362:
dissatisfaction. It has been suggested that
Motivator factors are intrinsic to the job, that is; job content, the work itself, responsibility and advancement. The Hygiene factors or dissatisfaction-avoidance factors include aspects of the job environment such as interpersonal relationships, salary, working conditions and security. Of these latter, the most common cause of job dissatisfaction can be company policy and administration, whilst achievement can be the greatest source of extreme satisfaction.
340:. The proposed measure by Sirgy et al. (2001) suggests that quality of working life involves lower-order (social needs; esteem needs; actualization needs; knowledge needs; and, aesthetic needs) and higher-order needs (health and safety needs; and, economic and family needs). This measure is adapted to more than ten different countries, namely Portugal and Brazil (presenting good validity evidence based on the internal structure and based on the relation to other variables).
2407:
1783:
406:
significant association between QWL of
Teaching and Non teaching staffs. From the correlation analysis it is find that Adequacy of Resources are more correlated and Training & Development are less correlated with teaching staffs perception towards quality of worklife and in case of non teaching staffs Compensation & Rewards are more correlated and Work Environment are less correlated with QWL.
513:(NICE) emphasises the core role of assessment and understanding of the way working environments pose risks for psychological wellbeing through lack of control and excessive demand. The emphasis placed by NICE on assessment and monitoring wellbeing springs from the fact that these processes are the key first step in identifying areas for improving quality of working life and addressing risks at work.
1812:
456:
reflected by questions asking how satisfied people feel about their work. It has been proposed that this
Positive Job Satisfaction factor is influenced by various issues including clarity of goals and role ambiguity, appraisal, recognition and reward, personal development career benefits and enhancement and training needs.
492:
The
Working Conditions scale of the WRQoL assesses the extent to which the employee is satisfied with the fundamental resources, working conditions and security necessary to do their job effectively. Physical working conditions influence employee health and safety and thus employee Quality of working
484:
as measured by the Work-Related
Quality of Life scale (WRQoL) is recognized as a central concept in the understanding of relationships between stressful experiences, behaviour and health. Control at work, within the theoretical model underpinning the WRQoL, is influenced by issues of communication at
336:, were seen as relevant in underpinning this model, covering health & safety, economic and family, social, esteem, actualization, knowledge and aesthetics, although the relevance of non-work aspects is played down as attention is focussed on quality of work life rather than the broader concept of
488:
The WRQoL Home-Work
Interface scale (HWI) measures the extent to which an employer is perceived to support the family and home life of employees. This factor explores the interrelationship between home and work life domains. Issues that appear to influence employee HWI include adequate facilities at
87:
In contrast to such theory based models, Cooper & Mumford (1979) more pragmatically identified the essential components of quality of working life as basic extrinsic job factors of wages, hours and working conditions, and the intrinsic job notions of the nature of the work itself. They suggested
475:
The WRQoL Stress at Work sub-scale (SAW) reflects the extent to which an individual perceives they have excessive pressures, and feel stressed at work. The WRQoL SAW factor is assessed through items dealing with demand and perception of stress and actual demand overload. Whilst it is possible to be
501:
Regular assessment of quality of working life can potentially provide organisations with important information about the welfare of their employees, such as job satisfaction, general well-being, work-related stress and the home-work interface. Studies in the UK University sector have shown a valid
447:
The Brief Index of
Affective Job Satisfaction (BIAFJS) is a 4-item, purely affective as opposed to cognitive, measure of overall affective job satisfaction that reflects quality of working life. The BIAJS differs from other job satisfaction measures in being comprehensively validated not just for
34:
of working life – also referred to as quality of worklife – which include a wide range of factors, sometimes classified as "motivator factors" which if present can make the job experience a positive one, and "hygiene factors" which if lacking are more associated with
443:
There are few recognised measures of quality of working life, and of those that exist, few have evidence of validity and reliability, although both the Brief Index of
Affective Job Satisfaction and the Quality of Work Life Scale have been systematically developed to be reliable and is rigorously
455:
The Job & Career
Satisfaction (JCS) scale of the Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL) is said to reflect an employee's feelings about, or evaluation of, their satisfaction or contentment with their job and career and the training they receive to do it. Within the WRQoL measure, JCS is
405:
Male employees are more satisfied than female employees the chi square test confirms that all the demographic factors like gender, designation, salary, department, experience are independent of quality of worklife of employees in private technical institution. Study also reveals that there is a
