446:, but she was resisted fiercely by her nobles and had to retire briefly to the court of Guntram of Burgundy before obtaining her goal. At that time, she ruled Austrasia as regent. Not being a fighter, she was primarily an administrative reformer, with a Visigothic education. She repaired the old Roman roads, built many churches and abbeys, constructed the necessary fortresses, reorganised the royal finances, and restructured the royal army. However, she antagonised the nobles by her continued imposition of royal authority wherever it was lax. To reinforce her positions and the crown's prestige and power, she convinced Guntram, newly heirless, to adopt Childebert as his own son and heir. This he did in 577. In 579, she married her daughter
683:
691:
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608:, fearing that at his young age he would fall under the influence of his great-grandmother, brought him before a national assembly, where he was proclaimed king by the nobles, who then did homage to him ruling over both his father's kingdoms. Nonetheless, he could not be kept out of the influence of Brunhilda. Thus, for the last time in a long life (now in her seventies), she was regent of the Franks, this time for her own great-grandson.
574:
385:. The people of Paris hailed Sigebert as a conqueror when he arrived with Brunhilda and their children. Bishop Germain wrote to Brunhilda, asking her to persuade her husband to restore the peace and to spare his brother. Chroniclers of his life say that she ignored this; certainly Sigebert set out to besiege Tournai. Fredegund responded to this threat to her husband by hiring two assassins, who killed Sigebert at
1170:
582:
719:, had not sufficiently addressed. When Brunhilda wrote Gregory seeking the pallium for Syagrius, the pope saw his opportunity to address the bishop's derelictions, agreeing to grant the request on condition that Brunhilda restrain, under the regulation of discipline, those who were practicing the acts which Syagrius had ignored.
506:. Theudebert became king of Austrasia, and Theuderic, king of Burgundy. Though she attributed the death of Childebert to Fredegund, the latter died in 597 and the direct conflict between her and Brunhilda ended. Peace would elude the Franks, however, for many years more as the conflict raged between the two queens' descendants.
648:. It is usually said to include Sigebert I, Chilperic I, Theudebert II, Theuderic II, Sigebert II, Merovech (Chilperic's son), Merovech (Theuderic's son), Corbo (Theuderic's son) and Childebert (Theuderic's son) and the sons of Theudebert, along with many churchmen, including Desiderius. According to the
623:, resentful of her regency, abandoned the cause of Brunhilda over the young king and joined with her old antagonist Clotaire II, promising not to rise in defence of the queen-regent and recognising Clotaire as rightful regent and guardian of Sigebert. Brunhilda, with Sigebert, met Clotaire's army on the
413:
on pretext of visiting his mother. While there, he decided to marry the widowed
Brunhilda and thus strengthen his chances of becoming a king. His stepmother, Fredegund, was determined that only her sons should succeed as kings and eliminated her husband's sons by other women. Merovech and Brunhilda
547:(a former paramour of Fredegund) to meet Berthoald, who had only a small contingent of men with him. Realising that he had been the victim of courtly plotting, Berthoald, in the ensuing confrontation, overchased the enemy until he was surrounded and killed. Protadius was promptly put in his place.
481:
of the
Visigoths sent embassies to both Childebert and Guntram, the former accepting them and consolidating an alliance and the latter refusing to see them. Thus, when Brunhilda and Childebert negotiated a marriage for the king's sister Chlodosind with the king of Spain, it was rejected by Guntram
658:
Then the army of the Franks and
Burgundians joined into one, all shouted together that death would be most fitting for the very wicked Brunhilda. Then King Clotaire ordered that she be lifted onto a camel and led through the entire army. Then she was tied to the feet of wild horses and torn apart
469:
Many of the dukes strongly opposed her influence over her son
Childebert, the king. Three of them—Rauching, Ursio and Berthefrid—conspired to assassinate Childebert; however, their plot was found out. Rauching was killed and Ursio and Berthefrid fled to a fortress. Upon this, Guntram
878:
Treasures buried in long departed days by kings of old, mysterious caves, reptile guides or reptile guardians - are we not transported by this strange legend into the very atmosphere of the
Niebelungen Lied? And if the good king Gunthram passed for the fortunate finder of the Dragon-hoard, his
524:
It is at this point that
Brunhilda, now in her later fifties and having survived all the previous tribulations, began to display that ruthlessness which led to her especially violent demise. Brunhilda first took Protadius as lover and, desiring to promote him to high office, conspired to have
879:
brothers and their queens, by their wars, their reconciliations and their terrible avengings, must surely have suggested the main argument of that most tragical epic, the very name of one of whose heroines, Brunichildis, is identical with the name of the queen of
Austrasia.
