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though David already has many wives, he asks a man to divorce his only wife because David wants her for himself. Disapproving David's selfishness, God sends two brothers, one with ninety-nine ewes, the other with only one, to David. He is asked to decide whether it is fair for the brother with ninety-nine ewes to take the only ewe of his brother, a clear parallel to David taking another man's only wife. As David tells the men that it is wrong for the one with many ewes to take the only ewe of his brother, he realizes the error of his ways, referencing his relations with
1033:, a German Quranic scholar, terms these “retribution legends” (McAuliffe, 105). They “prove that divine justice is at work in history, the unjustly harassed being rewarded with salvation, the transgressors and unbelievers punished by annihilation” (McAuliffe, 106). Through regular reference to biblical characters and a self-assertive tone praising both Muhammad and God, the reader can attribute this
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1045:. The wide scope of historical figures—ranging from Old Testament characters such as David, Solomon, and Job, to the devil of Islam, Iblis—were designed to resonate with a wide audience in the face of the disbelief among the Quaryash, Muhammad's clan; as Ernst poignantly states, Muhammad was likely dealing with “religiously well-informed skeptics”. Like many contemporary passages,
36:
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supports the authenticity of his revelations from God as uninfluenced by any knowledge he could have gained from texts of the time. Muhummad's biblical references could have been common knowledge, but their broad range and sufficient clarity point to an omnipotent source greater than
Muhummad alone, a role that God fits.
1202:
through verse 54, in which rich words like “bliss” and “abundant” are used. Such enticing information becomes particularly important when contrasted with a long description of Hell, lasting from verses 55–64, which includes a bone-chilling description of what hell tastes like: “a scalding, dark, foul
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38 can first be divided into three primary sections: the first from verses 1–11; the second, 12–64; the third, 66–88. The first and third sections, similar in length, remind the reader of the power of God and the Qur'an by describing destruction and hell, the third section going so far as to describe
1130:
Patience (Verse 17): Muhammad is told to 'bear their words patiently' (Q38.17) by God, “they” referring to the
Quraysh, given the historical context of their disbelief. This marks the transition from generalizations about the disbelieving peoples of the past to stories of specific messengers.This is
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38: Solomon is more devoted to his horses than to God, and misses prayer sessions while indulging in the hoofed creatures’ company. He justifies his obsession, saying, “My love of fine things is part of my remembering my Lord!” God knows this is not true, is displeased with the king and “ him to a
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The crowds to whom
Muhammad spoke likely already knew the story of David. According to the Bible, the story of David and the Two Litigants was a test of God. The Qur'anic version of the story differs slightly from the biblical version, but the ultimate message is the same. In the Muslim tradition,
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Like the Qur'an does of David, Solomon's positive attributes are emphasized, even though he too “yielded to certain temptations on the road to faith” (Tottoli, 35). However, Solomon was granted even greater powers by God than his father was. A particularly miraculous one was his over the wind, so
1111:
Verse 8: the nonbelievers do not try to understand warnings: they blatantly “doubt” (Q38:8). God warns that they “have not tasted My torment yet” (Q38.8). He tells
Muhammad to “bear their words patiently” (Q38.17), given the historical context of disbelief among the Quaryash. verse 17 recounts
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confirms that this is indeed its central message: supposedly, Muhammad was struggling with rejection from his tribe, the
Quraysh, so God sent this revelation to support and encourage him. As entrance to heaven is the final goal of Islam, nothing could serve as better inspiration to Muhammad to
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of the 2nd Meccan Period often reference biblical characters as
Muhammad tried to convert the Judeo-Christian population to Islam by finding common ground between their faiths. Though there is no evidence to prove this, it is believed that Muhummad was illiterate. Muhummad's inability to read
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that he could travel over his immense territory quickly. Solomon could speak to animals and was commander over a rank of jinn, or invisible spirits. The Torah even claims that God made
Solomon so wise that kings from all over the land traveled to hear him speak. (2 Chronicles 9:14).
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However, there is a more interesting explanation for the creation of Satan. He exists to tempt us, and prove our true devotion to God. God warns humans that Satan will tempt them, lead them astray; and this test for the believer must be passed with the most strict devotion to God.