459:
The
General well-being (GWB) scale of the Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL), aims to assess the extent to which an individual feels good or content in themselves, in a way which may be independent of their work situation. It is suggested that general well-being both influences, and is
451:
Statistical analysis of the Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL), provides support for the psychometric structure of this instrument. The WRQoWL measure uses six core factors to explain most of the variation in an individual's quality of working life: Job and Career Satisfaction; Working
163:
They discussed a range of correlations derived from their work, such as those between work involvement and job satisfaction, intrinsic job motivation and job satisfaction, and perceived intrinsic job characteristics and job satisfaction. In particular, Warr et al. found evidence for a moderate
414:
An individual's experience of satisfaction or dissatisfaction can be substantially rooted in their perception, rather than simply reflecting their "real world". Further, an individual's perception can be affected by relative comparison – am I paid as much as that person – and comparisons of
505:
Worrall and Cooper (2006) reported that a low level of well-being at work is estimated to cost about 5-10% of gross national product per annum, yet quality of working life as a theoretical construct remains relatively unexplored and unexplained within the organisational psychology research
361:
The distinction made between job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in quality of working life reflects the influence of job satisfaction theories. Herzberg et al., (1959) used "Hygiene factors" and "Motivator factors" to distinguish between the separate causes of job satisfaction and job
343:
These attempts at defining quality of working life have included theoretical approaches, lists of identified factors, correlational analyses, with opinions varying as to whether such definitions and explanations can be both global, or need to be specific to each work setting.
429:
Quality of working life is not a unitary concept, but has been seen as incorporating a hierarchy of perspectives that not only include work-based factors such as job satisfaction, satisfaction with pay and relationships with colleagues, but also factors that broadly reflect
352:
Bearfield (2003) used 16 questions to examine quality of working life, and distinguished between causes of dissatisfaction in professionals, intermediate clerical, sales and service workers, indicating that different concerns might have to be addressed for different groups.
448:
internal consistency reliability, temporal stability, convergent and criterion-related validities, but also for cross-population invariance by nationality, job level, and job type. Reported internal consistency reliabilities range between .81 and .87.
460:
influenced by work. Mental health problems, predominantly depression and anxiety disorders, are common, and may have a major impact on the general well-being of the population. The WRQoL GWB factor assesses issues of mood, depression and anxiety,
39:
have been developed aiming to measure overall quality of working life or certain aspects thereof. Some publications have drawn attention to the importance of QWL for both employees and employers, and also for national economic performance.
262:
Some have argued that quality of working life might vary between groups of workers. For example, Ellis and Pompli (2002) identified a number of factors contributing to job dissatisfaction and quality of working life in nurses, including:
434:
and general feelings of well-being. More recently, work-related stress and the relationship between work and non-work life domains have also been identified as factors that should conceptually be included in quality of working life.
1453:
1388:
187:
Factors more obviously and directly affecting work have, however, served as the main focus of attention, as researchers have tried to tease out the important influences on quality of working life in the workplace.
479:
The Control at Work (CAW) subscale of the WRQoL scale addresses how much employees feel they can control their work through the freedom to express their opinions and being involved in decisions at work. Perceived
196:
Mirvis and Lawler (1984) suggested that quality of working life was associated with satisfaction with wages, hours and working conditions, describing the "basic elements of a good quality of work life" as:
1075:
175:
Thus, whilst some authors have emphasised the workplace aspects in quality of working life, others have identified the relevance of personality factors, psychological well-being, and broader concepts of
332:
They defined quality of working life as satisfaction of these key needs through resources, activities, and outcomes stemming from participation in the workplace. Needs as defined by the psychologist,
426:
It has generally been agreed however that quality of working life is conceptually similar to well-being of employees but differs from job satisfaction which solely represents the workplace domain.
59:
Hackman and Oldham (1976) drew attention to what they described as psychological growth needs as relevant to the consideration of quality of working life. Several such needs were identified :
953:
1803:
1411:
821:
Sinval, J., Sirgy, M. J., Lee, D.-J., & Marôco, J. (2019). The Quality of Work Life Scale: Validity evidence from Brazil and Portugal. Applied Research in Quality of Life.
