254:"practitioners". That term was then defined as "a person admitted and entitled to practice as a barrister, solicitor, attorney and proctor of the Supreme Court of Western Australia, or in any one or more of these capacities". Whilst it was theoretically possible to apply for admission in any of these capacities, as there was no separate qualification for such separate admissions, the standard practice (pre 1992) was for all persons to be admitted as barristers, solicitors and proctors of the Supreme Court of Western Australia. Many survive today. South Australian legislation still provides as of December 2019 that a person admitted as a Solicitor to the Supreme Court of South Australia is also both a Proctor, and an Attorney, of that court.
373:
two Pro-Proctors are not, as at Oxford, nominated by the
Proctors, but are also elected by the Regent House on the nomination of the colleges, each college having the right to nominate a Pro-Proctor for the year next before that in which it nominates the Proctor (Grace of 26 February 1863). Two additional Pro-Proctors are also elected by the Senate each year, on the nomination of the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors, to assist the latter in the maintenance of discipline (Grace of 6 June 1878).
649:
suggests that 6% of students violate rules for proctored online exams. There is clear evidence to that it is easily possible to circumvent e-proctoring software. A scientific test of the
Proctorio software at the Dutch University of Twente showed that the software was not able to detect any of the cases of examination fraud it was subjected to. The conclusion was that the sensitivity of Proctorio is disastrous and should be considered at very close to zero.
325:
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over citizens of Oxford who were not members of the university, the force was disbanded by the
University Council in 2003, due partly to the excessive expense of complying with new Government requirements on police training and complaints procedures. Today, the Constables have been redesignated as "Proctors' Officers" and continue to serve under the Proctors, but no longer have the powers of police constables.
520:
490:, and when the application came on it appeared that there had been a technical irregularity (the prisoner not having been formally charged when brought before the Vice-Chancellor); so the writ was granted and the prisoner released. She afterwards brought an action against the proctor, which failed. It was then decided to abolish the practice of hearing these cases
437:
after a certain hour for a certain number of days ("gating"). For more serious offences, the proctor generally reports the matter to the authorities of the offender's college to be dealt with by them, or as a last resort brings the offender before the university court of discipline, which has power to
372:
the
Proctors are nominated every May by colleges identified in a predetermined cycle. They then serve for one year from 1 October, assisted by their Deputy Proctors and two Pro-Proctors. They must have been a member of the Senate for three years, and must have resided two years at the university. The
581:
and were generally known as "Bulldogs"); the
University Police were a private constabulary with full powers of arrest within the precincts of the university and within four miles (6 km) of any University building. However, after receiving public criticism in 2002 for their exercise of authority
418:, the Proctors take the votes of those present and announce the result. Graces are offered not only for making changes in University Statutes and Ordinances and for appointing examiners and the like, but also for granting degrees. When a degree is to be taken, the college of the candidate presents a
436:
The proctors' powers as to discipline have a very long history. As far as concerns members of the university they have authority to impose certain fines for minor offences, such as not wearing academic dress on occasions when it is ordered, and also to order a student not to be out of their college
652:
Some online proctoring providers give colleges and universities access to anonymized, aggregated data on proctoring and cheating rates. These analytics tools allow institutions to measure their violation rates against other schools, as well as to track incidents by time of year and type of course,
253:
Proctor is a term that survives in
Western Australia and in South Australia. Until it was amended in 1992 and later superseded by the Legal Profession Act in 2008, the Legal Practitioners Act 1893 (WA) provided for legal practitioners in Western Australia to be admitted and entitled to practice as
504:
The
Special Pro-Proctor for Motor Vehicles is responsible for licensing the keeping and using of motor vehicles (other than mopeds) within 10 miles (16 km) of Great St Mary's Church by University students who have not yet reached MA status and are in residence in term or in the Long Vacation
413:
members of the Board of
Scrutiny, the Board of Examinations, and various other bodies. Their presence is essential at all Congregations of the Regent House, at which the Senior Proctor reads all the Graces and the Junior Proctor takes the vote of the Regent House. If any Grace is opposed by any
648:
Research suggests that students are equally likely to cheat online as they are in person. However, one study found that nearly three-quarters of college students hold the perception that cheating online is easier than cheating in person. In 2016, USA Today reported on research by
