3245:
3224:
36:
53:
149:
3118:
2866:
91:
6190:
6437:
7349:
3160:
7362:
3808:
Arab influence: The Arab element is well attested, especially in Sicily, evidence of the
Saracen rule beginning in the ninth and lasting until the beginning of the twelfth century. From the generic name Qal'a ('citadel', 'fortress') we have, for example: Calatafimi, Calatamauro (i.e. 'the stronghold
3167:
In many areas of Iran and
Afghanistan, particularly in tribal areas with pre-modern building practices, the qalat compound is the standard housing unit for multi-generational families. Qalats can be quickly constructed over the course of a single season, and they can be extremely large, sometimes
3803:
Influsso arabo: L’elemento arabo è ben attestato, soprattutto in
Sicilia, a testimonianza di un dominio, quello saraceno, che durò dall’inizio del IX fino alle soglie del XII secolo. Con il toponimo generico qal‘a (‘cittadella’, ‘fortezza’) abbiamo per esempio Calatafimi, Calatamauro (ovvero ‘la
3175:
along the entire length of the wall. By the time that the mason returns to the point of origin, the mortar is dry and the next row can be added on top of the old. Using this technique walls dozens of feet high can be built very rapidly.
2925:
3826:
page 61, www.tatapume.org; see also
Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1974) "Attraverso la toponomastica urbana medievale in Italia" ("Through the medieval urban toponymy in Italy") pp. 401–499
5584:
6517:
232:
3168:
covering several acres. Towers may be placed at the corners or points along the walls to create a more defensible position, but most qala compounds consist only of the walls.
3171:
While the foundation of a qala compound may be stone or fired brick, the walls are typically dried mud. Walls are created by laying down a row of adobe bricks with
3026:) was used to indicate fortresses which were located off towns, since Arabic terms did not have proper meaning to describe those structures, they borrowed the word
6227:
4173:
4101:
101:
3244:
3223:
7319:
2035:
35:
6747:
2966:). This city model is valid not only for Central Asian city typology and is also used to describe similar city types elsewhere in Islamic geography.
347:
4297:
4029:
2623:
5400:
3606:
For the derivation of the Arabic term from the
Persian, see Leslau (1987) p. 426, citing Fraenkel (1886) p. 237 and Belardi (1959) pp. 147-150.
2010:
2793:
is adapted from ḳalˁa(t), which originates from the Arabic root ḳlˁ. Nişanyan goes on to note that the Arabic word shares its origin with the
7324:
6963:
6295:
4137:
3739:
3693:
3630:
3012:
can't be applied to solitary fortresses which were independent of towns, as it would cause conceptual confusion. Although in Arabic the word
1399:
7258:
5994:
5689:
2015:
1777:
941:
6220:
2020:
7263:
5809:
4256:
4242:
4210:
4196:
1364:
5594:
6312:
3819:
7386:
7232:
6019:
2897:
1876:
561:
7401:
7329:
7010:
1457:
7396:
7309:
7304:
7299:
6255:
6213:
3452:. The word originates in Arabic, where it means 'fortress' and 'blockade', and from where it also made it into Persian as
3081:. As the feudal system was transcended, this tripartite city model appeared with castle-like structures, which are called
1752:
7314:
7294:
7289:
7268:
7141:
6529:
6373:
6265:
5242:
4780:
4290:
4084:Özgüven, Burcu (2003). "Characteristics of Turkish and Hungarian Palanka-protected Settlements along the River Danube".
3345:
2616:
2297:
1359:
158:
6290:
5579:
4660:
3615:
Comparative dictionary of Geʻez (Classical
Ethiopic): Geʻez-English, English-Geʻez, with an index of the Semitic roots
3085:, forming the core of the city. With the development in itself of the settlement within the old walls, cities without
2744:
2185:
1943:
1938:
1881:
1452:
6692:
5175:
2921:
2671:, means 'fortress', 'fortification', 'castle', or simply 'fortified place'. The common English plural is "qalats".
