1358:. Possible reasons for this apparent absence of a written language include destruction by the Spanish of all written records, or the successful concealment by the Inca peoples of those records. Making the matter even more complex, the Inca 'kept separate "khipu" for each province, on which a pendant string recorded the number of people belonging to each category.' This creates yet another step in the process of decryption in addition to the Spanish attempts at eradicating the system. Historians Edward Hyams and George Ordish believe quipus were recording devices, similar to musical notation, in that the notes on the page present basic information, and the performer would then bring those details to life.
1676:
in the system is testament to its historical 'moral authority.' Today, "khipu" is regarded as a powerful symbol of heritage, only 'unfurled' and handled by 'pairs of dignitaries,' as the system and its 'construction embed' modern 'cultural knowledge.' Ceremonies in which they are 'curated, even though they can no longer be read,' is even further support for the case of societal honor and significance associated with the quipu. Even today, 'the knotted cords must be present and displayed when village officers leave or begin service, and draping the cords over the incoming office holders instantiates the moral and political authority of the past.' These examples are indicative of how the
96:
322:
2253:. It was in quite good condition, with "brown cotton strings wound around thin sticks", along with "a series of offerings, including mysterious fiber balls of different sizes wrapped in 'nets' and pristine reed baskets. Piles of raw cotton – uncombed and containing seeds, though turned a dirty brown by the ages – and a ball of cotton thread" were also found preserved. The good condition of these articles can be attributed to the
6179:
4660:
6190:
6202:
30:
4390:
302:"The khipu were knotted-string devices that were used for recording both statistical and narrative information, most notably by the Inca but also by other peoples of the central Andes from pre-Incaic times, through the colonial and republican eras, and even – in a considerably transformed and attenuated form – down to the present day."
1437:(knot makers/keepers, i.e., the former Inca record keepers) supplied colonial administrators with a variety and quantity of information pertaining to censuses, tribute, ritual and calendrical organization, genealogies, and other such matters from Inca times. Performing a number of statistical tests for
2215:
are to be conserved close to their place of origin, local camelid or wool fibres in natural colors can be obtained and used to mend breaks and splits in the cords. Rosa Choque
Gonzales and Rosalia Choque Gonzales, conservators from southern Peru, worked to conserve the Rapaz patrimonial quipus in the
1675:
system operated as both a method of calculation and social organization, regulating regional governance and land use. While evidence for the latter is still under the critical eye of scholars around the world, the very fact that they are kept to this day without any confirmed level of fluent literacy
1546:
1698:
have continued to be used by contemporary communities, albeit as ritual items seen as "communal patrimony" rather than as devices for recording information. The khipu system, being the useful method of social management it was for the Inca, is also a link to the Cuzco census, as it was one of the
2227:
at
Harvard, was asked "Are they fragile?", he answered, "some of them are, and you can't touch them – they would break or turn into dust. Many are quite well preserved, and you can actually study them without doing them any harm. Of course, any time you touch an ancient fabric like that, you're
1699:
primary methods of population calculation. This also has allowed historians and anthropologists to understand both the census and the "decimal hierarchy" system the Inca used, and that they were actually 'initiated together,' due to the fact that they were 'conceptually so closely linked.'
1323:. They are still composed of digits, but the resulting number seems to be used as a code, much as we use numbers to identify individuals, places, or things. The Khipu Database Project, for example, decoded that a particular three-number label at the beginning of some quipus may refer to
2151:) to prevent potential acid transfer is a preservation technique that extends the life of a collection. The fibers can be abraded by rubbing against each other or, for those attached to sticks or rods, by their own weight if held in an upright position. Extensive handling of
1622:
used quipus when telling the
Spanish about Tawantin Suyu history (whether they only recorded important numbers or actually contained the story itself is unknown). Members of the ruling class were usually taught to read quipus in the Inca equivalent of a university, the
385:
Some of the knots, as well as other features, such as color, are thought to represent non-numeric information, which has not been deciphered. It is generally thought that the system did not include phonetic symbols analogous to letters of the alphabet. However,
1743:
was once a record of this process of collecting and redistributing food. The entire complex was important to the villagers, being "the seat of traditional control over land use, and the centre of communication with the deified mountains who control weather".
2127:
knot records are usually automatically regulated. Relative humidity should be 60% or lower, with low temperatures, as high temperatures can damage the fibres and make them brittle. Damp conditions and high humidity can damage protein-rich material.
154:
has been "compared to string mops". Archaeological evidence has also shown the use of finely carved wood as a supplemental, and perhaps sturdier, base to which the color-coded cords could be attached. A relatively small number have survived.
358:
studied to date by researchers consists of numbers in a decimal system, such as "Indian chiefs ascertain which province had lost more than another and balanc the losses between them" after the
Spanish invasion. In the early years of the
2620:
Dank der Bemühungen von
Professor Kurayoshi Takara von der Ryûkyû-Universität in Japan gelangte das Arithmeum in den Besitz von äußerst seltenen japanischen Rechenhilfsmitteln, den 'Warazan'. Übersetzt bedeutet das: 'rechnen mit
1817:. Most are housed in museums outside of their native countries, but some reside in their native locations under the care of the descendants of those who made the knot records. A table of the largest collections is shown below.
1272:
Digits in the "ones" position are represented by long knots (e.g., 4 is a knot with four turns). Because of the way the knots are tied, the digit 1 cannot be shown this way and is represented in this position by a figure-eight
1894:
1262:. In the Aschers’ system, a fourth type of knot—figure-eight knot with an extra twist—is referred to as "EE". "EE" Stood for "evolutionary eddicate". A number is represented as a sequence of knot clusters in base 10.
4213:. Collaboration of Carrie Brezine, Gino de las Casas Ríos, Víctor Falcón Huayta, Rosa Choque Gonzales, and Rosalía Choque Gonzales. Collaborative for Cultural Heritage and Museum Practices, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
1662:
banned and ordered the burning of some Quipus in 1583 because they were used to record offerings to non-Christian gods and were therefore considered idolatrous objects and an obstacle to religious conversion.
141:
records, for calendrical information, for military organization, and potentially for simple and stereotyped historical "annales". The cords stored numeric and other values encoded as knots, often in a decimal
2687:- a word he says originates from Peru, where knots were used similarly to Aotearoa/New Zealand, Hawaiʻi, and other parts of the Pacific) for tallying accounts, quantities of food, and conveying messages.
3006:
2220:
had undergone repair in the past, so this conservator team used new local camelid and wool fibers to spin around the area under repair in a similar fashion to the earlier repairs found on the quipu.
1651:, who recorded an encounter that he and his men had in 1533 as they traveled along the royal road from the highlands to the central coast. It was during this journey that they encountered several
2655:, page 99: " one can use the phrase chieh sheng chi shih, which means 'the memorandum or record of knotted cords,' to refer to how Chinese writing evolved before characters were invented."
1954:
2139:
Damage can occur during storage. The more accessible the items are during storage, the greater the chance of early detection. Storing quipus horizontally on boards covered with a neutral
1441:
sample VA 42527, one study led by
Alberto Sáez-Rodríguez discovered that the distribution and patterning of S- and Z-knots can organize the information system from a real star map of the
480:
do not represent information phonetically. After being contacted by local woman Meche
Moreyra Orozco, the head of the Association of Collatinos in Lima, Hyland was granted access to the
2136:(UV) light, which can include fading and weakening of the fibrous material. When quipus are on display, their exposure to ambient conditions is usually minimized and closely monitored.
3319:, edited by Horacio H. Urteaga, 16–180. Colección de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Perú 3 (Second Series). Lima: Imprenta y Librería Sanmartí, pages 175 and 178
1510:, where the syllables were represented by symbols formed in the knots. Following the analysis of the use of "Pacha Kamaq", the manuscript offers a list of many words present in
3340:
Markham, Clements R., Francisco De Xerez, Miguel De Estete, Hernando
Pizarro, and Pedro Sancho. Reports on the Discovery of Peru. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1872
4149:
Saez-Rodríguez, A. (2012). An
Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (Perú). Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 5(1), 62–88.
197:
recording system to the needs of the colonial administration, and some priests advocated the use of quipu for ecclesiastical purposes. In several modern villages,
3010:
1711:
are still an important part of the social life of the village. As of 1994, this was the only known village where quipus with a structure similar to pre-Columbian
1680:
system was not only fundamental mathematically and linguistically for the original Inca, but also for cultural preservation of the original empire's descendants.
3616:
1482:
fragment. Miccinelli believes that the text was written by two
Italian Jesuit missionaries, Joan Antonio Cumis and Giovanni Anello Oliva, around 1610–1638, and
4579:
4469:
Urton, Gary (1998). "From Knots to Narratives: Reconstructing the Art of Historical Record Keeping in the Andes from Spanish Transcriptions of Inka Khipus".
