746:
949:
51:
618:
1091:
1053:
536:
the suitable design for a range scale in yards able to accommodate a choice of propelling charges. The first was solved by use of a "cut-off gear" that allowed 40 in (1.0 m) of recoil when the barrel was horizontal but only 20 in (0.51 m) when it was at 45 degrees of elevation. The second led to the range scale being designed for charge four and a "range rule" provided to convert the actual range for other charges to a false range set on the charge four scale.
1100:
1073:
1061:
fuzed. In 1914 the ammunition scale for 4.5-inch howitzers was 70% shrapnel and 30% HE. New types of shell were introduced during the First World War. These were chemical at the end of 1915, incendiary shells in 1916 and smoke shells in 1917. Smoke shells were phosphorus filled with both steel and cast iron bodies. A new streamlined shell (HE Mk 1D) was also introduced to increase maximum range from 6,000 metres (6,600 yd) of the older three CRH (
1130:
1082:
856:
864:
456:, the commander-in-chief in South Africa, to send home artillery brigade and battery commanders "selected for their eminence and experience" to form an equipment committee. The committee was chaired by General Sir George Marshall, who had been artillery commander in South Africa. It formed in January 1901 with wide-ranging terms of reference concerning artillery equipment from guns and howitzers to harness design and instruments.
939:
571:
utilized 9.00 X 16 tyres. The Mk 1PA was the
American Martin-Parry (Buquor) conversion in which "drop down" stub axles were fitted, secured by means of sleeves fitted over the ends of the original axles. These had larger 7.50 X 24 tyres. The No. 26 artillery trailer was similarly converted. Unlike most other guns and howitzers in British service, calibrating Probert sights were not fitted to the 4.5-inch howitzer.
567:(used for the angle of sight). The Number 7 dial sight was a modified version of the German Goertz panoramic sight. The only changes to the ordnance, creating the Mark II in 1917, had a reduced twist in the rifling (from 1:15 to 1:20) and changes to correct design defects in the breech to reduce the effect of firing stresses.
753:
4.5-inch howitzers equipped some batteries of the
British Expeditionary Force in France in 1940. Ninety-six were lost, leaving 403 in worldwide service (only 82 outside UK) with the British Army, plus those held by Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. The British holdings were expected to
562:
Originally fitted with rocking bar open sights including a deflection scale and a strip elevation, by 1914 the Number 7 dial sight in
Carrier Number 7 Dial Sight Number 1 had been introduced. This carrier was reciprocating (i.e. it could be cross-levelled), it had an integral elevation scale drum and
648:
in the summer of 1916, its role on the
Western Front was defined in January 1917 as "neutralising guns with gas shell, for bombarding weaker defences, enfilading communications trenches, for barrage work, especially at night, and for wire cutting in such places which the field guns could not reach".
570:
From the 1920s the carriage was upgraded; first to Mk 1R (solid rubber tyres) then to Mks 1P or 1PA (new wheels, axles, brakes and pneumatic tyres) for vehicle towing. The Mk 1P was a
British conversion which involved cutting off the ends of the axle and fitting a new axle beneath the carriage which
535:
Apart from extensive experimentation with shell and rifling designs, two problems slowed development; both were howitzer-specific issues. The first was the need for an adjustable quick firing recoil system to prevent the breech striking the ground when fired at high elevation angles. The second was
1060:
The 4.5-in ammunition was separate loading, the shell and cartridge were loaded separately, with charge bags being removed from the cartridge as necessary. The full charge was charge five, i.e. the cartridge case had an irremovable charge (one) and four incremental bags. Shells were delivered
495:
in 1914 this brigade had three batteries each with six howitzers. Subsequent batteries had only four howitzers. In 1916 all batteries on the
Western Front began to be increased to six howitzers and later that year the howitzer brigades were disbanded and a howitzer battery added to each field
476:(a joint venture by several Coventry engineering companies). Testing in 1906 showed the Coventry design was by far the most satisfactory and a battery's worth were ordered for trials. In 1908, after trials, the 4.5-inch howitzer was recommended for service, albeit with a shortened barrel.
903:(CEP) sent to the Western Front, as part of the Portuguese effort in support to the Allies. In the CEP, the howitzer was designed to equip the fourth batteries of each of the field artillery battalions, the other three batteries in each battalion being equipped with
641:. In February 1917, divisional artilleries were consolidated into two field brigades each with three batteries (A, B, C) of 18-pounder guns and one battery (D) of 4.5-inch howitzers. The balance were formed into army field brigades with the same organisation.