2067:
1948:
1015:
272:
6285:
6275:
5624:
5249:
3640:
3208:
2764:
2000:
1995:
1462:
1369:
608:
502:
7391:
7242:
6525:
6451:
6121:
5199:
3835:
3725:
3618:
2994:
for the oldest part of the settlements in the town centers. It later started to be used in with the meaning of
2917:
1866:
946:
733:
2502:
2262:
4119:
6600:
6300:
6168:
5943:
5649:
5644:
5564:
5361:
5308:
5278:
5035:
4965:
4909:
4486:
4283:
3484:
3416:
3334:
2609:
1933:
677:
603:
556:
6789:
6341:
6193:
6009:
5599:
5496:
5381:
4565:
3540:
3065:/-istan (region, area), thus it literally means "city area". Before the Islamic conquest of Central Asia,
2769:(1886) and Walter Belardi (1959), offers that the Arabic word has been adopted from the Iranian (Persian)
2115:
2030:
1742:
1692:
1341:
1329:
911:
179:
6995:
6398:
6356:
6336:
6146:
5984:
5766:
5519:
5256:
5079:
4408:
3635:
3546:
3534:
3525:
3196:
2080:
2005:
1682:
174:
132:
2759:
2225:
3670:
7341:
7095:
6497:
6393:
6388:
6378:
6363:
6346:
6331:
6321:
6316:
6270:
6250:
6236:
6131:
5659:
5285:
5084:
5050:
4450:
4332:
3256:
2909:
1467:
474:
199:
194:
189:
184:
169:
76:
3329:, where the enemy was expected to pass by, or in cities with strategic value. Building materials of
3077:
centers. The word used by Muslim Arabs for these fortified towns, which were protected by walls, is
108:
7353:
7111:
6953:
6883:
6855:
6794:
6687:
6368:
6351:
6326:
6305:
5948:
5684:
5040:
4418:
2215:
2140:
1829:
1772:
1762:
1732:
1697:
1677:
491:
297:
267:
204:
6280:
6070:
5679:
5654:
5639:
5634:
5484:
5464:
5261:
4822:
4689:
4433:
4154:
4095:
2155:
2090:
2075:
2045:
1844:
1839:
1824:
1717:
1712:
1406:
1379:
1374:
566:
536:
3804:
rocca del Moro’), Calatrasi (‘la rocca del tessitore’), Caltabellotta (‘la rocca delle querce’).
52:
148:
7050:
6462:
6126:
6085:
6060:
5933:
5614:
5454:
5301:
4887:
4765:
4443:
4386:
4266:
4252:
4238:
4224:
4206:
4192:
4133:
4055:
3839:
3735:
3729:
3689:
3681:
3662:
3658:
3626:
3622:
3229:
2802:
2786:
2777:
2737:
2686:
to indicate a defensive fortress. The term took various forms in different languages, such as
2331:
2312:
1858:
1819:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1722:
1707:
1670:
1556:
1301:
685:
571:
429:
3952:"The Palanka: A Characteristic Building Type of the Ottoman Fortification Network in Hungary"
7015:
6893:
6737:
6727:
6650:
6457:
6100:
6075:
6004:
5928:
5529:
5524:
5459:
4814:
4393:
3985:
3706:
3654:
3480:
3449:
3277:
3250:
3184:
3172:
2913:
2782:
2650:
2302:
2287:
2272:
2220:
2125:
2025:
1928:
1891:
1834:
1814:
1809:
1782:
1702:
1561:
1324:
1232:
1122:
1117:
901:
806:
744:
709:
701:
551:
541:
522:
277:
4223:
International
Association for the Study of Traditional Environments, Berkeley, California,
3832:
Topografia urbana e vita cittadina nell'alto
Medioevo in Occidente, 26 aprile-1 maggio 1973
3675:
2347:
7182:
7000:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6712:
6472:
6260:
5989:
5841:
5814:
5754:
5724:
5609:
5574:
5554:
5539:
5094:
5089:
5057:
4818:
4760:
4748:
4730:
4597:
4578:
4504:
4481:
4166:
4031:
Kaleden Yıldız Kale'ye: Lefkoşa ve Mağusa Kuşatmaları Örneğinde Kale
Mimarisindeki Değişim
3823:
3344:
A typical kale has the same features known from
Western and Eastern counterparts, such as
3310:
3192:
2579:
2452:
2235:
2200:
2100:
1990:
1896:
1871:
1737:
1541:
1132:
998:
988:
951:
717:
384:
327:
317:
3445:
2307:
7156:
7151:
7040:
6942:
6830:
6799:
6477:
6467:
6158:
6153:
5819:
5804:
5739:
5729:
5604:
5589:
5489:
5479:
5444:
5318:
5111:
4808:
4775:
4739:
4555:
4413:
4377:
3472:
3464:
2794:
2492:
2277:
2252:
1923:
1804:
1796:
1596:
1526:
1242:
1070:
1020:
968:
906:
851:
754:
618:
576:
439:
424:
332:
307:
252:
242:
90:
3117:
2865:
7380:
6835:
6820:
6163:
6116:
6024:
6014:
5968:
5938:
5923:
5892:
5873:
5734:
5674:
5629:
5544:
5503:
5313:
4946:
4941:
4674:
4637:
4622:
4573:
4518:
4497:
4306:
3816:
3810:
3322:
2901:
2534:
2372:
2317:
2095:
1621:
1603:
1277:
1112:
774:
693:
648:
586:
581:
507:
58:
41:
1616:
1608:
7366:
7121:
6383:
6141:
5999:
5963:
5918:
5902:
5830:
5783:
5759:
5749:
5744:
5559:
5376:
5237:
5204:
5069:
5005:
4980:
4892:
4866:
4834:
4828:
4770:
4709:
4679:
4527:
3543:- places whose names contain the words Qalat, Qelat, Kalat, Kalaat, Kalut, or Kelat
3035:
2905:
2683:
2564:
2487:
2377:
2282:
2165:
1958:
1346:
1319:
1237:
1167:
1147:
983:
978:
936:
896:
885:
670:
633:
399:
140:
72:
4043:
1487:
3407:(residential area, in modern Turkish used as 'suburb'), and outer city (suburb).