2119:
exposure of storage areas. As with all textiles, cool, clean, dry and dark environments are most suitable. The heating, ventilating and air conditioning, or
331:
2192:
have the skills to handle a variety of situations. Even though some quipus have hundreds of cords, each cord should be assessed and treated individually.
1269:
Digits in positions for 10 and higher powers are represented by clusters of simple knots (e.g., 40 is four simple knots in a row in the "tens" position).
1290:
For example, if 4s represents four simple knots, 3L represents a long knot with three turns, E represents a figure-eight knot and X represents a space:
1715:
were still used for official local government record-keeping and functions, although the villagers did not associate their quipus with Inca artifacts.
1655:
keepers, later relating that these keepers "untied some of the knots which they had in the deposits section , and they tied them in another section ."
1226:
2380:
1363:
2885:
1999:
collections have not been accounted for in this database, their numbers are likely to be unknown. One prominent patrimonial collection held by the
2573:
946:
3783:
1604:
that counted everyone from infants to "old blind men over 80". The system was also used to keep track of the calendar. According to Guaman Poma,
6227:
5800:
2854:
Medrano, Manuel; Urton, Gary (1 January 2018). "Toward the Decipherment of a Set of Mid-Colonial Khipus from the Santa Valley, Coastal Peru".
351:, classified in various categories, narrated from the most important to the least important category, according to colour, number, and order.
4263:
4191:
3963:
3918:
3899:
3827:
3285:
3254:
3039:
2772:
2425:
1805:
professor Gary Urton and his colleague Carrie Brezine, 751 quipus have been reported to exist across the globe. Their whereabouts range from
3328:
6078:
4412:
1338:
could have communicated information as well: color-coding, relative placement of cords, spacing, and the structure of cords and sub-cords.
2004:
2070:, natural or dyed, cannot be reversed, and may indicate further damage to the fibers. Colors can darken if damaged by dust or by certain
4639:
4353:
4221:(1998). "From Knots to Narratives: Reconstructing the Art of Historical Record Keeping in the Andes from Spanish Transcriptions of Inka
294:
6262:
3644:
2557:
1735:, that is itself surrounded by a walled architectural complex. Also within the complex is a disused communal storehouse, known as the
1627:(literally, "house of teaching"), in the third year of schooling, for the higher classes who would eventually become the bureaucracy.
779:
321:
6109:
4438:
3838:
3723:
2912:
2676:
2336:
1935:
162:
first appear in the archaeological record of the first millennium AD, though it is debated whether the 3rd-millennium BC
4572:
1478:, and ciphered Italian texts. Owned by the family of Neapolitan historian Clara Miccinelli, the manuscript also includes a wool
570:
4870:
2062:
were often made with an "elaborate system of knotted cords, dyed in various colors, the significance of which was known to the
2836:
95:
6242:
3505:
3354:
2268:
1920:
1316:. Sometimes there are sums of sums as well. Such a relationship would be very improbable if the knots were incorrectly read.
1250:
is numeric, and these numbers can be read. Each cluster of knots is a digit, and there are three main types of knots: simple
1013:
6193:
3466:
2956:
2604:
3541:
2306:
2277:
1837:
1707:
In 1994, the American cultural anthropologist Frank Salomon conducted a study in the Peruvian village of Tupicocha, where
1219:
794:
457: – that relay information but are not directly related to the speech sounds of a particular language, like
6072:
5990:
5557:
5239:
3559:
1748:
1139:
4547:
3523:
1149:
507:
would have prevented the Spanish authorities from understanding the messages if they were intercepted, and the Collata
163:
65:
4746:
4565:
4358:
2316:
and Nicole Galland includes the use of quipus by witches as a means to navigate the complex algorithms of time travel.
1794:
that he estimated "from my own studies and from the published works of other scholars that there are about 600 extant
1368:
966:
4420:
4416:
4400:
2339:, one of the letters composed by "Blue" is hidden as a "knot code" in a crocheted cloth sample in pre-Columbian Peru.
1522:'s Gary Urton, question its origin and authenticity. These documents seem to be inspired freely by a 1751 writing of
5439:
5073:
4983:
1354:. This would be an especially important discovery as there is no surviving record of written Quechua predating the
1026:
4531:
491:
were exchanged during an 18th-century rebellion against the Spanish government. A combination of color, fiber and
6232:
3349:
Frank L. Salomon, 2004: The Cord Keepers: Khipus and Cultural Life in a Peruvian Village; Duke University Press;
2706:
2178:
1122:
891:
414:, which in relation to the basic information contained in quipu, and pictorial representations, often painted on
6063:
5552:
5310:
5209:
4910:
4824:
1355:
1212:
539:
360:
129:
fiber strings, and contained categorized information based on three dimensions of color, order and number. The
5942:
4502:
4282:
2196:
cords can be "mechanically cleaned with brushes, small tools and light vacuuming". Just as the application of
1266:
Powers of ten are shown by position along the string, and this position is aligned between successive strands.
382:) could be summoned to court, where their bookkeeping was recognised as valid documentation of past payments.
6000:
5760:
5028:
4209:
Salomon, Frank; Peters, Renata (31 March 2007). "Governance and Conservation of the Rapaz Khipu Patrimony".
2711:
2350:, the women of Jeep use knotted message cords, which are read by touch, to communicate over large distances.
1752:
1202:
986:
583:
1739:, which was formerly used to protect and redistribute the local crops, and some Rapacinos believe that the
6252:
5176:
4629:
2280:"reads" by touching to provide the protagonists a clue to finding the treasure at the climax of the story.
1856:
1515:
886:
802:
3157:
1768:
1502:
were burned by the Spanish, very few remained for him to analyze. As related in the manuscript, the word
1427:
as a sign system and develops an interpretation of their physical structure in terms of the concept of a
6058:
6005:
5542:
5467:
5098:
2354:
1659:
1639:'s conquest of the Andean region began, with several Spanish conquerors making note of the existence of
1453:
1004:
114:) are recording devices fashioned from strings historically used by a number of cultures in the central
5587:
3790:
2583:
2086:, attached to the cords, and these non-textile materials may require additional preservation measures.
1393:
1282:
Because the ones digit is shown in a distinctive way, it is clear where a number ends. One strand on a
407:
5952:
5924:
5765:
5602:
5409:
5078:
4596:
4294:
Urton, Gary (2011). "Tying the Archive in Knots, or: Dying to get into the Archive in Ancient Peru".
3064:
1099:
960:
953:
834:
4624:
4458:
2290:
6104:
6068:
5995:
5805:
5522:
5459:
5404:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5323:
5234:
5058:
4988:
4863:
4044:
Niles, Susan A. (2007). "Considering Quipus: Andean Knotted String Records in Analytical Context".
2495:
Urton, Gary. (2011). "Tying the Archive in Knots, or: Dying to Get into the Archive in Ancient Peru
1372:
1181:
1046:
997:
809:
741:
596:
557:
286:
6257:
6138:
6053:
5795:
5622:
5617:
5328:
5199:
5053:
4935:
4486:
4242:
4170:
4138:
4069:
4029:
3773:
3683:
3187:
3088:
2918:
2903:
Salomon, Frank (2013). "The Twisting Paths of Recall: Khipu (Andean cord notation) as artifact".
2805:
2530:
2357:, a quipu (and the Nazca Lines) is used as plot devices in the fifth episode of the third season.
1802:
1593:
1523:
1519:
1308:
regularly contain sums in a systematic way. For instance, a cord may contain the sum of the next
1094:
847:
684:
679:
626:
5820:
5672:
5547:
4497:
3994:
Hyland, Sabine (2017). "Writing with Twisted Cords: The Inscriptive Capacity of Andean Khipus".
