711:
current use for some considerable time. Hence, it may be inferred that they were prefixed to the evangelical narratives as early as the first part of that same century. That however, they do not go back to the first century of the
Christian era, or at least that they are not original, is a position generally held at the present day. It is felt that since they are similar for the four Gospels, although the same Gospels were composed at some interval from each other, those titles were not framed and consequently not prefixed to each individual narrative, before the collection of the four Gospels was actually made. Besides as well pointed out by Prof. Bacon, "the historical books of the New Testament differ from its apocalyptic and epistolary literature, as those of the Old Testament differ from its prophecy, in being invariably anonymous, and for the same reason. Prophecies, whether in the earlier or in the later sense, and letters, to have authority, must be referable to some individual; the greater his name, the better. But history was regarded as common possession. Its facts spoke for themselves. Only as the springs of common recollection began to dwindle, and marked differences to appear between the well-informed and accurate Gospels and the untrustworthy ... become worth while for the Christian teacher or apologist to specify whether the given representation of the current tradition was 'according to' this or that special compiler, and to state his qualifications". It thus appears that the present titles of the Gospels are not traceable to the Evangelists themselves.
500:, as now used often among both Protestants and Roman Catholics (allegedly for the clarity it brings to the discussion), may make it difficult to discuss questions of pseudepigraphical authorship of canonical books dispassionately with a lay audience. To confuse the matter even more, Eastern Orthodox Christians accept books as canonical that Roman Catholics and most Protestant denominations consider pseudepigraphical or at best of much less authority. There exist also churches that reject some of the books that Roman Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants accept. The same is true of some
738:
They instead appear to have come from followers writing in Paul's name, often using material from his surviving letters. Some choose to believe that these followers may have had access to letters written by Paul that no longer survive, although this theory still depends on someone other than Paul writing these books. Some theologians prefer to simply distinguish between "undisputed" and "disputed" letters, thus avoiding the term "pseudepigraphical".
765:. These six books are referred to as "deutero-Pauline letters", meaning "secondary" standing in the corpus of Paul's writings. They internally claim to have been written by Paul, but some biblical scholars present strong evidence that they could not have been written by Paul. Those known as the "Pastoral Epistles" (Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus) are all so similar that they are thought to be written by the same unknown author in Paul's name.
2977:
36:
135:
2284:
1780:
673:, yet there are strong reasons to believe it was not written until centuries after Daniel's death, such as references to the book only appearing in the 2nd century BCE and onward. The book is an apocalypse wherein Daniel offers a series of predictions of the future, and is meant to reassure the Jews of the period that the tyrant
694:, hold that only seven of Paul's epistles are convincingly genuine. All of the other 20 books in the New Testament appear to many scholars to be written by unknown people who were not the well-known biblical figures to whom the early Christian leaders originally attributed authorship. The Catholic Encyclopedia notes,
848:), but it is not clear which James is meant. According to some Christian traditions, this is the same James as the author of the Epistle of James, who was allegedly a brother of Jesus; and so, this Jude should also be a brother of Jesus, despite the fact he does not indicate any such thing in his text.
737:
and are foundational for the
Christian Church. Therefore, those letters which some think to be pseudepigraphic are not considered any less valuable to Christians. Some of these epistles are termed as "disputed" or "pseudepigraphical" letters because they do not appear to have been written by Paul.
710:
bear distinct witness to the existence of those headings in the latter part of the second century of our era. Indeed, the manner in which
Clement (Strom. I, xxi), and St. Irenaeus (Adv. Haer. III, xi, 7) employ them implies that, at that early date, our present titles to the gospels had been in
581:
The term pseudepigrapha is also commonly used to describe numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 300 BCE to 300 CE. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical. It also refers to books of the New
Testament canon whose authorship is misrepresented. Such works
821:. However, most modern scholars agree the second epistle was probably not written by Peter, because it appears to have been written in the early 2nd century, long after Peter had died. Yet, opinions on the first epistle are more divided; many scholars do think this letter is authentic. (see:
429:
refers particularly to works which purport to be written by noted authorities in either the Old and New
Testaments or by persons involved in Jewish or Christian religious study or history. These works can also be written about biblical matters, often in such a way that they appear to be as
677:
would soon be overthrown. By backdating the book to the 6th century BCE and providing a series of correct prophecies as to the history of the past 400 years, the authorship claim of Daniel would have strengthened a later author's predictions of the coming fall of the
457:. It is considered pseudepigraphical because it was not actually written by Solomon but instead is a collection of early Christian (first to second century) hymns and poems, originally written not in Hebrew, and apocryphal because they were not accepted in either the
999:. This, too, turned out to be false. While earlier Russian Monarchs had on some occasions used the title "Tsar", Ivan the Terrible previously known as "Grand Prince of all the Russias" was the first to be formally crowned as Tsar of All Rus (
249:
In addition to the sets of generally agreed to be non-canonical works, scholars will also apply the term to canonical works who make a direct claim of authorship, yet this authorship is doubted. For example, the
1327:
soldier", each volume prefaced by a long semi-scholarly
Explanatory Note stating that "additional packets of Flashman's papers have been found and are here presented to the public". A similar device was used by
806:, despite the fact that none of the epistles mentions any author. Most modern scholars believe the author is not John the Apostle, but there is no scholarly consensus for any particular historical figure. (see:
1089:. A church leader obtains sufficient prominence that, either before or after his death, people seek to exploit his legacy by forging letters in his name, presenting him as a supporter of their own ideas.
