1454:
775:
1469:
878:
1784:
1492:
136:
607:
2730:"Kai kurie ir iš nepriklausomos Lietuvos išvažiuoja į Vokietiją, nes čia ne visiems pavyksta atgauti žemę ir sodybas, miestuose ir miesteliuose turėtus gyvenamuosius namus. Vis dar yra net nebandomų sudrausminti piktavalių, kurie lietuvininkams siūlo "grįžti" į "faterliandą"." Tr.: Even some from independent Lithuania have emigrated to Germany, because not all are able to have their land, farms and city homes returned. Some still want the Lietuvininkai to "return" to
1897:. Lithuanians did not read Prussian Lithuanian publications and vice versa; the cultural communication was very limited. Attempts to create a unified newspaper and common orthography for all Lithuanian speakers at the beginning of the 20th century were unsuccessful. After 1905, modern Lithuanian orthography was standardized while Prussian Lithuanian orthography remained the same – German Gothic script, a noun was begun with a capital letter, the letters
222:
572:
2932:
2995:
870:
1408:. Only about 2,000 local Lithuanians chose to remain in the Klaipėda Region and virtually none in the Kaliningrad Oblast. The majority of Prussian Lithuanians today live in the Federal Republic of Germany. Together with 65,000 refugees from Lithuania proper, mostly Roman Catholic, who made their way to the western occupation zones of Germany, by 1948 they had founded 158 schools in the Lithuanian language.
1626:
295:
74:
33:
543:) to denote Lithuanians of Lithuania Major. As with other closely related groups with differing religions (e.g. Northern Ireland, former Yugoslavia), antagonism was frequent between the Lutheran Prussian Lithuanians and the Catholic Lithuanians of the Grand Duchy, despite the common language. For example, inhabitants of Lithuania did not trust Prussian Lithuanians in the
1515:, traditions and folk culture. For centuries Prussian Lithuanians lived in a political and religious environment that was different from that of other Lithuanians and evolved into a separate ethnic group. The common state united some aspects of, traditions and folk culture. who viewed its rulers as their own rulers. Hanging portraits of the rulers of the
1237:
1352:
managed to flee by land or sea into those parts of
Germany captured by the British and Americans. Among the latter were the pastors A. Keleris, J. Pauperas, M. Preikšaitis, O. Stanaitis, A. Trakis, and J. Urdse, who gathered those from the Lithuanian parishes and reorganised the Lithuanian church in the western zones of
677:. Many Prussian Lithuanians also became Protestants. By the will of Albert, church services for Prussian Lithuanians were held in the Lithuanian language. Although Lithuanians who settled in Prussia were mainly farmers, in the 16th century there was an influx of educated Protestant immigrants from Lithuania, such as
741:
519:
For
Prussian Lithuanians loyalty to the German state, strong religious beliefs, and the mother tongue were the three main criteria of self-identification. Due to differences in religion and loyalties to a different state, the Prussian Lithuanians did not consider Lithuanians of the Grand Duchy to be
1611:
After World War II, virtually no
Prussian Lithuanians remained in Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast and only a small number survived in the Lithuanian SSR. Their peasant culture, first threatened by Germanization in the German Empire and politically oppressed in the Nazi era, was now completely wiped out
1351:
The evacuation started late; the Red Army approached much faster than expected and cut off the territorial connection with other German-held territories by
January 26, 1945. Many refugees perished due to Soviet low-flying strafing attacks on the civilians columns, or the extreme cold. However, many
825:
in 1871, when part of
Lithuania became integrated with the new nation of Germany, learning the German language was made compulsory in state schools. Studying the German language provided the possibility for Prussian Lithuanians to become acquainted with Western European culture and values. However,
1370:
The Red Army made no distinction between
Germans of Prussian Lithuanian or German ethnicity. During the evacuation of East Prussia, Prussian Lithuanians, like other East Prussians, fled in an attempt to escape. Mass murder, rape, and looting were the common fate of those who did not succeed. After
1308:
policy as a threat to their own culture and began to support German political parties, and even started identifying themselves as
Germans. During the 1925 census, 37,626 people declared themselves to be Lithuanians and 34,337 people identified themselves as Memellanders, a neologism to distinguish
1327:
After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Prussian
Lithuanian activists living in Germany were persecuted. In 1938, Prussian and Lithuanian place names in East Prussia were translated into German or replaced by German names often unrelated to the Lithuanian toponym. For example, Lasdehnen (Lazdynai)
1387:
during 1945–50. However, their homes and farms were not returned as either
Russians or Lithuanians had already occupied their property. Prussians who remained in the former Memel (Klaipėda) territory were fired from their jobs and otherwise discriminated against. After the collapse of the Soviet
1303:
status or reunification with
Germany. Soon Lithuanian policies alienated the Prussian Lithuanians. People from Greater Lithuania were sent to assume public administration posts in the region. According to the Lithuanian view, the Prussian Lithuanians were Germanized Lithuanians who should be
1567:
criticizes the tendency to adopt German ways, since this was often associated with decadent noblemen. Donelaitis called for Lithuanians to do their duty, to not envy those who went to town, to not complain or be lazy, and try to work as much as was needed to be a good peasant:
842:. In 1921, the French administration made a survey in the Klaipėda Region that showed that only 2.2 percent of Prussian Lithuanians would prefer purely Lithuanian schools. The Lithuanian language and culture were not persecuted in Prussia. By contrast, there were restrictive
1382:
in 1947. By 1945, there were only about 20,000 inhabitants left in the Klaipėda Region, compared to the 152,800 in 1939. The government of the Lithuanian SSR followed Soviet policy and viewed the Prussian Lithuanians as Germans. About 8,000 persons were repatriated from
1319:. The inhabitants were allowed to choose Lithuanian citizenship. Only 500 asked for citizenship, and only 20 were awarded it. The reunification of Klaipėda with Germany was met with joy by a majority of inhabitants. About 10,000 refugees, mostly Jews, fled the region.