3277:
3271:
523:. The translation relied on phonetic references to the animal fibers and colors of the relevant
6206:
3246:
3240:
3031:
3025:
2764:
2758:
193:
were identified as idolatrous and destroyed, but some Spaniards promoted the adaptation of the
6247:
5865:
5720:
5647:
5567:
5229:
5224:
5131:
5068:
5063:
5013:
4963:
4299:
4269:
4259:
4197:
4187:
4109:
4088:
4061:
4021:
3982:
3959:
3940:
3914:
3895:
3889:
3850:
3823:
3765:
3594:
3586:
3350:
3281:
3250:
3179:
3080:
3035:
2908:
2768:
2672:
2553:
2522:
2421:
2285:
2000:
1648:
1384:
1259:
1176:
1166:
1154:
1134:
1089:
1084:
1020:
852:
824:
731:
664:
654:
641:
606:
601:
143:
4363:
2719:
1514:. However, both Bruce Mannheim, the director of the Center for Latin American Studies at the
1361:
In 2003, while checking the geometric signs that appear on drawings of Inca dresses from the
6094:
5957:
5840:
5705:
5695:
5507:
5487:
5384:
5274:
5219:
5146:
5141:
5121:
5116:
5018:
4953:
4948:
4726:
4619:
4609:
4478:
4340:
4234:
4162:
4130:
4053:
4011:
4003:
3757:
3675:
3169:
3115:
3072:
2863:
2797:
2514:
2343:
1724:
1644:
1580:
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They kept track of
1400:
element for a non-numeric concept, a sequence of three figure-eight knots at the start of a
1079:
973:
726:
714:
659:
649:
616:
591:
419:
372:
242:
213:
201:
have continued to be important items for the local community. It is unclear how many intact
171:
3652:
3205:
2937:
5985:
5914:
5870:
5815:
5662:
5582:
5502:
5343:
4943:
4794:
2347:
2321:
2313:
2298:
2189:
1683:
1597:
1191:
1161:
1104:
1074:
1059:
819:
787:
759:
736:
719:
578:
364:
221:
70:
3858:
3727:
1171:
4121:
Piechota, Dennis (1978). "Storage Containerization Archaeological Textile Collections".
3666:
Piechota, Dennis (1978). "Storage Containerization Archaeological Textile Collections".
3068:
137:
for collecting data and keeping records, for monitoring tax obligations, for collecting
6237:
6182:
5967:
5830:
5785:
5750:
5740:
5730:
5700:
5517:
5244:
5214:
5204:
4958:
4856:
4774:
4754:
4736:
4676:
4649:
4634:
4463:
4100:
Peters, Renata; Salomon, Frank (2006–2007). "Patrimony and partnership: conserving the
3975:
3932:
3617:"Caring for textiles and costumes – Preventive conservation guidelines for collections"
3174:
2385:
2043:
1687:
1636:
1614:
were from a class of people, "males, fifty to sixty", and were not the only members of
1540:
1351:
1186:
1129:
1109:
1064:
937:
669:
636:
621:
547:
500:
454:
450:
446:
411:
217:
186:
3055:
Urton, Gary; Brezine, Carrie J. (12 August 2005). "Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru".
2886:"Questioning the Inca Paradox: Maybe the pre-Columbian civilization did have writing?"
6221:
6143:
5977:
5962:
5888:
5845:
5835:
5790:
5775:
5652:
5607:
5482:
5414:
5259:
5189:
5156:
5088:
5043:
4905:
4174:
4073:
4033:
3953:
3885:
3873:
3777:
3191:
2534:
2162:
1814:
1810:
1565:
1449:
1251:
1239:
992:
881:
814:
754:
689:
631:
611:
469:
462:
434:
348:
80:
3119:
3092:
1759:
in Rapaz and the building that it was in, due to their increasingly poor condition.
6099:
5934:
5878:
5825:
5770:
5745:
5735:
5725:
5677:
5667:
5627:
5597:
5592:
5577:
5537:
5497:
5492:
5434:
5424:
5394:
5333:
5295:
5269:
5249:
5166:
5136:
5111:
5033:
5008:
5003:
4993:
4978:
4890:
4814:
4731:
4668:
4498:
High in the Andes, Keeping an Incan Mystery Alive (New York Times, August 16, 2010)
2238:
2224:
1976:
1643:
in their written records about the invasion. The earliest known example comes from
1144:
1069:
253:
75:
4514:
4344:
3761:
3509:
3135:"An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (Perú)"
2518:
2325:. The game also features a device heavily inspired by the Quipu, called the Q-Pid.
1300:
The number 107 followed by the number 51 would be represented by 1s, X, 7L, 5s, E.
3977:
Quipus and witches' knots; the role of the knot in primitive and ancient cultures
3470:
3134:
2666:
2652:
2415:
5947:
5909:
5755:
5715:
5687:
5657:
5632:
5612:
5562:
5527:
5472:
5338:
5318:
5264:
5126:
5048:
4900:
4895:
4799:
4789:
4644:
4614:
4588:
3928:
2608:
2133:
2108:
2092:
are now preserved using techniques that will minimise their future degradation.
2083:
2063:
1776:
1581:
1503:
1483:
1428:
1255:
1114:
979:
931:
921:
492:
225:
175:
130:
4038:
3545:
189:, quipu were mostly replaced by European writing and numeral systems, and most
6114:
5899:
5780:
5642:
5637:
5572:
5512:
5477:
5444:
5429:
5399:
5389:
5300:
5161:
5083:
5038:
4998:
4973:
4769:
4764:
4716:
4218:
4057:
2231:
2197:
2174:
1916:
1874:
1787:
1619:
1577:
1494:, the documents also discuss the events and people of the Spanish conquest of
1389:
1388:
includes a report titled "Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru" by anthropologist
916:
674:
515:
as "a language of animals", Hyland was able to translate the names of the two
387:
308:
4303:
4113:
4065:
4025:
3944:
3854:
3563:
3491:
3183:
2922:
2867:
1723:
The villagers of San Cristóbal de Rapaz (known as Rapacinos), located in the
363:, Spanish officials often relied on the quipus to settle disputes over local
5855:
5810:
5532:
5419:
5194:
5184:
5151:
5023:
4968:
4809:
4759:
4721:
4604:
4273:
4201:
3527:
3076:
2047:
1959:
1409:
1346:
Some have argued that far more than numeric information is present and that
1324:
926:
395:
126:
4659:
4256:
Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records
4092:
3986:
3769:
3158:"Historia et Rudimenta Linguae Piruanorum ¿un estorbo o un acontecimiento?"
3084:
2605:"Das Arithmeum »Frühere Veranstaltungen» Warazan – Datenspeicher aus Stroh"
2526:
2457:
2302:
are blind, and so use strings with knots in them as a way to send messages.
1254:; "long knots", consisting of an overhand knot with one or more additional
425:
The lack of a clear link between any indigenous Peruvian languages and the
3598:
1456:, has discovered something which she believed to be a seventeenth-century
6133:
6120:
5919:
5449:
5106:
4706:
4526:
4521:
2505:
Mann, C. C. (12 August 2005). "ARCHAEOLOGY: Unraveling Khipu's Secrets".
2201:
2148:
2129:
2112:
2075:
1585:
1442:
1328:
458:
438:
399:
2809:
2700:
1490:
Jesuit sometime before 1618. Along with the details of reading literary
6148:
6127:
5710:
5374:
5284:
4804:
4711:
4696:
4286:
4142:
4016:
3687:
2101:
2097:
2039:
1865:
1846:
1783:(Khipu) for mathematical and accounting records in the decimal system.
1487:
1405:
911:
896:
481:
441:
referent. Frank Salomon at the University of Wisconsin has argued that
208:
Various cultures have used knotted strings unrelated to South American
29:
4490:
4246:
4153:
Salomon, Frank (2001). "How an Andean 'Writing Without Words' Works".
2332:
features a quipu being used by Marimo to subdue a belligerent Tomarin.
1775:
New Series I4 (1912) 325–332. This was the first work to show how the
1420:
keeper who made it, or its subject matter, or even a time designator.
449:
language, a system of representative symbols – such as
150:
could have only a few or thousands of cords. The configuration of the
6155:
4837:
4686:
2801:
2329:
2166:
2093:
2051:
2031:
1861:
1842:
1806:
1601:
1471:
1457:
901:
336:
138:
4211:
Paper Delivered at Interdisciplinary Workshop on Intangible Heritage
4134:
3679:
3106:
Beynon-Davies, P (2009). "Significant threads: the nature of data".
2938:"The Inka Empire Recorded Their World In Knotted Cords Called Khipu"
2177:
may not be recommended for fiber textiles displaying mold or insect
1279:
is represented by the absence of a knot in the appropriate position.
205:
still exist and where, as many have been stored away in mausoleums.
4482:
4419:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
4331:
Locke, Leland (1912). "The Ancient Quipu, a Peruvian Knot Record".
4238:
4166:
4007:
3329:
Letter from Hernando Pizarro to the Royal Audience of Santo Domingo
2228:
doing some damage, but these strings are generally quite durable."
511:
are non-numeric. With the help of local leaders, who described the
5254:
4784:
4701:
4691:
4681:
4553:
American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works
4452:
3837:
The Archaeological Institute of America (November–December 2005).
3591:
Lost City of the Incas, The Story of Machu Picchu and its Builders
2250:
2182:
2170:
2116:
2100:
and special collections have adopted preservation guidelines from
2067:
2035:
2019:
1544:
1475:
906:
868:
320:
234:
is the Spanish spelling, and the most common spelling in English.