1256:
1552:
The consensus of modern biblical scholarship is that the book was composed in the second century B.C., that it is a pseudonymous work, and that it is indeed an example of prophecy after the fact.
715:
The earliest and best manuscripts of
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John were all written anonymously. Furthermore, the books of Acts, Hebrews, 1 John, 2 John and 3 John were also written anonymously.
373:
In secular literary studies, when works of antiquity have been demonstrated not to have been written by the authors to whom they have traditionally been ascribed, some writers apply the prefix
1083:. A church leader dies, and admirers seek to honor him by writing letters in his name as a tribute to his influence and in a sincere belief that they are responsible bearers of his tradition.
1042:
Scholars have identified seven levels of authenticity which they have organized in a hierarchy ranging from literal authorship, meaning written in the author's own hand, to outright forgery:
159:
is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. The name of the author to whom the work is falsely attributed is often prefixed with the particle "
1291:
books – as pseudepigrapha, prefacing each book with a detailed introduction presenting the supposed actual author, with
Burroughs himself pretending to be no more than the literary editor.
1209:
361:" was recognized as pseudepigraphical, that is, not actually written by Homer. The only surviving Ancient Roman book on cooking is pseudepigraphically attributed to a famous gourmet,
545:("Against avarice") under the name of Timothy; the letter in which he explained to his former pupil, Bishop Salonius, his motives for so doing survives. There is also a category of
1077:
A church leader dies, and disciples who had been authorized to speak for him while he was alive continue to do so by writing letters in his name years or decades after his death.
451:, which originally connoted "secret writings", those that were rejected for liturgical public reading. An example of a text that is both apocryphal and pseudepigraphical is the
665:
Various canonical works accepted as scripture have since been reexamined and considered by modern scholars in the 19th century onward as likely cases of pseudepigraphica. The
2702:
832:). It is not known which James this is supposed to be. There are several different traditional Christian interpretations of other New Testament texts which mention a
698:
The first four historical books of the New
Testament are supplied with titles, which however ancient, do not go back to the respective authors of those sacred texts.
1147:, has theorized that de León was the actual author, as textual analysis points to a Medieval Spanish Jewish writer rather than one living in Roman-ruled Palestine.
1853:
2142:
Lehtovirta, J. (2002). "The Use of Titles in
Herberstein's 'Commentarii'. Was the Muscovite Tsar a King or an Emperor?". In Kӓmpfer, F.; Frӧtschner, R. (eds.).
690:
Some Christian scholars maintain that nothing known to be pseudepigraphical was admitted to the New Testament canon. However, many biblical scholars, such as
1132:
of the 2nd century during the Roman persecution who, according to Jewish legend, hid in a cave for thirteen years studying the Torah and was inspired by the
1169:, collected numerous Greek and Latin manuscripts in his function as librarian of the Imperial Library in Vienna. In a 1504 letter to the Venetian publisher
488:
for works that appeared as though they ought to be part of the biblical canon, because of the authorship ascribed to them, but which stood outside both the
1363:
1228:
1191:. Even so, many contemporary scholars believed Celtes and continued to write about the existence of the missing books until well into the 17th century.
741:
Authorship of 6 out of the 13 canonical epistles of Paul has been questioned by both Christian and non-Christian biblical scholars. These include the
2707:
2537:
2267:
2232:
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1975:
1945:
1918:
1493:
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1232:
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2737:
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750:
654:
2054:
1451:
822:
1535:
2724:
2664:
2325:
2084:
1763:
1615:
1579:
1545:
1518:
880:, which begins by presenting itself as "the secret account of the revelation that Jesus spoke in conversation with Judas Iscariot".
