383:
167:
971:
779:, Qadi al-Fadil never held that title. He was nevertheless the closest counsellor and chief secretary of the Ayyubid ruler until Saladin's death. He accompanied Saladin in his campaigns in Syria, but in the sources, he is chiefly associated with Egypt, where most of his career took place. Thus in 1188/89 Saladin renewed Qadi al-Fadil's brief to supervise all affairs of Egypt, while in 1190/91 he was tasked with equipping a fleet to assist Saladin in his
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and "combines richness (perhaps a little less prolix) and suppleness of form with a realistic treatment of the facts, a lesson too often forgotten by later writers, which makes his correspondence a valuable historical source". Al-Isfahani himself praises his contemporary as the "lord of word and pen", and writes that just as the
957:
279:, at this time Qadi al-Fadil's father fell into disgrace because he failed to inform Cairo of the release of an important hostage by the governor of Ascalon. His property was confiscated, and he died, destitute, soon after. According to this account, Qadi al-Fadil had to interrupt his apprenticeship and go on foot to
746:
In 1167/8, Qadi al-Fadil became the new head of the chancery, replacing his old patron Ibn
Khallal. When the latter died on 4 March 1171, he became the secretary to Saladin. From 1170 on, Saladin gradually moved to dismantle the Fatimid regime and replace Isma'ilism with Sunni Islam. The 14th-century
759:
in
September 1171, Qadi al-Fadil played a leading role in carrying out the subsequent changes in the military and fiscal administration of Egypt. Qadi al-Fadil's role in the suppression of a supposed pro-Fatimid conspiracy in April 1174 is unclear. The aftermath included the execution of a number of
875:
Already during his lifetime, Qadi al-Fadil was highly esteemed, chiefly due to the "exceptional quality of his private and official epistolary style", which was praised, held up as a model, and emulated by subsequent generations of writers. This style was similar to that of Imad al-Din al-Isfahani,
737:
This change is not difficult to understand. Although a high official of the
Fatimid state, Qadi al-Fadil was likely a devoted Sunni, as were most of the civilian bureaucracy at the time. His loyalty to the Fatimid dynasty and the Isma'ili sect was therefore dubious at best, and it was not difficult
726:. Qadi al-Fadil's support extended to supporting Shawar's decision to turn to the Crusaders for aid against the Syrian troops. Nevertheless, within a short time, he managed to gain the friendship of Shirkuh and remained in service in the chancery under both him and his nephew and successor,
730:. The sources give different accounts of the background of these events. Modern historians generally consider the truthfulness of these reports doubtful, as they are at pains to exculpate Qadi al-Fadil for his sudden change of allegiance from the Fatimids to the
814:
purge of the early years of
Saladin's rule, which saw Christians evicted and banned from holding posts in the public fiscal administration. At the same time, however, Qadi al-Fadl sponsored a number of Jewish physicians, among them the celebrated philosopher
775:, a friend and collaborator who entered Saladin's service through Qadi al-Din's intercession, writes of him that he was the "principal driving force behind the affairs of Saladin's regime", but his exact duties are unclear. Although often called Saladin's
348:, he sided with the former, and was even imprisoned for a time along with Kamil in August 1163, when Dirgham seized power. After the final victory of Shawar in May 1164, Qadi al-Fadil was released and given many honours, including the epithet of
742:
to puppets. The official sect of Isma'ilism had lost its appeal and was weakened by disputes and schisms, and the dynasty's legitimacy was increasingly challenged by a Sunni resurgence that was partly sponsored by the
Fatimids' own viziers.
900:. Others survive as manuscripts to this day, and the work of editing and publishing them is still ongoing. However, they still represent only a part of the reportedly 100 volumes of official and private correspondence attributed to him.
856:, Saladin's second son, who had seized power there. When the two brothers came into conflict, Qadi al-Fadil managed to mediate a peace between them in 1195. After this he retired, and died on 26 January 1200. He was buried in the
835:
of Cairo, a change of the course of the Nile had exposed large tracts of land that were exceedingly fertile. Qadi al-Fadil bought much of it, and converted these estates into an orchard that supplied the capital with fruit.
915:). It has not survived, apart from several extracts from it that have been included in later histories, notably al-Maqrizi, and is an invaluable source on Saladin's rule in Egypt. According to the 13th-century historian
751:
ascribes to
Saladin and Qadi al-Fadil jointly the common cause of deposing the Fatimid dynasty, and Saladin himself is said to have remarked "I took Egypt not by force of arms but by the pen of Qadi al-Fadil".