115:
94:
60:
2788:
Benson, E. (1975). "The Quipu: "Written" Texts in Ancient Peru".
2319:
The character Amelie prominently wears a quipu in the video game
1751:
in London) and the cultural anthropologist Frank Salomon (of the
1506:, the Inca deity of earth and time, was used many times in these
4879:
4779:
4184:
The Cord Keepers: Khipus and Cultural Life in a Peruvian Village
3408:
3406:
3007:"Fernando Murillo de la Serda. Carta sobre los caracteres, 1589"
2254:
2235:
2200:
is not recommended to rid quipus of mold, neither is the use of
2144:
2120:
2071:
2055:
2027:
2023:
1984:
1980:
1963:
1944:
1940:
1924:
1903:
1899:
1884:
1880:
1691:
1615:
1545:
1495:
1413:
1319:
Some data items are not numbers but what Ascher and Ascher call
1276:
415:
85:
6026:
4923:
4852:
4561:
4455:(Khipu drawings and investigations from a large Khipu database)
1895:
Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú
5904:
4557:
4383:
3273:
The last of the Incas: the rise and fall of an American empire
3242:
The last of the Incas: the rise and fall of an American empire
3027:
The last of the Incas: the rise and fall of an American empire
2760:
The last of the Incas: the rise and fall of an American empire
3891:
Code of the Quipu: A Study in Media, Mathematics, and Culture
2249:
believed to be around 5,000 years old in the coastal city of
3820:
Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture and Consciousness
170:
subsequently played a key part in the administration of the
4552:
3880:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ASIN B0006X3SV4.
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
2417:
Tawantinsuyu: The Inca State and Its Political Organization
2381:"Untangling an Accounting Tool and an Ancient Inca Mystery"
2140:
3369:
Andean Knotted String Records in Analytical Context. 92–93
2665:
Goetzfridt, Nicholas J. (20 September 2007). "Polynesia".
2633:
3709:
Governance and Conservation of the Rapaz Khipu Patrimony.
3313:
A los Señores Oydores de la Audiencia Real de Su Magestad
1396:. Their work may represent the first identification of a
1242:
and Robert Ascher, after having analyzed several hundred
472:
claims to have made the first phonetic decipherment of a
402:
data. His student Manny Medrano has gone further to find
273:
is a Quechua word meaning 'knot' or 'to knot'. The terms
4848:
4108:. London: UCL Institute of Archaeology. pp. 41–44.
3524:"Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Antropologia e Historia"
3393:
3391:
1312:
cords, and this relationship is repeated throughout the
4408:
4403:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
3639:
3637:
2474:
Urton, Gary, Carrie Brezine. Harvard University. (2009)
2107:
Environmental controls are used to monitor and control
1771:
published "The Ancient Quipu, A Peruvian Knot Record,"
1375:
found a pattern that seems to decipher some words from
495:
direction leads to a total of 95 combinations in these
4318:
Domenici, Davide (1996). "Talking Knots of the Inka".
1801:
According to the Khipu Database Project undertaken by
2671:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 26.
1798:
in public and private collections around the world."
503:. Exchanging information about the rebellion through
257:
247:
235:
164:
Caral–Supe civilization developed an analogous system
3748:
Mann, Charles (2005). "Unraveling Khipu's Secrets".
3162:
Anthropologica del Departamento de Ciencias Sociales
6087:
6046:
5976:
5933:
5887:
5854:
5686:
5458:
5373:
5309:
5283:
5175:
5097:
4934:
4823:
4745:
4667:
4595:
1404:that seems to be a unique signifier. It could be a
1304:This reading can be confirmed by a fortunate fact:
347:held information, decipherable by officials called
99:
Quipu in the Museo Machu Picchu, Casa Concha, Cusco
55:
36:
21:
4123:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
3974:
3668:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
3621:Preventive conservation guidelines for collections
3610:
3608:
2699:
2173:. As with all textiles, these are major problems.
1747:In 2004, the archaeologist Renata Peeters (of the
4522:"Peruvian 'writing' system goes back 5,000 years"
1297:The number 804 would be represented by 8s, X, 4L.
1294:The number 731 would be represented by 7s, 3s, E.
281:are simply spelling variations on the same word.
2575:平成29年度 琉球大学附属図書館・琉球大学博物館（風樹館）企画展 石垣市制施行70周年記念企画展
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
1955:Regional Museum of Ica "Adolfo Bermúdez Jenkins"
1608:could "read" the quipus with their eyes closed.
519:, or family lineages, who received and sent the
174:of the 13th to 15th centuries, and later of the
158:Objects that can be identified unambiguously as
3822:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
3645:"Care and conservation of costume and textiles"
3615:Canadian Conservation Institute (11 May 2018).
3108:International Journal of Information Management
2957:"Unraveling an Ancient Code Written in Strings"
2668:Pacific Ethnomathematics: A Bibliographic Study
406:that decode to match census data. According to
300:
178:(1438–1533), flourishing across the Andes from
2983:
2981:
2979:
2155:can also increase the risk of further damage.
499:, which is within the range of a logosyllabic
4864:
4573:
3958:. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
2293:features a message communicated using quipus.
2181:, although it is common practice for ridding
1647:, the brother of the Spanish military leader
1220:
429:has historically led to the supposition that
8:
2837:"A student mines voices from the Incan past"
2272:, which premiered in 2019, features a stone
2211:, corrective care may still be required. If
1382:The August 12, 2005, edition of the journal
3894:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
3156:Laurencich-Minelli, Laura (28 March 1998).
2003:of Rapaz, Peru, was recently researched by
1755:) undertook a project to conserve both the
1465:
6043:
6023:
4931:
4920:
4871:
4857:
4849:
4580:
4566:
4558:
3701:
3699:
3697:
2996:D'altroy, Terrence N. "The Incas." 234–235
2879:
2877:
2790:The Princeton University Library Chronicle
1819:
1227:
1213:
563:
534:
185:to 1532. As the region became part of the
28:
16:Inca recording system using knotted string
4439:Learn how and when to remove this message
4281:Urton, Gary; Carrie Brezine (2003–2004).
4015:
3913:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3276:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp.
3245:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp.
3173:
3139:Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática
3030:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp.
2763:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp.
2082:have been found with adornments, such as
1564:, "khipu-authority"), the accountants of
285:is the traditional spelling based on the
4314:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
4298:. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Groupe.
3981:. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
2328:An episode in season 4 of the gag anime
2207:Even when people have tried to preserve
1596:being performed, maintained a record of
1467:Historia et Rudimenta Linguae Piruanorum
1379:by matching knots to colors of strings.
394:used a binary system which could record
3706:Salomon, Frank; Peters, Renata (2007).
3593:. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.
2607:(in German). 2006-02-06. Archived from
2491:
2489:
2371:
2022:, either spun and plied thread such as
1779:and its predecessor societies used the
1694:have highlighted two known cases where
1524:Raimondo di Sangro, Prince of Sansevero
1364:First New Chronicle and Good Government
546:
5801:Rigid double splayed loop in the bight
3270:Ordish, George; Hyams, Edward (1996).
3239:Ordish, George; Hyams, Edward (1996).
3024:Ordish, George; Hyams, Edward (1996).
2757:Ordish, George; Hyams, Edward (1996).
1286:can therefore contain several numbers.
1246:, have shown that most information on
256:. Most Quechua varieties use the term
212:to record information — these include
18:
4258:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
2683:Best focuses on the use of knots (or
2216:Andean village of Rapaz, Peru. These
410:, quipucamayocs would learn specific
241:
7:
6201:
3933:"Untangling the Mystery of the Inca"
3412:D'Altroy, Terence N. (2001). 234–235
3365:Niles, Susan A. (2007). Considering
2720:participating institution membership
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
1498:. According to Cumis, since so many
6189:
4503:The Khipu of San Cristobal de Rapaz
3317:Informaciones sobre el antiguo Perú
2955:Hyland, Sabine (11 November 2017).
2379:Neuman, William (January 2, 2016).
2046:, though are also commonly made of
1731:in an old ceremonial building, the
1470:. This manuscript consists of nine
1460:manuscript that describes literary
295:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift
4534:from the original on July 22, 2005
4464:Untangling the Mystery of the Inca
3229:Domenici, Viviano and Davide, 1996
3175:10.18800/anthropologica.199801.015
2907:. Ubiquity Press. pp. 15–44.
2483:D'altroy, Terence N. (2001). 16–17
14:
6110:International Guild of Knot Tyers
4186:. Durham: Duke University Press.
4084:The Secret of the Peruvian Quipus
2337:This Is How You Lose the Time War
2123:systems, of buildings that house
1936:National University of San Marcos
354:Most information recorded on the
6200:
6188:
6178:
6177:
4658:
4509:Discovery of "Puruchuco" toponym
4388:
3839:"Conversations: String Theorist"
3712:. Archaeology International #10.