807:
281:; who claim that most hadiths are fabrications created in the 8th and 9th century CE, and falsely attributed to the Islamic prophet
119:
1379:
1183:. However, it turned out that the purported Ovid verses had actually been composed by an 11th-century monk and were known to the
379:
1712:
1935:
1267:
534:
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recognized by Protestants and Catholics. These works were also outside the particular set of books that Roman Catholics called
138:
53:
323:, "name" or "inscription" or "ascription"; thus when taken together it means "false superscription or title"; see the related
2788:
2021:
1829:
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which are attributed to Paul and are still considered by Christians to carry Paul's authority. These letters are part of the
519:
100:
57:
2341:
1071:
A church leader dies, and his disciples finish a letter that he had intended to write, sending it posthumously in his name.
72:
1334:
968:('greater privilege') was a document composed in 1358 or 1359 – but purporting to be much older. Its text elevated the
988:
836:. However, most modern scholars tend to reject this line of reasoning, since the author himself does not indicate any
79:
866:
are both examples of pseudepigrapha that were not included in the New Testament canon. They are often referred to as
1139:
to write the Zohar. This accords with the traditional claim by adherents that Kabbalah is the concealed part of the
2880:
2800:
2652:
2647:
977:
501:
2480:), the Platonic Epistles, Jewish-Hellenistic literature, and the characteristics particular to religious forgeries
46:
2890:
2658:
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1698:
862:
802:, the son of Zebedee and one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Consequently, these letters have been labelled the
758:
746:
699:
330:
243:
86:
2895:
2729:
2697:
911:
754:
742:
670:
255:
176:
403:, but to a "pseudo-Eratosthenes". The prefix may be abbreviated, as in "ps-Apollodorus" or "ps-Eratosthenes".
2074:
3001:
2820:
2619:
2574:
2299:
1671:
1320:
942:
922:
867:
833:
788:
2403:
Splendide Mendax: Rethinking Fakes and Forgeries in Classical, Late Antique, and Early Christian Literature
68:
1023:
1012:
792:
674:
481:
230:, which in Catholic usage includes the pseudepigrapha. In addition, two books considered canonical in the
199:
511:
when describing works later than about 300 CE when referring to biblical matters. But the late-appearing
438:, whom Eusebius records as having said: "But those writings which are falsely inscribed with their name (
2258:
1798:
1374:
1309:
1297:
926:
703:
546:
430:
authoritative as works which have been included in the many versions of the Judeo-Christian scriptures.
384:
342:
2049:. Commentary by Bart D. Ehrman. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. pp. 1, 4–5, 7, 43].
961:
arguments in 1439–1440, although the document's authenticity had been repeatedly contested since 1001.
1112:, lit. Splendor or Radiance), foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as
2980:
2961:
2778:
2523:
2384:
Antiquarian Voices: The Roman Academy and the Commentary Tradition on Ovid's Fasti (Text and Context)
1607:
Forged : writing in the name of God : why the Bible's authors are not who we think they are
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1162:
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954:
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629:
609:
570:
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but which attributions were generally disregarded. Already in Antiquity the collection known as the "
2189:
1065:
A church leader describes the basic content of an intended letter to a disciple or to an amanuensis.
2604:
1315:
941:. Composed probably in the 8th century, it was used, especially in the 13th century, in support of
634:
596:
435:
3006:
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2783:
2565:
2490:
2458:
1847:
1416:
1188:
1166:
1019:
1008:
803:
624:
513:
416:
227:
484:". Accordingly, there arose in some Protestant biblical scholarship an extended use of the term
1748:
Pseudepigraphic Perspectives: The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls
779:
There are seven letters in the New Testament which are attributed to several apostles, such as
254:
is considered by some to have been written in the 2nd century BCE, 400 years after the prophet
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2614:
2589:
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2290:
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2249:
2228:
2203:
2080:
2050:
1971:
1941:
1914:
1908:
1835:
1825:
1759:
1621:
1611:
1575:
1541:
1514:
1489:
1479:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1347:
1262:
1224:
1143:. Modern academic analysis of the Zohar, such as that by the 20th century religious historian
1125:
992:
981:
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903:
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774:
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639:
354:
231:
152:
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818:
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Three of the seven letters are anonymous. These three have traditionally been attributed to
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239:
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distinguishes only between the deuterocanonical and all other books; the latter are called
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1743:
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1144:
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876:
857:
817:, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Therefore, they have traditionally been called the
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679:
525:
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and to which Protestants had generally applied the term Apocryphal. Accordingly, the term
477:
453:
258:
lived, and thus the work is pseudepigraphic. A New Testament example might be the book of
223:
1871:
2935:
2719:
2714:
2569:
2419:
2294:
1567:
1352:
1292:
1214:
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907:
884:
691:
666:
489:
302:
251:
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1965:
1818:
1789:
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1155:
946:
730:
602:
557:
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358:
346:
235:
195:
2129:
Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589
190:
can refer to an assorted collection of Jewish religious works thought to be written
2845:
2825:
2609:
2594:
2584:
2253:
1178:
934:
575:
400:
389:
215:
2424:
Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
1572:
Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
1483:
2950:
2546:
2497:
2345:
1329:
1272:
1200:
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but its earliest manuscripts are in Syriac which question its Greek-authorship.