766:
in the late 19th century was not popular with Prussian Lithuanians. To them integration with Lithuania was not understandable and not acceptable. The idea of Lithuanian–Latvian unity was more popular than idea of Lithuanian-Prussian Lithuanian unity during the
2205:
Memellanderers defined themselves separately not by ethnicity but by birthplace. Traditionally they were more inclined towards the German element and German structures but they did not regard themselves as German. They did not regard themselves as Lithuanian
358:(Lithuania Major, or Lithuania proper). Prussian Lithuanians contributed greatly to the development of written Lithuanian, which for a long time was considerably more widespread and in more literary use in Lithuania Minor than in Lithuania proper.
693:, founded in 1544. Martynas Mažvydas was a zealous Protestant and urged citizens to stop all contact between Prussian Lithuanians and Lithuanians living in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in a bid to curtail Catholic influence in the country.
826:
Germanization also provoked a cultural movement among Prussian Lithuanians. In 1879 and 1896, petitions for the return of the Lithuanian language to schools was signed by 12,330 and 23,058 Prussian Lithuanians from the districts of
1811:, while in Prussia it was influenced more heavily by the German language. Thus, while Lithuanians used Slavic loanwords and translations, Prussian Lithuanians used German loanwords and translations, and some Slavic loanwords.
1276:) sought reunification with Germany or to create an independent state of Memelland and had a membership of 30,000 individuals. Two dozen pro-Lithuanian representatives of the Prussian Lithuanian National Council signed the
1747:) was also called Kurschat, in the Prussian Lithuanian language special forms were used in speech: the form of a wife's surname was Kurßaitê / Kurßatė and the form of an unmarried woman was Kurßaitikê / Kurßaitukê.
1299:, a Lithuanian professional counterintelligence officer, shows around 60 percent of the local inhabitants supported the revolt, 30 percent were neutral and 10 percent were against, namely the supporters of a
1453:
1422:. Until 1990, this secondary boarding school was the only Lithuanian school outside areas controlled by the Soviet Union. It was attended by several well-known exiled Lithuanians, such as the singer
1857:. Many other authors who wrote in Lithuanian were not Prussian Lithuanians, but local Prussian Germans: Michael Märlin, Jakob Quandt, Wilhelm Martinius, Gottfried Ostermeyer, Sigfried Ostermeyer,
1612:
by the Soviets, who made no distinction between Germans and Lithuanians. The situation was somewhat better in the former Memel Territory but even there churches and cemeteries were destroyed.
658:, a stable border between the two states was established. Better living conditions in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights attracted many Lithuanians and Samogitians to settle there.
1411:
Due to the emigration of many Lithuanians overseas and the assimilation of the remaining Prussian Lithuanians in Germany, the number of Lithuanian schools has now dwindled to only one,
774:
2920:
854:. The Prussian Lithuanians could publish their own newspapers and books, even helping Lithuanians in Russia to bypass their press ban by publishing their newspapers, such as
732:, which remained open until 1924. From the mid-18th century, a majority of Prussian Lithuanians were literate; in comparison, the process was much slower in the Grand Duchy.
1371:
the end of war, some Prussian Lithuanians tried to return to their East Prussian homes, but they were discriminated against and denied food rations by the Soviets.
2100:
1404:'s visit to Moscow in 1958, the former citizens of Germany were allowed to emigrate, and the majority of Prussian Lithuanians in the Lithuanian SSR emigrated to
1365:
2482:
1445:. However, a separate ethnic and cultural identity for Prussian Lithuanians is not as strong as it once was, and cultural differences are gradually vanishing.
3114:
1457:
Lietuvininkai attire and church clothing from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century (left and right) and folk costume from the
2898:
2913:
1739:
A difference existed between female and male surnames in everyday speech. For example, while officially the wife of Kurschat (Prussian Lithuanian
377:
551:(Ewa Simoneit) chose the side of the Lithuanian Republic, she was condemned by relatives, friends and neighbours. Only one Prussian Lithuanian,
2458:
1500:
728:
movement, which then spread among Prussian Lithuanians. In 1811 a teacher's seminary for Prussian Lithuanians was established in Karalene near
651:
2135:
1820:
1647:
46:
1468:
1893:
was based on the German style, while in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania it was primarily based on the Polish style. Prussian Lithuanians used
2536:Šis procesas nebuvo skatinamas kokių nors germanizacijos užmačių, jis savaime brendo aukštos ir žemos civilizacijų bei kultūrų sankirtoje.