Examity which
631:
waived the so-called “50 percent rule,” which stipulated that U.S. students in online degree programs could only receive federal student aid if half of their programs were campus-based. As of 2017, one in three students take at least one course online during their college career. In addition,
623:
Online proctors verify test-taker identity and monitor to prevent cheating using a variety of methods, including live, record-and-review, and automated proctoring. Online proctoring services work with colleges, universities, corporations, and other certification providers to offer identity
347:
The early history of the office at
Cambridge is obscure, but it seems that the Proctors have always represented the colleges in University proceedings. In the past the Proctors administered the university's finances, acted as examiners for all candidates for the degree of
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and the jurisdiction had nothing to do with that of the vice-chancellor's court. In 1898 attention was called to this procedure by the case of a girl named Daisy Hopkins, who was arrested and committed to the Spinning House. Application was made on her behalf to the
169:
In the admiralty courts, the King/Queen's Proctor historically acted in all causes concerning the King or Queen. A proctor or procurator was an officer who, in conjunction with the King/Queen's Proctor, acted as the attorney or solicitor in all causes concerning the
427:
are practically never opposed, but Graces for new Statutes and Ordinances are frequently opposed, and on very important occasions such as the election of a new Chancellor many hundreds of non-resident members of the Senate come up to record their votes.
352:, prosecuted anyone suspected of unfair trading, and had a multitude of other tasks. At present their functions are twofold: (1) taking part in all university ceremonials, and (2) enforcing discipline in the case of members of the university who are
635:
Higher education institutions around the world make use of online proctoring for tens of thousands of exams. The 17 campuses of the University of North Carolina proctor between 30,000 and 40,000 exams online per year. At the fully online
422:
or petition for the degree; this petition is approved by the Regent House, if and when they have satisfied themselves that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions, and is read at the Congregation by the Senior Proctor: these
302:
proctors (representing beneficed and licensed clergy, clergy with permission to officiate, archdeacons, clergy holding office in a cathedral, religious communities, universities and institutions of theological education).
494:. The whole practice was, however, objected to by the authorities of the town, and after a conference an agreement was reached: the proctorial jurisdiction over persons not members of the university was abolished (1904).
453:(persons suspected of evil), and punish them by imprisonment or banishment. In recent times this power was often exercised with respect to prostitutes. The proctors promenaded the streets attended by their servants (the
539:
are senior officers of the university who are responsible for enforcing University discipline and sanctions, for handling complaints against the university, and for conducting public
470:
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The Deputies to the Proctors are Dr Gemma Burgess (Deputy to the Senior Proctor) of St Edmund's College and Mr Francis Knights (Deputy to the Junior Proctor) of Fitzwilliam College.
461:, deemed to be the centre of the university; Proctors now do not have power of arrest.) If occasion arose, the proctor could arrest a suspected woman and have her taken to the
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505:
period of residence. The Motor Proctor also has the power to impose a fine of up to ÂŁ175 on students breaching the regulations on the keeping and using of motor vehicles.
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The reform of the university statutes in 2002 reorganised the disciplinary system of the university and reduced the powers of the Proctors. However, they still act as
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473:, who had power to commit her to the Spinning House; as a general rule the sentence was for no longer than three weeks. For this purpose the Vice-Chancellor sat
138:. Reforms in the mid-19th century removed the monopoly of the civilian doctors and proctors in the family and admiralty courts, leaving only the ecclesiastical
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The first hundred years of Proctorial records are mostly lost, but the Proctors' Office web site has a more or less complete list of the Proctors since 1314.
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457:) who are always sworn in as special constables. (They are now called 'Constables', and retain full police powers of arrest within 5 miles (8 km) of
193:, intervene in the suit for the purpose of arguing any question that the court deems expedient to have argued. The powers are set out in section 8 of the
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and some other countries, a proctor can be any teacher or other staff member at a university, secondary school, or even elementary school when they are
278:
in 1966, attorneys practicing admiralty law before the federal courts ceased to be formally called proctors, though the term remains in unofficial use.