814:
780:
591:
586:
565:
263:
148:
35:
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Online texts of the Pseudepigrapha n their original or extant ancient languages
2199:
2144:
450 Jahre Sigismund von Herbersteins Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 1549–1999
134:
2863:
2830:
2763:
2626:
2477:
2262:. Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 647–64.
2194:. Translated by Spinks, Bryan. Gorgias Press. 17 January 2010. pp. 9–12.
1755:
1303:
1204:
1140:
1056:
207:
2441:
Metzger, Bruce M. (1972). "Literary forgeries and canonical pseudepigrapha".
1793:
1625:
1323:
similarly pretend to be transcriptions of the papers left by an "illustrious
987:
In Russian history, in 1561 Muscovites supposedly received a letter from the
914:, the work is clearly Christian, and features several apostles being seen in
537:", are classic examples of pseudepigraphy. In the fifth century the moralist
171:": these terms refer to the anonymous authors of works falsely attributed to
17:
2918:
2768:
2669:
2599:
1839:
1241:
1031:
958:
888:
447:
412:
325:
203:
172:
1509:
Collins, John J. (1992). "Daniel, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.).
377:
to their names. Thus the encyclopedic compilation of Greek myth called the
1967:
Lost Christianities: the battle for Scripture and the faiths we never knew
160:
2810:
1113:
1007:). This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "
950:
707:
649:
619:
431:
286:
282:
2507:
2174:
533:
ascribed to Apuleius), and the author traditionally referred to as the "
2840:
2758:
2753:
2462:
1746:(1999). "Pseudepigraphy and Group Formation in Second Temple Judaism".
1420:
1159:
1133:
564:(both of which are canonical in Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity and the
538:
362:
350:
278:
274:
259:
211:
1285:
also presented many of his works – including the most well-known, the
2945:
1287:
1136:
915:
892:
840:. A similar problem presents itself with the Epistle of Jude (Ἰούδας
659:
530:
504:. Many works that are "apocryphal" are otherwise considered genuine.
458:
267:
156:
2454:
1412:
1203:
technique. Authors who have made notable use of this device include
2043:
Kasser, Rodolphe; Meyer, Marvin Meyer; Wurst, Gregor, eds. (2006).
1783: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1640:
925:
is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor
844:): the writer names himself a brother of James (ἀδελφὸς δὲ Ἰακώβου
270:, harbored doubts as to the authenticity of the book's authorship.
2815:
2805:
2369:
Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art
1129:
1117:
1100:
918:. However, the text is significantly shorter than the Apocalypse.
899:
365:, even though it is not clear who actually assembled the recipes.
133:
2476:— Contributions on pseudopythagorica (the literature ascribed to
1015:– for which the supposed approval by the Patriarch added weight.
2955:
1820:
Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why
1513:. Vol. 2. New York London Toronto : Doubleday. p. 30.
1399:
Bauckham, Richard (September 1988). "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters".
1174:
1120:
in the 13th century, and was published by a Jewish writer named
996:
938:
895:
262:, considered by some to be written approximately 80 years after
2519:
1993:
Paul and the Gospels: Christologies, Conflicts and Convergences
1055:. A church leader dictates a letter almost word for word to an
870:. Further examples of New Testament pseudepigrapha include the
2515:
2024:(January 2002). "The Gospel of Barnabas and the Diatessaron".