6968:
6702:
6682:
6040:
5897:
5866:
5848:
5836:
5778:
5773:
5714:
5709:
5669:
5569:
5534:
5430:
5333:
5104:
5074:
5064:
4970:
4859:
4667:
4476:
4423:
3610:
3326:
3233:
3031:
2755:
2574:
2529:
2427:
2267:
1631:
1252:
1207:
1142:
1050:
973:
826:
821:
628:
591:
546:
517:
512:
367:
7273:
7187:
7166:
7126:
7025:
6937:
6672:
6585:
6521:
6436:
6065:
6045:
5885:
5857:
5788:
5664:
5619:
5549:
5469:
5366:
5271:
5211:
5170:
5148:
5099:
5045:
4995:
4990:
4975:
4934:
4882:
4840:
4785:
4627:
4590:
4543:
4068:
3834:(Conference publication) Presso la sede del Centro, Spoleto, Italy, volume 2,
3369:
3314:
3098:
2539:
2467:
2447:
2442:
2040:
1906:
1727:
1536:
1314:
1267:
1262:
1247:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1194:
1060:
963:
613:
469:
404:
389:
292:
237:
4059:
3038:
in the town. Administrative units were mostly located here. The Turkish term
6958:
6916:
6898:
6667:
6590:
6535:
5474:
5405:
5232:
5227:
5160:
4801:
4714:
4644:
4602:
4428:
4398:
4359:
4325:
3373:
3349:
3159:
2979:
2733:
2519:
2382:
2210:
2175:
2150:
2050:
1953:
1911:
1901:
836:
784:
749:
459:
262:
227:
4121:
Orta Asya Kent Topoğrafyasına Dair Genel Kabuller Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme
3281:) is an umbrella term that encompasses all types of fortified structures.
2549:
1551:
1492:
1075:
17:
3685:
3666:
2682:
compound common throughout southwest Asia. The term is used in the entire
7090:
6927:
6888:
6825:
6768:
6742:
6707:
6605:
6426:
5958:
5953:
5878:
5719:
5437:
5412:
5395:
5325:
5266:
5194:
5187:
5030:
4918:
4792:
4612:
4607:
4583:
4511:
4491:
4471:
4438:
4270:
4228:
4205:
Al-Turath in association with the London Centre of Arab Studies, London,
3913:
3400:
3338:
3188:
3070:
2986:(also means "fortress" in Persian), and the actual town which was called
2953:
2725:
2721:
2584:
2497:
2477:
2462:
2417:
2412:
2357:
2257:
2230:
1626:
1586:
1546:
1080:
861:
816:
769:
759:
643:
362:
357:
352:
342:
312:
7348:
3843:
3333:
could differ according to geographical conditions. For example, Ottoman
7237:
7060:
7045:
7035:
7020:
6873:
6717:
6615:
6545:
6492:
6205:
6090:
6055:
6050:
5388:
5371:
5356:
5340:
5292:
5220:
5165:
5155:
5123:
5025:
5000:
4985:
4755:
4699:
4617:
4464:
4457:
4403:
3497:
3396:
3381:
3102:
3074:
2995:
2675:
2589:
2559:
2514:
2482:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2367:
2362:
2292:
2247:
2205:
2085:
1687:
1514:
1428:
1389:
1384:
1065:
1025:
993:
811:
779:
419:
68:
3030:
during the Islamic conquest of Iran. Kuhandizes were usually built on
7197:
7146:
7136:
7131:
7116:
7084:
7055:
7030:
7005:
6932:
6878:
6804:
6752:
6732:
6620:
6610:
6595:
6580:
6095:
5449:
5015:
4953:
4897:
4875:
4852:
4845:
4721:
4704:
4536:
4368:
4350:
4320:
4126:
An Evaluation of the Perception of the Central Asian Urban Topography
3770:
3513:
3441:
3066:
2957:
2936:
A typical qala in Central Asia consisted of a tripartite city model:
2729:
2668:
2569:
2554:
2544:
2397:
2352:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2160:
2110:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1531:
1497:
1445:
1438:
1423:
1418:
1354:
1308:
1282:
1272:
1172:
1157:
1152:
1137:
1127:
1102:
1090:
1085:
1055:
1045:
1040:
931:
916:
856:
846:
841:
789:
764:
653:
638:
623:
464:
434:
414:
409:
394:
372:
302:
2829:
The Armenian word is preserved as kałak (kaghak) which means city.