2906:
1873:, was from East Prussia and reflected the Prussian Lithuanian lifestyle in his works. The first newspaper in the Lithuanian language,
1329:
1316:
701:
3099:
2612:
2414:
2235:
2108:
1673:
194:
176:
117:
60:
84:
3020:
2850:
2175:"Memellander/Klaipėdiškiai Identity and German-Lithuanian Relations in Lithuania Minor in the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries"
2000:
596:
2654:
2512:
1412:
3012:
2958:
1651:
1249:
2714:
2680:
2355:
1462:
376:
There were 121,345 speakers of Lithuanian in the Prussian census of 1890. Almost all Prussian Lithuanians were murdered or
2800:
1309:
themselves from Lithuanians. Inhabitants of the Klaipėda Region continuously voted for German or German-oriented parties.
1280:, asking to unite the Klaipėda Region with Lithuania; the idea was not supported by the majority of Prussian Lithuanians.
800:
1485:
877:
2819:
1553:
Until the mid-19th century Prussian Lithuanians were mostly villagers. Their feudal mentality is reflected in the poem
763:
1755:
Since the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, Prussian Lithuanians have typically been bilingual.
1636:
99:
2778:
2553:
1799:. The standard Prussian Lithuanian language is quite similar to standard Lithuanian except for the number of German
3078:
1396:
In 1951 about 3,500 people from the former Memel Territory were expelled by the authority of the Lithuanian SSR to
1345:
1783:
1655:
1640:
1491:
95:
2936:
2295:. Daugumai mažlietuvių integracinės Didžiosios ir Mažosios Lietuvos apraiškos buvo nesuprantamos ir nepriimtinos.
1858:
811:
783:
52:
3109:
2976:
2039:
1850:
1838:
1296:
746:
639:
351:
690:
2598:
2074:
2981:
2004:
1772:
1388:
Union, some Prussian Lithuanians and their descendants did not regain lost property in the Klaipėda region.
1353:
768:
709:
670:
2483:"Lietuvių ir latvių bendradarbiavimas priešinantis tautinei priespaudai XIX a. pabaigoje – XX a. pradžioje"
3042:
1939:
1870:
1796:
1560:
1261:
931:
822:
806:
686:
366:
3104:
3037:
2971:
2832:
2291:
Loyalty to state power, great religiosity and mother language were three self-identifying priorities of
1866:
1516:
1285:
355:
1912:
Books and newspapers that were published in Lithuania in Roman type were reprinted in Gothic script in
2257:
432:
between 1517 and 1527. Prussian Lithuanians used various names for themselves: Prussians (Lithuanian:
1955:
1846:
1265:
847:
708:
and more than 90 percent of the deceased were Prussian Lithuanians. To compensate for the loss, King
678:
238:
1951:
547:
and tended to eliminate them from posts in government institutions. When Prussian Lithuanian writer
3032:
2816:
2221:
2021:
1987:
1945:
1854:
1535:
1512:
1511:. They adopted the cultural values and social conventions of the German state, but preserved their
1269:
821:
policy until 1873; Prussian Lithuanians voluntarily adopted German language and culture. After the
751:
717:
697:
548:
528:
335:
323:
242:
234:
2766:
1526:
congregational movement attracted large numbers of Prussian Lithuanians: evangelical fellowships (
606:
2966:
2581:
1991:
1808:
1792:
1554:
1504:
1375:
985:
682:
586:
389:
1289:
1257:
1231:
1225:
544:
481:
393:
2692:
2608:
2410:
2333:
2282:
2231:
2225:
2196:
2131:
2104:
2034:
1967:
1865:, Matttheus Praetorius, Christian Mielcke, Adam Schimmelpfennig, for example. The first major
258:
1803:. The Lithuanian language which was spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was influenced by
146:
3025:
3000:
2851:"Didžiosios ir Mažosios Lietuvos studentai Karaliaučiaus universitete (450-osioms metinėms)"
2323:
2272:
2186:
1961:
1834:
1699:
1332:, Jodlauken (Juodlaukiai) became Schwalbental, and so on. The Prussian Lithuanian newspaper
635:
2356:"Didlietuviai: an example of committee of Lithuanian organizations' activities (1934–1939)"
2044:
1923:
1913:
1804:
1527:
1508:
1481:
1401:
795:
705:
655:
590:
536:
397:
343:
331:
2880:
1853:, while the first Lithuanian book in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was printed in 1596 by
1791:
The Lithuanian language of Prussian Lithuanians could be divided into two main dialects:
221:
3119:
2431:
1990:(born Joachim Fritz Krauledat), Canadian singer, songwriter and guitarist, frontman of
1971:
1930:) was published in Tilsit in Gothic style until 1940, when it was closed by the Nazis.