902:, date to the 11th century CE, although textual peculiarities
242:, are categorized as pseudepigrapha from the point of view of
29:
1313:
written by characters within the novels. The twelve books of
828:
In one epistle, the author only calls himself James (Ἰάκωβος
314:
2248:
Scholem, Gershom; Hellner-Eshed, Melila (2007). "Zohar". In
2008:
Pseudepigraphy and Ethical Argument in the Pastoral Epistles
206:(Protestant), the books that appear in extant copies of the
2159:"The origin of the anaphora of Nestorius: Greek or Syriac?"
1210:
The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner
957:, is credited with first exposing the forgery with solid
556:
pseudepigrapha from the Protestant point of view are the
1173:
Celtes claimed to have discovered the missing books of
2320:. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Publishing House. p. 24.
1534:
Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper (1998).
2504:
online historical source book, at VirtualReligion.net
2131:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 178.
1910:
The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary
1446:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. pp. 62, 382–83.
1038:
Authorship and pseudepigraphy: levels of authenticity
2435:. Bible Seminar. Vol. 4. Sheffield: JSOT Press.
2104:. Salisbury, MA: Regina Orthodox Press. p. 113.
393:, recounting the translations of mythic figure into
349:
authors often refer to texts which claimed to be by
341:
There have probably been pseudepigrapha almost from
2911:
2854:
2746:
2690:
2683:
2635:
2553:
2412:
A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research 1850–1999
2115:
K. Valishevsky, "Ivan the Terrible" (К. Валишевский
1715:. Translated by Charlesworth, James. Archived from
929:supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1817:
898:. The earliest surviving manuscripts, composed in
399:and constellations, not to the serious astronomer
2401:Cueva, Edmund P.; Martínez, Javier, eds. (2016).
1338:and by various other writers of popular fiction.
813:Two of the letters claim to have been written by
1049:A church leader writes a letter in his own hand.
329:) is the plural of "pseudepigraphon" (sometimes
2502:Into His Own: Perspective on the World of Jesus
2102:Two Paths: Papal Monarchy – Collegial Tradition
2437:— Colossians as a non-deceptive school product
2191:Mar Nestorius and Mar Theodore The Interpreter
2531:
1670:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
194:300 BCE to 300 CE. They are distinguished by
8:
1229:An Examination of the Works of Herbert Quain
434:indicates this usage dates back at least to
151:as "pseudepigraph" or "pseudepigraphs") are
2509:Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha
2289:Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac (1901–1906).
1574:. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–88.
1540:. InterVarsity Press. p. unpaginated.
1364:Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha
943:claims of political authority by the papacy
2687:
2632:
2538:
2524:
2516:
1892:Sanders, E. P. "Saint Paul, the Apostle".
1887:
1885:
1852:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1562:
1560:
976:, thus greatly increasing the prestige of
407:Old Testament and intertestamental studies
2371:. University of Chicago Press. p. 8.
891:text purportedly written by the biblical
445:Many such works were also referred to as
442:), we as experienced persons reject...."
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1474:
1472:
1470:
906:that the text was originally written in
507:There is a tendency not to use the word
1959:
1957:
1865:
1863:
1391:
468:Protestants have also applied the word
210:in the fourth century or later and the
2414:. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
2068:
2066:
1845:
1678:. Trustees of Tufts University, Oxford
1199:Pseudepigraphy has been employed as a
387:, but to "pseudo-Apollodorus" and the
1970:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1811:
1809:
1610:(1st ed.). New York: HarperOne.
669:directly claims to be written by the
7:
2188:"3. The Anaphora Of Mar Nestorius".
2163:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
1934:Marshall, I. Howard (14 July 1978).
1802:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1370:List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha
1233:Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote
273:The term has also been used by some
266:'s death. Early Christians, such as
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1109:
860:and the attribution to Paul of the
751:Second Epistle to the Thessalonians
655:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
480:manuscripts. Catholics call those "
476:scriptures which were not found in
2426:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
823:Authorship of the Petrine epistles
729:There are thirteen letters in the
25:
2146:. Harrassowitz. pp. 196–198.
2117:. «Иван Грозный»), pages 144–145.
1991:Willitts, Joel; Bird, Michael F.
1307:as translated from the fictional
808:Authorship of the Johannine works
2976:
2975:
2344:. Orthodox Union. Archived from
2303:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2282:
1870:Just, Felix (17 February 2012).
1796:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1778:
1657:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x
1380:Criticism of Mormon sacred texts
838:familial relationship with Jesus
383:is often now attributed, not to
34:
2227:. Baker Academic. p. 224.