1085:, God concisely tells Muhammad to “Remember Our servants Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, all men of strength and vision. We caused them to be devoted to Us…with Us they will be among the elect, the truly good…This is a lesson” (Q38:45-49). The historical context of the
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fluid” (Q38.58). The Qur'an describes this Day of
Judgment with increasingly vivid descriptions as Islam develops. This one is particularly scaring, arresting multiple senses and capturing the reader in a dark, seemingly inescapable cloud of perpetual agony.
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mere skeleton on his throne” as punishment. Eventually
Solomon realizes that God has been testing him. According to Muslim legend, Solomon slaughters all his horses to prove his devotion to God, and God forgives him, granting him great power over the earth.
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One does not have to be a prophet to have a fruitful afterlife. Through verse 49, the Qur'an repeats that the reward for devout followers “will be nearness to Us, and a good place to return to” (Q38.49). The reader is called by descriptions of
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when dealing with "liars and hypocrites" because the status of the "people of falsehood" is different to Allah than the status of the "people of truth", hence he cites the following verse from Surah Sad in support of
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1267:’ rejection from heaven and God’s generous compromise with him, giving him “respite till the Appointed Day”, when God will then “fill Hell with you and all those that follow you” (Q38.80-85).
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In verse 63, God repeats to
Muhammad that he must warn the masses against this Day of Reckoning, that God will forgive those who seek forgiveness but only if they heed the Prophet's warnings.
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suggests that God will forgive a believer if his faith is strong and true and he repents for his misdeeds. We, too, can be saved by God and given a place in heaven on the Day of Judgment.
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The larger center section (12-64) gives examples of biblical figures like David, Solomon, and Job to Muhammad as Messengers who also faced adversity. In the middle portion of the
1388:
Neuwirth, Angelika. "Structural, Linguistic, and Literary Features." The Cambridge Companion to the Qurʼān. Ed. Jane McAuliffe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2006. 97-111. Print.
1302:. This faith is exemplified by the emphasis on forgiveness for all, although the reader can have no doubt about God's wrath on the disbeliever and His Absolute Power over all.
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The Sura ends with three short verses maintaining the holiness and validity of the Qur’an, just as it begins with a verse saying “By the Qur’an with its reminding” (Q38.1).
1397:
Ernst, Carl W., How to Read the Qur'an: A New Guide, with Select Translations. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2011. Ebook Library. Web. 24 Sep. 2013.
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38 is unique in the number of concrete examples it gives of biblical figures who have served God. Though Muhammad faces adversity among his own people, the tone of this
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persevere in the face of adversity. Nevertheless, one must keep in mind that as Islam gained followers and adapted to continue its growth, the clear divisions within
1239:. Of these only the story of Job is elaborated on, providing a third major example of overcoming “adversity” (Q 38:44) to become a noteworthy messenger of the past.
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1180:, son of David, as a devoted Messenger who realizes the error of his ways and is forgiven by God. With further research, one uncovers the story referred to in
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38 attempts to convert the reader to a monotheistic religion honoring Muhammad as Prophet by promising salvation for true believers on the Day of Judgment.
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Or should we treat those who believe and do righteous deeds like corrupters in the land? Or should We treat those who fear Allah like the wicked?" (38:28)
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blur and texts slowly become lengthier and more expansive works; the reader cannot always find three, let alone two, clear-cut sections. Even within
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role as Prophet through concrete examples of previous messengers of God and the evils that have befallen the people who did not heed sacred messages.
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1415:
Donner, Fred M. “The historical context.” The Cambridge Companion to the Qurʼān. Ed. Jane McAuliffe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2006. Print.
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as he errs during a test God gives him, but quickly “fell down on his knees, and repented” (Q38.24). Unlike those of the early Meccan Period,
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38, the subject and tone can shift every few verses from general descriptions of heaven and hell to short examples of specific prophets.
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can make what seems like an elliptical compilation of sentences far more comprehensible. Symmetrical structure, also known as
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Transition from general warnings to exemplar People of the Book and, later, a description of the Day of Judgment and hell.
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Tottoli, Roberto. Biblical Prophets in the Qur'an and Muslim Literature. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013. 30-32. Print.
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760:. It recounts stories of previous prophets, describes the splendors of heaven, and warns of the monstrosities of hell.