1717:
1546:. About 40 percent of Lithuanians belonged to such fellowships, whose members lived by
1379:
1305:
1253:
851:
787:
721:
643:
362:
286:
2858:
2833:
Christoph Kairies. Das litauertum in Ostpreußen südlich des Memelstromes im jahre 1921
2328:
2311:
2277:
2191:
2174:
150:
3093:
2893:
2888:
1977:
1862:
1842:
1601:
1543:
1434:
1423:
1277:
843:
818:
791:
674:
627:
615:
614:
The territory where Prussian Lithuanians lived in ancient times was inhabited by the
552:
270:
2566:
2125:
1819:
571:
17:
2524:
2381:
2049:
1996:
1906:
1764:
1405:
1397:
1312:
1284:
was followed by severe economical hardships and inflation in Germany. In 1923, the
650:
in chronicles. Local tribes were resettled, either voluntarily or by force, in the
560:
429:
385:
327:
2872:
869:
2718:
2700:
2453:
3068:
2949:
2359:
2312:"Mažosios ir Didžiosios Lietuvos integracijos problema XIX a. – XX a. pradžioje"
2258:"Mažosios ir Didžiosios Lietuvos integracijos problema XIX a. – XX a. pradžioje"
2095:
Pėteraitis, Vilius; Vaclovas Bagdonavičius; Albertas Juška; et al. (2003).
1894:
1890:
1878:
1826:
Pakajaus Paſlas!: Lietuwos Brolams bei Seſerims Diewo-Ʒodi ir Surinkimus apſakas
1625:
1605:
1458:
1419:
1281:
1245:
827:
631:
556:
319:
278:
254:
1881:, the government and political parties financed the Prussian Lithuanian press.
294:
3058:
2990:
2583:
Die ländliche verfassung in den einzelnen provinzen der Preussischen Monarchie
2009:
1768:
1473:
729:
274:
2696:
2337:
2286:
2200:
2940:
2931:
1909:
were used, and the construction of sentences was different from Lithuanian.
1442:
663:
659:
623:
619:
524:
477:
370:
2618:
3073:
2826:
2786:
2554:
Ko neįstengė suprasti Lietuvos valdžia ir klaipėdiškiai 1923–1939 metais?
2054:
2015:
1981:
1800:
1687:
1413:
Litauisches Gymnasium/Vasario 16-osios gimnazija (Lithuanian High School)
1384:
713:
282:
1336:
was not closed down until 1940, during World War II. Church services in
2733:
1547:
1523:
1236:
831:
725:
509:
2840:
2825:(red = German, white = Polish, blue = Lithuanian, yellow = Latvian /
2748:
1898:
1484:
on the basis of Teodor Lepner's 1744 book "Der Preussische Litauer",
1438:
1430:
1341:
1337:
1252:, dividing the territories inhabited by Prussian Lithuanians between
862:
856:
839:
835:
521:
381:
740:
724:
to repopulate the area. Many of these Lutherans were members of the
102:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2602:
2586:(in German). Königsberg: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung.
2409:. Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla. pp. 439–441.
1818:
1782:
1490:
1467:
1452:
1378:
and from the former Klaipėda Region, which was transferred to the
1235:
876:
868:
773:
739:
605:
570:
516:("Lithuanians"), and not the name of a separate ethnic sub-group.
420:
in German) appeared in German texts of the 16th century. The term
293:
2744:
2742:
2653:, Klaipėda: 1997, pp. 742–771, here after the German translation
392:, while the southern part was attached to Poland. Only the small
2801:"Tv3.lt naujienos – svarbiausios žinios iš Lietuvos ir užsienio"
1948:(born Franz Karl Wilhelm Domscheit), Prussian Lithuanian painter
1902:
1763:
The German language used by Prussian Lithuanians belongs to the
2902:
2664:
1600:
Towns were not large. People who emigrated to the major towns,
1542:) were very active in Prussia, as they were in the rest of the
778:
Prussian Lithuanians with national costumes in the 19th century
298:
Lithuanians in Prussia according to censuses of years 1825-1837
1875:
Nuſidawimai apie Ewangēliôs Praſiplatinima tarp Źydû ir Pagonû
1833:
Literature in the Lithuanian language appeared earlier in the
1725:
Another type of Prussian Lithuanian surname use the suffixes "
1619:
1374:
All who remained at the war's end were expelled from Soviet's
500:
or sometimes a neologism unknown to Lietuwininkai themselves,
129:
67:
26:
1787:
Lithuanian language in Prussia by Franz Oskar Tetzner in 1902
1608:, usually became bilingual and eventually became Germanized.
464:). Local self-designating terms found in literature, such as
326:
speakers, who formerly inhabited a territory in northeastern
2752:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
1264:, which was formed to enforce the agreements reached in the
563:. The antagonism persisted until the end of World War II.
2567:"Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat ( 1998 )"
1587:
Lead sinful lives, loaf, sleep too long and eat too much.
886:
Lithuanian-speaking population in the Kingdom of Prussia
2873:
Publications Funded by the Foundation of Lithuania Minor
1240:
A 1938 reproduction of the Act of Tilsit, signed in 1918
669:
After 1525, the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
2607:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
158:
91:
2779:"The Seasons by Kristijonas Donelaitis – Summer Toils"
1590:
But here we simple boors, held by the lords as knaves,
1578:
Why do these countless ills torment the luckless rich?
1429:
Communities of Prussian Lithuanians have developed in
850:
in the parts of Lithuania that had become part of the
1268:. The organisation "Deutsch-Litauischer Heimatbund" (
704:
in 1700–1721 which killed 53 percent of residents in
1584:
It is because they scorn the fruitful work of boors,
654:
and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After the 1422
3051:
3010:
2956:
1596:
Work on the quick each day, as simple folk must do.