2076:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
1268:Nazi Literature in the Americas
1124:. De León ascribed the work to
535:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
472:to texts found in Catholic and
139:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
45:needs additional citations for
2491:Online Critical Pseudepigrapha
2443:Journal of Biblical Literature
2386:. Ohio State University Press.
1940:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1907:Brown, Raymond Edward (1988).
1537:Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
1440:The Canon of the Old Testament
1401:Journal of Biblical Literature
520:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
337:Classical and biblical studies
1:
2470:von Fritz, Kurt, ed. (1972).
2367:Wood, Christopher S. (2008).
2225:Introducing the New Testament
343:the invention of full writing
191:
2433:Colossians as Pseudepigraphy
2157:Gelston, A. (1 March 1996).
2073:Vauchez, Andre, ed. (2001).
991:which asserted the right of
2474:. Geneva: Foundation Hardt.
2410:DiTommaso, Lorenzo (2001).
1896:(Online Academic ed.).
1511:The Anchor Bible dictionary
989:Patriarch of Constantinople
529:(author of a fifth-century
202:(Catholic and Orthodox) or
155:works, texts whose claimed
3023:
2881:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2200:10.31826/9781463219710-003
2079:. Routledge. p. 445.
2026:Harvard Theological Review
1824:(1st ed.). New York.
772:
722:
552:Examples of books labeled
502:Jewish religious movements
410:
315:
2971:
2891:Massacre of the Innocents
2659:Lectio difficilior potior
2342:"Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai"
2317:Jewish History and You II
2314:Scharfstein, Sol (2004).
1872:"Deutero-Pauline Letters"
1756:10.1163/9789004350328_005
1750:. Brill. pp. 43–58.
1488:. McGraw-Hill Education.
1004:
863:Epistle to the Laodiceans
759:Second Epistle to Timothy
747:Epistle to the Colossians
306:
244:Chalcedonian Christianity
2382:Fritsen, Angela (2015).
2223:Powell, Mark A. (2009).
1964:Ehrman, Bart D. (2003).
1816:Ehrman, Bart D. (2005).
1604:Ehrman, Bart D. (2011).
1301:presents that story and
1165:scholar and poet of the
1081:Honorable pseudepigraphy
912:Greek Apocalypse of Ezra
755:First Epistle to Timothy
743:Epistle to the Ephesians
568:branch of Judaism); the
177:Dionysius the Areopagite
163:", such as for example "
27:Falsely attributed works
2620:Comparative linguistics
2300:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1894:Encyclopædia Britannica
1676:A Greek-English Lexicon
1639:Musa, Aisha Y. (2010).
1485:Understanding The Bible
1321:George MacDonald Fraser
923:Donation of Constantine
868:New Testament apocrypha
834:James, brother of Jesus
787:, and Jesus's brothers
582:include the following:
333:as "pseudepigraphum").
2643:Contextual credibility
2405:. Groningen: Barkhuis.
2297:; et al. (eds.).
2127:Ostrowski, D. (2002).
1075:Apprentice authorship.
1069:Posthumous authorship.
1013:Fall of Constantinople
995:to claim the title of
713:
675:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
482:deuterocanonical books
200:deuterocanonical books
141:
2869:Sources and parallels
2259:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1799:Catholic Encyclopedia
1375:Prophecy of the Popes
1310:Red Book of Westmarch
1298:The Lord of the Rings
1063:Delegated authorship.
927:Constantine the Great
704:Clement of Alexandria
700:The Canon of Muratori
696:
686:New Testament studies
547:modern pseudepigrapha
385:Apollodorus of Athens
137:
2962:Vaticinium ex eventu
2703:Acts of the Apostles
2665:Multiple attestation
2431:Kiley, Mark (1986).
2100:Whelton, M. (1998).
1937:The Epistles of John
1913:. Liturgical Press.
1794:"Gospel and Gospels"
1335:The Spy Who Loved Me
1283:Edgar Rice Burroughs
1116:, first appeared in
978:Rudolf IV of Austria
974:Archduchy of Austria
955:Renaissance humanist
852:Other pseudepigrapha
630:Life of Adam and Eve
610:Second Book of Enoch
571:Life of Adam and Eve
54:improve this article
2605:Cognitive philology
2175:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.6
2046:The Gospel of Judas
2006:Donelson, Lewis R.
1316:The Flashman Papers
1258:Imaginary Magnitude
1047:Literal authorship.
