56:
347:
187:
616:
268:. While those who were born in these towns could technically enjoy all the rights of native French citizens, substantial legal and social barriers prevented the full exercise of these rights, especially by those seen by authorities as "full-blooded" Africans. Most of the African population of these towns were termed
272:: those Africans born into the commune, but who retained recourse to African and/or Islamic law (the so-called "personal status"). Those few Africans from the four communes who were able to pursue higher education and were willing to renounce their legal protections could "rise" to become termed
295:
the Four
Communes were again allowed a parliamentary seat which was granted by law on 1 February 1871. On 30 December 1875 this seat was again abolished, but only for a few years as it was reinstated on 8 April 1879, and remained the single parliamentary representation from sub-Saharan Africa
747:
1192:
740:
989:
677:
James F. Searing. Senegal: Colonial Period: Four
Communes: Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gorée, and Rufisque, in Kevin Shillington (editor), Encyclopedia of African History, (New York, 2005): 3 Volumes, 3, 1334–35.
733:
1185:
283:
On 27 April 1848, following the
February revolution in France, a law was passed in Paris enabling the Four Communes to elect a deputy to the French Parliament for the first time, with
982:
1178:
702:
975:
276:(Evolved) and were nominally granted full French citizenship. Despite this legal framework, Évolués still faced substantial discrimination in Africa and the
215:
284:
1735:
1468:
1436:
591:
1803:
1670:
1111:
636:
569:
542:
695:
1614:
1152:
1001:
584:
Note 1, on
African Series Sample Documents Volume IX: June 1921–December 1922. W. E. B. Du Bois to Charles Evans Hughes, June 23, 1921.
311:. From that time until independence in 1960, the deputies of the Four Communes were always African, and were at the forefront of the
1306:
511:
1296:
501:
208:
1266:
688:
583:
1316:
1641:
783:
778:
1783:
1429:
1528:
1289:
1042:
372:
1609:
1284:
1271:
201:
35:
1646:
437:
954:
303:
were granted citizenship and explicit recognition of their full voting rights while maintaining legal protections.
1389:
307:(1872-1934), who was the prime advocate behind the change, became in 1914 the first African deputy elected to the
55:
1798:
1533:
1394:
1157:
93:
333:
1422:
1376:
875:
308:
88:
70:
1778:
1348:
1201:
1101:
1091:
1022:
998:
756:
711:
431:
325:
245:
148:
589:
Henri
Jacques Légier (1968). "Institutions municipales et politique coloniale: les Communes du Sénégal".
399:
65:
1508:
1238:
1032:
364:
153:
649:(1973). "Les maîres de Saint-Louis et Gorée de 1816 à 1872" [Mayors of Saint-Louis and Gorée].
497:
493:
405:
292:
253:
175:
143:
646:
393:
381:
1704:
1523:
1027:
860:
821:
765:
627:
The
Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900-1920
1369:
1279:
1228:
1134:
1121:
1052:
850:
801:
793:
506:
354:, Deputy for Senegal, High Commissioner of the Government for the recruitment of black troops in
249:
241:
44:
1793:
1788:
1656:
1651:
1599:
1538:
1343:
1326:
949:
944:
666:
658:
632:
565:
538:
470:
1690:
1660:
1518:
1258:
1223:
903:
600:
1709:
1680:
1445:
1338:
1321:
855:
833:
387:
346:
170:
133:
1696:
1636:
1630:
1233:
1084:
1075:
1037:
913:
838:
806:
773:
625:
449:
417:
312:
191:
1772:
1685:
1591:
1558:
1478:
1333:
926:
816:
411:
351:
304:
1364:
1218:
1210:
898:
893:
888:
811:
288:
113:
98:
273:
615:
559:
532:
296:
anywhere in a
European legislature until the fall of the Third Republic in 1940.
1548:
1096:
883:
443:
108:
17:
1747:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1070:
1009:
651:
Bulletin de l'Institut
Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, SĂ©rie B: Sciences humaines
83:
670:
662:
1753:
608:
604:
291:
abolished the parliamentary seat for
Senegal. Following the downfall of the
277:
158:
931:
1243:
1080:
1060:
680:
488:
484:
479:
475:
265:
261:
1741:
1493:
1129:
1065:
921:
865:
237:
1106:
1017:
826:
138:
103:
1248:
1139:
466:
462:
355:
345:
287:
held between 30 October and 2 November that year. On 2 April 1852
257:
128:
123:
118:
1579:
1456:
1418:
1174:
971:
729:
684:
561:
Empires in World
History: Power and the Politics of Difference
534:
Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference
27:
French colonial towns in Senegal with elevated rights
1669:
1608:
1590:
1547:
1507:
1467:
1411:
1357:
1305:
1257:
1209:
1120:
1051:
1008:
912:
874:
792:
764:
718:
624:
319:List of députies elected to the French Parliament
1430:
1186:
983:
741:
696:
209:
8:
564:. Princeton University Press. p. 377.
