47:
692:
passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame etc. By contrast, "central" traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person – and finally "secondary" traits are those seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know), which are included to provide a complete picture of human complexity.
784:
be said the culture is ignored in order to focus on the individual traits and how they are connected to the individual. Gordon
Allport's trait theory not only served as a foundational approach within personality psychology, but also is continued to be viewed and discussed by other disciplines such as anthropology because of how he approached culture within trait theory.
896:, are similar between the two taxonomies. For instance, both approaches contain factors for sociability/gregariousness, for activity levels, and for assertiveness within the higher order factor extraversion. However, there are differences too. First, the three-factor approach contains nine lower-order factors and the five-factor approach has six.
858:
591:
691:
was an early pioneer in the study of traits. This early work was viewed as the beginning of the modern psychological study of personality. He also referred to traits within his work as dispositions. In his approach, "cardinal" traits are those that dominate and shape a person's behavior; their ruling
679:
There are two approaches to define traits: as internal causal properties or as purely descriptive summaries. The internal causal definition states that traits influence our behaviours, leading us to do things in line with that trait. On the other hand, traits as descriptive summaries are descriptions
783:
Cultures are widely known and accepted as being different in varying degrees. This can make the study of personality difficult as meaning and the expression of traits may be different within cultural groups. Trait theory uses a hierarchy of traits in order to separate culture from the traits; it can
936:
in the brain as key components that mediate cortical arousal and emotional responses respectively. Eysenck advocates that extraverts have low levels of cortical arousal and introverts have high levels, leading extraverts to seek out more stimulation from socializing and being venturesome. Moreover,
973:
After examining thousands of personality measures and numerous personality trait frameworks, researchers have created "super-frameworks" that aim to encapsulate all personality traits into a single model (e.g., Pan-Hierarchical Five Factor Model). These models also sometimes identify measures that
1045:
Identifies people who are prone to psychological distress. Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to be anxious, depressed, self-conscious, impulsive, vulnerable and display angry hostility. "Neuroticism is the major factor of personality pathology." Neuroticism has been linked to serotonin
940:
In a similar vein, the three-factor approach theorizes that neuroticism is mediated by levels of arousal in the limbic system and that individual differences arise because of variable activation thresholds between people. Therefore, highly neurotic people when presented with minor stressors, will
1086:
A tendency towards shyness, being fearful and uncertain, tendency to worry. Neonatal complications such as preterm birth have been shown to affect harm avoidance. People affected by eating disorders exhibit high levels of harm avoidance. The volume of the left amygdala in girls was correlated to
787:
Trait theory tends to focus on the individual over the situation in which they are in. This focus has relaxed within modern studies allowing for a consideration of the external factors outside of the self. As the focus becomes more relaxed (but still prominent as it is a main part of the theory)
1292:'s model of personality. High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to increased vulnerability to psychosis such as schizophrenia. He also believed that blood relatives of psychotics would show high levels of this trait, suggesting a genetic basis to the trait.
662:. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behaviour. Traits are in contrast to
813:
has argued that fewer factors are superior to a larger number of partly related ones. Although these two approaches are comparable because of the use of factor analysis to construct hierarchical taxonomies, they differ in the organization and number of factors.
1249:
Behavioral disinhibition is an inability or unwillingness to constrain impulses, it is a key component of executive functioning. Researchers have emphasized poor behavioral inhibition as the central impairment of ADHD. It may be symptomatic of
952:
in the three-factor approach, it would be expected that the third trait, psychoticism, would have a similar explanation. However, the causal properties of this state are not well defined. Eysenck has suggested that psychoticism is related to
1144:
The inability to express emotions. "To have no words for one's inner experience". In studies done with stroke patients, alexithymia was found to be more prevalent in those who developed lesions in the right hemisphere following a
4107:
Spiegel DR, Qureshi N (2010). "The successful treatment of disinhibition due to a possible case of non-human immunodeficiency virus neurosyphilis: a proposed pathophysiological explanation of the symptoms and treatment".
941:
exceed this threshold, whereas people low in neuroticism will not exceed normal activation levels, even when presented with large stressors. By contrast, proponents of the five-factor approach assume a role of
1075:
A "favorable or unfavorable attitude toward oneself". An individual's sense of his or her value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself".
988:
Composed of two related but separable traits, Openness to
Experience and Intellect. Behavioral aspects include having wide interests, and being imaginative and insightful, correlated with activity in the
919:
Although both major trait models are descriptive, only the three-factor model offers a detailed causal explanation. Eysenck suggests that different personality traits are caused by the properties of the
1111:, characterized by the increased depth of processing of sensory input that underlies HSPs' greater proclivity to overstimulation, emotional reactivity and empathy, and sensitivity to stimuli.
1059:
774:, ("the five-factor model"). Many psychologists currently believe that five factors are sufficient: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
3193:
1064:
Tendency towards sincerity, modesty, fairness, and greed avoidance. Those who score high on this trait feel little desire to manipulate others or to break the rules for personal gain.
1361:
3732:
Welch SL, Fairburn CG (Oct 1996). "Impulsivity or comorbidity in bulimia nervosa. A controlled study of deliberate self-harm and alcohol and drug misuse in a community sample".
911:
would score low on tender-mindedness in agreeableness. Most of the differences between the taxonomies stem from the three factor model's emphasis on fewer high-order factors.
2317:
Heaven PC, Mulligan K, Merrilees R, Woods T, Fairooz Y (Sep 2001). "Neuroticism and conscientiousness as predictors of emotional, external, and restrained eating behaviors".
2986:
Iidaka T, et al. (2006). "Volume of left amygdala subregion predicted temperamental trait of harm avoidance in female young subjects. A voxel-based morphometry study".
2553:
Graziano WG, Tobin RM, et al. (Jun 1993). "Genetic and environmental effects on openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness: an adoption/twin study".
1699:
Marsella AJ, Dubanoski J, Hamada WC, Morse H (2000). "The measurement of personality across cultures: Historical conceptual, and methodological issues and considerations".