220:(c. 568), to make herself queen. This event launched the 45-year feud which would eventually see Fredegund order the murder of Brunhilda's husband, and even have Brunhilda imprisoned for a time. Even after Fredegund's death in 597, the feud was continued by her son,
566:(later Saint Didier), publicly accused her of incest and cruelty. Desiderius finally enraged her with a pointed sermon on chastity preached in 612 before her and Theuderic, with whom she then hired three assassins to murder the bishop at the village now-called
714:
with great respect. He wrote a series of positive letters to her. Then in 597 he found her useful in resolving a problem that needed redress in the
Frankish kingdom, that is, the continued pagan worship of idols and trees, practices which her bishop,
631:
Aletheus, Duke Rocco and Duke
Sigvald deserted her and she and her king had to flee. They fled as far as the city of Orbe (in today French Switzerland), hoping to enlist the aid of certain German tribes, but Clotaire's minions caught up with them by
465:
The conflict with
Fredegund flared up once more upon the death of Chilperic. Now in the regency in Neustria, Fredegund was in a position to renew the war with her old enemy. Simultaneously, Brunhilda had to deal with her own internal enemies.
919:, she is Brunehaut, in Spanish, Brunegilda or Brunequilda. Other versions of this name include Brunilda, Brunichildis, Brunechildis, Brunichild, Brunechilde, Brunichilda, Brunhild, Brunhilde, BrĂĽnnhilde, BrĂĽnhild, Brynhild and Brynhildr. (
550:
Brunhilda and Protadius soon persuaded Theuderic to return to war with Theudebert, but the mayor was murdered by his warriors, who did not wish to fight to assuage the ego of the queen. The man who ordered Protadius' execution, Duke
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was another favoured cleric; he was a trusted courtier to her and her son from 587 until his death. She also took a keen personal interest in the bishoprics and monasteries within her dominion. This brought her into conflict with
203:
Brunhilda was apparently an efficient ruler, but this and her forceful personality brought her into conflict with her nobles, the church, and the other Merovingians. Her history is marked by a bitter feud with the former slave
870:, who in many respects resembles Sigebert, Brunhilda's husband. There is resemblance between a multitude of characters and events in the Nibelungenlied and those of the latter half of the sixth century in Merovingian Gaul. As
326:
Brunhilda so detested Fredegund for the death of her sister—and this hatred was so fiercely reciprocated—that the two queens persuaded their husbands to go to war. Sigebert persuaded their other brother, the elder
322:
and mistresses and he soon grew tired of her. He and his favorite mistress, Fredegund, conspired to murder her. In 568, an unknown assailant strangled Galswintha while she slept in her bed and Chilperic married Fredegund.
454:, allying her house to that of the king of her native land. However, Hermenegild converted to Catholicism and he and his wife both died in the ensuing religious wars which tore apart the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.
421:
Chilperic soon besieged them in the church of St Martin on the walls. Eventually he made peace with them, but he took Merovech away with him to Soissons. In an effort to nullify the marriage, Chilperic had Merovech
470:
immediately begged for Childebert, Brunhilda and Childebert's two sons to take refuge at his court. This they did and soon Ursio and Berthefrid were killed. In 587, Guntram, Childebert and Brunhilda settled the
636:. The young king and his brother Corbo were both killed: thus ended the long and bloody feud between Austrasia and Neustria, and, reuniting the two kingdoms, Clotaire held the entire realm of the Franks.
291:, Sigebert's marriage to a Visigothic princess was a criticism of his brothers' choices in wives. Instead of marrying a low-born woman, Sigebert chose a princess of education and morals.
2090:
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521:, as the legend goes. Theuderic welcomed her and readily fell under her influence, which was now inclined to vengeance against Theudebert. Soon the brothers were at war.