264:
248:
228:
2012:, German architect also active in Japan and Turkey
1877:, was published by Prussian Lithuanians. Prior to
1581:Why does untimely death so often strike them down?
634:became almost uninhabited during the 13th-century
496:). Modern Lithuanian historiography uses the term
2829:, green = uninhabited or thinly inhabited forest)
2230:(in Lithuanian). Kaunas: Litterae universitatis.
1575:Another's aches and pains require a doctor's aid.
1572:There, in the city, one is laid up with his gout;
790:, was a fierce agitator for the integrity of the
2075:"Naujame albume – "Šiaurės Atlantidos" reginiai"
1917:
1841:. The first book in Lithuanian was published in
1824:
1686:Prussian Lithuanian surnames often consist of a
666:began moving into Prussia around the same time.
555:, worked in the government of Lithuania between
2659:(section: 9. Kleinlitauer – Kriegsflüchtlinge;
1344:were held in the Lithuanian language until the
2349:
2347:
1916:in 1923–39. The Prussian Lithuanian newspaper
1593:Fed on unwinnowed bread and pallid buttermilk,
1304:re-Lithuanized. Prussian Lithuanians saw this
2914:
2452:Gruodytė, Stefanija; Matulevičius, Algirdas.
2400:
2398:
1499:The Prussian Lithuanians that settled in the
1244:The northern part of East Prussia beyond the
782:The first Prussian Lithuanian elected to the
700:population was dramatically decreased by the
8:
2546:
2544:
1260:(Memelland) under the administration of the
210:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2101:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas
1654:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
750:was dedicated to German Emperor Wilhelm I (
689:, who became among the first professors at
371:Lutheran-Protestants (Evangelical-Lutheran)
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2921:
2907:
2899:
2715:"Tries knygos apie lietuvininkų tragediją"
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2124:Alfredas Bumblauskas; et al. (2013).
884:
220:
209:
2681:"Trys knygos apie lietuvininkų tragediją"
2651:Mažosios Lietuvos Bažnyčia XVI-XX amžiuje
2327:
2276:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2190:
1674:Learn how and when to remove this message
1366:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
195:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2849:Algirdas, Matulevičius (June 30, 1994).
2817:Map of languages in East Prussia in 1900
2599:"Klaipėdos krašto aneksija 1939–1940 m."
2305:
2303:
1288:occupied the Klaipėda Region during the
673:became duke of Prussia and converted to
484:(Memelland) during the interwar years –
380:, when East Prussia was divided between
2857:(in Lithuanian) (27–28). Archived from
2767:Mažosios Lietuvos kanklės-arfa. 1984 m.
2073:Nijolė Strakauskaitė (March 30, 2007).
2065:
520:part of their community. They used the
480:. Another similar term appeared in the
2666:Lietuvos Evangelikų Liuteronų Bažnyčia
1503:over the centuries were influenced by
1501:monastic state of the Teutonic Knights
1248:was detached from East Prussia at the
652:Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights
456:), or simply Lithuanians (Lithuanian:
361:Unlike most Lithuanians, who remained
2604:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
1463:The History Museum of Lithuania Minor
440:), Prussian Lithuanians (Lithuanian:
7:
1999:, a Lithuanian-German sniper in the
1829:was published between 1881 and 1939.
1652:adding citations to reliable sources
626:tribes. The area between the rivers
3115:German people of Lithuanian descent
1964:(born Wilhelm Storost), philosopher
1733:Kairies, Resgies, Baltßus, Karallus
881:Lithuania Minor within East Prussia
575:Distribution of the Baltic tribes,
2380:Elena Bukelienė (March 15, 1997).
1823:The Prussian Lithuanian newspaper
1317:1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania
810:. The 7th stanza was dedicated to
702:Great Northern War plague outbreak
646:. This uninhabited area was named
25:
2329:10.15388/SocMintVei.2001.1-2.7236
2278:10.15388/SocMintVei.2001.1-2.7236
2192:10.15388/SocMintVei.2001.1-2.7233
42:This article has multiple issues.
2993:
2930:
2459:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
2316:Sociologija. Mintis Ir Veiksmas.
2265:Sociologija. Mintis Ir Veiksmas.
1624:
597:History of the Germans in Poland
134:
72:
31:
2717:(in Lithuanian). Archived from
2580:von Haxthausen, August (1839).
2430:Bernardas Aleknavičius (2006).
2382:"Ieva Simonaitytė ir žemaičiai"
2179:Sociologija. Mintis Ir Veiksmas
2097:Mažosios Lietuvos Enciklopedija
1698:". It has the same role as the
476:), were neither politonyms nor
388:. The northern part became the
348:Preußisch-Litauen, Kleinlitauen
159:check for citation inaccuracies
50:or discuss these issues on the
2841:Online heritage book Memelland
2757:, retrieved on 28 August 2001.
2669:, retrieved on 28 August 2011.
2354:Silva Pocytė (February 2003).