384:
and equipped some 25% of the field artillery. It entered service in 1910 and remained in service through the interwar period and was last used in the field by
British forces in early 1942. It was generally horse drawn until mechanisation in the 1930s.
459:
The committee swiftly established requirements and invited proposals from
British gun makers. None were satisfactory, and all compared poorly with a captured Krupp 12 cm howitzer. A purchase of Krupp howitzers was discussed, including visits to
499:
The weapon remained in service during the inter-war period and was used in various campaigns. Apart from changes to ammunition the howitzer itself remained unchanged except for carriage modifications to enable mechanisation.
400:. Its calibre (114 mm) and hence shell weight were greater than those of the equivalent German field howitzer (105 mm); France did not have an equivalent. In the Second World War it equipped some units of the
812:, in late December 1941. The last operational use of 4.5 by the British Army was in early 1942 in Malaya. They were withdrawn from field formations in 1943 and declared obsolete in 1944 when ammunition stocks ran out.
824:
in 1941 included four 4.5-inch howitzers. In 1943–44, 20 additional 4.5-inch howitzers were received. Thirty-eight 4.5-inch howitzers, all on carriage Mk1PA, were used by the reserve FCA.
1800:"High-explosive shell manufacture; a comprehensive treatise". New York: Industrial Press, 1916. Ch. VII : Specifications and manufacturing method for British 4.5 inch howitzer shell.
441:
had particularly impressed the
British. The usefulness of field howitzers and the need for them to form part of an infantry division's artillery were reinforced by reports from the
2772:
409:
2767:
503:
During the Second World War they served with the
British Expeditionary Force in France and although many were lost they were the most widely available artillery piece until
1836:
1897:
627:
The QF 4.5 served throughout the Great War, principally with the Royal Field Artillery, beginning with 182 guns in 1914, with 3,177 more produced during the war.
2347:
1205:
397:
2777:
1142:
1134:
401:
883:
of 1941–1944. It was designated 114 H/18 in Finnish service. The Finns fitted a perforated cylindrical muzzle brake. Some of the guns were used in the
507:
production developed. They were used in the Middle East and Far East theatres as well as for training and were gradually replaced by the 25-pounder.
492:
1809:
1189:
926:
Four hundred 4.5-inch howitzers were supplied to Russia from 1916 to 1917. Of these, 54 were abandoned in Romania after Russia made peace with the
745:
1829:
1745:
1618:
555:
with both traverse and elevation controls and sights on the left. The recoil system was below the barrel and used a hydraulic buffer with a
2180:
405:
2693:
2527:
2276:
2060:
2050:
2034:
1984:
547:. The QF 4.5 fired a separate round (i.e. shell and cartridge were loaded separately). The barrel was of built-up type, with a horizontal
1374:
Farndale 1986, page 158, quoting from Artillery Notes No. 4 – Artillery in Offensive Operations issued by the War Office in January 1917
453:
2642:
2266:
2004:
1955:
1495:
820:
The 4.5-inch howitzer entered Irish service in 1925 to equip the newly formed 3rd Field Battery. Additional equipment received by the
464:. However, by 1905, the committee was sufficiently satisfied to recommend the production of trial equipments from ordnance factories,
1804:
1660:
930:
in 1918. They were put into service by the Romanian Army, equipping the howitzer regiments of the infantry divisions from 1918-1934.
730:
2340:
1762:
1730:
754:
increase to 561 by August 1940 due to the completion of reconditioning and repairs. The Germans designated captured British guns as
828:
656:
in June 1917, the gun was typically employed in "standing barrages" of HE on the enemy forward positions ahead of the 18-pounders'
1043:
Propellant charge: five parts, from 0.4 to 1 lb (0.18 to 0.45 kg) loaded into a 3.4 in (86 mm) long brass case
2787:
1822:
1182:
1109:
Mk I cartridge case showing arrangement of cordite rings around central core. One or more rings were removed for shorter ranges.
734:
2029:
749:
A New Zealand battery in the UK 6 July 1940. The gun carriage (Mk1PA) has the Martin-Parry conversion. The limber is unconverted
2627:
2762:
2668:
2261:
1925:
1062:
900:
899:
used the QF 4.5 in combat in the Western Front, during the First World War. The howitzer was received in 1917, to equip the
2558:
2113:
790:
786:
664:
2492:
2469:
2333:
1879:
1176:
689:
A section (two guns) of D Battery, 276 Brigade RFA held off a German counter-attack at Little Priel Farm, southeast of
679:
579:
By the outbreak of war in 1914, 192 guns had been produced, 39 being for Imperial forces, which was less than ordered.