1597:
1382:
1798:
1432:
1394:
1850:
1442:
1338:
1703:
1406:
1356:
254:
Baba and Jamal also explored routinisation of job content, suggesting that this facet should be investigated as part of the concept of quality of working life.
611:
Baba, VV and Jamal, M (1991). "Routinisation of job context and job content as related to employees' quality of working life: a study of psychiatric nurses".
946:
1894:
510:
1787:
1576:
939:
1816:
1914:
1763:
1622:
1035:
2179:
1743:
128:
Warr and colleagues (1979), in an investigation of quality of working life, considered a range of apparently relevant factors, including:
370:
Nanjundeswaraswamy and Swamy (2013) used nine components to measure quality of worklife of employees in private technical institutions:
1843:
1025:
1693:
894:
Edwards, J., Van Laar, D.L. & Easton, S. (2009). "The Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) scale for Higher Education Employees".
642:
Sirgy, M. J., Efraty, D., Siegel, P & Lee, D. (2001). "A new measure of quality of work life (QWL) based on need satisfaction and
120:
Cooper & Mumford suggested that relevant quality of working life concepts may vary according to organisation and employee group.
2431:
2124:
1616:
1606:
1361:
585:
Warr, P, Cook, J and Wall, T (1979). "Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well being".
2416:
415:
internalised ideals, aspirations, and expectations, for example, with the individual's current state (Lawler and Porter, 1966).
2426:
1929:
1836:
1793:
1658:
1313:
962:
423:
In summary, where it has been considered, authors differ in their views on the core constituents of quality of working life.
1050:
808:
Loscocco, K. A. & Roschelle, A. N. (1991). "Influences on the Quality of Work and Nonwork Life: Two Decades in Review".
795:
Danna, K. & Griffin, R. W. (1999). "Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature".
2074:
2039:
1529:
1282:
882:
2199:
2044:
1571:
1504:
1257:
1045:
2457:
2144:
1989:
1708:
1400:
1308:
1272:
1110:
306:
Sirgy et al. (2001) suggested the quality of working life as a second-order factor with seven first-order dimensions:
2129:
2069:
1999:
1768:
1673:
1447:
1150:
537:
2229:
1984:
1954:
1366:
1277:
1262:
1120:
1095:
868:
Van Laar, D, Edwards, J & Easton, S (2007). "The Work-Related Quality of Life scale for healthcare workers".
79:
They suggested that such needs have to be addressed if employees are to experience high quality of working life.
54:
2299:
2462:
2421:
2269:
2079:
1683:
1663:
1556:
1170:
225:
Baba and Jamal (1991) listed what they described as typical indicators of quality of working life, including:
1758:
1180:
1145:
2219:
2094:
1919:
1514:
481:
2244:
2099:
2034:
1909:
1323:
1303:
1090:
1060:
476:
pressured at work and not be stressed at work, in general, high stress is associated with high pressure.
2274:
2189:
2164:
1318:
493:
life. This scale also taps into satisfaction with the resources provided to help people do their jobs.
2309:
2089:
2064:
2014:
1959:
1904:
1884:
1519:
1494:
1298:
1215:
1065:
1055:
1015:
970:
2436:
2254:
2119:
2004:
1994:
1974:
1944:
1879:
1653:
1536:
1524:
1489:
1267:
1252:
1245:
1225:
995:
977:
643:
502:
measure of quality of working life exists and can be used as a basis for effective interventions.
2467:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2249:
2209:
2149:
1949:
1899:
1688:
1592:
1509:
1328:
532:
2159:
2289:
2224:
2184:
2169:
2114:
2059:
1738:
1551:
1230:
1205:
1100:
1085:
752:
691:
527:
461:
431:
181:
165:
149:
2174:
2104:
2024:
2019:
1479:
1474:
1140:
1080:
846:
681:
673:
144:
2360:
2259:
2134:
2009:
1979:
1964:
1939:
1753:
1733:
1561:
1240:
1235:
769:
Lawler III E and Porter L, (1966). "Managers' pay and their satisfaction with their pay".
522:
465:
337:
31:
1190:
452:
Conditions; General Well-Being; Home-Work Interface; Stress at Work and Control at Work.
1718:
1678:
1566:
1546:
1541:
1160:
1125:
1040:
333:
2451:
2395:
2385:
2234:
1924:
1723:
1484:
1185:
1130:
2375:
2365:
2345:
2264:
2109:
2084:
1889:
1638:
1612:
1602:
1195:
1135:
1105:
837:
Thompson, E.R; Phua, F.T.T. (2012). "A Brief Index of Affective Job Satisfaction".