1287:
1107:
1003:
4085:
3951:
7212:
7192:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
6783:
6773:
6722:
6677:
6662:
6656:
6630:
6625:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6540:
6487:
6421:
6136:
6080:
5824:
5349:
5180:
5020:
4341:
3158:
3149:
3062:
2962:
2948:
2679:
2594:
2524:
2457:
2407:
2402:
2387:
2342:
2170:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2105:
1973:
1963:
1886:
1636:
1571:
1413:
1394:
1257:
1212:
1202:
1177:
1162:
1035:
926:
871:
866:
831:
801:
454:
449:
322:
287:
247:
222:
217:
4275:
3582:(Unclear if this is quoted from a source, and if so, from which.)
3304:
3299:
7202:
7161:
6947:
6921:
6778:
6697:
6513:
6482:
5118:
4960:
4927:
4902:
4694:
4684:
4653:
4632:
3377:
3353:
3318:
2975:
2716:
2472:
2392:
2145:
1978:
1968:
1482:
1433:
1030:
921:
337:
282:
257:
6209:
4279:
4069:"Türkiye yeradbiliminde terim ve tür sınıflandırması sorunları"
3163:
A qalat in southeastern Afghanistan used by American soldiers.
3112:
2860:
84:
3444:, a fortified structure that acts as a residence, such as
3403:
had a tripartite city model: old castle (inner fortress),
3093:. Mesut Can states that this might be the reason the name
111:
to present the subject from an encyclopedic point of view.
4235:
Afghanistan: An Atlas of Indigenous Domestic Architecture
3809:
of the Moor'), Calatrasi ('the fortress of the weaver'),
3889:
3887:
3255:
Together the two castles, built in 1452 by orders from
3129:
2877:
3734:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 853.
3384:
gates. In the 15th century, the Greek word for tower,
3089:
also appeared. Most of the townspeople dwelled in the
3056:
79:, to subdue local tribes, and to control rival emirs.
3290:
can vary. Today many fortified buildings are called
2801:, which has no written record and originates in the
7282:
7251:
7225:
7175:
7104:
6988:
6981:
6907:
6864:
6813:
6761:
6639:
6555:
6506:
6444:
6414:
6407:
6243:
6109:
6033:
5977:
5911:
5797:
5702:
5512:
5423:
5139:
5132:
4564:
4313:
3830:Centro italiano di studi sull'alto Medioevo (1974)
3008:) and means literally "old fortress". But the word
2778:
The Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish
2990:. Middle Eastern Islamic geographers use the word
4221:Architectural Elements of Traditional Settlements
3669:, in German, reproduced from original in 1962 by
3191:that derived its name from the fortified city of
3069:-style settlements were common rather than large
3918:Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı (TDV) İslam Ansiklopedisi
3817:"Intercultural Dialogue European Radio Campaign"
4547:
5109:
5055:
4873:
4719:
4263:Traditional Forms of Rural Habitat in Pakistan
3580:", but English may use "one qalat/many qalats"
3294:, which causes confusion. Originally the word
2853:, meaning fortress, fortification, or castle.
6221:
5764:
5494:
5323:
5299:
4916:
4907:
4864:
4588:
4384:
4375:
4291:
4247:Hallet, Stanley Ira and Samizay, Rafi (1980)
4233:Szabo, Albert and Barfield, Thomas J. (1991)
4203:Back to Earth: Adobe Building in Saudi Arabia
4189:Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria
3956:EJOS – Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies
3537:or qal'a - Arabic word for fortress or castle
3428:
3422:
3285:
3267:
3039:
3003:
2644:
2617:
8:
5883:
5864:
5855:
5846:
5435:
5410:
5386:
5347:
5338:
5290:
5276:
5247:
5218:
5209:
5185:
5146:
4951:
4932:
4850:
4799:
4790:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4665:
4651:
4642:
4525:
4502:
4087:Archaeology of the Ottoman Period in Hungary
3699:
3575:
3021:
2662:
4534:
4516:
4462:
4448:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
3504:is used for place-names in western Turkey,
3421:There are also other similar terms such as
2720:(Urdu and Hindi), and often became part of
6985:
6411:
6228:
6214:
6206:
5136:
4298:
4284:
4276:
4237:University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas,
4100:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4048:Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3549:- Persian (Urdu, Hindi) variant of Arabic
3044:and the English "citadel" are synonymous.
2624:
2610:
2036:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
127:
3647:Die Aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen
2740:from the ninth to the twelfth centuries.
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3253:, on the Asian coast of the Dardanelles.
4249:Traditional Architecture of Afghanistan
4172:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3972:
3937:
3893:
3731:The Student's Arabic-English Dictionary
3594:
3566:
3528:- Persian alternate spelling of Arabic
139:
4162:
4152:
4093:
4011:
3155:Qala compounds in Iran and Afghanistan
2011:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
3720:
3718:
3276:
2982:towns consisted of a fortress called
7:
4044:"Coğrafi Adların Etimolojik Sözlüğü"
3999:
3305:
3187:was a major state in the southwest
3097:was used. Most of the buildings for
5690:Weapons Storage and Security System
3878:
3866:
3854:
3700:
3022:
3004:
2663:
2645:
2016:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1671:National literatures of Arab States
67:These two qalats were built by the
7264:Influences on Western architecture
3987:Arabic Dictionary with etymologies
3815:) Bentsik, R. "Tracce" ("Traces")
3813:('the fortress of the oak trees').