28:
2673:
948:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2397:
2309:
2213:
1148:
480:
770:
2678:
2412:
2271:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2098:
2009:
1960:
1260:
904:
556:
617:
2782:
2703:
2507:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2070:
2024:
2019:
1860:
719:
667:, where 25,326,276 rounds had been fired by them, and over 230 howitzers were in Egypt, Russia and other fronts.
653:
1725:, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Western Front 1914–18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986.
793:
went with them to East Africa and South African batteries with 4.5-inch howitzers also fought in this campaign.
50:
2757:
2243:
2141:
1284:
1276:
1272:
694:
1687:"§§ QF 4.5in howitzer Anglais à Mons (Belgique) - Canons survivants de la Grande Guerre / WW1 surviving guns"
710:
for "most conspicuous bravery when in command of a section of howitzers" and saving the guns from the enemy.
2719:
2663:
2356:
2299:
1920:
1915:
1540:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery – The Years of Defeat 1939–41, Farndale, General Sir Martin, 1996
766:
580:
473:
389:
149:
139:
1090:
1052:
2647:
2622:
2502:
2464:
2459:
2438:
2407:
2402:
2314:
2304:
2203:
2156:
1874:
1686:
879:
against USSR of 1939–1940. Finland obtained 30 more from Spain in July 1940 and all guns were used in the
836:
726:
525:
504:
303:
281:
242:
1740:(Facsimile reprint by Naval & Military Press, 2005 ed.). Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution.
551:
breech. A limited traverse saddle supported the elevating mass and a shield. It was designed for one-man
2607:
2433:
2428:
2387:
2377:
2281:
2190:
2131:
1280:
683:
532:(sealing of the chamber). This howitzer was the largest calibre of British QF field artillery ordnance.
488:
264:
1587:
599:
produced some carriages. Total wartime production was 3,384 guns (i.e. barrels) and 3,437 carriages.
520:
QF stands for "quick firing", a British term for ordnance that fires ammunition with a metal (usually
2532:
2522:
2512:
2198:
2151:
2146:
2055:
2014:
1994:
1889:
1869:
1757:& L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972.
1458:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery – Between the Wars 1919–39, Hughes, Major General BP, 1992
1171:
805:
698:
596:
548:
540:
446:
433:
was being overtaken by the more modern "quick firing" guns and howitzers of other major powers. The
269:
1099:
2228:
2075:
2065:
1773:
The Third Afghan War 1919 – Official Account, 1926. General Staff Branch, Army Headquarters, India.
1072:
657:
645:
638:
465:
1814:
1436:
2637:
2586:
2537:
2325:
1989:
1940:
1441:
1215:
1000:
Recoil: 43.5 in (1,100 mm) at 0° elevation, 15.2 in (390 mm) at 45° elevation
868:
671:
442:
381:
246:
236:
1738:
The History of the Royal Artillery from the Indian Mutiny to the Great War. Vol. II (1899–1914)
2497:
2392:
2382:
2253:
2238:
1999:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1758:
1741:
1726:
1614:
1501:
1491:
1248:
796:
In the Far East in 1941, 4.5-inch howitzers equipped some British and Australian batteries in
484:
1405:
Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War : 1914-1920
827:
The QF 4.5 survived in use with the Irish Army until the 1960s. They were fired by the FCA (
2632:
2581:
2233:
2175:
1129:
1031:
1024:
880:
809:
124:
1081:
970:
Weight: 972 lb (441 kg) (Mk1), 1,021 lb (463 kg) (Mk2) including breech
855:
722:
shortly before the armistice on the Western Front and remained there through much of 1919.
2576:
2568:
2517:
2454:
2123:
1976:
1907:
1722:
1664:
1266:
1193:
896:
863:
782:
588:
430:
426:
377:
333:
161:
120:
1799:
1635:
496:
brigade of the RFA as the fourth battery. This organisation continued between the wars.
1716:
1845:
1776:
Operations in Waziristan 1919–20, 1923. General Staff Branch, Army Headquarters, India.
1155:
938:
927:
844:
832:
797:
707:
702:
393:
99:
95:
1403:
2751:
2617:
2612:
2553:
2136:
1575:
1467:
The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account, General Staff Branch, Army HQ India, 1926
774:
584:
450:
153:
1613:] (in Romanian). Editura Centrului Tehnic-Editorial al Armatei. pp. 50–51.
1037:"Shell star" Mk 3 – star unit and parachute with 'Fuze, Time and Percussion No. 221'
17:
2363:
2085:
1164:
564:
544:
323:
296:
479:
The 4.5-inch howitzer was used on most fronts during the First World War. On the
1594:. Vol. X, The Supply of Munitions. H.M. Stationery Office. 1922. p. 69.