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had cut down a beech-tree that served as an object of pagan worship. The abbey and her tomb were destroyed in 1793; however two parts of the cover of Brunhilda's
2050:
430:
to become a priest. Merovech fled to the sanctuary of St Martin at Tours, which was Gregory's church (who was thus an eyewitness to these events), and later to
1969:
1277:
Weber, Marie-Luise (2004). "Die Merovingerkönigin Brunichilde in den Quellen des lateinischen Mittelalters". In: Bihrer, Andreas; Stein, Elisabeth (eds.),
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securing for Childebert the Burgundian succession and a continuing alliance of the two realms of Austrasia and Burgundy for the rest of Guntram's life.
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should be turned over to Brunhilda in restitution. However, Chilperic did not easily give up the cities and Brunhilda did not forget the murder. Bishop
287:, had reunited the four kingdoms of the Franks, but when he died, Sigebert and his three brothers divided them again. According to historian and bishop
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suggests that he proposed because he envied his brother's marriage to Brunhilda; however, Galswintha ordered him to purge his court of
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In 599, Brunhilda's elder grandson, Theudebert, at whose court she was staying, exiled her. She was found wandering near
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and abandoned. In 592, Guntram died and Childebert, per the treaty, succeeded to his kingdom, immediately making war on
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1962:
1937:
1295:, "Love and Grief in Post-Imperial Diplomacy: The Letters of Brunhild," in Barbara Sidwell and Danijel Dzino (eds),
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Brunhilda ruled Austrasia until Childebert came of age in 583, at the traditional Merovingian majority of thirteen.
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of Neustria, Chilperic's son by Fredegund. Under Fredegund's leadership, Brunhilda's troops were routed in the 593
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The peace was then broken by Chilperic, who invaded Sigebert's dominions. Sigebert defeated Chilperic, who fled to
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In response to Sigebert's noble marriage, his brother, Chilperic I of Neustria, sent for Brunhilda's sister,
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Upon Childebert's death, Brunhilda attempted to govern Austrasia and Burgundy in the name of her grandsons
434:. He finally returned to Tours in 578 and when his bid for power failed, he asked his servant to kill him.
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in 613. The period was marked by tension between the royal house and the powerful nobles vying for power.
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252:. She was only eleven years old when her father was made king in 554. She was educated in Toledo as an
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is named after Brunhilda who may have cooled herself with the fountain's water when she suffered
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The Letters of Gregory the Great Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by John R. C. Martyn
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754:. In 576, Brunhilda's protector, Sigebert's brother Guntram, had founded the new bishopric at
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In her long and complicated career she ruled the eastern Frankish kingdoms of Austrasia and
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27:"Queen Brunhilda" redirects here. For the literary figure based on the actual queen, see
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216:. Fredegund is said to have murdered or ordered the murder of Brunhilda's sister, Queen
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1601:
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418:. However, since Brunhilda was Merovech's aunt the marriage was contrary to canon law.
1297:
Studies in Emotions and Power in the Late Roman World: papers in honour of Ron Newbold
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Autun, AVGVSTODVNVM, Capitale des Éduens, ed. by Matthieu Pinette, Autun 1985, p. 380.
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limb from limb. Finally she died. Her final grave was the fire. Her bones were burnt.
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Tomb of Brunhilda in the abbey church before 1790 (early 19th-century engraving by
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533:, killed. In 604, she convinced Theuderic to send Berthoald to inspect the royal
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Nova de veteribus. Mittel- und neulateinische Studien fĂĽr Paul Gerhard Schmidt.
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by a peasant, who brought her to Theuderic. The peasant was rewarded with the
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Brunhilda now tried to seize the regency of Austrasia in the name of her son
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Clotaire then accused Brunhilda of the death of ten kings of the Franks.
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543:. Clotaire, in accordance with Brunhilda's bidding, sent his own mayor
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protested this to Brunhilda for more than twenty years, but even when
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181:
1044:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 1;56.
1127:
The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations
820:(founded in 580). She is also credited with founding the castle of
1250:
Scripturus vitam. Festgabe fĂĽr Walter Berschin zum 65. Geburtstag.