393:
36:
931:
598:
Mirvis, P.H. and Lawler, E.E. (1984). "Accounting for the Quality of Work Life".
2390:
2380:
2355:
2330:
2049:
2029:
1874:
1648:
1115:
1010:
1005:
677:
2335:
1748:
1698:
1668:
1643:
1165:
1155:
1030:
1020:
1000:
990:
27:
850:
822:
756:
695:
661:
30:-related experience. Various authors and researchers have proposed models of
2194:
1969:
1934:
1860:
1469:
1437:
1175:
985:
922:
Promoting mental wellbeing through productive and healthy working conditions
662:"The Quality of Work Life Scale: Validity Evidence from Brazil and Portugal"
469:
177:
169:
154:
782:
Lawler, E. E. (1982). "Strategies for improving the quality of work life".
660:
Sinval, Jorge; Sirgy, M. Joseph; Lee, Dong-Jin; Marôco, João (2020-11-01).
172:, with a less strong, but significant association with self-rated anxiety.
2314:
2304:
2239:
2214:
2154:
1713:
1200:
1070:
1828:
925:. Public Health Guidance 22, National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
2340:
2139:
686:
1389:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
2370:
2054:
1499:
741:"Quality of worklife of employees in private technical institutions"
740:
883:"User Manual for the Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) Scale"
489:
work, flexible working hours and the understanding of managers.
1832:
935:
2350:
920:
909:
The Quality of Working Life: Managers' health and well-being
88:
that a number of other aspects could be added, including:
571:
The quality of working life in Western and Eastern Europe
273:
workload, inability to deliver quality of care preferred
864:
862:
860:
1412:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
164:
association between total job satisfaction and total
2404:
2323:
1867:
1631:
1585:
1462:
1425:
1375:
1349:
1337:
1291:
1214:
969:
911:. Executive Report, Chartered Management Institute.
725:Herzberg F, Mausner B, & Snyderman B., (1959).
628:. Commonwealth Dept of Health and Ageing. Canberra.
1598:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
1383:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
712:. ACIIRT Working paper 86. University of Sydney.
1395:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
16:A person's broader employment-related experience
1443:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
1844:
1407:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1357:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
947:
8:
485:work, decision making and decision control.
832:
830:
638:
636:
634:
1851:
1837:
1829:
1346:
1051:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
954:
940:
932:
823:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09730-3
745:International Journal for Quality Research
739:T S Nanjundeswaraswamy, Swamy D R (2013).
581:
579:
511:National Institute for Clinical Excellence
685:
907:Worrall, L. & Cooper, C. L. (2006).
872:, Volume 60, Number 3, pp. 325–333.
291:poor relationships with supervisor/peers
95:employee participation in the management
1577:Immediately dangerous to life or health
549:
297:lack of opportunity to learn new skills
141:perceived intrinsic job characteristics
113:social relevance of the work or product
1764:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
1036:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
881:Easton, S. & Van Laar, D. (2013).
282:lack of involvement in decision making
7:
1811:
1454:Working Environment Convention, 1977
1623:Workers' right to access the toilet
839:Group & Organization Management
666:Applied Research in Quality of Life
613:Journal of Organisational Behaviour
366:Nanjundeswaraswamy and Swamy (2013)
1694:International Chemical Safety Card
626:Quality of working life for nurses
587:Journal of Occupational Psychology
14:
1704:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
1362:International Labour Organization
600:Journal of Occupational Behaviour
569:Cooper CL and Mumford, E (1979).
556:Hackman J & Oldham G (1974).
2406:
2405:
1810:
1782:
1781:
377:organization culture and climate
885:. University of Portsmouth. UK.
624:Ellis N & Pompli A (2002).
216:protection of individual rights
213:opportunities to learn and grow
116:effect on extra work activities
26:) describes a person's broader
1659:Environment, health and safety
1314:Occupational health psychology
963:Occupational safety and health
810:Journal of Vocational Behavior
207:equal employment opportunities
1:
1530:Personal protective equipment
1283:Workplace health surveillance
560:. New Haven: Yale University.
210:opportunities for advancement
35:dissatisfaction. A number of
1572:Standard operating procedure
1505:Hierarchy of hazard controls
1258:Hierarchy of hazard controls
444:psychometrically validated.