2291:
1852:
1754:
840:
670:
The 4.5-inch howitzers were also used by British batteries in the campaigns in
1768:
876:
821:
552:
529:
404:
in France and British, Australian, New Zealand and South African batteries in
313:
202:
1793:
Gun drill for 4.5 inch Q.F. howitzer Marks I and II carriage mark I 1920,1923
2602:
2359:
1848:
1792:
1786:
1225:
1209:
801:
487:
field guns. Initially 4.5-inch howitzers equipped a howitzer brigade of the
1576:
Jaeger Platoon: Finnish Army 1918 – 1945. Artillery Part 5: Light Howitzers
1505:
808:) Field Regiment were instrumental in holding back Japanese attacks at the
587:
producing substantial numbers. Other suppliers of complete equipments were
835:
circa 1976. Some retired examples exist today, such as those preserved at
622:
Gun with sand tyres around wheels, towed by camels, Egypt circa. 1915–1916
1551:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery – The Far east Theatre 1941–46
778:
690:
635:
373:
64:
1199:
675:
631:
592:
469:
254:
157:
1017:
276:
1476:
Operations in Waziristan 1919–20, General Staff, Army HQ India, 1923
765:
4.5-inch howitzers equipped British and Australian batteries in the
528:
containing the propellant charge. The cartridge case also provides
1232:
1128:
1051:
976:
Mk 1: 1 in 41.314 calibres increasing to 1 in 14.78 calibres twist
947:
937:
884:
862:
854:
744:
616:
521:
461:
438:
434:
55:
Camouflaged British 4.5 inch field howitzers at Arras, April 1917
2329:
1818:
859:
1916 model used by Finland, at the Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum
591:
in the US and, before the outbreak of war, a small number from
388:
The QF 4.5-inch (110 mm) howitzer was used by British and
1636:"4.5 in QF Field Howitzer Mk I (The Lone Howitzer) (ORD 106)"
634:
of three six-gun howitzer batteries was part of each British
483:
its normal scale was one battery to every three batteries of
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
831:– local defence force) on the Glen of Imaal firing range,
953:
Australian gun seen in recoil position after firing, 1935
663:
There were 984 pieces in service on the Western Front at
559:
recuperator to return the barrel to its firing position.
1787:
Notes on the ammunition for Q.F. 4.5-inch howitzer, 1920
875:
Britain supplied 24 howitzers to Finland for use in the
1661:"The Artillery Museum of Finland - Suomen Tykistömuseo"
1318:
Handbook for the Q.F., 4.5-inch Howitzer Marks I and II
733:, and in Mesopotamia from 1920 to 1921 to suppress the
1356:
Handbook of the 4.5-in QF Howitzer, Land Service, 1914
1221:
Donated by Canadians to Mons Memorial Museum, Belgium.
2712:
2656:
2595:
2567:
2546:
2483:
2447:
2421:
2370:
2290:
2252:
2189:
2165:
2122:
2084:
2043:
1974:
1906:
1888:
1859:
1717:
British Artillery in World War 2. 4.5-Inch Howitzer
1445:(Supplement). 13 February 1918. pp. 2004–2005.
1365:
Hogg, Ian V, Allied Artillery of World War One,1998
1016:"Shell HE" Mk 12 to 16 – 4.3 lb (2.0 kg)
718:Several batteries of 4.5-inch howitzers arrived in
539:The gun carriage was designed to be towed behind a
372:was the standard British Empire field (or "light")
358:
350:
342:
332:
322:
312:
302:
291:
275:
263:
253:
235:
222:
214:
201:
193:
183:
178:
167:
145:
135:
130:
116:
91:
83:
78:
70:
60:
41:
1531:Buckley, Christopher "Five Ventures", p. 19, 1977.
964:Overall length: 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
914:11,4 cm TR m/1917 and received the nickname "
910:In Portugal, the QF 4.5 was officially designated
491:(RFA) in each infantry division. In the original
27:For the British World War II artillery piece, see
1592:The Official History of the Ministry of Munitions
994:Weight: 27 cwt (1,400 kg) total weight
1898:1.59-inch breech-loading Vickers Q.F. gun, Mk II
1170:Army Memorial Museum & School of Artillery,
777:in Iraq were refurbished by the RAF and used by
429:(1899–1902) the British government realised its
1520:The Gunners – A History of Australian Artillery
1255:Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
773:. Two guns that had decorated the main gate at
543:and six horses; the lower carriage comprised a
1020:or TNT filled. Minor differences between marks
287:15.2 in (0.39 m) at 45° of elevation
285:43.5 in (1.10 m) at 0° of elevation;
187:Barrel & breech: 972 lb (441 kg)
2341:
1830:
1588:"Supply of the Main Types - 4.5-in. Howitzer"
1454:
1452:
1185:, North Head, Sydney, Australia (closed 2010)
8:
2773:World War II artillery of the United Kingdom
1112:No. 82 fuze for shrapnel shell, World War I
2768:World War I artillery of the United Kingdom
1605:Stroea, Adrian; Băjenaru, Gheorghe (2010).