3284:In Turkish, the scope of the term
3259:, were protecting the Dardanelles.
2021:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
25:
3109:Rabad or Birun (faubourg, suburb)
2674:Qalats can range from forts like
75:to help in the fight against the
7360:
7347:
6435:
6189:
6188:
4111:Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710
3243:
3222:
3195:in the modern day's province of
3116:
2864:
2837:The Arabic word takes the forms
147:
89:
51:
34:
7233:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
3698:Belardi, Walter (1959). "Arabo
3651:The Aramaic Loanwords in Arabic
3459:Another word used for forts is
3232:, on the European coast of the
3055:is a combination of two words,
4251:Garland STPM Press, New York,
4067:Şahi̇n, İbrahim (2013-03-04).
3500:examined, it can be seen that
3388:, was adopted into Turkish as
3352:, an inner tower similar to a
2941:
2896:See the lists of castles from
1:
5585:British "hedgehog" road block
4037:(Master thesis) (in Turkish).
3048:Shahristan (residential area)
2789:states that the Turkish word
61:(12th-13th century) in Jordan
7325:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
3990:. Accessed 5 September 2018.
3574:in Arabic, the singular is "
3337:were mostly built of wooden
2932:Central Asian fortified city
2743:The word is used an various
2732:, which was occupied by the
5995:Cities with defensive walls
5580:Defensive fighting position
5495:
5300:
5110:
5056:
4917:
4908:
4874:
4865:
4720:
3436:The definition of the term
3057:
2960:; the regional variant for
2186:One Thousand and One Nights
7418:
6693:Islamic geometric patterns
4261:Mumtaz, Kamil Khan (1983)
4042:Eren, Hasan (2006-01-01).
3414:
3206:
3147:
2724:. It is even preserved in
1949:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
1016:Andalusian classical music
942:Arabic musical instruments
273:Islamic geometric patterns
7338:
7127:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
6433:
6179:
5625:Hardened aircraft shelter
5600:Entry control point (ECP)
3753:Reprint of first edition.
3209:List of castles in Turkey
3105:were also located there.
3002:originates from Persian (
2805:word of the same meaning
1996:The Theology of Aristotle
1463:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1360:Love in Arabic literature
609:Arabic geometric patterns
572:Islamic hardstone carving
503:Ancient South Arabian art
7243:Museum with No Frontiers
6122:Continuity of government
4187:Kennedy, Hugh N. (2006)
4132:(in Turkish). İstanbul.
3710:1: pp. 147—150
3619:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
3463:, which originates from
2946:(residential area), and
2916:in Iraq, the castles of
1365:Arabic erotic literature
562:Palestinian wood carving
7354:Architecture portal
5944:Motte-and-bailey castle
5650:Missile launch facility
5645:Main line of resistance
4340:
4109:Nicolle, David (2010).
4028:Ersenal, Kemal (2019).
3950:Ozguven, Burcu (2001).
3508:in eastern Turkey, and
3300:
1872:Islamic Aristotelianism
1867:Early Arabic Philosophy
7387:Fortifications by type
7259:Indo-Saracenic Revival
6659:(multicoloured ashlar)
6020:Military installations
5884:
5865:
5856:
5847:
5765:
5436:
5411:
5387:
5377:Scarp and Counterscarp
5348:
5339:
5324:
5291:
5277:
5248:
5219:
5210:
5186:
5147:
4952:
4933:
4851:
4800:
4791:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4666:
4652:
4643:
4589:
4548:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4503:
4463:
4449:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4331:
4201:Facey, William (1997)
3984:Rajki, András (2005).
3793:Belardi, Walter (1959)
3576:
3541:Qalat (disambiguation)
3440:is similar to that of
3429:
3423:
3286:
3274:Turkish pronunciation:
3268:
3164:
3040:
2702:(Persian and Arabic),
2509:South Arabian deities
2031:Theologus Autodidactus
912:Rhythm in Arabic music
7402:Arabic fortifications
6996:Congregational mosque
6454:(four-arch structure)
5789:Floating water castle
5520:Admiralty scaffolding
4813:Fortified buildings (
4073:Avrasya Terim Dergisi
3688:, and again in 1982,
3547:Qila (disambiguation)
3535:Qala (disambiguation)
3526:Kala (disambiguation)
3489:also originates from
3411:Kale vs hisar, kermen
3395:Ottoman towns in the
3162:
2338:North Arabian deities
2242:Fictional Arab people
2081:Atlantis of the Sands
2006:The Book of the Apple
587:Islamic ivory carving
102:dictionary definition
7397:Architecture in Iran
7320:Ottoman architecture
7310:Moorish architecture
7305:Islamic architecture
7300:Iranian architecture
6723:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
6577:(or müezzin mahfili)
6237:Islamic architecture
6132:Subterranean warfare
5085:Viking ring fortress
4113:. Osprey Publishing.