1175:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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394:
393:, according to Gregory). Brunhilda was captured and imprisoned at
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1299:(Piscataway (NJ), 2010), 141-180 (Gorgias Précis Portfolios, 8).
1246:
Die fränkische Königin Brunhild. Eine biographische Annäherung".
817:
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Brunhilda commissioned the building of several churches and the
642:
The identity of the ten kings comes from the Fourth Book of the
390:
273:
1311:
366:
Between 567 and 570, Brunhilda bore Sigebert three children:
852:
Many scholars have seen Brunhilda as inspiration for both
663:
One legend has her being dragged by a wild mare down the
782:
supported his complaint in 599, Brunhilda dismissed it.
738:, whom she eventually exiled to Italy, where he founded
173:, and regent for her son, grandson and great-grandson.
224:, who in 613 defeated Brunhilda in battle and had her
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742:. Brunhilda also played a role in perpetuating the
710:. In general, she protected the church and treated
490:. Childebert died in 596 at the age of twenty-six.
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832:is believed to be derived from hers). The part of
706:, but upon her marriage to Sigebert, converted to
405:Merovech, the son of Chilperic and his first wife
604:, a child. The mayor of the palace of Austrasia,
2019:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in
876:
591:, attributed to Maître François, Paris, c. 1475
450:, then only thirteen, to the Visigothic prince
2091:7th-century people from the Visigothic Kingdom
2086:6th-century people from the Visigothic Kingdom
793:that she founded in 602 on the spot where the
615:, mayor of the palace of Burgundy, along with
558:It was also during these later regencies that
1323:
1265:"L'Etrange Histoire de la Chaussée Brunehaut"
236:Brunhilda was possibly born about 543 in the
226:executed by being pulled apart by four horses
8:
1194:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
627:, but the dukes yet again betrayed her: the
196:from 595 until 599; and her great-grandson
1330:
1316:
1308:
960:
958:
956:
907:Her name has many forms. Brunhilda is the
600:The successor of Theuderic II was his son
36:
824:and having a Roman road resurfaced near
276:. Upon their marriage, she converted to
900:
363:negotiated a brief peace between them.
244:, the younger of the two daughters of
2051:Converts to Catholicism from Arianism
414:were married by the Bishop of Rouen,
7:
1080:Hodgkin, V, p 202. Retrieved from
188:from 575 until 583; her grandsons
25:
1990:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
828:(where the name of a nearby hill
686:Abbey of St Martin, Autun in 1741
577:Brunhilde is dragged to her death
1168:
1109:History of the Franks: Books I-X
860:, two rival characters from the
264:In 567, she was married to King
1244:Scheibelreiter, Georg (2002). "
1162:, retrieved 17 September 2005.
978:. C. Scribner's Sons. p.
585:The murder of Brunhilda, from
1:
2106:7th-century Frankish nobility
2101:6th-century Frankish nobility
1741:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy
1354:List of French royal consorts
1156:, retrieved 19 February 2005.
588:De Casibus Virorum Illustrium
426:and sent to the monastery of
208:, mistress and later wife of
1785:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne
1204:Brunhild, Queen of Austrasia
1122:John Michael Wallace-Hadrill
911:form and the most common in
785:Brunhilda was buried in the
268:of Austrasia, a grandson of
762:Valley and the neighboring
702:Brunhilda was raised as an
568:Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne
461:Relations with King Guntram
77:613 (aged 69–70)
2162:
2116:7th-century Frankish women
2111:6th-century Frankish women
1532:Desiderata of the Lombards
1263:Nicolas and Paul Chalmin,
1248:In: Walz, Dorothea (ed.),
1038:Gregory the Great (2004).
45:Queen consort of Austrasia
34:Queen consort of Austrasia
26:
2081:6th-century women regents
2066:7th-century women regents
2017:
1343:
1142:Liber Historiae Francorum
651:Liber Historiae Francorum
2126:Remarried queens consort
1963:Marie Joséphine of Savoy
1938:Joséphine de Beauharnais
1338:Royal consorts of France
1274:(Calais, Nordmag, 2004).
1239:The Merovingian Kingdoms
1199:Encyclopaedia Britannica
975:Europe in the Middle Age
932:Gregory of Tours, IV.27.