918:". It remained in service until the 1940s.
660:, and gas shelling following bombardments.
2348:
2334:
2326:
1837:
1823:
1815:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1183:Royal Australian Artillery National Museum
1065:) models to 6,700 metres (7,300 yd).
967:Bore length: 60.11 in (1,527 mm)
800:, and a troop in each mountain battery in
630:At the beginning of the First World War a
38:
1736:Headlam, Major-General Sir John (1937) .
1115:No. 101 E fuze for HE shell, World War I
210:Total: 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
1231:Parola Tank Museum, Finland (mounted on
1190:The Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
1067:
997:Width: 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
725:In 1919, small numbers were used in the
1810:British 4.5 inch QF Howitzer, LANDSHIPS
1297:
338:Maximum: 1,012 ft/s (308 m/s)
1143:Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum
1135:Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum
1611:Romanian artillery in data and images
1040:Shell weight: 35 lb (16 kg)
7:
2181:Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector
1206:2nd Bn 15th Field Artillery Regiment
1023:"Shell smoke bursting" Mk 3 to 11 –
979:Mk 2: 1 in 20 calibres uniform twist
867:Finnish BT-42 self-propelled gun at
785:in May 1941. The batteries with the
218:6 ft 3.5 in (1.918 m)
189:Total: 3,010 lb (1,370 kg)
1607:Artileria româna în date si imagini
1030:"Shell smoke base ejection" Mk 1 –
644:Following experience gained in the
362:Reciprocating & non-calibrating
2778:World War I artillery of Australia
25:
1663:. 23 January 2008. Archived from
1564:Allied Artillery of World War Two
1490:. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco.
2725:BL 12-inch Mk V railway howitzer
1416:– via Wellcome Collection.
984:Breech: horizontal sliding block
887:self-propelled artillery piece.
735:Iraqi revolt against the British
583:was the main supplier, with the
398:British troops in Russia in 1919
343:Effective firing range
49:
2720:BL 9.2-inch Mk XIII railway gun
2277:BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval gun
2035:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII
1161:Collins Barracks, Cork, Ireland
767:Western Desert in 1940 and 1941
652:During advances such as at the
585:Royal Ordnance Factory Woolwich
2679:BL 6-inch Mk VII & Mk XXIV
2267:QF 4-inch naval gun Mk I – III
1693:(in French). 17 September 2017
1691:canonspgmww1guns.canalblog.com
901:Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
697:on 30 November 1917. Sergeant
445:in 1904. In 1900, the British
370:Ordnance QF 4.5-inch howitzer
351:Maximum firing range
179:Specifications (Mk1 & Mk2)
168:
43:Ordnance QF 4.5-inch howitzer
1:
2730:BL 13.5-inch Mk V railway gun
2114:QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer
1549:Farndale, General Sir Martin
1402:The War Office (March 1922).
2493:BL 4.5-inch medium field gun
2204:QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk II
2051:BL 7.5-inch Mk III naval gun
1795:at State Library of Victoria
1789:at State Library of Victoria
1634:Imperial War Museum (2013).
1383:Farndale 1986, page 188, 190
1177:Auckland War Memorial Museum
1149:Imperial War Museum, Duxford
943:Diagram of 4.5-inch howitzer
437:field howitzers used by the
392:forces in most theatres, by
354:6,800 yd (6,200 m)
346:6,600 yd (6,000 m)
208:Bore: 5 ft (1.5 m)
29:BL 4.5-inch medium field gun
2735:BL 18-inch railway howitzer
2310:BL 12-inch railway howitzer
2030:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk I – V
1486:Chamberlain, Peter (1975).