1918:
1825:
1815:Prussian Lithuanian literature
1495:A Prussian Lithuanian cemetery
1250:Paris Peace Conference of 1919
591:Lithuania Minor § History
330:called Prussian Lithuania, or
1:
1716:Abromeit, Grigoleit, Jakeit,
1461:coast (in the middle; 1914),
801:Lietuwininkais esame mes gime
771:, a conference held in 1905.
576:
428:in German) was first used by
404:) was attached to Lithuania.
340:Prūsų Lietuva, Mažoji Lietuva
2130:. Eugrimas. pp. 15–16.
1934:Notable Prussian Lithuanians
1519:in the home was widespread.
1486:National Museum of Lithuania
1360:Expulsion after World War II
610:Prussian Lithuanians in 1744
369:, most Lietuvininkai became
2889:Bilingual Chantbook of 1667
2656:Die Kirche in Klein Litauen
2511:Arnašius, Helmutas (2002).
2487:Lietuvos istorijos studijos
1315:invaded Klaipėda after the
1295:A secret report of 1923 by
764:Lithuanian national revival
638:and wars between the pagan
378:expelled after World War II
98:the claims made and adding
3136:
1942:, Prussian Lithuanian poet
1363:
1346:evacuation of East Prussia
1229:
1223:
1220:Between the two World Wars
894:Region (Regierungsbezirk)
594:
584:
508:is problematic as it is a
2988:
2947:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
873:Districts of East Prussia
812:Wilhelm I, German Emperor
269:
253:
233:
219:
3100:Ethnic groups in Germany
2597:Skirius, Juozas (2002).
2127:The History of Lithuania
1919:Naujaſis Tilźes Keleiwis
1889:The Prussian Lithuanian
1851:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1839:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1334:Naujaſis Tilźes Keleiwis
1297:Jonas Polovinskas-Budrys
747:Lietuvininks we are born
640:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
352:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2894:Bilingual Bible of 1727
2405:Gudavičius, E. (1999).
1970:, American journalist,
1928:Neues Tilsiter Wanderer
1773:Mundart des Ostgebietes
1354:Allied-occupied Germany
769:Great Seimas of Vilnius
710:Frederick II of Prussia
2754:Lithuanian High School
2679:Gudelienė, V. (1998).
2513:"Vokiečiai Klaipėdoje"
2224:; et al. (1995).
2001:68th Infantry Division
1940:Kristijonas Donelaitis
1927:
1871:Kristijonas Donelaitis
1830:
1788:
1561:Kristijonas Donelaitis
1539:
1531:
1496:
1488:
1465:
1449:Culture and traditions
1323:World War II and after
1273:
1262:Council of Ambassadors
1241:
882:
874:
823:Unification of Germany
817:There was no national
779:
759:
755:
712:invited settlers from
687:Stanislovas Rapolionis
611:
582:
540:
532:
468:("people from here"),
450:Pruſißki Lietuvininkai
408:Ethnonyms and identity
401:
367:Protestant Reformation
347:
339:
299:
2861:on September 27, 2007
2432:"Kodėl mes išlikome?"
2173:Vareikis, V. (2001).
1822:
1786:
1517:House of Hohenzollern
1494:
1471:
1456:
1364:Further information:
1286:Republic of Lithuania
1239:
880:
872:
777:
743:
691:Königsberg University
609:
574:
356:Republic of Lithuania
297:
265:Related ethnic groups
3064:Prussian Lithuanians
2685:Mokslas Ir Gyvenimas
2517:Mokslas Ir Gyvenimas
2481:Pivoras, S. (1998).
2227:Lietuvininkų kraštas
1956:Albertina University
1720:, Kukulat, Szameitat
1714:. Examples include:
1648:improve this section
1472:Reconstruction of a
1420:Lampertheim in Hesse
1266:Treaty of Versailles
848:Lithuanian press ban
418:Prussian Lithuanians
304:Prussian Lithuanians
239:Low Prussian dialect
211:Prussian Lithuanians
18:Prussian-Lithuanians
2310:Pocytė, S. (2001).
2256:Pocytė, S. (2001).
2024:, German politician
2022:Friedrich Baltrusch
1797:Aukštaitian dialect
1513:Lithuanian language
887:
807:Lietuwißka Ceitunga
798:published the poem
698:Lithuanian-speaking
446:Pruſû Lietuvininkai
324:Lithuanian language
216:
2018:, German architect
1831:
1793:Samogitian dialect
1789:
1706:" in the surnames
1497:
1489:
1466:
1376:Kaliningrad Oblast
1242:
885:
883:
875:
780:
762:The nationalistic
760:
744:The 7th stanza of
683:Abraomas Kulvietis
612:
587:History of Prussia
583:
454:Preußische Litauer
414:Preußische Litauer
390:Kaliningrad Oblast
350:), instead of the
300:
83:possibly contains
3087:
3086:
3013:ethnic minorities
2959:ethnic minorities
2687:(in Lithuanian).
2519:(in Lithuanian).
2454:"Maras Lietuvoje"
2407:Lietuvos istorija
2318:(in Lithuanian).
2267:(in Lithuanian).