821:
marks the two approaches apart, as the five factor model contains no such trait. Moreover, psychoticism, unlike any of the other factors in either approach, does not fit a
1278:. Disinhibition has been consistently associated with substance abuse disorders, obesity, higher BMI, excessive eating, an increased rate of eating, and perceived hunger.
1217:
Risk taking, lack of planning, and making up one's mind quickly. A component of disinhibition. Abnormal patterns of impulsivity have been linked to lesions in the right
744:
3293:
Hewitt PL, et al. (2008). "The impact of perfectionistic self-presentation on the cognitive, affective, and physiological experience of a clinical interview".
2666:
Miller JL, et al. (Jan 2006). "Neuroticism and introversion: a risky combination for disordered eating among a non-clinical sample of undergraduate women".
1021:. Extraversion has shown to share certain genetic markers with substance abuse. Extraversion is associated with various regions of the prefrontal cortex and the
2949:
Favaro A, Tenconi E, Santonastaso P (Apr 2008). "The relationship between obstetric complications and temperament in eating disorders: a mediation hypothesis".
4037:"Behavioral disinhibition: liability for externalizing spectrum disorders and its genetic and environmental relation to response inhibition across adolescence"
3124:
621:
1355:
4475:
3235:
Halmi KA, et al. (Nov 2000). "Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: variation by clinical subtype, obsessionality, and pathological eating behavior".
937:
Eysenck surmised that there would be an optimal level of arousal, after which inhibition would occur and that this would be different for each person.
3066:
Gardini S, Cloninger CR, Venneri A (Jun 2009). "Individual differences in personality traits reflect structural variance in specific brain regions".
331:
1946:
Lynam DR, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Raine A, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M (2005). "Adolescent psychopathy and the Big Five: Results from two samples".
4522:
3666:
Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW (Apr–Jun 1994). "Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex".
2190:"Taxonomies and Compendia of Cognitive Ability and Personality Constructs and Measures Relevant to Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology"
1259:
558:
3154:
1331: – personality model with five factors: impulsive sensation seeking, neuroticism–anxiety, aggression–hostility, sociability, and activity
4187:
4137:
Aarsland D, Litvan I, Larsen JP (2001). "Neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and
Parkinson's disease".
2209:
2164:
1464:
1349:
1328:
1508:
1399:
2823:
Button EJ (Jan 1997). "Self-esteem, eating problems and psychological wellbeing in a cohort of school age 15–16: question and interview".
1087:
levels of HA, in separate studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbitofrontal, occipital and parietal regions.
669:
In some theories and systems, traits are something a person either has or does not have, but in many others traits are dimensions such as
3590:
Cserjési R (Jun 2009). "Affect, cognition, awareness and behavior in eating disorders. Comparison between obesity and anorexia nervosa".
2189:
5540:
4507:
1129:
Perfectionism is one of the traits associated with obsessional behavior and like obsessionality is also believed to be regulated by the
5476:
4078:
Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H (Apr 2009). "Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)".
3427:
Smith GJ, et al. (Aug 1997). "Alexithymia in patients with eating disorders: an investigation using a new projective technique".
1551:
3811:
5550:
4375:
2836:
1827:
Draycott SG, Kline P (1995). "The Big Three or the Big Five—the EPQ-R vs the NEO-PI: a research note, replication and elaboration".
754:
3960:
Grekin ER, Sher KJ, Wood PK (December 2006). "Personality and substance dependence symptoms: modeling substance-specific traits".
614:
538:
1239:. Those who sustain this type of damage are oblivious to the future consequences of their actions and live in the here and now.
735:
4817:
4019:
2118:
Eysenck HJ (1997). "Personality and experimental psychology: The unification of psychology and the possibility of a paradigm".
1481:
2346:
Casper RC, Hedeker D, McClough JF (Sep 1992). "Personality dimensions in eating disorders and their relevance for subtyping".
809:
between factors. The five factor model in particular has been criticized for losing the orthogonal structure between factors.
4460:
4254:
Zubieta JK (1995). "Obsessionality in eating-disorder patients: relationship to clinical presentation and two-year outcome".
3264:
Ruggiero GM, et al. (Sep 2003). "Stress situation reveals an association between perfectionism and drive for thinness".
2795:
1232:
1150:
1004:
990:
533:
361:
5576:
5509:
2695:
Takano A, et al. (Sep 2007). "Relationship between neuroticism personality trait and serotonin transporter binding".
834:
670:
563:
130:
2230:
2054:"Mutual Reinforcement Between Neuroticism and Life Experiences: A Five-Wave, 16-Year Study to Test Reciprocal Causation"
1183:
Inflexibility, difficulty making transitions, adherence to set patterns. Mental rigidity arises out of a deficit of the
573:
486:
4283:
Salkovskis PM, Forrester E, Richards C (1998). "Cognitive-behavioural approach to understanding obsessional thinking".
3876:
Smith CF (Mar 1998). "Association of dietary restraint and disinhibition with eating behavior, body mass, and hunger".
5581:
5485:
1337:
771:
607:
721:
3703:
Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ (Feb 1977). "The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description".
3628:
Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ (Feb 1977). "The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description".
1288:
Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility, one of four traits in
5324:
4842:
4630:
2620:
Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ (1969). "Scores on Three
Personality Variables as a Function of Age, Sex and Social Class".
1166:
1116:
77:
2194:
The SAGE Handbook of
Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Personnel Psychology and Employee Performance
907:
of the lower order factors of openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. A high scorer on tough-mindedness in
4558:
822:
528:
519:
441:
261:
142:
4442:
3769:
Corstorphine E, Waller G, Lawson R, Ganis C (Jan 2007). "Trauma and multi-impulsivity in the eating disorders".
3561:
Tchanturia K, et al. (Sep 2001). "Perceptual illusions in eating disorders: rigid and fluctuating styles".
2582:
Graziano W, Tobin R (October 2002). "Agreeableness: dimension of personality or social desirability artifact?".
1097:
Impulsive, exploratory, fickle, excitable, quick-tempered, and extravagant. Associated with addictive behavior.
801:
Both the EPQ and Big Five approaches extensively use self-report questionnaires. The factors are intended to be
5341:
4909:
4517:
3514:
Ho AK, Robbins AO, Barker RA (Mar 2006). "Huntington's disease patients have selective problems with insight".