1006:Traverse: 3° right and left
493:British Expeditionary Force
402:British Expeditionary Force
259:4.5 in (114.3 mm)
2804:
2559:3.7-inch mountain howitzer
2272:BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun
2166:Smoke and chemical weapons
2099:BL 10-pounder mountain gun
2061:BL 9.2-inch Mk X naval gun
1261:10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09
1224:National Military Museum,
871:, armed with a QF 4.5 inch
769:, and Australian units in
505:QF 25-pounder gun-howitzer
26:
2109:QF 2.95-inch mountain gun
2104:BL 2.75-inch mountain gun
2094:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun
2071:BL 12-inch Mk X naval gun
2025:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer
2020:BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer
1338:Headlam, 1937, Appendix B
804:. The 4.5s of the 155th (
563:a mounting for the sight
230:
71:Place of origin
48:
2448:Field guns and howitzers
2142:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar
1347:Headlam, 1937, pp. 81–82
1167:Barracks Square, Ireland
973:Rifling: PPS 32 grooves
829:An Fórsa Cosanta Áitiúil
270:Horizontal sliding-block
2788:Coventry Ordnance Works
2465:25-pounder Gun-Howitzer
2300:BL 9.2-inch railway gun
1426:Farndale 1986, page 250
1392:Farndale 1988, page 342
1269:Later German equivalent
1263:Early German equivalent
905:75 mm quick firing guns
581:Coventry Ordnance Works
474:Coventry Ordnance Works
249:16 kg (35 lb)
150:Coventry Ordnance Works
140:Coventry Ordnance Works
2623:QF 2-pounder naval gun
2503:BL 5.5-inch medium gun
2413:QF 95 mm howitzer
2315:BL 14-inch railway gun
2305:BL 12-inch railway gun
2157:9.45-inch Heavy Mortar
1875:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
1640:IWM Collections Search
1188:The Central Museum of
1138:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1057:
1003:Elevation: -5° to +45°
955:
945:
872:
860:
750:
727:Third Anglo-Afghan War
624:
608:British Empire service
324:Rate of fire
197:9 ft (2.7 m)
2763:World War I howitzers
2596:Anti-aircraft weapons
2554:75mm Pack howitzer M1
2132:Garland trench mortar
1273:122 mm howitzer M1909
1132:
1118:Chemical shell, 1943
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1055:
951:
941:
866:
858:
748:
620:
489:Royal Field Artillery
380:era. It replaced the
2618:QF 1½-pounder Mk III
2533:BL 9.2-inch howitzer
2523:BL 7.2-inch howitzer
2513:BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX
2475:QF 4.5-inch howitzer
2357:British Commonwealth
2262:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt
2214:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt
2199:QF 1-pounder pom-pom
2172:4-inch Stokes Mortar
2152:Newton 6-inch mortar
2147:2-inch medium mortar
2137:3-inch Stokes mortar
2056:BL 9.2-inch howitzer
2015:BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX
2010:BL 6-inch gun Mk VII
2005:BLC 6-inch siege gun
1995:BL 5.4-inch howitzer
1966:QF 4.5-inch howitzer
1961:BL 4-inch gun Mk VII
1956:QF 4-inch gun Mk III
1926:QF 12-pounder 18 cwt
1870:QF 3-pounder Vickers
1798:Douglas T Hamilton,
1329:Headlam, 1937, p. 73
1172:Waiouru, New Zealand
1063:calibres radius head
806:Lanarkshire Yeomanry
791:5th Indian divisions
758:and Russian guns as
597:Austin Motor Company
334:Muzzle velocity
18:QF 4.5 inch Howitzer
2674:QF 4.7-inch Mk I–IV
2664:QF 6-pounder 10 cwt
2229:QF 13-pounder 9 cwt
2224:QF 13-pounder Mk IV
2219:QF 13-pounder 6 cwt
2076:BL 15-inch howitzer
2066:BL 12-inch howitzer
1921:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
1916:BL 12-pounder 6 cwt
1723:Sir Martin Farndale
1287:Russian equivalents
775:Habbaniya aerodrome
760:11.5 cm leFH 362(r)
756:11.4 cm leFH 361(e)
731:Waziristan Campaign
646:Battle of the Somme
328:4 rounds per minute
2648:QF 5.25-inch Mk II
2587:ML 4.2-inch mortar
2577:SBML 2-inch mortar
2538:240 mm howitzer M1
2528:BL 8-inch howitzer
2508:BL 6-inch howitzer
2486:guns and howitzers
2398:QF 3-inch howitzer