477:In that same year, King
298:The strangling of Queen
2076:Frankish queens consort
1349:List of Frankish queens
1191:Encyclopædia Britannica
1148:Encyclopædia Britannica
966:Thatcher, Oliver Joseph
921:Encyclopædia Britannica
756:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
389:with poisoned daggers (
171:Sigebert I of Austrasia
89:Sigebert I of Austrasia
1955:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
1909:Maria Theresa of Spain
1597:Beatrice of Vermandois
1444:Brunhilda of Austrasia
1218:Italy and her Invaders
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780:Pope Gregory the Great
712:Pope Gregory the Great
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687:
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578:
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1671:Adelaide of Maurienne
1631:Adelaide of Aquitaine
1562:Ermentrude of Orléans
1552:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
1232:Seven Medieval Queens
752:archdiocese of Vienne
708:Catholic Christianity
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668:La Chaussée Brunehaut
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645:Chronicle of Fredegar
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180:for three periods as
165:, by marriage to the
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1845:Elisabeth of Austria
1835:Catherine de' Medici
1736:Clementia of Hungary
1731:Margaret of Burgundy
1711:Margaret of Provence
1691:Isabella of Hainault
1681:Constance of Castile
1676:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1666:Bertrade of Montfort
1567:Richilde of Provence
1252:Heidelberg: Mattes,
866:. Kriemhild married
814:abbey of St. Vincent
744:diocese of Maurienne
519:bishopric of Auxerre
2146:7th-century regents
2141:6th-century regents
2071:Frankish princesses
2056:Merovingian dynasty
1751:Marie of Luxembourg
1746:Blanche of Burgundy
1696:Ingeborg of Denmark
1582:Théodrate of Troyes
1484:Balthild of Chelles
1228:Joseph Henry Dahmus
1138:Bernard S. Bachrach
970:Schevill, Ferdinand
838:la Fontaine Bruneau
787:abbey of St. Martin
748:suffragan bishopric
531:mayor of the palace
283:Sigebert's father,
153:(c. 543 – 613) was
2009:Eugénie de Montijo
2000:House of Bonaparte
1929:House of Bonaparte
1894:Margaret of Valois
1861:House of Lancaster
1850:Louise of Lorraine
1830:Eleanor of Austria
1805:Charlotte of Savoy
1795:Isabeau of Bavaria
1780:Blanche of Navarre
1716:Isabella of Aragon
1706:Blanche of Castile
1686:Adela of Champagne
1646:Constance of Arles
1641:Bertha of Burgundy
1607:Gerberga of Saxony
1270:2011-07-14 at the
1115:2014-08-14 at the
1087:2008-09-25 at the
700:
688:
611:But Warnachar and
593:
579:
308:
53:567 - December 575
2028:
2027:
1931:(1804–1814; 1815)
1914:Marie Leszczyńska
1874:Margaret of Anjou
1790:Joanna of Bourbon
1726:Joan I of Navarre
1661:Bertha of Holland
1651:Matilda of Frisia
1592:Eadgifu of Wessex
1572:Adelaide of Paris
1557:Judith of Bavaria
1216:Hodgkin, Thomas.
826:Alligny-en-Morvan
758:, separating the
717:Syagrius of Autun
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
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2121:Arian Christians
2096:Visigothic women
2061:Executed royalty
1981:House of Orléans
1953:House of Bourbon
1919:Marie Antoinette
1899:Marie de' Medici
1885:House of Bourbon
1825:Claude of France
1810:Anne of Brittany
1775:Joan of Burgundy
1721:Marie of Brabant
1701:Agnes of Merania
1522:Bertrada of Laon
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1968:
1961:
1943:Marie Louise
1872:
1864:
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1656:Anne of Kiev
1504:Carolingians
1479:Bertechildis
1443:
1365:Merovingians
1296:
1289:, pp. 45–70.