1930:Counterproductive behaviour
1709:NIOSH air filtration rating
1401:Health and Safety Executive
1309:Occupational health nursing
1273:Occupational exposure limit
1111:Hospital-acquired infection
1076:Exposure to human nail dust
896:Quality in Higher Education
870:Journal of Advanced Nursing
110:a meaningful future at work
104:use of one's present skills
2484:
1769:Workplace health promotion
1674:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
1448:Worker Protection Standard
1151:Noise-induced hearing loss
678:10.1007/s11482-019-09730-3
648:Social Indicators Research
538:Workplace health promotion
276:balance of work and family
138:higher order need strength
52:
1777:
1367:World Health Organization
1278:Occupational epidemiology
1263:Prevention through design
1121:Laboratory animal allergy
1046:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
1021:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
558:The Job Diagnostic Survey
380:relation and co-operation
313:economic and family needs
267:poor working environments
247:organisational commitment
55:Job characteristic theory
49:Hackman and Oldham (1976)
2432:Aspects of organizations
2080:Hostile work environment
1684:Hostile work environment
1664:Environmental toxicology
1557:Redundancy (engineering)
1171:Repetitive strain injury
851:10.1177/1059601111434201
410:Lawler and Porter (1966)
386:compensation and rewards
383:training and development
192:Mirvis and Lawler (1984)
135:intrinsic job motivation
2417:Aspects of corporations
2205:Quality of working life
1895:Artificial intelligence
1729:Quality of working life
1515:Administrative controls
710:Quality of Working Life
310:health and safety needs
258:Ellis and Pompli (2002)
20:Quality of working life
2427:Aspects of occupations
1324:Occupational therapist
1304:Industrial engineering
1096:Glassblower's cataract
1061:Decompression sickness
727:The Motivation to Work
357:Herzberg et al. (1959)
285:professional isolation
2165:Performance appraisal
1915:Computer surveillance
1794:Occupational diseases
1759:Workers' compensation
1319:Occupational medicine
1181:Silo-filler's disease
1146:Mule spinners' cancer
797:Journal of Management
784:American Psychologist
708:Bearfield, S (2003).
509:A publication of the
401:adequacy of resources
392:job satisfaction and
221:Baba and Jamal (1991)
201:safe work environment
44:Models and components
2310:Workplace harassment
2300:Work–family conflict
2015:Employee recognition
1520:Engineering controls
1495:Emergency evacuation
1299:Environmental health
1066:De Quervain syndrome
1056:Concussions in sport
786:, 37, 2005, 486-493.
771:Personnel Psychology
250:turn-over intentions
2180:Positive psychology
2075:Health surveillance
2005:Employee monitoring
2000:Employee experience
1995:Employee engagement
1990:Employee assistance
1975:Effects of overtime
1880:Abusive supervision
1654:Effects of overtime
1537:Job safety analysis
1525:Hazard substitution
1490:Emergency procedure
1268:Exposure assessment
1253:Occupational stress
1246:Psychosocial hazard
1226:Occupational hazard
1091:Flock worker's lung
322:actualization needs
302:Sirgy et al. (2001)
288:lack of recognition
270:resident aggression
235:work role ambiguity
98:fairness and equity
2458:Working conditions
2210:Queen bee syndrome
1689:Indoor air quality
1593:Diving regulations
1510:Hazard elimination
1329:Safety engineering
729:. New York: Wiley.
533:Workplace wellness
241:work role overload
238:work role conflict
159:self-rated anxiety
124:Warr et al. (1979)
2445:
2444:
2170:Personality clash
2115:Kiss up kick down
1826:
1825:
1739:Safety data sheet
1552:Operations manual
1433:Bangladesh Accord
1421:
1420:
1231:Biological hazard
898:. 15: 3, 207-219.
528:Happiness at work
462:life satisfaction
432:life satisfaction
182:life satisfaction
166:life satisfaction
150:life satisfaction
69:task significance
2475:
2409:
2408:
2125:Machiavellianism
2070:Health promotion
2025:Employee surveys
2020:Employee silence
1853:
1846:
1839:
1830:
1814:
1813:
1785:
1784:
1480:Contingency plan
1475:Code of practice
1347:
1141:Metal fume fever
956:
949:
942:
933:
926:
918:
912:
905:
899:
892:
886:
879:
873:
866:
855:
854:
834:
825:
819:
813:
806:
800:
793:
787:
780:
774:
767:
761:
760:
736:
730:
723:
717:
706:
700:
699:
689:
672:(5): 1323–1351.