3116:
2246:"Sources of openness/intellect: cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the fifth factor of personality"
1376:
730:
152:
120:
1003:
Scrupulous, meticulous, principled behavior guided or conforming to one's own conscience. Associated with the
676:
Trait theory suggests that some natural behaviours may give someone an advantage in a position of leadership.
5251:
3913:
Bryant EJ, King NA, Blundell JE (Sep 2008). "Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation".
1387:
1303:
1200:
1108:
1102:
553:
451:
222:
187:
172:
167:
157:
106:
66:
3798:
Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES (November 1995). "Factor structure of the
Barratt impulsiveness scale".
2873:
Eiber R, et al. (2003). "Self-esteem: a comparison study between eating disorders and social phobia".
2814:
Blascovich J, Tomaka J (1991). "Measures of self-esteem". In
Robinson JP, Shaver PR, Wrightsman LS (eds.).
2288:
MacLaren VV, Best LA (Aug 2009). "Female students' disordered eating and the big five personality facets".
5545:
5499:
5469:
5144:
4989:
4775:
4680:
4398:
4005:
3523:
3361:
Frewen PA, Pain C, Dozois DJ, Lanius RA (Jul 2006). "Alexithymia in PTSD: psychometric and FMRI studies".
1370:
1343:
1218:
983:
712:
647:
568:
501:
391:
301:
256:
232:
207:
137:
125:
91:
1123:
Socially prescribed perfectionism – "believing that others will value you only if you are perfect."
4924:
4368:
1418:
1255:
1192:
1178:
548:
543:
461:
326:
291:
266:
162:
61:
56:
2903:
Bulik CM, et al. (1997). "Eating disorders and antecedent anxiety disorders: a controlled study".
1615:
McCrae RR, Costa PC Jr (1987). "Validation of the five-factor model across instruments and observers".
1017:
Gregarious, outgoing, sociable, projecting one's personality outward. The opposite of extraversion is
3370:
2146:
1263:
1251:
882:
446:
371:
281:
116:
101:
4010:
3528:
4979:
4919:
4780:
4512:
4415:
3155:"Sensory processing sensitivity: A review in the light of the evolution of biological responsivity"
2512:"Right and left medial orbitofrontal volumes show an opposite relationship to agreeableness in FTD"
1235:
has been shown to cause a defect in real-life decision making in individuals with otherwise normal
1227:
1184:
962:
826:
376:
366:
351:
316:
311:
296:
276:
271:
147:
86:
5535:
4944:
4573:
4480:
4409:
4308:
4230:
3948:
3901:
3852:
3757:
3691:
3549:
3501:
3452:
3394:
3318:
3185:
3091:
3011:
2974:
2928:
2763:
2720:
2170:
1971:
1734:
Mischel W, Shoda Y (1998-02-01). "Reconciling processing dynamics and personality dispositions".
1716:
1678:
1640:
1322:
1297:
893:
862:
829:. However, when they are high, there is considerable overlap with psychiatric conditions such as
703:
471:
416:
411:
346:
286:
247:
177:
2022:
Eysenck HJ (1994). "Creativity and personality: Word association, origence, and
Psychoticism".
5504:
5462:
5285:
5279:
5208:
5037:
5030:
4899:
4740:
4598:
4337:
4300:
4271:
4222:
4214:
4183:
4154:
4125:
4095:
4066:
4023:
3977:
3940:
3893:
3844:
3815:
3786:
3749:
3720:
3683:
3645:
3607:
3578:
3541:
3493:
3444:
3415:
3386:
3310:
3281:
3252:
3177:
3141:
3083:
3054:
3003:
2966:
2920:
2882:
2861:
2840:
2791:
2755:
2712:
2683:
2645:
2637:
2599:
2570:
2541:
2486:
2453:
2418:
2363:
2334:
2305:
2267:
2224:
2205:
2160:
2073:
1963:
1925:
Costa PT, McCrae RR (1990). "Personality disorders and the five factor model of personality".
1815:
1759:
1751:
1632:
1547:
1460:
1204:
998:
740:
595:
396:
321:
227:
212:
96:
865:
of openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (from
Matthews, Deary & Whiteman, 2003)
5045:
4939:
4792:
4492:
4465:
4455:
4361:
4329:
4292:
4263:
4206:
4146:
4117:
4087:
4056:
4048:
4015:
3969:
3930:
3922:
3885:
3836:
3807:
3778:
3741:
3712:
3675:
3637:
3599:
3570:
3533:
3485:
3436:
3378:
3302:
3273:
3244:
3169:
3133:
3075:
3044:
3036:
2995:
2958:
2912:
2832:
2785:
2745:
2704:
2675:
2629:
2591:
2562:
2531:
2523:
2478:
2443:
2408:
2400:
2355:
2326:
2297:
2257:
2197:
2152:
2127:
2100:
2065:
2031:
1955:
1934:
1866:
1836:
1807:
1798:
Block J (1995). "A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description".
1743:
1708:
1670:
1624:
1594:
1302:
Persistent, often unwelcome, and frequently disturbing ideas, thoughts, images or emotions,
1146:
929:
401:
356:
341:
336:
217:
192:
5406:
5119:
5053:
4974:
4403:
4320:
Corcoran KM, Woody SR (Jan 2008). "Appraisals of obsessional thoughts in normal samples".
2196:, 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 366–407,
1509:"Alfred Adler and Gordon W. Allport: A Comparison on Certain Topics in Personality Theory"
1222:
1092:
758:
699:
197:
2389:"Personality Traits of Agreeableness and Extraversion are Associated with ADH4 Variation"
1540:
1035:
Refers to a compliant, trusting, empathic, sympathetic, friendly and cooperative nature.
3374:
5165:
4543:
4486:
4121:
4061:
4036:
3716:
3641:
3079:
3049:
3024:
2916:
2633:
2566:
2536:
2511:
2413:
2388:
1267:
1162:
1081:
1051:
708:
688:
5292:
5216:
3574:
3476:
Peskine, A.; Picq, C.; Pradat-Diehl, P. (Dec 2004). "Cerebral anoxia and disability".