2222:Vėlius, Norbertas
2137:978-609-437-204-9
2035:Prussian Latvians
1968:Otto D. Tolischus
1861:, Andrew Krause,
1849:, an émigré from
1847:Martynas Mažvydas
1684:
1683:
1676:
1217:
1216:
891:District (Kreis)
804:in the newspaper
679:Martynas Mažvydas
458:Lietuw(i)ni(n)kai
292:
291:
205:
204:
197:
187:
186:
179:
128:
127:
120:
85:original research
65:
16:(Redirected from
3127:
3003:
3001:Lithuania portal
2998:
2997:
2996:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2845:
2837:
2824:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2785:. Archived from
2775:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2746:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2699:. Archived from
2676:
2670:
2662:
2649:Albertas Juška,
2647:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2617:. Archived from
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2565:Belzyt, Leszek.
2562:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2523:. Archived from
2508:
2495:
2494:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
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2421:
2420:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2358:. Archived from
2351:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2280:
2262:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2219:
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2208:
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2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2070:
1962:Vilius Storostas
1946:Pranas Domšaitis
1921:
1920:
1855:Mikalojus Daukša
1835:Duchy of Prussia
1828:
1827:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1628:
1620:
1417:
888:
636:Prussian Crusade
581:
578:
549:Ieva Simonaitytė
354:and, later, the
224:
217:
200:
193:
182:
175:
171:
168:
162:
138:
137:
130:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
100:inline citations
76:
75:
68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
21:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3110:Lithuania Minor
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3047:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2952:
2943:
2929:
2927:
2883:
2876:(in Lithuanian)
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2740:
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2713:
2712:
2708:
2678:
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2673:
2660:
2648:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2551:(in Lithuanian)
2550:
2549:
2542:
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2480:
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2138:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:. p. 577.
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2077:(in Lithuanian)
2072:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2045:Memel Territory
2031:
1954:, professor at
1936:
1914:Memel Territory
1887:
1867:Lithuanian poet
1817:
1781:
1761:
1753:
1690:with suffixes "
1680:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1645:
1629:
1618:
1540:Surinkimininkai
1509:German language
1482:Lithuania Minor
1451:
1415:
1402:Konrad Adenauer
1394:
1392:1950 and beyond
1368:
1362:
1325:
1290:Klaipėda Revolt
1258:Klaipėda Region
1234:
1232:Klaipėda Revolt
1228:
1226:Klaipėda Region
1222:
846:policies and a
796:Georg Sauerwein
738:
706:Lithuania Minor
656:Treaty of Melno
604:
599:
593:
585:Main articles:
579:
569:
545:Klaipėda Region
504:. The usage of
482:Klaipėda Region
442:Pruſû Lietuwiai
426:Lithuania Minor
410:
394:Klaipėda Region
332:Lithuania Minor
214:
212:
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5:
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2846:
2838:
2830:
2812:
2811:External links
2809:
2807:
2806:
2792:
2789:on 1999-11-10.
2770:
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2703:on 2006-09-27.
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1994:
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1972:Pulitzer Prize
1965:
1959:
1952:Georg Gerullis
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1505:German culture
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1393:
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1380:Lithuanian SSR
1361:
1358:
1348:in late 1944.
1324:
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1306:Lithuanization
1274:Namynês Bundas
1254:Weimar Germany
1224:Main article:
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852:Russian Empire
788:Jonas Smalakys
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648:the wilderness
644:Teutonic Order
603:
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595:Main article:
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363:Roman Catholic
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2937:Ethnic groups
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2721:on 2006-09-27
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2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2621:on 2008-03-03
2620:
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2614:9986-9216-9-4
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1978:Lena Valaitis
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1895:Gothic script
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1863:Philipp Ruhig
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1424:Lena Valaitis
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1278:Act of Tilsit
1275:
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859:
858:
853:
849:
845:
844:Russification
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
820:
819:Germanization
815:
813:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
793:
792:German Empire
789:
785:
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770:
765:
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727:
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688:
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676:
675:Protestantism
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
608:
602:Early history
601:
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573:
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553:Dovas Zaunius
550:
546:
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506:Lietuvininkai
503:
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498:Lietuvininkai
495:
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490:Klaipėdiškiai
488:(Lithuanian:
487:
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312:Lietuvininkas
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143:This article
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81:This article
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29:
28:
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3105:East Prussia
3063:
2881:Kleinlitauen
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
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2787:the original
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2457:
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2360:the original
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2178:
2143:25 September
2141:. Retrieved
2126:
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2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2068:
2050:East Prussia
1997:Bruno Sutkus
1958:, Königsberg
1911:
1888:
1874:
1859:Daniel Klein
1837:than in the
1832:
1790:
1775:subdialect.
1765:Low Prussian
1762:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1715:
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1691:
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1550:principles.