3133:Saez-Rodríguez, Alberto (2012).
2936:Alex, Bridget (4 January 2019).
2835:Radsken, Jill (25 August 2017).
476:challenging the assumption that
4548:American Textile History Museum
4515:Experts 'decipher' Inca strings
3724:"Conversations String Theorist"
3120:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.12.003
2440:D'altroy, Terence N. (2001). 18
2296:The characters in the TV series
2161:are also closely monitored for
2005:University of Wisconsin–Madison
125:usually consisted of cotton or
4052:. Taylor and Francis: 85–102.
3952:D'Altroy, Terrence N. (2001).
3009:. 10 June 2009. Archived from
2552:. Cambridge University Press.
2269:Dora and the Lost City of Gold
2223:When Gary Urton, professor of
1667:Contemporary social importance
1448:Laura Minelli, a professor of
487:of San Juan de Collata. These
1:
6228:Archaeological artefact types
4345:10.1525/aa.1912.14.2.02a00070
4081:Nordenskiold, Erland (1925).
3762:10.1126/science.309.5737.1008
3492:"State Museum of Ethnography"
3441:
3397:
2519:10.1126/science.309.5737.1008
2188:Conservators in the field of
2143:paper (paper that is neither
1838:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
1568:, created and deciphered the
422:, related simple "episodes".
339:– an Inca calculating device.
179:
42:
5991:Overhand knot with draw-loop
4352:National Geographic (1996).
4283:"The Khipu Database Project"
3973:Day, Cyrus Lawrence (1967).
3939:. Vol. 15, no. 1.
3442:Peters and Salomon 2006/2007
3398:Peters and Salomon 2006/2007
3210:Archaeology Magazine Archive
2905:Writing as Material Practice
2884:Adams, Mark (12 July 2011).
2638:[New book of Tang].
2582:(in Chinese). Archived from
2308:The Rise and Fall of D.O.D.O
1763:Archaeological investigation
1749:UCL Institute of Archaeology
1719:San Cristóbal de Rapaz, Peru
378:"khipu specialist", plural:
252:) is the word for 'knot' in
118:Mountains of South America.
4359:National Geographic Society
3878:Code of the Quipu: Databook
3206:"Talking Knots of the Inka"
1658:Christian officials of the
1535:Inca Empire (Tawantin Suyu)
1369:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
437:writing system and have no
258:
248:
236:
6279:
5875:Running highwayman's hitch
3453:
3430:
3385:Niles, Susan A. (2007). 93
3300:
2822:
2744:
2732:
2414:Pärssinen, Martti (1992).
2276:which the title character
2007:professor, Frank Salomon.
1538:
947:Non-standard radices/bases
6263:Textile arts of the Andes
6172:
6042:
6022:
4930:
4919:
4886:
4656:
4106:Archaeology International
4058:10.1080/00938150601177629
3888:; Ascher, Robert (1980).
3876:; Ascher, Robert (1978).
2707:Oxford English Dictionary
2353:In the television series
1972:
1953:
1933:
1912:
1893:
1873:
1855:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1690:carrying out research in
1592:also tracked the type of
335:. On the lower left is a
27:
5210:Directional figure eight
4911:List of knot terminology
4104:legacy of Rapaz, Peru".
3818:Adrien, Kenneth (2001).
3542:"Centro Mallqui Cultura"
3467:"Khipu Database Project"
2868:10.1215/00141801-4260638
2634:
2574:
2458:"Ancient Scripts: Quipu"
1773:American Anthropologist,
1423:Beynon-Davies considers
361:Spanish conquest of Peru
332:El primer nueva corónica
4459:Quipu: A Modern Mystery
4333:American Anthropologist
4182:Salomon, Frank (2004).
4046:Reviews in Anthropology
3077:10.1126/science.1113426
2712:Oxford University Press
2420:. SHS. pp. 26–51.
1934:Museo Temple Radicati,
1792:Signs of the Inka Khipu
1790:noted in his 2003 book
1767:In 1912 anthropologist
1753:University of Wisconsin
1203:List of numeral systems
390:has suggested that the
66:Caral–Supe civilization
3911:A History of the Khipu
3909:Brokaw, Galen (2010).
2580:www.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp
2550:A History of the Khipu
2548:Brokaw, Galen (2010).
2462:www.ancientscripts.com
2283:Chapter 9 of the book
1857:Museum Five Continents
1821:Collections of quipus
1576:could carry out basic
1554:
1516:University of Michigan
1466:
1416:), or the name of the
340:
304:
100:
6243:Mathematical notation
5543:Double overhand noose
5349:Ghiordes & Senneh
4453:The Khipu Field Guide
4312:Inka history in knots
3649:Conservation Register
3506:"Museo de Pachacamac"
2355:Earth: Final Conflict
2185:of mold and insects.
1660:Third Council of Lima
1548:
1454:University of Bologna
571:Hindu–Arabic numerals
367:or goods production.
324:
98:
4409:improve this article
4296:Archives and Records
4254:Urton, Gary (2003).
4155:Current Anthropology
3996:Current Anthropology
2261:Fictional portrayals
1618:to use quipus. Inca
1549:Representation of a
1100:Prehistoric counting
876:Common radices/bases
558:Place-value notation
418:vessels, similar to
293:reflects the recent
166:of knotted cords. )
5366:(triple crown knot)
5235:Figure-of-nine loop
4421:footnote references
4310:Urton, Gary. 2017.
3756:(5737): 1008–1009.
3069:2005Sci...309.1065U
3063:(5737): 1065–1067.
2961:Scientific American
2710:(Online ed.).
2513:(5737): 1008–1009.
2241:, has discovered a
2132:suffer damage from
1822:
1769:Leslie Leland Locke
1373:William Burns Glynn
1334:Other aspects of a
1047:Sign-value notation
287:Spanish orthography
50: 1600 AD
46: 2600 BC
5796:Portuguese bowline
5553:Farrimond friction
5440:Triple fisherman's
5200:Bowline on a bight
5074:Triple fisherman's
5054:Simple Simon under
5029:One-sided overhand
4984:Double fisherman's
4354:"Accounting Cords"
4289:on April 27, 2006.
3576:Salomon, F (2004).
2266:The feature film
2257:climate of Caral.
1995:While patrimonial
1826:Museum collection
1820:
1803:Harvard University
1786:The archaeologist
1777:Inca (Inka) Empire
1555:
1520:Colgate University
1392:and mathematician
1260:figure-eight knots
703:East Asian systems
341:
216:, and practice by
101:
6215:
6214:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
5721:Carrick bend loop
5230:Figure-eight loop
5132:Ground-line hitch
4846:
4845:
4630:Invasion of Chile
4449:
4448:
4441:
4265:978-0-292-78539-7
4193:978-0-8223-3379-1
3965:978-0-631-17677-0
3920:978-0-521-19779-3
3901:978-0-472-09325-0
3829:978-0-8263-2359-0
3560:"Museo Puruchuco"
3287:978-0-88029-595-6
3256:978-0-88029-595-6
3041:978-0-88029-595-6
2774:978-0-88029-595-6
2718:(Subscription or
2427:978-951-8915-62-4
2286:The Wine-Dark Sea
1993:
1992:
1649:Francisco Pizarro
1435:Khipu kamayuqkuna
1394:Carrie J. Brezine
1237:
1236:
1036:
1035:
380:khipu kamayuqkuna
144:positional system
93:
92:
6270:
6233:Inca mathematics
6205:
6204:
6203:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6095:Chinese knotting
6064:Decorative knots
6044:
6024:
5943:Ashley's stopper
5841:Yosemite bowline
5706:Bale sling hitch
5275:Yosemite bowline
5205:Alpine butterfly
4959:Alpine butterfly
4949:Albright special
4932:
4921:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4850:
4825:Inca mathematics
4727:Inca agriculture
4662:
4640:Spanish conquest
4620:History of Cusco
4610:Kingdom of Cusco
4582:
4575:
4568:
4559:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4530:. 20 July 2005.
4494:
4444:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4362:. Archived from
4348:
4327:
4307:
4290:
4285:. Archived from
4277:
4250:
4214:
4205:
4178:
4146:
4117:
4096:
4077:
4037:
4019:
3990:
3980:
3969:
3948:
3931:(January 2007).
3924:
3905:
3881:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3857:. Archived from
3833:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3789:. Archived from
3788:
3781:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3726:. Archived from
3720:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3692:
3691:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3651:. Archived from
3641:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3562:. Archived from
3556:
3550:
3549:
3544:. Archived from
3538:
3532:
3531:
3526:. Archived from
3520:
3514:
3513:
3508:. Archived from
3502:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3469:. Archived from
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3013:on 28 June 2012.