5570:
5514:
5350:
4964:
4949:
4929:
4730:
4715:
4700:
4613:
4608:
4502:
4425:
4267:
3926:
3695:
3679:
2482:
2467:"Acquired extroversion associated with bitemporal variant of frontotemporal dementia"
2359:
2262:
2245:
2174:
2104:
2053:
1870:
1840:
1720:
1674:
1598:
1307:
1306:, often inducing an anxious state. Obsessionality may result as a dysfunction of the
1275:
1244:
1130:
1030:
933:
846:
726:
506:
466:
386:
381:
4312:
4234:
4150:
3905:
3856:
3761:
3553:
3505:
3456:
3398:
3095:
3040:
3015:
2932:
2767:
2724:
1975:
1857:
Eysenck HJ (1992). "A reply to Costa and McCrae. P or A and C: The role of theory".
1682:
1585:(1991). "Dimensions of personality: 16: 5 or 3? Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm".
5186:
5022:
4984:
4934:
4904:
4872:
4862:
4857:
4770:
4750:
4670:
4470:
4449:
3952:
3322:
3189:
2999:
2708:
2404:
1904:
1777:
1747:
1644:
1582:
1570:
1413:
1289:
1283:
1271:
1196:
1188:
1154:
1126:
Self-oriented perfectionism – "an internally motivated desire to be perfect."
1018:
1012:
954:
908:
900:
870:
818:
810:
806:
761:
717:
695:
A wide variety of alternative theories and scales were later developed, including:
663:
491:
182:
17:
4197:
Lester D (1989). "A Neurotransmitter Basis for
Eysnenck's Theory of Personality".
3117:"Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality"
2978:
3840:
3782:
3489:
3248:
2962:
2679:
2301:
1121:"I don't think needing to be perfect is in any way adaptive." (Paul Hewitt, PhD)
5519:
5004:
4894:
4812:
4735:
4685:
4588:
4091:
2131:
1811:
1435:
1381:
1212:
1139:
1069:
1040:
886:
878:
874:
838:
830:
765:
406:
111:
46:
4333:
3973:
3137:
3025:"Personality dimensions in bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and obesity"
2734:"Regional cerebral brain metabolism correlates of neuroticism and extraversion"
5454:
5317:
5126:
5094:
4959:
4884:
4852:
4832:
4705:
4695:
4655:
4635:
4593:
4296:
4210:
3827:
Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ (May 2007). "The neuropsychiatry of impulsivity".
3440:
3306:
2201:
2035:
1959:
1938:
1712:
1628:
1054:. Neuroticism also predicts the occurrence of more negative life experiences.
904:
802:
635:
306:
202:
38:
4218:
3173:
2641:
1755:
5365:
5111:
5102:
4954:
4787:
4765:
4755:
4710:
4690:
4660:
4650:
4625:
4548:
4497:
3812:
10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::aid-jclp2270510607>3.0.co;2-1
3406:
Guilbaud O, Corcos M, Chambry J, Paterniti S, Loas G, Jeammet P (2000). "".
3382:
2595:
2448:
2431:
1358: – Standardized psychometric measure of psychopathology and personality
1236:
958:
849:
disorders. Five factor approaches can also predict future mental disorders.
456:
5237:
4341:
4158:
4129:
4099:
4070:
4027:
3990:
3981:
3944:
3897:
3848:
3790:
3611:
3582:
3545:
3497:
3419:
3390:
3314:
3285:
3256:
3181:
3087:
3058:
3007:
2970:
2886:
2759:
2716:
2687:
2603:
2545:
2490:
2457:
2422:
2338:
2309:
2271:
2156:
2077:
1967:
1454:
4304:
4275:
4226:
3819:
3753:
3745:
3687:
3603:
3448:
3145:
2924:
2865:
2844:
2649:
2574:
2367:
1819:
1763:
1636:
5437:
5358:
5299:
5179:
5087:
4969:
4889:
4847:
4822:
4797:
4745:
4675:
4620:
4583:
4578:
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3989:
Young SE, Stallings MC, Corley RP, Krauter KS, Hewitt JK (October 2000).
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2837:
10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199701)21:1<39::aid-eat5>3.0.co;2-4
949:
869:
There are two higher-order factors that both taxonomies clearly share:
659:
655:
4020:
10.1002/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<684::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-g
3935:
3537:
3339:
Muller RJ (2000). "When a patient has no story to tell: Alexithymia".
3277:
2527:
877:. Both approaches broadly accept that extraversion is associated with
5381:
5373:
5244:
5223:
5172:
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5109:
5100:
5077:
4994:
4725:
4384:
4052:
2750:
2733:
2330:
2091:
Eysenck HJ (1992). "The definition and measurement of psychoticism".
2069:
2466:
1780:(1990). "Biological dimensions of personality". In Pervin LA (ed.).
857:
5258:
5200:
5079:
5071:
4867:
4827:
4665:
4527:
3991:"Genetic and environmental influences on behavioral disinhibition"
2348:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1994:
Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach
921:
861:
Similarities between lower-order factors for psychoticism and the
856:
842:
650:. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of
5429:
5421:
4879:
4802:
4640:
2148:
Of Anchors & Sails: Personality-Ability Trait Constellations
1661:
Costa PT, McCrae RR (1992). "Four ways five factors are basic".
1158:
496:
5458:
4357:
1153:(PTSD), childhood abuse and neglect and alexithymia. Utilizing
764:
suggested that personality is reducible to three major traits:
4999:
928:
factors. In particular, the three-factor model identifies the
889:
is associated with emotional instability and negative affect.
3213:
Benson E (November 2003). "The many faces of perfectionism".
2852:
Strober M (1983). "Personality factors in anorexia nervosa".
1340: – Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
2432:"Neuroanatomical correlates of extraversion and neuroticism"
1546:(14 print. ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1266:(HIE), anoxic encephalopathy, degenerative diseases such as
2790:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 18.
4353:
2816:
Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes
945:
and environment but offer no explicit causal explanation.
673:, with each person rating somewhere along this spectrum.
2465:
Mendez MF, Chen AK, Shapira JS, Lu PH, Miller BL (2006).
654:, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior,
974:
can be used to measure traits/constructs in the models.
750:
Currently, two general approaches are the most popular:
3563:
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
2387:
Luo X, Kranzler HR, Zuo L, Wang S, Gelernter J (2007).
1366:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1199:. This may be due to physical damage, disease (such as
961:, but he later revised this, linking it instead to the
5206:
1893:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
805:(uncorrelated), though there are often small positive
5043:
5020:
4139:
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
2471:
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
1884:
1882:
1880:
2052:
Jeronimus BF, Riese H, Sanderman R, Ormel J (2014).
1333:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
5528:
5492:
5391:
5309:
5136:
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5013:
4536:
4434:
4391:
1373: – Branch of psychology focused on personality
680:of our actions that do not try to infer causality.
1539:
1507:
1352: – Six-dimensional model of human personality
3705:British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
3630:British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
2818:. Vol. I. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.
2622:British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
1258:which may be an acquired disorder as a result of
825:. Indeed, scores are rarely high, thus skewing a
2244:DeYoung CG, Peterson JB, Higgins DM (Aug 2005).
2047:
2045:
1195:and usually occurs as a result of damage to the
1346: – Cognitive theory at the cultural level
5470:
5435:
5419:
4369:
1909:The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised
615:
8:
3125:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2120:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2058:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1782:Handbook of personality: Theory and research
1617:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1364: – Big Five personality trait inventory
5371:
5348:
5339:
5330:
1656:
1654:
1384: – 1935 discredited psychological test
1356:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
5477:
5463:
5455:
5010:
4476:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
4376:
4362:
4354:
4180:Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality
3363:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2516:Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
1889:Matthews G, Deary IJ, Whiteman MC (2003).
1161:, studies showed positive response in the
993:. Considered primarily a cognitive trait.
757:, (EPQ) ("the three-factor model"). Using
666:, which are more transitory dispositions.
622:
608:
29:
27:Approach to the study of human personality
4060:
4009:
3934:
3527:
3266:International Journal of Eating Disorders
3048:
2749:
2535:
2447:
2412:
2319:International Journal of Eating Disorders
2261:
2188:Stanek, Kevin C.; Ones, Deniz S. (2018),
2145:Stanek, Kevin; Ones, Deniz (2023-11-20).
1514:American Journal of Individual Psychology
1046:transporter (5-HTT) binding sites in the
957:levels and is an inverse function of the
4285:British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement
3162:Personality and Social Psychology Review
1482:"What Is a Trait Two Basic Formulations"
1270:, bacterial or viral infections such as
976:
4523:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
3153:Aron E, Aron A, Jagiellowicz J (2012).
1427:
1149:. There is a positive association with
646:) is an approach to the study of human
37:
2222:
2093:Personality and Individual Differences
1859:Personality and Individual Differences
1829:Personality and Individual Differences
1784:. New York: Guilford. pp. 244–76.
1663:Personality and Individual Differences
1587:Personality and Individual Differences
745:Biopsychological theory of personality
2787:Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
1350:HEXACO model of personality structure
1329:Alternative five model of personality
978:Other examples of personality traits
924:, which themselves are the result of
7:
3998:American Journal of Medical Genetics
1948:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
1911:. Sevenoaks: Hodder & Stoughton.
1694:
1692:
1325: – Self-report personality test
1103:Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS)
5541:International Personality Item Pool
4508:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
2732:Deckersbach T, et al. (2006).
2430:Wright CI, et al. (Dec 2006).
2009:The biological basis of personality
1575:The biological basis of personality
1191:syndrome it is also referred to as
4122:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.01.002
4035:Young SE, et al. (Feb 2009).
3717:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1977.tb01003.x
3642:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1977.tb01003.x
3199:from the original on May 13, 2015.
3080:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.03.005
2917:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09913.x
2634:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1969.tb00588.x
2567:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb01030.x
779:Trait theory in cross-cultural use
25:
5551:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
3962:Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
1542:Pattern and growth in personality
1456:Leadership: theory and practice /
768:, extraversion, and psychoticism.
755:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
4182:. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
3927:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00426.x
2483:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18.1.100
2360:10.1097/00004583-199209000-00008
2263:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00330.x
1927:Journal of Personality Disorders
903:factor incorporates some of the
797:Testing methodology, and factors
589:
45:
4256:Journal of Psychiatric Research
4178:Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SB (1977).
4151:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13.1.42
3041:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.003
1992:Eysenck HJ, Eysenck MW (1985).
1264:hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
4461:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
4322:Behaviour Research and Therapy
4041:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
3800:Journal of Clinical Psychology
3237:American Journal of Psychiatry
3000:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.015
2905:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
2709:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.007
2510:Rankin K, et al. (2004).
2405:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.017
1748:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.229
1233:ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1151:post-traumatic stress disorder
1005:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
991:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
835:schizoid personality disorders
1:
3829:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
3734:British Journal of Psychiatry
3575:10.1016/s0005-7916(01)00025-8
1701:American Behavioral Scientist
1050:: as well as activity in the
892:Many lower-order factors, or
837:. Similarly, high scorers on
671:extraversion vs. introversion
332:Industrial and organizational
5110:
5101:
5078:
4268:10.1016/0022-3956(95)00020-6
3841:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ba4989
3783:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.08.009
3680:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3
3490:10.1080/02699050410001719899
3249:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1799
3023:Peterson CB (Jan–Feb 2010).
2963:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318164604e
2680:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.07.003
2302:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.04.001
2105:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90050-y
2011:. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas.
1871:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90003-8
1841:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00010-4
1675:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-i
1599:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90144-z
1577:. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas.
1419:Resources in other libraries
487:Human factors and ergonomics
5486:Big Five personality traits
5207:
5044:
5021:
4110:General Hospital Psychiatry
4092:10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005
3878:Eating and Weight Disorders
3429:Perceptual and Motor Skills
2151:. University of Minnesota.