1030:, is attributed to
846:adelphos de Iakóbou
635:Ascension of Isaiah
597:Assumption of Moses
436:Serapion of Antioch
2931:Hadith terminology
2566:Biblical criticism
2472:Pseudepigraphica 1
2250:Berenbaum, Michael
1876:Catholic Resources
1699:Historia Ecclesiae
1480:Harris, Stephen L.
1435:Beckwith, Roger T.
1195:As literary device
1189:William of Rubruck
1167:German Renaissance
1026:, employed in the
872:Gospel of Barnabas
804:Johannine epistles
625:Letter of Aristeas
514:Gospel of Barnabas
417:Biblical apocrypha
228:biblical apocrypha
153:falsely attributed
142:
2989:
2988:
2941:Religious studies
2907:
2906:
2896:Geography of the
2759:Bardiya / Smerdis
2679:
2678:
2615:Textual criticism
2590:Demythologization
2496:Smith, Mahlon H.
2269:978-0-02-866097-4
2234:978-0-8010-2868-7
2209:978-1-4632-1971-0
1977:978-0-19-514183-2
1947:978-1-4674-2232-1
1920:978-0-8146-1283-5
1719:on 14 April 2004.
1713:"Odes of Solomon"
1645:Religious Compass
1495:978-0-07-340744-9
1348:False attribution
1225:Jorge Luis Borges
1126:Shimon bar Yochai
993:Ivan the Terrible
982:House of Habsburg
980:(1358–65) of the
966:Privilegium maius
775:Catholic epistles
769:Catholic epistles
645:Sibylline Oracles
640:Psalms of Solomon
498:pseudepigraphical
440:ta pseudepigrapha
355:Musaeus of Athens
232:Orthodox Tewahedo
220:Protestant Bibles
214:, but not in the
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3014:
2979:
2978:
2956:Myth § Mythology
2876:Founding of Rome
2769:Caligula's horse
2688:
2633:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2512:official website
2475:
2466:
2436:
2427:
2415:
2406:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2348:on 30 April 2012
2338:
2332:
2331:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1904:
1898:
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1889:
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1867:
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1782:
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1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1641:"The Qur'anists"
1636:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1586:
1585:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1396:
1358:Literary forgery
1252:A Perfect Vacuum
1237:Vladimir Nabokov
1185:Empire of Nicaea
1111:
1028:Eastern Churches
1006:
970:Duchy of Austria
904:strongly suggest
819:Petrine epistles
800:John the Apostle
785:John the Apostle
763:Epistle to Titus
725:Pauline epistles
719:Pauline epistles
615:Book of Jubilees
562:Book of Jubilees
543:Contra avaritiam
494:deuterocanonical
474:Eastern Orthodox
423:biblical studies
369:Literary studies
318:
317:
308:
240:Book of Jubilees
193:
184:biblical studies
179:, respectively.
169:pseudo-Dionysius
165:pseudo-Aristotle
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Pseudepigrapha"
62:
38:
30:
21:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2967:
2903:
2886:Kurukshetra War
2856:
2850:
2742:
2675:
2631:
2549:
2544:
2487:
2469:
2455:10.2307/3262916
2440:
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2397:
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2340:
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2313:
2312:
2308:
2295:Singer, Isidore
2288:
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2277:
2270:
2247:
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2235:
2222:
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2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1928:
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1906:
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1901:
1891:
1890:
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1869:
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1844:
1832:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1672:"ψευδεπίγραφος"
1669:
1668:
1664:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1589:
1582:
1568:Ehrman, Bart D.
1566:
1565:
1558:
1548:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1413:10.2307/3267581
1398:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1344:
1277:The Lenz Papers
1220:Sartor Resartus
1197:
1153:
1145:Gershom Scholem
1096:
1040:
877:Gospel of Judas
858:Gospel of Peter
854:
777:
771:
735:Christian Bible
727:
721:
688:
680:Seleucid Empire
526:Pseudo-Apuleius
490:biblical canons
454:Odes of Solomon
419:
409:
371:
345:. For example,
339:
295:
224:Catholic Church
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3002:Pseudepigraphy
2994:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Historiography
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:Pseudepigrapha
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
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2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2725:Book of Mormon
2722:
2720:Book of Joshua
2717:
2715:Book of Esther
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2570:Hadith studies
2563:
2561:Bayes' theorem
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2498:Pseudepigrapha
2494:
2486:
2485:External links
2483:
2482:
2481:
2467:
2438:
2428:
2416:
2407:
2396:
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2240:
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2180:
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2119:
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2092:
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2056:978-1426200427
2055:
2035:
2013:
1998:
1983:
1976:
1953:
1946:
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1919:
1899:
1881:
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1790:Gigot, Francis
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1494:
1466:
1453:978-1606082492
1452:
1426:
1407:(3): 469–494.
