Movimiento Pro-Emancipación de la Mujer Chilena"
185:and the leftist leanings of many MEMch members.
126:In the 1940s, the organization strongly opposed
309:
467:
8:
206:aims and others without feminist goals. The
416:
350:
156:Chilean Federation of Women's Institutions
17:Pro-Emancipation Movement of Chilean Women
220:non-governmental organizational structure
235:
169:FECHIF in turn backed the candidacy of
536:Crónica del sufragio femenino en Chile
541:Chronicle of female suffrage in Chile
428:
404:
392:
380:
321:
290:
249:
7:
676:Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra (2003).
562:Bulletin of Latin American Research
14:
633:Center for the Education of Women
456:Antezana-Pernet & Miller 2017
745:Feminist organisations in Chile
492:. Farmington Hills, Michigan:
262:Caffarena & Garafulić 1935
1:
740:1935 establishments in Chile
441:Gaviola Artigas et al. 1986
366:Gaviola Artigas et al. 1986
279:Gaviola Artigas et al. 1986
194:were contributing factors.
766:
468:Mooney & Campbell 2009
339:Ministry of Education 2004
750:Women's suffrage in Chile
148:International Women's Day
24:
655:Power, Margaret (2010).
533:Eltit, Diamela (1994).
517:[To the women]
179:anti-communist policies
175:Gabriel González Videla
45:Chilean Communist Party
163:
65:
208:umbrella organization
101:clandestine abortions
29:umbrella organization
310:Memoría Chilena 2004
212:Chilean dictatorship
198:Current Organization
105:therapeutic abortion
718:Patrimonio y Genero
698:"MEMCH (1935-1953)"
407:, pp. 102–103.
144:University of Chile
136:Pedro Aguirre Cerda
181:ushered in by the
146:in celebration of
99:and regulation of
74:Graciela Mandujano
689:978-0-8078-6095-3
668:978-0-271-04671-6
554:on 25 March 2008.
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619:on 4 March 2016.
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496:. Archived from
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216:Augusto Pinochet
171:María de la Cruz
113:women's suffrage
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26:
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708:on 11 May 2008.
702:Memoría Chilena
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642:on 4 March 2016
639:
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515:"A las Mujeres"
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70:Elena Caffarena
52:
41:
12:
11:
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763:
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724:on 1 May 2017.
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528:on 1 May 2017.
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152:Felisa Vergara
66:La Mujer Nueva
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500:on 2 May 2017
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132:Popular Front
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50:The New Woman
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722:the original
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644:. Retrieved
637:the original
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549:the original
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502:. Retrieved
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477:Bibliography
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419:, p. 6.
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264:, p. 2.
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140:Flor Heredia
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95:Support for
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78:Olga Poblete
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16:
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86:Laura Rodig
53: [
734:Categories
429:Eltit 1994
405:Eltit 1994
393:Eltit 1994
381:Furci 1982
322:Eltit 1994
291:Eltit 1994
250:Power 2010
226:References
121:Korean War
109:memchistas
583:0261-3050
231:Citations
204:feminist
191:pacifism
183:Cold War
103:, since
591:3338391
160:Spanish
128:fascism
62:Spanish
39:History
21:Spanish
686:
665:
608:]
589:
581:
543:]
84:, and
646:2 May
640:(PDF)
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604:[
587:JSTOR
552:(PDF)
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539:[
526:(PDF)
519:(PDF)
504:2 May
57:]
684:ISBN
663:ISBN
648:2017
579:ISSN
506:2017
494:Gale
571:doi
214:of
166:).
33:NGO
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