830:
From his prominent post, Qadi al-Fadil became a wealthy man: he reportedly received an annual salary of 50,000 gold dinars, and became a successful merchant, trading with India and North Africa. Outside the
786:
At the same time, during
Saladin's absence in the wars against the Crusaders, the government of Egypt was formally left to other members of the Ayyubid clan. Qadi al-Fadil was critical of Saladin's brother,
115:, rising to become head of the fiscal department supervising the army, and receiving the name by which he is known. Despite his prominent position in the Fatimid state, he quickly sided with the fellow
764:. Qadi al-Fadil's account of the extent of the conspiracy is at odds with the limited reprisals, and the affair was likely a settling of old rivalries within the former Fatimid administrative elites.
261:, however, it is unclear whether Qadi al-Fadil also received judicial education at any point. The title was common for officials in the Fatimid administration as a honorific, and under the
126:
In the new
Ayyubid regime, Qadi al-Fadil was an important figure, serving as Saladin's chief counsellor. He was left in charge of the Egyptian administration during Saladin's wars in the
255:, became his patron during his subsequent career. This training included administrative practice and especially the arts of epistolary and secretarial writing. Despite his own title of
1742:
149:. His style was much admired and widely emulated by later generations. The corpus of his letters is also an important historical source for the period. In addition, he founded a
738:
for him to transfer his allegiance to the Sunni
Ayyubids. The Fatimid regime itself was already in decline, challenged by over-mighty viziers who had reduced the
1762:
130:. As a result, historians often attribute to him the title of vizier, which he never held. After Saladin's death in 1193, Qadi al-Fadil served Saladin's son
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886:). As a result, many of his chancery epistles were included in the works of other authors, from chroniclers such as al-Isfahani and
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852:, ruler of Damascus. Due to al-Afdal's erratic leadership, he quickly returned to Egypt, where he entered the service of
941:
jurisprudence that he founded in 1184/85 at Cairo, the
Fadiliyya. It included a hall for studying the recitation of the
513:
104:, and quickly distinguished himself for the elegance of his prose style. In the early 1160s, he was patronized by the
324:. In this post he distinguished himself due to the artful language of his dispatches, and was called to Cairo by the
252:
791:. After he left Egypt, Qadi al-Fadil successfully lobbied for al-Adil's replacement by his friend, Saladin's nephew
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law school, but it is again unknown if he attended it. The only available information comes from the later writer
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invalidated all previous laws, so Qadi al-Fadil's style overrode all previous traditions in epistle literature (
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were published in two volumes in Cairo in 1961 and 1969, edited by Ahmad A. Badawi and Ibrahim al-Ibyari.
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per month did not suffice to care for his mother, brother and sister back in Ascalon, but following the
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Qadi al-Fadil's reputation among contemporaries and later generations rests chiefly on his skill as an
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63:'the Excellent Judge'; 3 April 1135 – 26 January 1200) was an official who served the last
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313:, who reports that during his stay in Alexandria, Qadi al-Fadil studied under the two eminent
248:
212:, while another that it hailed from Ascalon, but that Qadi al-Ashraf had previously served as
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Qadi al-Fadil was also active as a poet. Many of his works are included in his epistles. His
321:
1737:
1660:
1551:
Kraemer, Joel L. (2005). "Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait". In Seeskin, Kenneth (ed.).
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344:, Qadi al-Fadil became the secretary to Shawar's son, Kamil. During Shawar's conflicts with
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A famous bibliophile, Qadi al-Fadil amassed a large library, much of which he donated to a
919:, however, this diary was actually kept by a different historian, Abu Ghalib al-Shaybani.
795:. For unknown reasons, Qadi al-Fadil was not present at Saladin's greatest victory at the
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1490:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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Abu Ali Abd al-Rahim ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Lakhmi al-Baysani al-Asqalani
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in the same year, the rest of his family moved to Egypt. Alexandria was the seat of a
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schools in Cairo where he, as a Sunni, might have acquired the necessary training.
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1682:"Some Preliminary Refections on the Chancery Correspondence of the Qadi al-Fadil"
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is notable, who served the Ayyubid rulers of Egypt until his death in 1245/46.
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When Saladin deposed the Fatimid regime outright following the death of caliph
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Qadi al-Fadil received his basic education at his home town, before moving to
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As head of the chancery, Qadi al-Fadil also kept an official diary (known as
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Qadi al-Fadil's surviving family is mostly obscure. From his many sons, only
188:. His father, known as al-Qadi al-Ashraf (d. 1149/50), was serving as judge (
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Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras, Part 1
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TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu)
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general who had invaded Egypt on behalf of his Syrian master,
714:
As a partisan of Shawar, Qadi al-Fadil had originally opposed
331:(vizierate: 1161–1163) and appointed head of the army bureau (
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in March 1193, Qadi al-Fadil initially served his oldest son
70:, and became the secretary and chief counsellor of the first
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in Cairo, and donated his large library to the institution.