2132:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1224
2024:Creativity Research Journal
1812:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187
1736:Annual Review of Psychology
1442:. U.S.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
1338:Big Five personality traits
772:Big Five personality traits
736:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
5598:
4334:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.007
3974:10.1037/0893-164X.20.4.415
3138:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345
1167:posterior cingulate cortex
969:List of personality traits
792:Comparing EPQ and Big Five
4297:10.1192/S0007125000297900
4211:10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.189
3441:10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.247
3307:10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.93
2202:10.4135/9781473914940.n14
2036:10.1080/10400419409534525
1960:10.1007/s10648-005-5724-0
1939:10.1521/pedi.1990.4.4.362
1713:10.1177/00027640021956080
1629:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
1414:Resources in your library
823:normal distribution curve
262:Applied behavior analysis
3174:10.1177/1088868311434213
3029:Comprehensive Psychiatry
2229:: CS1 maint: location (
1377:Social investment theory
1109:highly sensitive persons
841:are more susceptible to
731:Interpersonal circumplex
3383:10.1196/annals.1364.029
3115:Aron E, Aron A (1997).
3068:Brain Research Bulletin
2596:10.1111/1467-6494.05021
1388:Trait activation theory
1254:syndrome, a subtype of
1221:and in studies done by
948:Given this emphasis on
452:Behavioral neuroscience
107:Behavioral neuroscience
5500:Openness to experience
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2951:Psychosomatic Medicine
2738:Depression and Anxiety
2584:Journal of Personality
2555:Journal of Personality
2250:Journal of Personality
2157:10.24926/9781946135988
1800:Psychological Bulletin
1486:Personality Psychology
1371:Personality psychology
1344:Cultural schema theory
1323:16 Personality Factors
1260:traumatic brain injury
1219:inferior frontal gyrus
1107:The defining trait of
984:Openness to experience
866:
713:Structure of Intellect
502:Psychology of religion
442:Behavioral engineering
126:Cognitive neuroscience
92:Affective neuroscience
4925:Righteous indignation
4199:Psychological Reports
3746:10.1192/bjp.169.4.451
3604:10.1556/OH.2009.28590
3215:Monitor on Psychology
2784:Rosenberg M (1968) .
2697:Biological Psychiatry
2449:10.1093/cercor/bhj118
2393:Biological Psychiatry
1907:, Eysenck SB (1991).
1459:. Sage Publications.
1453:Northouse PG (2010).
1256:frontal lobe syndrome
1193:dysexecutive syndrome
860:
817:Whatever the causes,
596:Psychology portal
5577:Personality theories
5546:Personality theories
4443:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
1201:Huntington's disease
1187:. Originally termed
644:dispositional theory
4513:Theological virtues
4416:Positive psychology
3375:2006NYASA1071..397F
2628:(1). Wiley: 69–76.
2007:Eysenck HJ (1967).
1996:. New York: Plenum.
1538:Allport GW (1961).
1185:executive functions
1147:cerebral infarction
979:
963:dopaminergic system
959:serotonergic system
853:Lower-order factors
827:normal distribution
447:Behavioral genetics
362:Occupational health
102:Behavioral genetics
33:Part of a series on
18:Psychological trait
5582:Personality traits
5536:Facet (psychology)
4945:Self-transcendence
4537:Individual virtues
4481:Nine Noble Virtues
4410:Nicomachean Ethics
3890:10.1007/bf03354907
3516:Movement Disorders
1891:Personality traits
1252:orbitofrontal lobe
1207:or anoxic insult.
977:
867:
788:research expands.
704:16PF Questionnaire
564:Schools of thought
402:Sport and exercise
248:Applied psychology
5564:
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5505:Conscientiousness
5452:
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4599:Conscientiousness
4466:Epistemic virtues
4189:978-0-340-20919-6
3538:10.1002/mds.20739
3341:Psychiatric Times
3278:10.1002/eat.10191
2528:10.1159/000077165
2211:978-1-4462-0721-5
2166:978-1-946135-98-8
1520:(1). Chicago, Ill
1466:978-1-4129-7488-2
1400:Library resources
1314:
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999:Conscientiousness
632:
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529:Counseling topics
472:Consumer behavior
213:Psycholinguistics
97:Affective science
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1093:Novelty seeking
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511:
432:
424:
423:
422:
421:
250:
240:
239:
238:
237:
198:Neuropsychology
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5595:
5593:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5569:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5433:
5426:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5378:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5337:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5107:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5075:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4544:Accountability
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4317:
4280:
4250:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4205:(1): 189–190.
4194:
4188:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4134:
4116:(2): 221–224.
4104:
4075:
4032:
3986:
3957:
3910:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3824:
3795:
3766:
3729:
3700:
3662:
3655:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3592:Orvosi Hetilap
3587:
3558:
3511:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3424:
3403:
3369:(1): 397–400.
3357:
3350:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3290:
3261:
3231:
3224:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3168:(3): 262–282.
3150:
3132:(2): 345–368.
3111:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3063:
3020:
2988:Brain Research
2983:
2945:
2938:
2911:(2): 101–107.
2895:
2892:
2891:
2870:
2860:(2–3): 134–8.
2849:
2820:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2729:
2692:
2662:
2655:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2590:(5): 695–727.
2579:
2550:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2462:
2427:
2399:(5): 599–608.
2383:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2343:
2314:
2284:
2277:
2236:
2210:
2180:
2165:
2137:
2110:
2099:(7): 757–785.
2083:
2041:
2030:(2): 209–216.
2014:
1999:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1954:(4): 431–443.
1943:
1933:(4): 362–371.
1921:
1914:
1896:
1876:
1865:(8): 867–868.
1849:
1846:
1845:
1835:(6): 801–804.
1824:
1806:(2): 187–215.
1794:
1787:
1769:
1742:(1): 229–258.
1726:
1688:
1669:(6): 653–665.
1650:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1593:(8): 773–790.
1579:
1566:
1559:
1553:978-0030108105
1552:
1530:
1498:
1472:
1465:
1445:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1298:Obsessionality
1294:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:Harm avoidance
1078:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:insular cortex
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1001:
995:
994:
986:
970:
967:
916:
913:
854:
851:
798:
795:
793:
790:
780:
777:
776:
775:
769:
748:
747:
738:
733:
724:
715:
709:J. P. Guilford
706:
689:Gordon Allport
685:
682:
630:
629:
627:
626:
619:
612:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
583:
582:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
523:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
252:
251:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
143:Cross-cultural
140:
135:
134:
133:
123:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
83:
82:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5594:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Agreeableness
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:Sportsmanship
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Righteousness
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Nonattachment
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Seven virtues
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4450:Brahmavihārās
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4426:Virtue ethics
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:About virtues
4390:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4291:(35): 53–63.