2191:Anti-aircraft guns
2086:Mountain artillery
1990:BL 5-inch howitzer
1880:QF 6-pounder 6 cwt
1769:QF 4.5-in Howitzer
1667:on 23 January 2008
1442:The London Gazette
1216:Polish Army Museum
1154:Artillery Museum,
1145:, Woolwich, London
1139:
1125:Surviving examples
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1058:
956:
946:
922:Russia and Romania
891:Portuguese service
873:
869:Parola Tank Museum
861:
751:
654:Battle of Messines
625:
443:Russo-Japanese War
382:BL 5-inch howitzer
131:Production history
2743:
2742:
2713:Railway artillery
2699:BL 14-inch Mk VII
2689:BL 8-inch Mk VIII
2684:BL 7.5-inch Mk VI
2643:QF 4.5-inch Mk II
2498:BL 60-pounder gun
2484:Medium and heavy
2323:
2322:
2254:Coastal artillery
2000:BL 60-pounder gun
1747:978-1-84574-043-6
1620:978-606-524-080-3
1249:List of howitzers
1122:
1121:
1056:Smoke shell, 1915
695:Battle of Cambrai
366:
365:
318:3° right and left
16:(Redirected from
2795:
2783:114 mm artillery
2694:BL 9.2-inch Mk X
2582:ML 3-inch mortar
2470:25-pounder Short
2350:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2234:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2176:Livens Projector
1861:Armoured vehicle
1839:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1751:
1715:Nigel F. Evans,
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1198:Aiken Barracks,
1068:
1032:hexachloroethane
1025:white phosphorus
881:Continuation War
837:Collins Barracks
810:Battle of Kampar
741:Second World War
714:Between the wars
706:was awarded the
705:
658:creeping barrage
241:114 x73-86 mm R
170:
125:Second World War
53:
44:
39:
21:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2758:Field artillery
2748:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2708:
2704:BL 15-inch Mk I
2652:
2591:
2563:
2542:
2518:155 mm Long Tom
2485:
2479:
2455:75 mm Gun M1917
2443:
2417:
2366:
2354:
2324:
2319:
2286:
2248:
2185:
2161:
2118:
2080:
2044:Siege artillery
2039:
1985:QF 4.7-inch gun
1977:heavy artillery
1970:
1908:Field artillery
1902:
1884:
1855:
1853:First World War
1843:
1783:
1748:
1735:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1498:
1488:Heavy artillery
1485:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1299:
1294:
1267:10.5 cm leFH 16
1257:
1245:
1239:
1194:Shilo, Manitoba
1127:
1050:
954:
944:
936:
924:
897:Portuguese Army
893:
853:
851:Finnish service
818:
783:Anglo-Iraqi War
743:
716:
701:
623:
615:
613:First World War
610:
605:
589:Bethlehem Steel
577:
557:hydro-pneumatic
518:
513:
431:field artillery
427:Second Boer War
423:
418:
378:First World War
286:
284:
231:
209:
188:
162:Bethlehem Steel
121:First World War
112:
110:
108:
106:
104:
102:
98:
84:In service
79:Service history
56:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:20 mm Oerlikon
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2422:Anti-tank guns
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2244:QF 4-inch Mk V
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:BLC 15-pounder
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1846:British Empire
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1781:External links
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1752:
1746:
1733:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1678:
1652:
1626:
1619:
1597:
1579:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1518:Horner, David
1511:
1497:978-0668038980
1496:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1448:
1428:
1419:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
986:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
971:
968:
965:
952:
942:
935:
932:
928:Central Powers
923:
920:
892:
889:
852:
849:
845:Aiken Barracks
833:County Wicklow
817:
814:
742:
739:
715:
712:
708:Victoria Cross
621:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
603:Combat service
601:
576:
573:
526:cartridge case
517:
514:
512:
509:
422:
421:Origin and use
419:
417:
414:
412:and Far East.