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855:
816:
805:
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781:
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668:
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616:Old Prussian
613:
561:World War II
518:
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512:of the word
505:
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493:
489:
486:Memellanders
485:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
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449:
445:
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430:Simon Grunau
425:
421:
417:
413:
411:
386:Soviet Union
375:
360:
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315:
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207:Ethnic group
191:
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167:January 2008
164:
149:that do not
145:may contain
144:
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45:
44:Please help
41:
3069:Samogitians
2977:Belarusians
2950:Lithuanians
2884:(in German)
2844:(in German)
2836:(in German)
2823:(in German)
2783:www.efn.org
2661:(in German)
2218:(in German)
2099:. Vilnius:
2005:German Army
1992:Steppenwolf
1891:orthography
1885:Orthography
1879:World War I
1845:in 1547 by
1767:dialect of
1565:The Seasons
1556:The Seasons
1416:(in German)
1282:World War I
1246:Neman River
1062:Pillkallen
1010:Insterburg
959:Königsberg
794:. In 1879,
756:Vilhelmas I
580: 1200
557:World War I
525:Samogitians
494:Memelländer
320:Lithuanians
310:(singular:
279:Lithuanians
255:Lutheranism
3094:Categories
3059:Kursenieki
2982:Ukrainians
2865:2007-09-07
2827:Kurlandish
2725:2007-03-31
2625:2008-03-14
2531:2007-10-30
2466:15 January
2438:2007-10-15
2388:2007-09-12
2366:2007-09-12
2081:2007-11-12
2061:References
2010:Bruno Taut
1843:Königsberg
1779:Lithuanian
1769:Low German
1727:-ies" or "
1708:Abrahamson
1688:patronymic
1602:Königsberg
1536:Lithuanian
1270:Lithuanian
1230:See also:
1195:Gumbinnen
1192:Darkehmen
1169:Gumbinnen
1143:Gumbinnen
1117:Gumbinnen
1091:Gumbinnen
1065:Gumbinnen
1039:Gumbinnen
1036:Niederung
1013:Gumbinnen
982:Heydekrug
932:Königsberg
752:Lithuanian
730:Insterburg
718:Palatinate
533:Źemaicziai
529:Lithuanian
492:, German:
460:, German:
452:, German:
436:, German:
422:Kleinlitaw
365:after the
336:Lithuanian
314:, plural:
275:Kursenieki
243:Lithuanian
235:Low German
92:improve it
47:improve it
3043:Armenians
2941:Lithuania
2749:"History"
2734:Vaterland
2697:1392-3358
2691:: 66–76.
2338:1392-3358
2287:1392-3358
2201:1392-3358
2185:: 54–65.
2040:Masurians
1980:, German
1809:Ruthenian
1801:loanwords
1741:Kurßaitis
1635:does not
1443:Australia
1330:Haselberg
1301:freistadt
986:Gumbinnen
832:Heydekrug
784:Reichstag
664:Curonians
660:Masurians
541:Szameiten
514:Lietuviai
478:ethnonyms
472:(German:
412:The term
402:Memelland
229:Languages
147:citations
96:verifying
53:talk page
3074:Tutejszy
3038:Latvians
3011:Smaller
2972:Russians
2957:Largest
2055:Delmonas
2029:See also
2016:Max Taut
1988:John Kay
1982:schlager
1751:Language
1745:Kurßatis
1718:Wowereit
1702:suffix "
1507:and the
1400:. After
1385:DP camps
1256:and the
714:Salzburg
642:and the
624:Curonian
620:Skalvian
384:and the
283:Latvians
249:Religion
153:the text
3026:Karaims
2206:either.
2003:of the
1712:Johnson
1700:English
1694:" and "
1656:removed
1641:sources
1548:ascetic
1524:Pietist
1480:) from
1476:-harp (
1474:kanklės
1328:became
1166:Goldap
1158:26,880
1152:22,471
1146:18,057
1140:Tilsit
1106:19,888
1100:18,443
1094:15,711
1088:Ragnit
1080:13,820
1074:10,687
1068:11,271
1054:20,206
1048:20,173
1042:18,366
1016:10,108
1002:22,475
996:18,112
990:16,502
974:26,645
968:22,386
962:19,422
948:14,454
942:11,993
928:Labiau
920:Number
914:Number
908:Number
726:Pietism
567:History
510:synonym
462:Litauer
438:Preusch
318:), are
157:Please
90:Please
3033:Tatars
2855:Voruta
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1984:singer
1974:winner
1924:German
1805:Polish
1759:German
1528:German
1439:Sweden
1433:, the
1431:Canada
1342:Ragnit
1338:Tilsit
1204:1,102
1198:2,992
1184:2,259
1178:3,548
1172:3,559
1132:5,907
1126:5,312
1120:5,435
1028:5,399
1022:9,537
956:Memel
936:8,806
863:Varpas
857:Auszra
840:Ragnit
836:Tilsit
722:Nassau
720:, and
716:, the
671:Albert
537:German
522:exonym
474:Bauern
434:Prūsai
398:German
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151:verify
3120:Balts
3052:Other
2967:Poles
2820:large
2261:(PDF)
1606:Memel
1459:Memel
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1175:14.3
1161:48.6
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1135:15.7
1129:16.8
1123:20.7
1109:42.6
1103:46.6
1097:47.8
1083:34.4
1077:34.1
1071:38.5
1057:41.0
1051:45.7
1045:49.1
1025:18.3
1019:25.0
1005:68.7
999:71.8
993:71.9
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965:52.5
951:32.3
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939:28.3
903:1846
900:1834
897:1825
828:Memel
632:Neman
470:Burai
306:, or
3079:Roma
3021:Jews
2751:on:
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2609:ISBN
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