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:(4): 333–42.
4261:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4086:(2): 107–14.
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4047:(1): 117–30.
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4004:(5): 684–95.
4003:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3968:(4): 415–24.
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3921:(5): 409–19.
3920:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:(3): 255–61.
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3806:(6): 768–74.
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:(1–3): 7–15.
3673:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:(3): 107–15.
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:(1): 247–56.
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:(2): 93–122.
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:(5): 265–70.
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:(6): 588–92.
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:(2): 159–79.
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:(4): 328–32.
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:(5): 830–40.
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2256:(4): 825–58.
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:(4): 751–64.
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1308:basal ganglia
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:neurosyphilis
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1245:Disinhibition
1243:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:basal ganglia
1127:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:Perfectionism
1115:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:Agreeableness
1029:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
987:
985:
982:
981:
975:
968:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
946:
944:
938:
935:
934:limbic system
931:
927:
923:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
890:
888:
884:
881:and positive
880:
876:
872:
864:
859:
852:
850:
848:
847:psychosomatic
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
812:
808:
804:
796:
791:
789:
785:
778:
773:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
752:
751:
746:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
728:
727:Timothy Leary
725:
723:
719:
716:
714:
710:
707:
705:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
690:
683:
681:
677:
674:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:(also called
641:
637:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
605:
603:
602:
597:
587:
586:
585:
584:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Psychologists
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Organizations
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
521:
516:
515:
508:
507:Psychometrics
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:Consciousness
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
428:
427:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:Psychotherapy
385:
383:
382:Psychometrics
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
249:
244:
243:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Developmental
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
79:
74:
73:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5556:Trait theory
5555:
5510:Extraversion
5428:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5380:
5364:
5357:
5323:
5316:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5199:
5192:
5187:Brahmacharya
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5125:
5118:
5093:
5086:
5070:
5052:
5036:
5029:
4985:Tranquillity
4935:Self-control
4905:Renunciation
4863:Philanthropy
4858:Perspicacity
4818:Magnificence
4771:Intelligence
4751:Impartiality
4671:Faithfulness
4559:Authenticity
4485:
4471:Five virtues
4448:
4441:
4421:Trait theory
4420:
4408:
4328:(1): 71–83.
4325:
4321:
4288:
4284:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4202:
4198:
4179:
4170:
4142:
4138:
4113:
4109:
4083:
4079:
4044:
4040:
4001:
3997:
3965:
3961:
3918:
3914:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3832:
3828:
3803:
3799:
3777:(1): 23–30.
3774:
3770:
3740:(4): 451–8.
3737:
3733:
3711:(1): 57–68.
3708:
3704:
3671:
3667:
3658:
3636:(1): 57–68.
3633:
3629:
3623:
3595:
3591:
3566:
3562:
3522:(3): 385–9.
3519:
3515:
3481:
3478:Brain Injury
3477:
3468:
3432:
3428:
3411:
3407:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3298:
3294:
3272:(2): 220–6.
3269:
3265:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3165:
3161:
3129:
3123:
3107:
3071:
3067:
3032:
3028:
2994:(1): 85–93.
2991:
2987:
2957:(3): 372–7.
2954:
2950:
2941:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2881:(1): 35–41.
2878:
2874:
2857:
2854:Pediatrician
2853:
2831:(1): 39–41.
2828:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2786:
2779:
2744:(3): 133–8.
2741:
2737:
2700:
2696:
2674:(1): 69–78.
2671:
2667:
2658:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2587:
2583:
2558:
2554:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2477:(1): 100–7.
2474:
2470:
2439:
2435:
2396:
2392:
2379:
2351:
2347:
2325:(2): 161–6.
2322:
2318:
2296:(3): 192–5.
2293:
2289:
2280:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2215:, retrieved
2193:
2183:
2147:
2140:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2061:
2057:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1951:
1947:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1832:
1828:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1707:(1): 41–62.
1704:
1700:
1666:
1662:
1623:(1): 81–90.
1620:
1616:
1610:
1590:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1541:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1517:
1513:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1405:Trait theory
1404:
1290:Hans Eysenck
1284:Psychoticism
1272:Lyme disease
1226:
1197:frontal lobe
1189:frontal lobe
1157:testing and
1155:psychometric
1128:
1125:
1122:
1019:introversion
1013:Extraversion
972:
955:testosterone
947:
939:
918:
909:psychoticism
901:psychoticism
898:
891:
871:extraversion
868:
819:psychoticism
816:
811:Hans Eysenck
807:correlations
800:
786:
782:
762:Hans Eysenck
749:
718:Henry Murray
694:
687:
678:
675:
668:
651:
643:
640:trait theory
639:
633:
492:Intelligence
223:Quantitative
188:Mathematical
183:Intelligence
173:Experimental
168:Evolutionary
158:Differential
5520:Neuroticism
5005:Workmanship
4895:Punctuality
4813:Magnanimity
4736:Hospitality
4686:Forgiveness
4631:Discernment
4589:Cleanliness
4145:(1): 42–9.
3884:(1): 7–15.
3035:(1): 31–6.
1382:Szondi test
1268:Parkinson's
1213:Impulsivity
1169:(PCC), and
1140:Alexithymia
1070:Self-esteem
1041:Neuroticism
887:neuroticism
879:sociability
875:neuroticism
839:neuroticism
766:neuroticism
648:personality
534:Disciplines
407:Suicidology
302:Educational
257:Anomalistic
233:Theoretical
208:Personality
138:Comparative
121:Cognitivism
112:Behaviorism
5571:Categories
5318:Auctoritas
5166:Aparigraha
5145:Adhiṭṭhāna
5127:Sophrosyne
5095:Eutrapelia
4980:Temperance
4960:Solidarity
4950:Simplicity
4910:Resilience
4885:Politeness
4853:Patriotism
4833:Moderation
4706:Good faith
4696:Generosity
4656:Equanimity
4636:Discipline
4594:Compassion
3936:10454/5739
3414:(5): 1–6.