364:
363:
360:
356:
355:
352:
348:
347:
344:
340:
339:
336:
330:
329:
326:
320:
319:
316:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
293:
289:
288:
279:
273:
272:
267:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
239:
233:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
206:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
165:
164:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
118:
114:
113:
100:Russian Empire
96:British Empire
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
76:
75:
74:United Kingdom
72:
68:
67:
65:Field howitzer
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
36:Field howitzer
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2800:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:QF 12-pounder
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:Coast defence
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:20 mm Polsten
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:Mountain guns
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:QF 18-pounder
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2439:QF 17-pounder
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:QF 17-pounder
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:QF 18-pounder
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1975:Medium &
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:QF 18-pounder
1949:
1947:
1946:QF 15-pounder
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:BL 15-pounder
1934:
1932:
1931:QF 13-pounder
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1890:Infantry guns
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:0-7110-0381-5
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1731:1-870114-05-1
1728:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1408:. p. 451
1407:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:Warsaw Poland
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:, New Zealand
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
983:
978:
975:
974:
972:
969:
966:
963:
962:
961:
960:
950:
940:
934:Specification
933:
931:
929:
921:
919:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
870:
865:
857:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
816:Irish service
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
747:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
713:
711:
709:
704:
700:
699:Cyril Gourley
696:
693:, during the
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
665:the Armistice
661:
659:
655:
650:
647:
642:
640:
637:
633:
628:
619:
612:
607:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
568:
566:
560:
558:
554:
550:
549:sliding-block
546:
542:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
515:
510:
508:
506:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Western Front
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
457:
455:
452:
451:Field Marshal
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
283:
280:
278:
274:
271:
268:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
186:
182:
177:
173:
166:
163:
159:
155:
154:Royal Arsenal
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
34:
30:
19:
2745:
2628:Bofors 40 mm
2474:
2434:QF 6-pounder
2429:QF 2-pounder
2388:QF 6-pounder
2383:QF 3-pounder
2378:QF 2-pounder
2364:World War II
2292:Railway guns
2209:75 mm AA gun
1965:
1805:RA 1939–1945
1767:WL Ruffell,
1737:
1695:. Retrieved
1690:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1404:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1238:
1165:Ballincollig
1059:
1034:-zinc filled
1010:
1009:
988:
987:
958:
957:
925:
915:
911:
909:
894:
874:
826:
819:
795:
764:
759:
755:
752:
724:
720:North Russia
717:
688:
682:, Italy and
669:
662:
651:
643:
629:
626:
578:
569:
561:
538:
534:
519:
502:
498:
478:
458:
454:Lord Roberts
424:
390:Commonwealth
387:
369:
367:
282:Hydro-spring
205: length
146:Manufacturer
92:Used by
33:
2638:QF 3.7-inch
1437:"No. 30523"
1156:Hämeenlinna
847:, Dundalk.
843:and two in
684:Mesopotamia
511:Description
425:During the
410:Middle East
406:East Africa
308:-5° to +45°
243:separate QF
171: built
2752:Categories
2282:RML 9-inch
1292:References
1048:Ammunition
1011:Ammunition
877:Winter War
822:Irish Army
575:Production
565:clinometer
530:obturation
485:18-pounder
2633:QF 3-inch
2603:Z Battery
2371:Tank guns
2360:artillery
1849:artillery
1755:I.V. Hogg
1228:, Romania
1226:Bucharest
1210:Fort Drum
1202:, Ireland
1158:, Finland
1137:, London.
916:bonifácio
802:Hong Kong
680:Palestine
672:Gallipoli
545:box trail
466:Armstrong
304:Elevation
297:box trail
295:Wheeled,
87:1908–1944
2408:77 mm HV
2393:QF 75 mm
1721:General
1562:Hogg, I
1285:M1910/30
1277:M1909/37
1243:See also
989:Carriage
779:Habforce
639:division
636:infantry
516:Features
472:and the
449:ordered
408:and the
396:and by
374:howitzer
314:Traverse
292:Carriage
247:HE shell
136:Designer
109:Portugal
2569:Mortars
2124:Mortars
1851:of the
1710:Sources
1697:18 June
1671:18 June
1645:9 March
1566:, 1998
1553:, 2002
1506:2143869
1412:12 June
1200:Dundalk
781:in the
676:Balkans
632:brigade
595:. The
593:Vickers
470:Vickers
447:Cabinet
416:History
376:of the
255:Calibre
158:Vickers
111:Romania
107:Ireland
105:Estonia
103:Finland
1761:
1744:
1729:
1617:
1522:, 1995
1504:
1494:
1027:filled
1018:Amatol
798:Malaya
729:, the
674:, the
553:laying
541:limber
394:Russia
359:Sights
277:Recoil
265:Breech
203:Barrel
194:Length
1609:[
1320:1927
1281:M1910
1233:BT-42
1212:, USA
1151:, UK.
885:BT-42
771:Syria
691:Epéhy
522:brass
462:Essen
439:Boers
435:Krupp
237:Shell
215:Width
174:3,359
1863:guns
1759:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1699:2022
1673:2022
1647:2013
1615:ISBN
1502:OCLC
1492:ISBN
1414:2023
1208:HQ,
912:Obus
895:The
841:Cork
789:and
368:The
223:Crew
184:Mass
117:Wars
61:Type
2362:of
1133:At
959:Gun
787:4th
169:No.
2754::
1689:.
1638:.
1590:.
1500:.
1451:^
1439:.
1300:^
1283:,
1279:,
1275:,
1192:,
907:.
839:,
762:.
737:.
703:MM
686:.
678:,
524:)
468:,
245:.
160:,
156:,
152:,
123:,
2349:e
2342:t
2335:v
1838:e
1831:t
1824:v
1750:.
1701:.
1675:.
1649:.
1623:.
1508:.
1235:)
226:6
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