806:
In Christian sources, Qadi al-Fadil is blamed for the anti-
142:, ruler of Egypt. He retired after 1195, and died in 1200.
138:, before switching his allegiance to Saladin's second son,
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Switch of allegiance and the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate
1557:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–57.
232:, where, at the initiative of his father, he entered the
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in Cairo. A mausoleum was erected on top of his grave.
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and financial official, Qadi al-Fadil went to study in
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Al-Qāḍi al-Fāḍil, der Wezīr Saladin's. Eine Biographie
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1639:(PhD dissertation) (in German). Leipzig: W. Drugulin.
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as a trainee. The long-serving head of the chancery,
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1688:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 207–218.
1613:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 114–115.
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760:former Fatimid officials, most notably the poet
283:, where by 1153 he had become secretary to the
1743:12th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
100:, the Fatimid capital. He entered the Fatimid
695:
275:According to the 13th-century encyclopaedist
8:
1653:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
799:(1187), nor in the subsequent recapture of
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1530:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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184:Qadi al-Fadil was born on 2 April 1135 at
1538:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 376–377.
1505:Brockelmann, C. & Cahen, Cl. (1978).
1684:. In Vermeulen, U.; De Smet, D. (eds.).
1007:
997:
394:
293:, Ibn Hadid. His small salary of three
204:) there. The exact significance of the
18:Chief counsellor to Saladin (1135–1200)
1554:The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides
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32:, better known by the honorific name
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1763:12th-century Arabic-language writers
1647:(2019). "Saladin's 'Spin Doctors':
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762:Umara ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Yamani
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1578:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
268:Fatimid regime, there were no
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1:
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196:) and financial comptroller (
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1665:10.1017/S0080440119000033
896:literature, most notably
844:After Saladin's death at
370:), by which he is known.
1609:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
977:Fatimid Caliphate portal
825:On Poisons and Antidotes
543:Battle of Belvoir Castle
1773:Muslims of the Crusades
1758:Medieval letter writers
1601:Şeşen, Ramazan (2001).
1486:Brett, Michael (2017).
773:Imad al-Din al-Isfahani
631:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
616:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
641:Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush
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1230:, pp. 17–19, 78.
1218:, pp. 18–19, 21.
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840:Final years and death
768:Service under Saladin
538:Siege of Jacob's Ford
502:Taking power in Egypt
170:Political map of the
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1728:People from Ashkelon
1680:Jackson, D. (1995).
1572:Lev, Yaacov (1999).
621:Baha al-Din Qaraqush
563:Capture of Jerusalem
533:Battle of Marj Ayyun
528:Battle of Montgisard
507:Battle of the Blacks
1645:Hillenbrand, Carole
1458:, pp. 376–377.
1407:, pp. 189–190.
747:Egyptian historian
664:Cultural depictions
497:Battle of al-Babein
452:Ismat ad-Din Khatun
390:Part of a series on
318:Abu Tahir al-Silafi
1508:"al-Ḳāḍī al-Fāḍil"
1488:The Fatimid Empire
1446:, pp. 25, 43.
1155:, pp. 14, 20.
182:
1620:978-975-389-451-7
1564:978-0-521-52578-7
1497:978-0-7486-4076-8
1341:, pp. 22–23.
1314:, pp. 29–30.
1302:, pp. 86–94.
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480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
468:Al-Zahir Ghazi
465:
463:Al-Aziz Uthman
457:
455:
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446:
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438:
433:
425:
423:
422:
417:
409:
408:
403:
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386:
375:
372:
334:diwan al-jaysh
230: 1148/49
163:
160:
158:
155:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1790:
1779:
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1759:
1756:
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1751:
1749:
1748:Sunni Muslims
1746:
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1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
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1695:90-6831-683-4
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1585:90-04-11221-9
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1457:
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1422:, p. 24.
1421:
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1389:
1387:
1385:
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1379:
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1361:
1358:, p. 23.
1357:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
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1332:
1329:, p. 22.
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1290:, p. 92.
1289:
1284:
1281:
1278:, p. 86.
1277:
1272:
1269:
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1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1206:, p. 21.
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
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1181:
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1154:
1149:
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1125:
1122:
1119:, p. 15.
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
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1092:, p. 14.
1091:
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1021:
1019:
1017:
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1010:, p. 31.