657:
651:
640:
629:
622:
616:
609:
603:
596:
590:
583:
574:
567:
561:
554:
398:autonomy of work
374:work environment
348:Bearfield (2003)
229:job satisfaction
145:job satisfaction
132:work involvement
107:self-development
92:individual power
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2463:Quality of life
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2422:Aspects of jobs
2400:
2361:Labour movement
2319:
2260:Toxic workplace
2230:Robotics safety
2160:Parkinson's law
2150:Office politics
2135:Micromanagement
2010:Employee morale
1980:Emotional labor
1965:Divide and rule
1940:Culture of fear
1863:
1857:
1827:
1822:
1773:
1754:Toxic workplace
1734:Risk management
1627:
1581:
1562:Risk assessment
1458:
1417:
1371:
1342:
1333:
1287:
1241:Physical hazard
1236:Chemical hazard
1217:
1210:
975:
972:
965:
960:
930:
929:
919:
915:
906:
902:
893:
889:
880:
876:
867:
858:
836:
835:
828:
820:
816:
807:
803:
794:
790:
781:
777:
768:
764:
738:
737:
733:
724:
720:
707:
703:
659:
658:
654:
641:
632:
623:
619:
610:
606:
597:
593:
584:
577:
568:
564:
555:
551:
546:
523:Quality of life
519:
499:
482:control at work
468:, optimism and
466:quality of life
441:
421:
412:
368:
359:
350:
338:quality of life
328:aesthetic needs
325:knowledge needs
304:
260:
232:job involvement
223:
204:equitable wages
194:
126:
85:
57:
51:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Discrimination
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Source control
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Process safety
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Health physics
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:Safety culture
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:Permit To Work
1544:
1542:Lockout-tagout
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1206:Writer's cramp
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1161:Pneumoconiosis
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Lead poisoning
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:Golfer's elbow
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:Fiddler's neck
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:Chronic stress
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:Cardiovascular
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
967:
966:
961:
959:
958:
951:
944:
936:
928:
927:
913:
900:
887:
874:
856:
845:(3): 275–307.
826:
814:
812:, 39, 182-225.
801:
799:, 25, 357-384.
788:
775:
762:
731:
718:
714:www.acirrt.com
701:
652:
650:, 55, 241-302.
630:
617:
615:. 12. 379-386.
604:
591:
589:. 52, 129-148.
575:
562:
548:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
518:
515:
498:
495:
440:
437:
420:
417:
411:
408:
403:
402:
399:
396:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
367:
364:
358:
355:
349:
346:
334:Abraham Maslow
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
303:
300:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
193:
190:
161:
160:
157:
152:
147:
142:
139:
136:
133:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:social support
99:
96:
93:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
50:
47:
45:
42:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2480:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2397:
2396:Whistleblower
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Strike action
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Role conflict
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Relationships
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Control freak
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1804:Organizations
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Public health
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:United States
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:United States
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Diving safety
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:International
1348:
1345:
1343:organizations
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1216:Occupational
1213:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Sports injury
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:Low back pain
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Farmer's lung
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
979:
974:
971:Occupational
968:
964:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
937:
934:
924:
923:
917:
914:
910:
904:
901:
897:
891:
888:
884:
878:
875:
871:
865:
863:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
827:
824:
818:
815:
811:
805:
802:
798:
792:
789:
785:
779:
776:
773:. XIX 363-73.
772:
766:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
732:
728:
722:
719:
715:
711:
705:
702:
697:
693:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
653:
649:
645:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
621:
618:
614:
608:
605:
602:. 5. 197-212.