537:. Princeton University Press. p. 377.
1622:
1587:
1576:
1464:
1453:
1437:
1423:
1415:
1193:
1179:
1171:
990:
976:
968:
748:
734:
726:
722:
703:
689:
681:
216:
202:
29:
558:Burbank, Jane; Cooper, Frederick (2011).
531:Burbank, Jane; Cooper, Frederick (2011).
523:
240:were the four oldest colonial towns in
43:
32:
592:Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer
7:
1153:French colonization of the Americas
373:Jean-Baptiste Lafon de Fongauffier
25:
512:Assimilation (French colonialism)
614:
185:
54:
1647:French domains of the Holy Land
1642:French domains of Saint Helena
759:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
1:
1804:French colonisation in Africa
631:. Stanford University Press.
1377:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
248:extended the rights of full
1617: and Antarctic Lands
1820:
623:G. Wesley Johnson (1971).
408:1902–14 (Mixed race)
384:1879–89 (Mixed race)
375:1871–76 (Mixed race)
336:1848–50 (Mixed race)
334:Barthélémy Durand Valantin
1730:
1625:
1586:
1575:
1534:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1463:
1452:
1395:French East India Company
1385:
1170:
1158:French West India Company
1148:
967:
940:
725:
299:It was only in 1916 that
94:Senegambian stone circles
1673: the Indian Ocean
309:French National Assembly
89:Senegambia Confederation
1581:Uninhabited territories
1092:Saint Kitts & Nevis
605:10.3406/outre.1968.1473
420:1934–40 (African)
414:1914–34 (African)
378:Abolished 1876–79
1511: collectivities
1349:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1202:Former French colonies
999:Former French colonies
757:Former French colonies
712:French overseas empire
390:1889–93 (French)
359:
326:French Second Republic
252:to the inhabitants of
149:Almamyate of Futa Toro
1458:Inhabited territories
1390:France–Asia relations
945:Somaliland (Djibouti)
438:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
365:French Third Republic
349:
154:Royal African Company
1784:Saint-Louis, Senegal
1736:overseas departments
1671:Scattered Islands in
1552: collectivity
1010:French North America
293:French Second Empire
176:President of Senegal
144:Empire of Great Fulo
1705:Juan de Nova Island
1592:North Pacific Ocean
1204:in Asia and Oceania
647:François Zuccarelli
432:Amadou Lamine Guèye
1610:Overseas territory
1135:France Antarctique
1122:Equinoctial France
1085:Dominican Republic
507:History of Senegal
360:
285:the first election
250:French citizenship
242:French West Africa
192:Senegal portal
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1661:Amsterdam Islands
1652:Kerguelen Islands
1600:Clipperton Island
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1539:Wallis and Futuna
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1307:Mandate for Syria
1297:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
1259:Indochinese Union
1166:
1165:
963:
962:
876:Equatorial Africa
638:978-0-8047-0783-1
571:978-0-691-15236-3
544:978-0-691-15236-3
342:Abolished 1852–71
226:
225:
16:(Redirected from
1811:
1799:History of Dakar
1691:Glorioso Islands
1672:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1588:
1577:
1551:
1524:Saint Barthélemy
1519:French Polynesia
1510:
1470:
1465:
1454:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1224:Coromandel Coast
1195:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1053:French Caribbean
1033:Terre Neuve
992:
985:
978:
969:
750:
743:
736:
727:
723:
705:
698:
691:
682:
674:
642:
630:
619:
618:
612:
599:(201): 414–464.