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The King/Queen's Proctor is the historical name for an official who acted for the Crown in certain courts in England. The modern name of the office is
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for the university, and handle formal complaints by and against students (although more minor disciplinary matters are usually dealt with by the
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The Pro-Proctors are Dr John Fawcett (Senior Pro-Proctor) of Churchill College and Rev'd Dr Mark Smith (Junior Pro-Proctor) of Clare College.
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640:, 30,000 exams are proctored online each month. Recent estimates suggest that there are about fifteen providers of online proctoring.
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or brief crown counsel on civil and criminal cases in district courts, courts of requests and police courts on behalf of the Crown.
233:. The former could practice in any court, while the latter was allowed to practice in the lower courts in a specific district. The
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or send down (expel). The power of the proctors over persons who are not members of the university dates from charters granted by
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106:. These courts were distinguished from the common law courts and courts of equity because they applied "civil law" derived from
449:, which empowered the university authorities to search for undesirable characters, men and women, rogues, vagabonds, and other
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150:, combined the three roles (proctor, attorney and solicitor) into the common profession of "solicitor of the Supreme Court".
857:
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Demand for online proctoring has expanded in recent years as a result of rapid expansions in online learning. In 2006, the
189:. In petitions of divorce, or for declaration of nullity of marriage, the King/Queen's Proctor may, under direction of the
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In the United States and some other countries, the word "proctor" is frequently used to describe someone who supervises an
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being made absolute, usually on receipt of information indicating that the court has been misled into granting a decree.
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In law, a proctor is a historical class of lawyers, and the King's (or Queen's) Proctor is a senior government lawyer.
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The Junior Proctor has special responsibility for university societies and for resolving disputes arising from the
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225:) existed since 1833 until the Justice Law No. 44 of 1973, created a single group of practitioners, known as
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continued the British use of the term proctor in admiralty for attorneys who were admitted to specialized
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226:
838:
Kurland, Lily (2013). "A Trying Balance: Determining the Trier of Fact in Hybrid Admiralty-Civil Cases".
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130:, which performed a similar function for civil law or "civilian" advocates (the doctors) to that of the
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The title is used in England and some other English-speaking countries in three principal contexts:
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and divorce courts, this official acted as the proctor or solicitor representing the
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229:. There were two types of proctors; proctors of the Supreme Court and proctors of a
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Online proctoring is the monitoring or invigilation of assessments taken remotely.
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1285:"Universities Use Analytics, Authentication to Prevent Cheating in Online Courses"
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the carrier had left an endowment); the next day the woman was brought before the
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In education, proctor is the name of university officials in certain universities.
30:
This article is about the legal, clerical and academic title. For other uses, see
1000:"Mass. tech firm that thwarts cheaters of online tests is in 'super growth mode'"
396:
Mr Gordon Chesterman of St Edmund's College is additional Pro-Proctor (2020–21).
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proctors (the deans of cathedrals and the Dean of either Jersey or Guernsey) and
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Mr Timothy Milner of Darwin College is additional Pro-Proctor for Ceremonial.
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725:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 421–422.
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1219:"Cheating in the Digital Age: Do Students Cheat More in Online Courses?"
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In the context of the Church of England, a proctor represents clergy in
1061:"Down with the 50 Percent Rule: Up with Online Education Financial Aid"
182:
103:
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instructors in face-to-face classes can also administer exams online.
573:
Prior to 2003, the Proctors were aided in disciplinary matters by the
662:
551:. Two Proctors are elected each year: a Senior and a Junior Proctor.
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The Proctors for 2020–2021 are Dr Karen Ottewell (Senior Proctor) of
162:, and this office has for many years been combined with that of the
812:
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bars. With the unification of the federal Admiralty Rules with the
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323:
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612:" in British, Canadian, Australian and South African English.
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to members of the university for numerous offences, including
237:
was authorised a proctor from each district to serve as the
1115:"Online Exam Proctoring Catches Cheaters, Raises Concerns"
1109:
1107:
48:) is a person who takes charge of, or acts for, another.