3317:which were built on
3257:Mehmed the Conqueror
3036:last line of defence
2817:The Persian word is
1468:Modern Arabic poetry
1143:Gnawa (North Africa)
984:Classical Arab music
71:and expanded by the
7357: •
7344: •
7330:Yemeni architecture
7315:Mughal architecture
7295:Berber architecture
7290:Arabic architecture
6954:Salsabil (fountain)
6688:Islamic calligraphy
5949:Quadrangular castle
5685:Weapon storage area
5041:Quadrangular castle
4118:Can, Mesut (2015).
4054:(2003/2): 170–186.
3881:, pp. 150–151.
3869:, pp. 148–150.
3857:, pp. 143–154.
3483:. The Russian word
3266:In modern Turkish,
2974:In the pre-Islamic
2141:Iram of the Pillars
1400:Mirrors for princes
947:Great Book of Music
680:(Arabian Peninsula)
268:Islamic calligraphy
7031:Kuttab (or maktab)
5680:Underground hangar
5465:Fire control tower
5262:Gunpowder magazine
4690:Butter-churn tower
3822:2016-03-04 at the
3636:Fraenkel, Siegmund
3348:with towers and a
3165:
3128:. You can help by
2970:Kuhandiz (citadel)
2910:Qal'at ash-Shawbak
2876:. You can help by
2728:in places such as
2263:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2091:Beast of the Earth
2046:Sicilian Questions
1877:Islamic Platonism
1830:Arabic mathematics
1380:Arabic short story
1375:Literary_criticism
567:Islamic embroidery
537:Arabic calligraphy
7374:
7373:
7221:
7220:
6977:
6976:
6964:Shading Umbrellas
6748:Stucco decoration
6648:For overview, see
6463:Four-centred arch
6203:
6202:
6127:Military urbanism
6061:Fortified gateway
5934:Concentric castle
5698:
5697:
5615:Fire support base
5455:Coastal artillery
5330:(Spanish America)
4924:
4766:Concentric castle
4139:978-605-84009-4-8
3741:978-81-206-0855-9
3694:978-3-487-00319-1
3631:978-3-447-02592-8
3467:. It is known as
3230:Kilitbahir Kalesi
3146:
3145:
2894:
2893:
2760:Siegmund Fraenkel
2745:Arabic placenames
2634:
2633:
1934:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1845:Arabic technology
1840:Arabic psychology
1825:Arabic Golden Age
592:Islamic Metalwork
348:Stucco decoration
126:
125:
42:Qal'at as-Subeiba
16:(Redirected from
7409:
7367:Islam portal
7365:
7364:
7363:
7352:
7351:
6986:
6651:Islamic ornament
6530:South Asian dome
6458:Discharging arch
6439:
6412:
6256:Anatolian Seljuk
6230:
6223:
6216:
6207:
6192:
6191:
6185:
6076:National redoubt
6005:Fortified estate
5929:Circular rampart
5889:
5870:
5861:
5852:
5770:
5530:Anti-tank trench
5525:Air raid shelter
5500:
5460:Disappearing gun
5441:
5416:
5392:
5353:
5344:
5329:
5305:
5296:
5282:
5253:
5224:
5215:
5191:
5152:
5137:
5115:
5095:Bailey (or ward)
5061:
4966:Motte-and-bailey
4957:
4938:
4922:
4914:
4913:
4879:
4870:
4856:
4805:
4796:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4671:
4657:
4648:
4594:
4551:
4540:
4531:
4522:
4508:
4468:
4454:
4394:Circular rampart
4390:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4277:
4177:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4131:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4080:
4063:
4038:
4036:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3910:
3897:
3891:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3767:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3726:Steingass, F. J.
3722:
3713:
3707:AION Linguistica
3703:
3702:
3679:
3671:Georg Olms Publ.