576:
575:
555:
549:
548:
528:
218:
211:
204:
190:
189:
188:
166:
74:
58:
48:
30:
21:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1740:Claimed by the
1714:
1710:Tromelin Island
1681:Bassas da India
1665:
1615:French Southern
1604:
1582:
1563:
1543:
1503:
1471: regions
1459:
1448:
1446:Overseas France
1443:
1399:
1381:
1353:
1339:Greater Lebanon
1309:and the Lebanon
1308:
1301:
1253:
1205:
1199:
1162:
1144:
1116:
1047:
1004:
1002:in the Americas
996:
959:
936:
908:
870:
788:
760:
754:
714:
709:
645:
639:
622:
613:
588:
580:
579:
572:
557:
556:
552:
545:
530:
529:
525:
520:
459:
406:François Carpot
402:1898–1902
400:Hector D'Agoult
388:Aristide Vallon
321:
246:Second Republic
234:Quatre Communes
222:
186:
184:
171:Mali Federation
160:
134:Kingdom of Sine
68:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Quatre Communes
15:
12:
11:
5:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:French Senegal
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1734:Also known as
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:Banc du Geyser
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Crozet Islands
1634:
1626:
1620:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1344:Jabal al-Druze
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:State of Syria
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1112:Virgin Islands
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1076:Saint-Domingue
1073:
1071:The Grenadines
1068:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1038:French Florida
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
997:
995:
994:
987:
980:
972:
965:
964:
961:
960:
958:
957:
955:Isle de France
952:
947:
941:
938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
924:
918:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
880:
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
847:
846:
836:
831:
830:
829:
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
796:
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
776:
770:
768:
762:
761:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
720:
716:
715:
710:
708:
707:
700:
693:
685:
679:
678:
675:
643:
637:
620:
586:
578:
577:
570:
550:
543:
522:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
491:
482:
473:
458:
455:
454:
453:
447:
441:
435:
422:
421:
418:Galandou Diouf
415:
409:
403:
397:
394:Jules Couchard
391:
385:
382:Alfred Gasconi
379:
376:
344:
343:
340:
339:Vacant 1850–52
337:
320:
317:
313:decolonisation
244:. In 1848 the
224:
223:
221:
220:
213:
206:
198:
195:
194:
181:
180:
179:
178:
173:
168:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
78:
77:
76:
75:
60:
59:
51:
50:
41:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Europa Island
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1560:
1559:New Caledonia
1557:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:French Guiana
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Alawite State
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Saint Vincent
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
973:
970:
966:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
933:
930:
928:
927:Grande Comore
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
915:
911:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
877:
873:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
844:Four Communes
842:
841:
840:
837:
835:
832:
828:
827:Arguin Island
825:
824:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
800:
799:
797:
795:
791:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
769:
767:
763:
758:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
731:
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
706:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
686:
683:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:(in French).
652:
648:
644:
640:
634:
629:
628:
621:
617:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:(in French).
594:
593:
587:
585:
582:
581:
573:
567:
563:
562:
554:
551:
546:
540:
536:
535:
527:
524:
517:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
499:
495:
492:
490:
486:
483:
481:
477:
474:
472:
468:
464:
461:
460:
456:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
428:
426:
419:
416:
413:
412:Blaise Diagne
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:1893–98
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358:in March 1918
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352:Blaise Diagne
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230:Four Communes
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31:
19:
1695:
1629:
1529:Saint Martin
1365:New Hebrides
1219:Chandernagor
1211:French India
1043:French Texas
899:Ubangi-Shari
894:Middle Congo
861:James Island
843:
766:North Africa
654:
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607:– via
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362:
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289:Napoleon III
282:
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162:
114:Jolof Empire
99:Ghana Empire
1752:Claimed by
1746:Claimed by
1631:Adélie Land
1549:Sui generis
1280:Cochinchina
1097:Saint Lucia
851:Upper Volta
794:West Africa
494:Saint-Louis
450:Abbas Guèye
444:Mamadou Dia
350:Arrival of
301:originaires
270:originaires
254:Saint-Louis
159:Black Code
109:Mali Empire
69: [
45:History of
1773:Categories
1748:Madagascar
1657:Saint Paul
1489:Martinique
1484:Guadeloupe
1239:Pondichéry
950:Madagascar
822:Mauritania
518:References
315:struggle.
84:Senegambia
1754:Mauritius
1613: (
1023:Louisiana
904:Cameroons
671:772635318
663:0018-9642
609:Persee.fr
452:(African)
446:(African)
440:(African)
434:(African)
425:1945-1960
278:Metropole
232:(French:
163:Code Noir
1789:Rufisque
1509:Overseas
1469:Overseas
1327:Damascus
1276:Vietnam
1267:Cambodia
1244:Karaikal
1061:Dominica
856:Togoland
502:timeline
485:Rufisque
471:timeline
457:See also
266:Rufisque
66:Timeline
36:a series
34:Part of
1742:Comoros
1499:RĂ©union
1494:Mayotte
1412:Present
1370:Vanuatu
1358:Oceania
1130:Berbice
1066:Grenada
922:Anjouan
914:Comoros
866:Albreda
839:Senegal
807:Dahomey
784:Tunisia
779:Morocco
774:Algeria
498:history
489:history
480:history
467:history
280:alike.
274:Évolués
238:Senegal
47:Senegal
1322:Aleppo
1290:Tonkin
1249:Yanaon
1229:Madras
1107:Tobago
1028:Canada
1018:Acadia
932:Mohéli
817:Guinea
719:Former
669:
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568:
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264:, and
236:) of
139:Saloum
104:Takrur
38:on the
1794:Gorée
1285:Annam
1140:Inini
1081:HaĂŻti
889:Gabon
834:Niger
812:Sudan
476:Gorée
463:Dakar
356:Dakar
262:Gorée
258:Dakar
129:Kaabu
124:Cayor
119:Waalo
73:]
1659:and
1272:Laos
1234:Mahé
884:Chad
667:OCLC
659:ISSN
633:ISBN
566:ISBN
539:ISBN
500:and
469:and
363:The
324:The
228:The
601:doi
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