3295:Psychiatry
2797:0691028052
2217:2024-02-24
1524:2018-03-23
1491:6 February
1440:Psychology
1394:References
1304:rumination
1225:author of
899:Eysenck's
885:, whereas
831:antisocial
803:orthogonal
636:psychology
462:Competence
327:Humanistic
307:Ergonomics
292:Counseling
267:Assessment
203:Perception
163:Ecological
39:Psychology
5366:Humanitas
5112:Phronesis
5103:Philotimo
4955:Sincerity
4920:Reverence
4788:Judgement
4776:Emotional
4766:Integrity
4756:Innocence
4711:Gratitude
4691:Frugality
4681:Foresight
4661:Etiquette
4651:Endurance
4626:Diligence
4549:Alertness
4498:Scout Law
4399:Endowment
4219:0033-2941
4080:Encephale
4006:CiteSeerX
3696:204981454
3668:Cognition
3524:CiteSeerX
3408:Encephale
3347:(7): 1–6.
2875:Encephale
2642:0007-1293
2175:265335858
1905:Eysenck H
1778:Eysenck H
1756:0066-4308
1721:144260384
1583:Eysenck H
1571:Eysenck H
1237:intellect
915:Causality
457:Cognition
372:Political
282:Community
117:Cognitive
67:Subfields
5359:Gravitas
5342:Dignitas
5088:Ataraxia
4970:Sympathy
4900:Religion
4890:Prudence
4848:Patience
4823:Meekness
4798:Kindness
4746:Humility
4741:Humanity
4676:Fidelity
4621:Courtesy
4584:Chivalry
4579:Chastity
4569:Charisma
4564:Calmness
4554:Altruism
4342:18093572
4313:32544419
4235:28744688
4159:11207328
4130:20303000
4100:19393378
4071:19222319
4028:11054778
3982:17176176
3945:18179615
3906:40567168
3898:11234257
3857:22198972
3849:17415079
3791:17174848
3762:32042767
3612:19482720
3583:11934124
3554:12076025
3546:16211608
3506:22416252
3498:15666568
3457:29307907
3420:11192799
3399:15031115
3391:16891585
3315:18573033
3286:12898558
3257:11058477
3194:Archived
3182:22291044
3096:25490518
3088:19480986
3059:19932823
3016:16850998
3008:17113049
2971:18256341
2933:21378266
2887:12640325
2768:12798682
2760:16470804
2725:41664835
2717:17336939
2688:16360625
2604:12322857
2546:15178947
2491:16525077
2458:16421327
2423:17069770
2339:11449449
2310:19665103
2272:15958136
2225:citation
2078:25111305
1976:24240140
1968:16118990
1683:86867568
1573:(1967).
1480:Abel S.
1438:(2003).
1436:Kassin S
1317:See also
1179:Rigidity
1171:thalamus
1048:thalamus
1023:amygdala
943:genetics
932:and the
569:Timeline
482:Feelings
477:Emotions
437:Behavior
431:Concepts
392:Religion
377:Positive
367:Pastoral
352:Military
317:Forensic
312:Feminist
297:Critical
287:Consumer
277:Coaching
272:Clinical
148:Cultural
87:Abnormal
5529:Related
5414:Sadaqah
5400:Ganbaru
5333:Decorum
5325:Caritas
5280:Śraddhā
5266:Shaucha
5231:Kshanti
5159:Akrodha
5014:Chinese
4915:Respect
4838:Modesty
4808:Loyalty
4793:Justice
4761:Insight
4721:Honesty
4716:Heroism
4646:Empathy
4604:Courage
4574:Charity
4487:Pāramīs
4385:Virtues
4305:9829027
4276:8847659
4227:2564688
4062:2775710
3953:2710954
3820:8778124
3754:8894196
3688:8039375
3449:9293583
3371:Bibcode
3323:1364808
3190:2542035
3146:9248053
3050:2838502
2925:9272193
2866:6400211
2845:8986516
2650:5781476
2575:8345444
2537:2362501
2414:1853245
2368:1400113
1820:7724687
1764:9496625
1645:7893185
1637:3820081
1205:hypoxic
1203:) or a
950:biology
926:genetic
684:History
660:emotion
656:thought
544:Outline
417:Traffic
412:Systems
347:Medical
178:Gestalt
62:History
57:Outline
5493:Traits
5382:Virtus
5374:Pietas
5293:Upekṣā
5286:Saddhā
5252:Prajñā
5245:Muditā
5224:Kshama
5217:Karuṇā
5180:Asteya
5173:Ārjava
5152:Ahimsa
5137:Indian
5120:Sophia
4995:Wisdom
4873:Filial
4781:Social
4726:Honour
4340:
4311:
4303:
4274:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4186:
4157:
4128:
4098:
4069:
4059:
4026:
4008:
3980:
3951:
3943:
3904:
3896:
3855:
3847:
3818:
3789:
3760:
3752:
3725:843784
3723:
3694:
3686:
3650:843784
3648:
3610:
3581:
3552:
3544:
3526:
3504:
3496:
3455:
3447:
3418:
3397:
3389:
3321:
3313:
3284:
3255:
3188:
3180:
3144:
3094:
3086:
3057:
3047:
3014:
3006:
2979:347034
2977:
2969:
2931:
2923:
2885:
2864:
2843:
2794:
2766:
2758:
2723:
2715:
2686:
2648:
2640:
2602:
2573:
2544:
2534:
2489:
2456:
2421:
2411:
2366:
2337:
2308:
2270:
2208:
2173:
2163:
2076:
1974:
1966:
1818:
1762:
1754:
1719:
1681:
1643:
1635:
1550:
1463:
1402:about
1362:NEO-PI
1163:insula
894:facets
883:affect
863:facets
664:states
658:, and
652:traits
574:Topics
397:School
322:Health
228:Social
131:Social
5438:Virtù
5392:Other
5351:Fides
5310:Latin
5300:Vīrya
5259:Satya
5238:Mettā
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