3003:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2802:10.2307/26403946
2785:
2779:
2778:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2376:
2344:Ammonite (novel)
1973:Museo Puruchuco
1823:
1725:Province of Oyón
1645:Hernando Pizarro
1631:Spanish invasion
1469:
1408:for the city of
1356:Spanish invasion
1229:
1222:
1215:
1018:
1002:
984:
974:balanced ternary
971:
958:
564:
535:
420:aztec pictograms
408:Martti Pärssinen
365:tribute payments
312:
261:
251:
245:
243:[ˈkʰɪpʊ]
239:
214:Chinese knotting
184:
181:
172:Kingdom of Cusco
51:
47:
44:
32:
19:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6199:
6160:
6083:
6038:
6037:
6010:
5972:
5953:Double overhand
5929:
5892:
5883:
5871:Running bowline
5857:
5850:
5816:Spanish bowline
5766:Friendship knot
5761:Fireman's chair
5682:
5603:Improved clinch
5468:Adjustable grip
5454:
5410:Improved clinch
5376:
5369:
5305:
5288:
5279:
5171:
5093:
4926:
4915:
4882:
4877:
4847:
4842:
4819:
4741:
4663:
4654:
4625:Chimor–Inca War
4591:
4586:
4537:
4535:
4520:
4511:
4468:
4445:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4406:
4397:This article's
4393:
4389:
4382:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4351:
4330:
4317:
4293:
4280:
4266:
4253:
4217:
4208:
4194:
4181:
4152:
4135:10.2307/3179387
4120:
4099:
4080:
4043:
3993:
3972:
3966:
3951:
3927:
3921:
3908:
3902:
3884:
3872:
3864:
3862:
3836:
3830:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3782:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3695:
3680:10.2307/3179387
3665:
3664:
3660:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:, November 1533
3327:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3168:(16): 349–367.
3155:
3154:
3150:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2841:Harvard Gazette
2834:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2679:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2348:Nicola Griffith
2322:Death Stranding
2314:Neal Stephenson
2291:Patrick O’Brian
2263:
2204:to clean them.
2190:library science
2013:
1913:Centro Mallqui
1765:
1721:
1705:
1703:Tupicocha, Peru
1684:Anthropologists
1669:
1633:
1598:economic output
1543:
1537:
1532:
1452:studies at the
1344:
1327:, similar to a
1233:
1197:
1196:
1119:
1105:Proto-cuneiform
1050:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1016:
1000:
982:
969:
956:
943:
872:
871:
859:
858:
839:
799:
784:
775:
774:
765:
764:
746:
705:
704:
695:
694:
646:
588:
574:
573:
561:
560:
548:Numeral systems
533:
468:Most recently,
445:are actually a
319:
314:
306:
268:
182:
71:Paracas culture
49:
45:
39:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6276:
6274:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6220:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6196:
6185:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6088:Related topics
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6047:Lists of knots
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6034:Related topics
6032:
6031:Lists of knots
6028:
6027:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5831:Triple bowline
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:Slippery eight
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5751:Eskimo bowline
5748:
5743:
5741:Double bowline
5738:
5733:
5731:Cowboy bowline
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5701:Artillery loop
5698:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5558:Friction hitch
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5364:Wall and crown
5361:
5356:
5354:Matthew Walker
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:Chinese button
5321:
5315:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5240:Friction hitch
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5215:Double bowline
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Surgeon's loop
5066:
5061:
5059:Single carrick
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4755:Inca mythology
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4737:Inca aqueducts
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4677:Inca education
4673:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4650:Neo-Inca State
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Inca Civil War
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4518:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4483:10.2307/483319
4477:(3): 409–438.
4466:
4461:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4401:external links
4396:
4394:
4387:
4381:
4380:External links
4378:
4376:
4375:
4349:
4339:(2): 325–332.
4328:
4315:
4308:
4291:
4278:
4264:
4251:
4239:10.2307/483319
4233:(5): 409–438.
4215:
4206:
4192:
4179:
4167:10.1086/318435
4150:
4147:
4118:
4097:
4078:
4041:
4008:10.1086/691682
4002:(3): 412–419.
3991:
3970:
3964:
3949:
3925:
3919:
3906:
3900:
3886:Ascher, Marcia
3882:
3874:Ascher, Marcia
3870:
3834:
3828:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3740:
3715:
3693:
3658:
3655:on 2011-07-25.
3633:
3604:
3587:Bingham, Hiram
3578:
3569:
3566:on 2000-09-30.
3551:
3548:on 2007-08-08.
3533:
3530:on 2005-03-12.
3515:
3512:on 2001-03-11.
3497:
3483:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3423:
3421:Domenici, 1996
3414:
3402:
3387:
3371:
3358:
3342:
3333:
3321:
3305:
3293:
3286:
3262:
3255:
3231:
3222:
3197:
3164:(in Spanish).
3148:
3125:
3114:(3): 170–188.
3098:
3047:
3040:
3016:
2998:
2989:
2975:
2973:"Quipu" (2012)
2966:
2947:
2928:
2913:
2895:
2890:Slate Magazine
2873:
2846:
2827:
2815:
2780:
2773:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2691:
2677:
2657:
2645:
2625:
2596:
2565:
2559:978-0521197793
2558:
2540:
2497:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2442:
2433:
2426:
2399:
2386:New York Times
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2303:
2294:
2281:
2262:
2259:
2012:
2009:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1764:
1761:
1720:
1717:
1704:
1701:
1688:archaeologists
1668:
1665:
1637:Spanish Empire
1632:
1629:
1541:Inca education
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1474:with Spanish,
1352:writing system
1343:
1340:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1252:overhand knots
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:Non-alphabetic
1051:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1011:
995:
990:
977:
964:
950:
949:
942:
941:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
878:
877:
873:
866:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
850:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
806:
805:
803:Post-classical
798:
797:
791:
790:
783:
782:
776:
772:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
757:
751:
750:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
723:
722:
711:
710:
706:
702:
701:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
587:
586:
584:Eastern Arabic
581:
579:Western Arabic
575:
569:
568:
567:
562:
556:
555:
554:
551:
550:
544:
543:
532:
531:Numeral system
529:
501:writing system
451:music notation
447:semasiographic
318:
315:
307:Archaeologist
299:
267:
264:
187:Spanish Empire
108:(also spelled
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
57:
53:
52:
40:
37:
34:
33:
25:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6275:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6253:Proto-writing
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6208:
6197:
6195:
6186:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:Monkey's fist
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5925:Western Union
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5836:Water bowline
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:Angler's loop
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5375:Fishing
5372:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5329:Celtic button
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:Overhand loop
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:Farmer's loop
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:List of knots
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4747:Inca religion
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4440:
4432:
4429:February 2024
4422:
4418:
4417:inappropriate
4414:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4366:on 2016-04-08
4365:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3861:on 2011-06-05
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3796:on 2011-08-18
3792:
3785:
3784:"proto-quipu"
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3730:on 2011-06-05
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3473:on 2011-07-22
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2923:j.ctv3t5r28.7
2920:
2916:
2914:9781909188242
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2678:9780824874643
2674:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:(in Chinese).
2641:
2637:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2611:on 2006-02-06
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2586:on 2021-06-04
2585:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:, as well as
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:animal shells
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:". Fading of
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1815:South America
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:In 1532, the
1630:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Quipucamayocs
1609:
1607:
1606:quipucamayocs
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:quipucamayocs
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:Quipucamayocs
1571:
1567:
1566:Tawantin Suyu
1563:
1562:khipu kamayuq
1559:
1558:Quipucamayocs
1552:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:pre-Columbian
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:, written by
1366:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:Literary uses
1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:number labels
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:Marcia Ascher
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:Alphasyllabic
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
981:
978:
975:
968:
965:
962:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
944:
939:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
870:
863:
862:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
841:
840:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
777:
773:Other systems
769:
768:
761:
758:
756:
755:Counting rods
753:
752:
748:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
699:
698:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
572:
566:
565:
559:
553:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:Sabine Hyland
466:
464:
463:proto-writing
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:glottographic
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
376:khipu kamayuq
374:
370:
369:Quipucamayocs
366:
362:
357:
352:
350:
349:quipucamayocs
346:
338:
334:
333:
328:
323:
316:
313:
310:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
265:
263:
260:
255:
254:Cusco Quechua
250:
244:
238:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
112:
107:
106:
97:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
62:
58:
54:
41:
35:
31:
26:
20:
6126:
6119:
6079:Mathematical
6006:West Country
5771:Halter hitch
5746:Dropper loop
5623:Marlinespike
5618:Lobster buoy
5593:Hitching tie
5588:Highwayman's
5395:Bimini twist
5296:Chain sinnet
5270:Trident loop
5250:Munter hitch
5225:Figure-eight
5112:Bottle sling
5079:True lover's
5014:Heaving line
4964:Basket weave
4832:
4815:Willka Raymi
4732:Inca cuisine
4669:Inca society
4536:. Retrieved
4525:
4474:
4471:Ethnohistory
4470:
4435:
4426:
4411:by removing
4398:
4368:. Retrieved
4364:the original
4357:
4336:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4295:
4287:the original
4255:
4230:
4227:Ethnohistory
4226:
4222:
4210:
4183:
4158:
4154:
4129:(1): 10–18.