1273:
On the Efficacy of Online Proctoring using Proctorio
380:
and Dr Annamaria Motrescu-Mayes (Junior Proctor) of
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Proctor of the University of Cambridge, aquatint by
316:
In some universities, a proctor is a high official.
1223:Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration
624:verification services and assessment monitoring.
1217:Watson, George; Sottile, James (15 March 2010).
964:Straw rejoices as Oxford's Bulldogs are put down
197:, and include the power to show cause against a
58:In religion, a proctor represents the clergy in
27:Person who takes charge of, or acts for, another
1141:"Think Twice Before Cheating in Online Courses"
819:. Maritime Law Association of the United States
562:of each college). They have the power to issue
114:to undertake the duties that were performed in
126:by solicitors. Proctors were attached to the
8:
908:p194-5, Bruce, Alastair and Calder, Julian,
1086:"Promises and pitfalls of online education"
1354:Terminology of the University of Cambridge
989:, Oxford University Gazette, 27 March 2003
931:, Oxford University Gazette, 23 March 2000
899:, Oxford University Gazette, 23 March 2005
94:A proctor was a legal practitioner in the
1166:"Do Online Students Cheat More on Tests?"
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213:, the two groups of legal practitioners,
941:University police branded 'too powerful'
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602:supervising the administration of a test
799:"LEGAL PRACTITIONERS ACT 1981 - SECT 5"
771:Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon
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356:(undergraduates, Bachelors of Arts and
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338:History of the University of Cambridge
1306:"How does online proctoring work?" -
7:
547:). They are elected annually by the
146:of 1873 and 1875, which created the
755:"The Family Proceedings Rules 1991"
608:; i.e. the role referred to as an "
523:1674 engraving of a Proctor in the
292:Convocations of Canterbury and York
25:
1289:EdTech: Focus on Higher Education
840:Washington University Law Review
276:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
1339:Anglican ecclesiastical offices
858:Canons of the Church of England
887:, University of Oxford website
774:. Asian Educational Services.
1:
1319:Cambridge University Proctors
980:Oration by the Senior Proctor
929:Oration by the Senior Proctor
897:Oration by the Senior Proctor
644:Research on online proctoring
1145:U.S. News & World Report
872:General Synod Elections 2015
668:Procurator (Catholic Church)
638:Western Governors University
414:member of the Senate saying
221:) and Proctors (similar to
195:Matrimonial Causes Act 1973
148:Supreme Court of Judicature
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885:About the Proctors' Office
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512:
451:personas de male suspectas
290:. The Lower Houses of the
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499:Cambridge Students' Union
575:Oxford University Police
515:Oxford University Police
312:High university official
112:Archbishop of Canterbury
32:Proctor (disambiguation)
1036:"What is Proctortrack?"
1007:Boston Business Journal
985:5 February 2012 at the
768:Wright, Arnold (1999).
741:www.merriam-webster.com
737:"Definition of PROCTOR"
722:Encyclopædia Britannica
629:Department of Education
176:High Court of Admiralty
153:
910:Keepers of the Kingdom
586:Examination supervisor
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482:Queen's Bench Division
459:Great St Mary's Church
432:Disciplinary functions
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73:(i.e. a supervisor or
653:among other metrics.
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160:HM Procurator-General
122:and in the courts of
1334:Education in England
1249:"Cheating on Finals"
946:2 April 2015 at the
531:, by George Edwards.
529:Habitus Academicorum
525:University of Oxford
403:Ceremonial functions
370:Cambridge University
320:Cambridge University
154:King/Queen's Proctor
18:Queen's Proctor
1016:on 12 November 2018
968:The Daily Telegraph
545:Examination Schools
1040:rutgersonline.desk
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354:in statu pupillari
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178:and other courts.
174:'s affairs in the
164:Treasury Solicitor
1349:Legal professions
1198:. 6 February 2017
1192:"Online Cheating"
1172:. 6 November 2015
970:, 15 October 2002
912:(Cassell, 1987),
616:Online proctoring
570:in examinations.
537:Oxford University
509:Oxford University
407:The Proctors are
358:Bachelors of Laws
296:specially elected
264:American colonies
172:Lord High Admiral
60:Church of England
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