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38 become more specific, both in examples of previous prophets and their stories. For example: verses 17-26 chronicle
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can be divided into three sections by content and style- a tripartite division. Examination of the structure of a
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38, God speaks of entire civilizations wiped out because they did not believe (e.g. Q:38 10–17). However, the
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The surah opens with comments made by nonbelievers confused by the Prophet’s portents.
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Iblís declares to God he will seduce mankind, except the servants of God
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Idolaters and their leaders shall mutually reproach each other in hell
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God declares his purpose to fill hell with Satan and his followers
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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The Quran an admonition yet to be vindicated before unbelievers
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The Divine unity is denied by the infidels as a marvellous error
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Regarding the timing and contextual background of the believed
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They wonder at their warner, and call him a sorcerer and a liar
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Kufic fragment of Sura Sad, lines 62–64, late 9th century C.E.
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the creation of evil: the fall of Iblis, who becomes Satan.
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God curses Iblīs, but respites him till the resurrection-day
1482:(Volume 8 ed.). NY: Islamic Seminary Incorporated.
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The wind and the devils are made subject to Solomon
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915:God discovers fountains of water for his comfort
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1116:12-64 Transition to the Day of Judgment and hell
923:He chastises his wife in fulfilment of his oath
799:Unbelievers are addicted to pride and contention
752:According to the traditional Islamic narrative,
1320:
1112:stories of specific messengers to the Prophet.
849:Mountains and birds joined him in praising God
805:They are unmoved by the fate of former infidels
1527:The Holy Qur'an (Maulana Muhammad Ali)/38. Sad
1368:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co.
911:He cries to God in his calamity against Satan
835:Judgment impending over the scoffers of Makkah
829:Former bands of confederate infidels destroyed
745:) is the name of the eighteenth letter in the
1548:
1251:66-88 The holiness and validity of the Qur’an
933:Other prophets commended as examples of piety
893:He slays the horses to atone for his neglect
889:Reviewing his horses, he forgets his prayers
670:
8:
963:Muhammad enjoined to preach against idolatry
919:His family and property restored him double
100:
88:
47:texts from within a religion or faith system
983:Iblīs refuses to worship Adam through pride
1555:
1541:
1533:
1135:17-26 Story of David and the Two Litigants
853:He is endowed with a kingdom, wisdom etc.
677:
663:
234:
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1478:al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb (2015).
1007:Muhammad asks no reward for his services
867:David repents his fault and is forgiven
1332:
1037:to the 2nd Meccan Period, according to
237:
87:
1509:, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
1450:, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
1438:, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
957:They shall not find the Muslims there
7:
871:He is exhorted to judge righteously
858:He is rebuked by the two adversaries
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1366:, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes
1102:1-11 comments made by nonbelievers
897:The trial of the counterfeit body
25:
1520:
1370:
34:
939:Paradise, its glories described
823:The confederates are challenged
1259:71-85: Story of Iblis and Hell
885:He is a devout servant of God
875:He receives the Book of Psalms
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1:
969:The story of the creation of
945:Hell, its miseries delineated
54:that critically analyze them.
1061:Most Middle and Late Meccan
1176:The Qur'an also references
927:He is patient and prayerful
710:
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1211:This Sura also references
1193:55-64: The Day of Judgment
27:38th chapter of the Qur'an
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1207:Other Biblical characters
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718:") is the 38th chapter (
1516:Clear Quran translation
1345:The Manchester Guardian
1172:30-40: Story of Solomon
845:He was a true believer
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1139:The tone and style of
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2278:Chapters in the Quran
1564:Chapters of the Quran
1358:Wherry, Elwood Morris
1160:, the former wife of
1053:General divisions of
773:), it is an earlier "
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303:Birmingham manuscript
288:Samarkand Kufic Quran
50:without referring to
1362:A Complete Index to
1039:Noldeke's chronology
977:revealed to Muhammad
58:improve this article
1243:63 Day of Reckoning
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1018:Historical context
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557:Biblical parallels
298:Topkapi manuscript
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1525:Works related to
1347:, 24 January 1956
1341:UNCHANGEABLE WORD
1162:Uriah the Hittite
1031:Angelika Neuwirth
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775:Meccan surah
768:
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697:
696:
651:Islam portal
540:Hermeneutics
493:Translations
356:
144:English text
103:
72:
63:
56:Please help
44:
1425:2 Samuel 12
1364:Sale's Text
1275:Forgiveness
1166:2 Samuel 12
1131:very true.