1278:
1249:
1238:
1231:
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1141:
1126:
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1076:
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1055:. Retrieved
1040:
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1019:Gregory VI.1
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1010:Gregory V.18
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1001:Gregory V.14
997:
988:
974:
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420:
416:Praetextatus
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263:
235:
202:
194:Theuderic II
184:for her son
175:
150:
149:
2002:(1852–1870)
1983:(1830–1848)
1887:(1589–1792)
1865:(1422–1453)
1840:Mary Stuart
1768:(1328–1589)
1494:Chrothildis
1474:Wulfefundis
1469:Ragintrudis
1424:Austregilde
1419:Theudechild
992:Gregory V.2
803:Musée Rolin
799:sarcophagus
764:Susa Valley
484:Clotaire II
452:Hermenegild
304:Chilperic I
278:Catholicism
240:capital of
222:Chlothar II
210:Chilperic I
198:Sigebert II
167:Merovingian
115:Chlodosinda
2046:613 deaths
2041:543 births
2035:Categories
1820:Mary Tudor
1624:(987–1328)
1509:Robertians
1459:Gomentrude
1434:Galswintha
1379:Ultragotha
1237:Ian Wood,
728:Columbanus
665:Roman road
560:Desiderius
539:along the
479:Reccared I
409:, went to
376:Childebert
372:Chlodosind
320:courtesans
312:Galswintha
300:Galswintha
285:Chlothar I
266:Sigebert I
250:Goiswintha
246:Athanagild
238:Visigothic
218:Galswintha
161:, part of
143:Goiswintha
133:Athanagild
1587:Frederuna
1577:Richardis
1537:Hildegard
1515:(751–987)
1489:Bilichild
1439:Fredegund
1414:Marcovefa
1409:Merofleda
1404:Ingoberga
1367:(509–751)
1186:Brunhilda
1082:Northvegr
874:remarks:
868:Siegfried
858:Kriemhild
848:In legend
836:known as
822:Bruniquel
766:from the
760:Maurienne
672:Abbeville
629:Patrician
606:Warnachar
527:Berthoald
515:Champagne
432:Champagne
391:scramsaxi
206:Fredegund
159:Austrasia
151:Brunhilda
40:Brunhilda
2131:Brunhild
1547:Luitgard
1542:Fastrada
1527:Gerberga
1513:Bosonids
1464:Nanthild
1454:Sichilde
1449:Bertrude
1429:Audovera
1389:Radegund
1384:Guntheuc
1374:Clotilde
1268:Archived
1160:Brunhild
1154:Brunhild
1113:Archived
1085:Archived
972:(1896).
923:, 2004).
884:See also
854:Brunhild
678:Religion
602:Sigebert
424:tonsured
407:Audovera
341:Bordeaux
333:Burgundy
270:Clovis I
214:Neustria
178:Burgundy
93:Merovech
29:Brunhild
2021:italics
1399:Aregund
1241:, 1994.
1234:, 1972.
1224:, 1895.
1179::
1144:, 1973.
1134:, 1960.
1098:Sources
913:English
768:Diocese
750:of the
736:Luxeuil
553:Uncelen
545:Landric
448:Ingunda
428:Le Mans
383:Tournai
357:Bigorre
345:Limoges
329:Guntram
163:Francia
1394:Ingund
1285:
1256:
1173:
1150:2004:
1057:2 June
1048:
917:French
909:German
774:. The
740:Bobbio
536:villae
529:, the
368:Ingund
349:Cahors
242:Toledo
182:regent
139:Mother
129:Father
110:Ingund
82:Spouse
68:Toledo
65:c. 543
915:. In
896:Notes
807:Autun
791:Autun
772:Turin
746:as a
732:abbot
625:Aisne
541:Seine
511:Arcis
411:Rouen
395:Rouen
353:BĂ©arn
337:dower
169:king
102:Issue
50:Reign
1511:and
1283:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1059:2023
1046:ISBN
856:and
818:Laon
619:and
613:Rado
502:and
374:and
355:and
274:Metz
248:and
232:Life
192:and
74:Died
62:Born
1188:".
816:at
805:in
789:at
770:of
734:of
670:at
513:in
339:of
331:of
302:by
212:of
157:of
2037::
1230:,
1220:.
1201:,
1106:,
980:93
968:;
955:^
844:.
809:.
730:,
674:.
570:.
562:,
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370:,
351:,
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314:.
280:.
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228:.
2023:.
1506:,
1331:e
1324:t
1317:v
1091:.
1061:.
982:.
698:)
654::
306:.
31:.
20:)
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