4126:
4122:
4105:
4101:
4085:
4082:
4049:
4045:
3999:
3995:
3976:
3954:
3936:
3929:Cook, Gareth
3910:
3890:
3877:
3863:. Retrieved
3859:the original
3846:
3842:
3819:
3811:Bibliography
3798:. Retrieved
3791:the original
3753:
3749:
3743:
3732:. Retrieved
3728:the original
3718:
3710:
3707:
3674:(1): 10–18.
3671:
3667:
3661:
3653:the original
3648:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3564:the original
3554:
3546:the original
3536:
3528:the original
3518:
3510:the original
3500:
3486:
3475:. Retrieved
3471:the original
3461:
3449:
3444:. pp. 41–44.
3437:
3431:Salomon 2004
3426:
3417:
3366:
3361:
3345:
3336:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3296:
3272:
3265:
3241:
3234:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3209:
3200:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3026:
3019:
3011:the original
3001:
2992:
2969:
2960:
2950:
2941:
2931:
2904:
2898:
2889:
2859:
2856:Ethnohistory
2855:
2849:
2840:
2830:
2818:
2796:(1): 11–23.
2793:
2789:
2783:
2759:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2705:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2660:
2648:
2639:
2628:
2619:
2613:. Retrieved
2609:the original
2599:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:the original
2579:
2568:
2549:
2543:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2436:
2416:
2390:. Retrieved
2384:
2374:
2342:In the book
2320:
2307:
2297:
2284:
2273:
2267:
2246:
2242:
2239:archeologist
2230:
2225:Anthropology
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2179:infestations
2158:
2157:
2152:
2138:
2124:
2106:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2059:
2018:are made of
2015:
2014:
2011:Preservation
1996:
1994:
1977:Ate District
1800:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1657:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1624:
1616:Inca society
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:, and ran a
1589:
1584:, a form of
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1479:
1461:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1401:
1397:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1362:
1360:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1006:
967:Signed-digit
842:Contemporary
829:
709:Contemporary
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
488:
484:
477:
473:
467:
442:
430:
426:
424:
403:
396:phonological
391:
384:
379:
375:
368:
355:
353:
344:
342:
330:
327:quipucamayoc
326:
305:
301:
290:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:
240:(pronounced
231:
230:
209:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
167:
159:
157:
151:
147:
134:
122:
120:
110:
109:
104:
103:
102:
76:Wari culture
6194:WikiProject
6001:Sailmaker's
5910:Marlinspike
5568:Ground-line
5473:Anchor bend
5405:Fisherman's
5359:Turk's head
5319:Carrick mat
5122:Corned beef
5117:Constrictor
4989:Fisherman's
4800:Urcuchillay
4790:Pacha Kamaq
4775:Manco Cápac
4645:Ransom Room
4615:Inca Empire
4589:Inca Empire
4538:January 22,
4326:(6): 13–24.
4320:Archaeology
4219:Urton, Gary
4161:(1): 1–27.
4017:10023/12326
3843:Archaeology
3145:(1): 62–88.
2987:Locke, 1912
2862:(1): 1–23.
2247:proto-quipu
2245:or perhaps
2134:ultraviolet
2109:temperature
2104:practices.
2064:magistrates
2058:strings of
1737:Pasa Qullqa
1625:yachay wasi
1504:Pacha Kamaq
1484:Blas Valera
1429:data system
1145:Akṣarapallī
1115:Tally marks
1014:Non-integer
400:logographic
226:Polynesians
183: 1100
176:Inca Empire
131:Inca people
38:Time period
6222:Categories
5996:Portuguese
5821:Tom fool's
5548:Falconer's
5488:Bale sling
5344:Friendship
5311:Decorative
5301:Sheepshank
4944:Adjustable
4770:Mama Killa
4765:Coricancha
4717:Warachikuy
4370:2016-03-31
4039:Web access
3865:2005-10-21
3800:2009-12-24
3734:2005-10-21
3477:2007-06-15
3454:Urton 2003
3355:0822333902
3301:Urton 2003
2823:Urton 2003
2747:. pp. 1–2.
2745:Urton 2003
2733:Urton 2003
2722:required.)
2640:Wikisource
2615:2021-06-04
2590:2021-06-04
2392:January 8,
2362:References
2232:Ruth Shady
2198:fungicides
2175:Fumigation
2169:and their
1917:Leimebamba
1875:Pachacamac
1788:Gary Urton
1620:historians
1578:arithmetic
1539:See also:
1390:Gary Urton
1182:Glagolitic
1155:Kaṭapayādi
1123:Alphabetic
1027:Asymmetric
869:radix/base
810:Cistercian
795:Babylonian
742:Vietnamese
597:Devanagari
482:epistolary
433:are not a
412:oral texts
388:Gary Urton
309:Gary Urton
246:, plural:
48: – c.
6258:Recording
5968:Stevedore
5866:Hangman's
5786:Jury mast
5673:Trucker's
5663:Taut-line
5583:Highpoint
5523:Cat's paw
5503:Blackwall
5377:(angling)
5245:Klemheist
5185:Autoblock
5064:Surgeon's
4810:Viracocha
4795:Pariacaca
4722:Inca army
4605:Sapa Inca
4413:excessive
4304:0037-9816
4175:224799182
4114:1463-1725
4074:161544309
4066:0093-8157
4034:164759609
4026:0011-3204
3955:The Incas
3945:1059-1028
3855:0003-8113
3778:161448364
3192:161645381
3184:2224-6428
2635:新唐書/卷216上
2535:161448364
2367:Footnotes
2305:The book
2048:cellulose
2001:Rapazians
1829:Location
1733:Kaha Wayi
1727:, keep a
1560:(Quechua
1464:, titled
1445:cluster.
1410:Puruchuco
1371:in 1615,
1325:Puruchuco
1150:Āryabhaṭa
1095:Kharosthi
987:factorial
954:Bijective
855:(Iñupiaq)
685:Sundanese
680:Mongolian
627:Malayalam
459:ideograms
266:Etymology
249:khipukuna
6248:Numerals
6183:Category
6144:Splicing
6134:Ropework
6121:Mizuhiki
6073:friction
6059:Bindings
5978:Whipping
5963:Overhand
5915:Rat-tail
5893:splicing
5846:Zeppelin
5791:Overhand
5776:Handcuff
5696:Angler's
5648:Sailor's
5518:Buntline
5483:Bachmann
5415:Knotless
5190:Bachmann
5177:Climbing
5157:Strangle
5147:Packer's
5142:Miller's
5089:Zeppelin
5044:Shoelace
5019:Hunter's
4954:Ashley's
4532:Archived
4527:NBC News
4274:50323023
4202:54929904
3770:16099962
3589:(1948).
3400:. p. 41.
3093:40704823
3085:16099983
2942:Discover
2810:26403946
2527:16099962
2236:Peruvian
2202:solvents
2149:alkaline
2130:Textiles
2113:humidity
2098:archives
2076:mordants
1921:Amazonas
1586:taxation
1443:Pleiades
1329:ZIP code
1177:Georgian
1167:Cyrillic
1135:Armenian
1090:Etruscan
1085:Egyptian
993:Negative
853:Kaktovik
848:Cherokee
825:Pentadic
749:Historic
732:Japanese
665:Javanese
655:Balinese
642:Dzongkha
607:Gurmukhi
602:Gujarati
540:a series
538:Part of
455:numerals
439:phonetic
289:, while
222:Japanese
218:Tibetans
59:Central
6207:Commons
6149:Seizing
6139:Lashing
6128:Norigae
6115:Macramé
6105:History
6100:Density
6071: (
6069:Hitches
5935:Stopper
5889:Splices
5879:Tarbuck
5856:Running
5826:Trident
5736:Diamond
5726:Cossack
5711:Bowline
5653:Snuggle
5608:Killick
5508:Blake's
5460:Hitches
5435:Trilene
5425:Palomar
5334:Diamond
5167:Transom
5137:Jamming
5099:Binding
5034:Racking
5009:Harness
5004:Halyard
4994:Flemish
4979:Carrick
4925:By type
4805:Vichama
4712:Panakas
4697:Chasqui
4597:History
4544:– MSNBC
4407:Please
4399:use of
4143:3179387
4093:2887018
3987:1446690
3750:Science
3688:3179387
3456:. p. 2.