1126:17 Patience
545:Esotericism
423:Eschatology
282:Manuscripts
276:Historicity
126:Arabic text
66:August 2020
2272:Categories
1406:Ernst, 12.
1327:References
1027:Muhammad's
765:revelation
633:Shi’a view
550:Abrogation
358:Muqatta'at
135:Audio file
92:38 of the
2234:Four Quls
1290:However,
1158:Bathsheba
737:(38:24).
722:) of the
618:Criticism
598:Inerrancy
511:Ahmadiyya
316:Divisions
1513:Quran 38
1360:(1896).
1306:Exegesis
730:) and 1
646:Category
628:Quranism
527:Exegesis
411:Parables
406:Miracles
379:Prophets
225:Quran 39
220:Quran 37
163:Position
18:Quran 38
2288:Solomon
2224:Medinan
2131:101–114
1480:Al-Kafi
1233:Ishmael
1221:Abraham
1178:Solomon
880:Solomon
791:Summary
758:Quraysh
611:Related
506:English
479:Qira'at
467:Tarteel
442:Reading
418:Science
401:Legends
394:Animals
372:Content
338:Medinan
249:History
207:Sajdahs
107:
2257:Seerah
2252:Tafsir
2247:Hadith
2219:Meccan
2020:81–100
1507:Q38:33
1486:
1448:Q38:34
1436:Q38:32
1315:Taqiya
1237:Elijah
1235:, and
1200:heaven
732:sajdah
724:Qur'an
702:Arabic
462:Tajwid
333:Meccan
179:verses
157:Meccan
2293:David
2283:Satan
2212:Types
1909:61–80
1798:41–60
1687:21–40
1318:this:
1300:Suras
1265:Iblis
1229:Jacob
1225:Isaac
1149:suras
1145:David
1092:suras
1063:suras
1011:87-88
993:83-84
987:78-82
981:75-77
975:Iblis
967:69-74
961:65-68
955:62-64
949:59-61
943:55-58
937:49-55
931:45-48
925:43-44
899:35-39
895:33-34
887:30-31
869:25-27
855:20-23
847:17-18
840:David
833:14-15
827:10-13
720:sūrah
593:I'jaz
474:Ahruf
450:Qāriʾ
389:Women
323:Surah
239:Quran
193:Rukus
94:Quran
90:Surah
45:uses
1576:1–20
1568:List
1484:ISBN
1296:Sura
1292:Sura
1285:Sura
1281:Sura
1213:Noah
1182:Sura
1141:Sura
1096:Sura
1087:sura
1083:sura
1075:Sura
1067:sura
1055:sura
1047:Sura
1035:sura
1023:Sura
971:Adam
780:sura
754:Saad
728:āyāt
535:List
501:List
455:Hifz
352:Juz'
347:Āyah
328:List
257:Waḥy
167:Juzʼ
2203:114
2198:113
2193:112
2188:111
2183:110
2178:109
2173:108
2168:107
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2143:102
2138:101
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1217:Job
906:Job
861:23
821:7-9
815:4-6
739:Sad
716:Sad
711:Ṣād
698:Sad
428:God
205:of
203:No.
191:of
189:No.
177:of
175:No.
115:Sad
111:Ṣād
2274::
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2011:80
2006:79
2001:78
1996:77
1991:76
1986:75
1981:74
1976:73
1971:72
1966:71
1961:70
1956:69
1951:68
1946:67
1941:66
1936:65
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1343:,
1231:,
1227:,
1223:,
1219:,
1215:,
1168:.
1057:38
1005:86
999:85
921:43
917:42
913:41
909:40
891:32
883:29
873:28
865:24
851:19
843:16
749:.
708:,
704::
183:88
169:23
1623:9
1618:8
1613:7
1608:6
1603:5
1598:4
1593:3
1588:2
1583:1
1570:)
1566:(
1556:e
1549:t
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1492:.
1379:.
863:۩
809:3
803:2
797:1
767:(
743:ص
741:(
735:۩
706:ص
700:(
678:e
671:t
664:v
211:1
197:5
104:ص
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
20:)
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