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1353:False document
1350:
1343:
1340:
1293:J.R.R. Tolkien
1263:Roberto Bolaño
1215:Thomas Carlyle
1196:
1193:
1171:Aldus Manutius
1152:
1149:
1128:("Rashbi"), a
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1005:Царь Всея Руси
887:is an ancient
885:Vision of Ezra
853:
850:
773:Main article:
770:
767:
723:Main article:
720:
717:
692:Bart D. Ehrman
687:
684:
671:prophet Daniel
667:Book of Daniel
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
606:
599:
594:
589:
509:pseudepigrapha
486:pseudepigrapha
427:pseudepigrapha
408:
405:
370:
367:
338:
335:
313:, "false" and
299:pseudepigrapha
294:
291:
252:Book of Daniel
234:churches, the
188:pseudepigrapha
145:Pseudepigrapha
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:Embarrassment
2651:
2649:
2648:Dissimilarity
2646:
2644:
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2640:
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2634:
2628:
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2327:9780881258066
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2255:
2254:Skolnik, Fred
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2017:
2014:
2010:. p. 42.
2009:
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1999:
1995:. p. 32.
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1785:public domain
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1765:9789004111646
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1744:Collins, John
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1547:9780830867332
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43:This article
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18:Pseudepigraph
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2897:
2846:William Tell
2826:Prester John
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2610:Decipherment
2595:Palaeography
2585:Bibliography
2577:Ilm al-rijāl
2576:
2568: /
2508:
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2432:
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2420:Ehrman, Bart
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2350:. Retrieved
2346:the original
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1717:the original
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1675:
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1651:(1): 12–21.
1648:
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216:Hebrew Bible
187:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2951:Linguistics
2801:King Arthur
2784:myth theory
2554:Methodology
2547:Historicity
2449:(1): 3–24.
2032:(1): 73–96.
1702: 6,12.
1459:23 November
1330:Ian Fleming
1273:Stefan Heym
953:priest and
910:. Like the
815:Simon Peter
781:Saint Peter
592:4 Maccabees
587:3 Maccabees
566:Beta Israel
380:Bibliotheca
264:Saint Peter
196:Protestants
186:, the term
2996:Categories
2864:The Exodus
2855:Events and
2831:Robin Hood
2806:King David
2764:The Buddha
2627:Provenance
2478:Pythagoras
1831:0060738170
1696:Eusebius,
1319:series by
1304:The Hobbit
1205:James Hogg
1158:, a noted
1141:Oral Torah
1057:amanuensis
1009:Third Rome
889:apocryphal
541:published
411:See also:
301:(from the
208:Septuagint
149:anglicized
80:newspapers
3007:Apocrypha
2919:Apocrypha
2670:Mutawatir
2600:Philology
2500:entry in
1848:cite book
1729:Salvian,
1626:639164332
1386:Citations
1325:Victorian
1242:Pale Fire
1094:The Zohar
1053:Dictation
1032:Nestorius
1020:Anaphorae
608:Slavonic
605:(1 Enoch)
601:Ethiopic
470:Apocrypha
448:Apocrypha
413:Apocrypha
396:asterisms
331:Latinized
326:epigraphy
321:epigraphḗ
297:The word
293:Etymology
204:Apocrypha
198:from the
173:Aristotle
110:July 2018
2981:Category
2836:Socrates
2821:Muhammad
2811:Lei Feng
2636:Criteria
2422:(2013).
2256:(eds.).
1840:59011567
1792:(1913).
1570:(2012).
1482:(2010).
1437:(2008).
1342:See also
1163:humanist
1114:Kabbalah
972:into an
951:Catholic
874:and the
650:2 Baruch
620:3 Baruch
432:Eusebius
316:ἐπιγραφή
287:Quranism
283:Muhammad
2946:Legends
2912:Related
2898:Odyssey
2841:Sun Tzu
2794:Sources
2754:Abraham
2708:Gospels
2463:3262916
2395:Sources
2291:"Zohar"
1787::
1731:Epistle
1682:17 July
1421:3267581
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937:to the
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363:Apicius
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311:pseudḗs
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275:Muslims
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2293:. In
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