3367:Quipus:
3303:. p. 3.
3065:Bibcode
3057:Science
2735:. p. 1.
2701:"quipu"
2621:Stroh'.
2507:Science
2167:insects
2102:textile
2094:Museums
2056:knotted
2040:guanaco
1866:Germany
1847:Germany
1832:Quipus
1572:knots.
1530:History
1488:mestizo
1406:toponym
1385:Science
1080:Chuvash
998:Complex
788:Ancient
780:History
727:Hokkien
715:Chinese
660:Burmese
650:Tibetan
637:Kannada
617:Sinhala
592:Bengali
527:cords.
373:Quechua
317:Purpose
311:, 2003.
127:camelid
6198:
6187:
6176:
6156:Sennit
5986:Common
5948:Button
5858:(slip)
5756:Fiador
5716:Bumper
5678:Tumble
5668:Timber
5628:Munter
5598:Icicle
5578:Halter
5538:Distel
5498:Becket
5493:Barrel
5339:Fiador
5289:shanks
5265:Prusik
5127:Granny
5049:Shroud
4838:Yupana
4687:Amauta
4491:483319
4489:
4302:
4272:
4262:
4247:483319
4245:
4223:Khipus
4200:
4190:
4173:
4141:
4112:
4091:
4072:
4064:
4032:
4024:
3985:
3962:
3943:
3917:
3898:
3853:
3826:
3776:
3768:
3686:
3626:22 May
3599:486224
3597:
3353:
3284:
3253:
3215:22 May
3190:
3182:
3091:
3083:
3038:
2921:
2911:
2808:
2771:
2685:quipus
2675:
2556:
2533:
2525:
2424:
2330:Teekyu
2218:quipus
2213:quipus
2209:quipus
2171:larvae
2159:Quipus
2153:quipus
2090:Quipus
2080:Quipus
2060:quipus
2054:. The
2052:cotton
2044:vicuña
2032:alpaca
2020:fibers
2016:Quipus
1862:Munich
1843:Berlin
1807:Europe
1757:quipus
1713:quipus
1709:quipus
1696:quipus
1641:quipus
1602:census
1588:. The
1553:(1888)
1518:, and
1512:quipus
1508:quipus
1500:quipus
1492:quipus
1472:folios
1462:quipus
1458:Jesuit
1425:quipus
1412:(near
1377:quipus
1350:are a
1348:quipus
1306:quipus
1258:; and
1248:quipus
1244:quipus
1192:Hebrew
1162:Coptic
1075:Brahmi
1060:Aegean
1017:
1001:
983:
970:
957:
820:Muisca
760:Tangut
737:Korean
720:Suzhou
632:Telugu
517:ayllus
509:quipus
505:quipus
497:quipus
489:quipus
485:quipus
478:quipus
474:quipu,
443:quipus
431:quipus
427:quipus
404:quipus
392:quipus
356:quipus
345:quipus
337:yupana
224:, and
139:census
81:Aymara
56:Region
6238:Knots
6054:Bends
5891:&
5781:Honda
5658:Swing
5633:Ossel
5613:Knute
5563:Garda
5528:Clove
5445:Turle
5430:Snell
5400:Blood
5390:Arbor
5287:&
5285:Coils
5255:Noose
5162:Thief
5084:Water
5039:Sheet
4999:Grief
4974:Blood
4936:Bends
4891:Bight
4880:Knots
4833:Quipu
4785:Supay
4707:Ñusta
4702:Mitma
4692:Ayllu
4682:Aclla
4517:– BBC
4487:JSTOR
4243:JSTOR
4171:S2CID
4139:JSTOR
4102:khipu
4070:S2CID
4030:S2CID
3937:Wired
3849:(6).
3794:(PDF)
3787:(PDF)
3774:S2CID
3684:JSTOR
3315:. In
3188:S2CID
3089:S2CID
2919:JSTOR
2806:JSTOR
2716:
2653:Quipu
2531:S2CID
2274:quipu
2251:Caral
2243:quipu
2194:Quipu
2183:paper
2125:quipu
2117:light
2068:color
2050:like
2036:llama
2030:from
1997:quipu
1879:near
1811:North
1796:quipu
1781:quipu
1741:quipu
1729:quipu
1678:quipu
1673:quipu
1653:quipu
1594:labor
1570:quipu
1551:quipu
1480:quipu
1476:Latin
1439:quipu
1418:quipu
1402:quipu
1398:quipu
1336:quipu
1314:quipu
1284:quipu
1273:knot.
1256:turns
1187:Greek
1172:Geʽez
1130:Abjad
1110:Roman
1070:Aztec
1065:Attic
980:Mixed
938:table
830:Quipu
815:Mayan
670:Khmer
622:Tamil
525:quipu
521:quipu
513:quipu
416:quiru
291:khipu
283:Quipu
279:khipu
275:quipu
271:Quipu
237:Khipu
232:Quipu
210:quipu
203:quipu
199:quipu
195:quipu
191:quipu
168:Quipu
160:quipu
152:quipu
148:quipu
135:quipu
133:used
123:quipu
116:Andes
111:khipu
105:Quipu
61:Andes
22:Quipu
5811:Span
5688:Loop
5643:Pipe
5638:Pile
5573:Half
5513:Boom
5478:Axle
5420:Nail
5195:Beer
5152:Reef
5024:Nail
4969:Beer
4901:Turn
4896:Loop
4780:Inti
4540:2018
4300:ISSN
4270:OCLC
4260:ISBN
4198:OCLC
4188:ISBN
4110:ISSN
4089:OCLC
4062:ISSN
4022:ISSN
3983:OCLC
3960:ISBN
3941:ISSN
3915:ISBN
3896:ISBN
3851:ISSN
3824:ISBN
3766:PMID
3628:2019
3595:OCLC
3351:ISBN
3282:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3217:2019
3180:ISSN
3081:PMID
3036:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2769:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2523:PMID
2422:ISBN
2394:2016
2278:Dora
2255:arid
2234:, a
2163:mold
2145:acid
2121:HVAC
2115:and
2074:and
2072:dyes
2028:hair
2024:wool
1985:Peru
1981:Lima
1964:Peru
1945:Peru
1941:Lima
1925:Peru
1904:Peru
1900:Lima
1885:Peru
1881:Lima
1851:298
1813:and
1692:Peru
1686:and
1671:The
1582:mita
1496:Peru
1486:, a
1414:Lima
1277:Zero
835:Rumi
690:Thai
612:Odia
461:and
343:The
277:and
259:kipu
146:. A
86:Inca
5905:Fid
5900:Eye
5533:Cow
5450:Uni
5107:Boa
4760:Apu
4479:doi
4415:or
4341:doi
4235:doi
4225:".
4163:doi
4131:doi
4054:doi
4012:hdl
4004:doi
3758:doi
3754:309
3676:doi
3278:113
3170:doi
3116:doi
3073:doi
3061:309
2864:doi
2798:doi
2515:doi
2511:309
2346:by
2335:In
2312:by
2299:See
2289:by
2147:or
2042:or
2026:or
1989:23
1968:25
1960:Ica
1949:26
1929:32
1908:35
1889:35
1809:to
867:By
675:Lao
493:ply
453:or
398:or
329:in
6224::
4524:.
4485:.
4475:45
4473:.
4356:.
4337:14
4335:.
4324:49
4322:.
4268:.
4241:.
4231:45
4229:.
4196:.
4169:.
4159:42
4157:.
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4127:18
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4087:.
4068:.
4060:.
4050:36
4048:.
4028:.
4020:.
4010:.
4000:58
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3935:.
3847:58
3845:.
3841:.
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3764:.
3752:.
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3647:.
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3607:^
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3280:.
3249:.
3247:69
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3186:.
3178:.
3166:16
3160:.
3141:.
3137:.
3112:29
3110:.
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3079:.
3071:.
3059:.
3034:.
3032:84
2978:^
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2940:.
2917:.
2888:.
2876:^
2860:65
2858:.
2839:.
2804:.
2794:37
2792:.
2767:.
2765:80
2704:.
2681:.
2618:.
2578:.
2529:.
2521:.
2509:.
2488:^
2460:.
2445:^
2402:^
2383:.
2141:pH
2111:,
2096:,
2078:.
2038:,
2034:,
1983:,
1979:,
1962:,
1943:,
1923:,
1919:,
1902:,
1883:,
1864:,
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