1009:
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790:
784:
782:
781:Siege of Acre
778:
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767:
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758:
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741:
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659:Cairo Citadel
657:
656:
650:
649:
642:
639:
637:
636:Qadi al-Fadil
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Ibn al-Tuwayr
624:
622:
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597:
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589:
586:
584:
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578:Siege of Acre
576:
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568:Siege of Tyre
566:
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60:
54:
48:
42:القاضي الفاضل
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
16:
1768:Bibliophiles
1685:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1636:
1606:
1574:
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1528:
1487:
1451:
1439:
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1363:
1334:
1307:
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1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1097:
1085:
1008:Kraemer 2005
991:Egypt portal
928:
921:
906:Mutajaddidat
902:
874:
862:
843:
829:
824:
805:
785:
771:
754:
745:
736:
713:
635:
339:
274:
220:
218:at Baysan.
183:
144:
125:
83:
33:
29:
26:Mujir al-Din
25:
22:Muhyi al-Din
21:
20:
15:
1718:1200 deaths
1713:1135 births
1521:Pellat, Ch.
917:Ibn al-Adim
793:Taqi al-Din
311:al-Mundhiri
295:gold dinars
253:Ibn Khallal
179: 1140
134:, ruler of
1707:Categories
1534:Volume IV:
1393:Şeşen 2001
1252:Brett 2017
1240:Brett 2017
1031:Şeşen 2001
949:References
833:city walls
817:Maimonides
749:al-Maqrizi
724:Nur al-Din
491:Nur ad-Din
436:Turan-Shah
291:Alexandria
281:Alexandria
1673:211952166
1659:: 65–77.
1544:758278456
1517:Lewis, B.
912:Majarayat
888:Abu Shama
801:Jerusalem
674:Mausoleum
522:Crusaders
441:Tughtakin
303:Crusaders
247:) of the
47:romanized
1594:39633589
1536:Iran–Kha
1527:(eds.).
1471:Lev 1999
1444:Lev 1999
1432:Lev 1999
1420:Lev 1999
1405:Lev 1999
1368:Lev 1999
1356:Lev 1999
1339:Lev 1999
1327:Lev 1999
1312:Lev 1999
1300:Lev 1999
1288:Lev 1999
1276:Lev 1999
1264:Lev 1999
1228:Lev 1999
1216:Lev 1999
1204:Lev 1999
1192:Lev 1999
1180:Lev 1999
1165:Lev 1999
1153:Lev 1999
1141:Lev 1999
1129:Lev 1999
1117:Lev 1999
1102:Lev 1999
1090:Lev 1999
931:madrasah
850:al-Afdal
846:Damascus
821:apostasy
732:Ayyubids
473:Al-Afdal
458:Children
426:Siblings
351:al-Fadil
263:Isma'ili
243:al-insha
234:chancery
151:madrasah
136:Damascus
132:al-Afdal
102:chancery
84:Born in
1738:Saladin
1480:Sources
939:Shafi'i
854:al-Aziz
789:al-Adil
757:al-Adid
740:caliphs
728:Saladin
720:Kurdish
716:Shirkuh
606:Al-Adid
431:Al-Adil
420:Shirkuh
396:Saladin
359:
346:Dirgham
322:Ibn Awf
315:jurists
301:to the
206:epithet
186:Ascalon
140:al-Aziz
106:viziers
86:Ascalon
79:Saladin
72:Ayyubid
68:caliphs
65:Fatimid
61:
49::
1692:
1671:
1617:
1592:
1582:
1561:
1542:
1523:&
1494:
935:Maliki
878:Sharia
810:dhimmi
777:vizier
718:, the
653:Legacy
600:People
405:Family
342:Shawar
326:vizier
307:Maliki
210:Baysan
172:Levant
128:Levant
113:Shawar
75:sultan
38:Arabic
1669:S2CID
1511:. In
943:Quran
893:insha
883:insha
270:Sunni
266:Shi'a
240:diwan
223:Cairo
200:nazir
117:Sunni
98:Cairo
88:to a
1690:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1590:OCLC
1580:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1540:OCLC
1492:ISBN
937:and
933:for
485:Life
447:Wife
356:lit.
320:and
286:qadi
258:qadi
215:qadi
192:qadi
157:Life
111:and
92:qadi
59:lit.
24:(or
1661:doi
1651:".
909:or
783:.
337:).
289:of
225:in
174:in
81:.
1709::
1667:.
1657:29
1655:.
1605:.
1588:.
1532:.
1519:;
1515:;
1463:^
1412:^
1375:^
1346:^
1319:^
1172:^
1109:^
1038:^
1015:^
1000:^
803:.
734:.
227:c.
176:c.
77:,
56:,
44:,
40::
28:)
1698:.
1675:.
1663::
1623:.
1596:.
1567:.
1546:.
1500:.
703:e
696:t
689:v
368:'
362:'
354:(
236:(
36:(
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