3655:Brill Publishers
3644:
3604:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3432:
3426:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3289:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3251:Kale-i Sultaniye
3247:
3226:
3185:Khanate of Kalat
3141:
3138:
3120:
3113:
3060:
3043:
3025:
3024:
3007:
3006:
2889:
2886:
2868:
2861:
2783:Armenian-Turkish
2768:
2734:Aghlabid dynasty
2666:
2665:
2648:
2647:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2303:Princess Jasmine
2288:Layla and Majnun
2273:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2221:She-Camel of God
2216:Shams al-Ma'arif
2026:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1892:Sufi metaphysics
1820:Arabic geography
1815:Arabic astronomy
1810:Arabic astrology
1805:Arabic chemistry
1370:Arabic grimoires
1350:
1123:Chaabi (Morocco)
1118:Chaabi (Algeria)
902:Arab tone system
721:
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
552:Arabic miniature
278:Islamic ornament
151:
128:
121:
118:
112:
100:appears to be a
93:
85:
55:
38:
21:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7392:Castles by type
7377:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7361:
7359:
7346:
7334:
7278:
7269:Moorish Revival
7247:
7217:
7183:Albarrana tower
7171:
7100:
7087:in modern Iran)
7001:Dar al-Muwaqqit
6973:
6924:(fountain type)
6909:
6903:
6866:
6860:
6851:Reflecting pool
6846:Persian gardens
6841:Paradise garden
6809:
6786:(entrance hall)
6757:
6713:Nagash painting
6635:
6557:
6551:
6502:
6473:Lambrequin arch
6440:
6431:
6403:
6374:Sudano-Sahelian
6239:
6234:
6204:
6199:
6183:
6175:
6105:
6029:
5973:
5907:
5842:Imperial castle
5815:Coercion castle
5810:Coastal defence
5793:
5755:Promontory fort
5725:Hillside castle
5694:
5610:Fallout shelter
5575:Concertina wire
5555:Border security
5508:
5419:
5128:
4761:Coercion castle
4749:Cheval de frise
4731:Chemin de ronde
4579:Albarrana tower
4560:
4505:Schwedenschanze
4482:Promontory fort
4309:
4304:
4265:UNESCO, Paris,
4191:Brill, Leiden,
4184:
4182:Further reading
4171:
4161:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4129:
4117:
4108:
4092:
4083:
4066:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3900:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3824:Wayback Machine
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3775:Nişanyan Sözlük
3769:
3768:
3757:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3673:
3638:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3522:
3419:
3413:
3311:Ottoman Turkish
3278:[ka'le]
3273:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3182:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3126:needs expansion
3111:
3050:
2972:
2934:
2906:Qal'at al-Karak
2902:Qalʻat ar-Rabad
2890:
2884:
2881:
2874:needs expansion
2859:
2835:
2827:
2815:
2762:
2758:(1987), citing
2753:
2630:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2503:Isāf and Nā'ila
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2236:Zarqa al Yamama
2101:Book of Wonders
2070:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2056:
1991:Liber de Causis
1897:Sufi philosophy
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1835:Arabic medicine
1799:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1348:
1342:Epic literature
1304:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1133:Fann at-Tanbura
952:Kitab al-Aghani
888:
878:
877:
876:
736:
726:
725:
719:
711:
703:
695:
687:
679:
673:
663:
662:
661:
659:
542:Arabic graffiti
494:
484:
483:
482:
480:
385:Albarrana tower
328:Reflecting pool
318:Nagash painting
210:
161:
122:
116:
113:
106:
94:
83:
82:
81:
80:
64:
63:
62:
59:Qalʻat ar-Rabad
56:
47:
46:
45:
44:, Golan Heights
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7415:
7413:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7379:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7286:
7284:
7283:Category pages
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7157:Medina quarter
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6992:
6990:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6945:
6943:Riwaq (arcade)
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6831:Islamic garden
6828:
6823:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6478:Multifoil arch
6475:
6470:
6468:Horseshoe arch
6465:
6460:
6455:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6416:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6329:
6324:
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6310:
6309:
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6298:
6293:
6283:
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6273:
6268:
6263:
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6210:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6159:Trench warfare
6156:
6154:Tunnel warfare
6151:
6150:
6149:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6106:
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6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Fortifications
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
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5936:
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5906:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5820:Counter-castle
5817:
5812:
5807:
5805:Border barrier
5801:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5740:Lowland castle
5737:
5732:
5730:Hilltop castle
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5605:Electric fence
5602:
5597:
5595:Dragon's teeth
5592:
5590:Czech hedgehog
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5504:Wire obstacles
5501:
5492:
5490:Polygonal fort
5487:
5482:
5480:Martello tower
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5445:Border outpost
5442:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5319:Polygonal fort
5316:
5311:
5306:
5297:
5288:
5283:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5216:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4930:
4925:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4857:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4811:
4809:Flanking tower
4806:
4797:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4776:Counter-castle
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4663:
4658:
4649:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4566:Post-classical
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4556:Vitrified fort
4553:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4509:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4460:
4455:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4414:Defensive wall
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4307:Fortifications
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4259:
4245:
4231:
4213:
4199:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4138:
4115:
4106:
4081:
4075:(in Turkish).
4064:
4050:(in Turkish).
4039:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4004:
4002:, p. 180.
3992:
3977:
3975:, p. 157.