601:
595:
592:
588:
582:
580:
576:
572:
566:
563:
559:
553:
550:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
512:
507:
503:
496:
494:
490:
486:
483:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
436:
433:
427:
424:
418:
416:
409:
407:
400:
397:
395:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
365:
363:
356:
354:
347:
345:
341:
339:
335:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
308:
307:
301:
296:
294:role conflict
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
265:
264:
257:
255:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
226:
220:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
198:
191:
189:
185:
183:
179:
173:
171:
167:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
129:
123:
121:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
89:
83:Taylor (1979)
82:
80:
74:
71:
68:
66:task identity
65:
63:skill variety
62:
61:
60:
56:
48:
43:
41:
38:
37:rating scales
33:
29:
25:
21:
2376:Organization
2366:Labor rights
2346:Headquarters
2265:Toxic leader
2245:Spirituality
2204:
2110:Kick the cat
2100:Intervention
2040:Feminisation
1890:Anti-pattern
1815:
1786:
1728:
1613:Right to sit
1603:Potty parity
1196:Tennis elbow
1191:Surfer's ear
1136:Mesothelioma
1106:Hearing loss
921:
916:
908:
903:
895:
890:
877:
869:
842:
838:
817:
809:
804:
796:
791:
783:
778:
770:
765:
748:
744:
734:
726:
721:
713:
709:
704:
669:
665:
655:
647:
625:
620:
612:
607:
599:
594:
586:
570:
565:
557:
552:
508:
506:literature.
504:
500:
497:Applications
491:
487:
478:
474:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
428:
425:
422:
413:
404:
394:job security
369:
360:
351:
342:
331:
319:esteem needs
316:social needs
305:
261:
253:
224:
195:
186:
174:
162:
127:
119:
86:
78:
58:
23:
19:
18:
2391:Trade union
2381:Remote work
2356:Job sharing
2331:Corporation
2280:Undermining
2200:Psychopathy
2050:Goofing off
2045:Generations
2030:Empowerment
1875:Absenteeism
1859:Aspects of
1649:Drug policy
1586:Legislation
1292:Professions
1116:Indium lung
1011:Brucellosis
1006:Berylliosis
751:(3): 3–14.
687:10071/18172
646:theories".
439:Measurement
279:[[shiftwork
2452:Categories
2437:Employment
2336:Employment
2145:Narcissism
2095:Inequality
2090:Incivility
2065:Harassment
2035:Evaluation
1970:Drug tests
1885:Aggression
1861:workplaces
1749:Toxic tort
1699:Job strain
1669:Ergonomics
1644:Break room
1166:Radium jaw
1156:Phossy jaw
1031:Chalicosis
1001:Barotrauma
991:Asbestosis
544:References
464:, general
419:Discussion
389:facilities
244:job stress
53:See also:
28:employment
2468:Workplace
2410:Templates
2195:Profanity
2190:Probation
2130:Menopause
2120:Listening
2060:Happiness
1960:Diversity
1945:Democracy
1935:Coworking
1470:Checklist
1438:ISO 45001
1426:Standards
1176:Silicosis
986:Acrodynia
757:1800-6450
696:1871-2576
644:spillover
470:happiness
178:happiness
170:happiness
155:happiness
2324:See also
2315:Workwear
2305:Workload
2295:Wellness
2285:Violence
2275:Turnover
2270:Training
2250:Strategy
2240:Sabotage
2215:Rat race
2155:Overwork
1985:Emotions
1950:Deviance
1920:Conflict
1900:Bullying
1799:Journals
1788:Category
1714:Overwork
1632:See also
1385:(Canada)
1376:National
1339:Agencies
1201:Tinnitus
1071:Erethism
978:injuries
973:diseases
517:See also
75:feedback
72:autonomy
2341:Factory
2290:Virtual
2225:Revenge
2185:Privacy
2140:Mobbing
1910:Culture
1905:Climate
1817:Commons
1397:(Spain)
1391:(Italy)
1218:hygiene
1016:Burnout
32:quality
2371:Office
2255:Stress
2175:Phobia
2105:Jargon
2055:Gossip
1868:Topics
1500:Hazard
1463:Safety
996:Asthma
755:
694:
573:. ABP.
2085:Humor
1639:Break
1450:(US)
1414:(US)
1403:(UK)
1341:and
976:and
753:ISSN
692:ISSN
180:and
168:and
2351:Job
847:doi
682:hdl
674:doi
24:QWL
2454::
859:^
843:37
841:.
829:^
747:.
743:.
690:.
680:.
670:15
668:.
664:.
633:^
578:^
472:.
184:.
1852:e
1845:t
1838:v
1619:)
1615:(
1609:)
1605:(
955:e
948:t
941:v
853:.
849::
759:.
749:7
716:.
698:.
684::
676::
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.