3965:
3942:
3930:
3898:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3795:
3786:
3755:
3740:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3696:
3680:, Hildesheim,
3633:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3521:
3518:
3412:
3409:
3380:and sometimes
3249:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3181:
3178:
3156:
3153:
3148:Main article:
3144:
3143:
3123:
3121:
3110:
3107:
3049:
3046:
2971:
2968:
2933:
2930:
2892:
2891:
2871:
2869:
2858:
2855:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2814:
2811:
2795:Middle Persian
2787:Sevan Nişanyan
2752:
2749:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Kara Ben Nemsi
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:Abdul Alhazred
2250:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2051:Fusus al-Hikam
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Al-aql al-faal
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1597:Arabic prosody
1593:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1349:(ryhmed prose)
1344:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Qudud Halabiya
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:Andalusi nubah
1018:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Arabic hip hop
966:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
907:Algerian scale
904:
899:
890:
889:
884:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
852:Robe of honour
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
793:
792:
787:
785:Tarboush (fez)
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
738:
737:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:(North Africa)
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
674:
669:
668:
665:
664:
657:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
619:Damascus steel
616:
611:
606:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
577:Islamic garden
574:
569:
564:
559:
557:Arabic pottery
554:
549:
544:
539:
528:
527:
526:
525:
520:
510:
505:
496:
495:
490:
489:
486:
485:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
440:Medina quarter
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
308:Multifoil arch
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
253:Horseshoe arch
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
163:
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
144:
143:
141:Arabic culture
137:
136:
124:
123:
97:
95:
88:
66:
65:
57:
50:
49:
48:
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
27:Type of castle
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7414:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7369:
7368:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7142:Hasht-Bihisht
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7016:Jama'at Khana
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6980:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6836:Mughal garden
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6438:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6219:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6196:
6195:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6164:Urban warfare
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6117:Civil defense
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5985:Bastion forts
5983:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5969:Z-plan castle
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5939:L-plan castle
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Bridge castle
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Refuge castle
5891:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:Military base
5872:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:Hunting lodge
5835:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:Moated castle
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Island castle
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:By topography
5701:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Submarine pen
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5630:Hesco bastion
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:Blast shelter
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Place-of-arms
5312:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4947:Machicolation
4945:
4943:
4942:L-plan castle
4940:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:Bridge castle
4673:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4638:Bent entrance
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4623:Battery tower
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:Advanced work
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4498:Refuge castle
4496:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:0-8240-7059-3
4254:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:0-292-70419-4
4240:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4215:Bing, Judith
4214:
4212:
4211:1-900404-13-3
4208:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:90-04-14713-6
4194:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4168:
4156:
4141:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4014:, p. 51.
4013:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3940:, p. 36.
3939:
3934:
3931:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3896:, p. 11.
3895:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:Caltabellotta
3805:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3621:, Wiesbaden,
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:toponymically
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:Anadoluhisarı
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3368:in Turkish),
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:curtain walls
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:narrow passes
3320:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3270:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3213:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3124:This section
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3034:and were the
3033:
3029:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2872:This section
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2736:and then the
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2318:Talia al Ghul
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Book of Idols
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Islamic Logic
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:Egyptian folk
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
887:
882:
881:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
741:
735:
730:
729:
722:
718:Arab Maghreb
716:
714:
708:
706:
700:
698:
696:(Mesopotamia)
692:
690:
686:Arab Mashriq
684:
682:
676:
675:
672:
667:
666:
660:
655:
652:
650:
649:Pseudo-Arabic
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:Islamic glass
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
511:
509:
508:Nabataean art
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
493:
488:
487:
481:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
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448:
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441:
438:
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388:
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206:
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160:
155:
154:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:
120:
117:November 2022
110:
104:
103:
98:This article
96:
92:
87:
86:
78:
74:
70:
60:
54:
43:
37:
19:
7358:
7345:
7342:Islamic arts
7207:
7122:Caravanserai
6647:
6601:Loudspeakers
6526:Persian dome
6488:Pointed arch
6286:Indo-Islamic
6276:Great Seljuk
6187:
6142:Siege engine
6110:Other topics
6034:Related word
6000:Defense line
5964:Tower castle
5919:Bastion fort
5903:Urban castle
5831:Ganerbenburg
5829:
5784:Water castle
5760:Ridge castle
5745:Marsh castle
5560:Bomb shelter
5540:Belgian gate
5513:20th century
5424:19th century
5362:Retrenchment
5334:Punji sticks
5243:Entrenchment
5238:Device Forts
5205:Counterguard
5140:Early modern
5070:Tower castle
5010:
5006:Powder tower
4981:Outer bailey
4893:Inner bailey
4867:Gulyay-gorod
4835:Ganerbenburg
4833:
4829:Fujian tulou
4771:Corner tower
4710:Chamber gate
4680:Bridge tower
4528:Trou de loup
4262:
4248:
4234:
4220:
4216:
4202:
4188:
4143:. Retrieved
4125:
4120:
4110:
4086:
4076:
4072:
4051:
4047:
4030:
4007:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3973:Özgüven 2003
3968:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3938:Ersenal 2019
3933:
3922:. Retrieved
3920:(in Turkish)
3917:
3894:Nicolle 2010
3874:
3862:
3850:
3831:
3827:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3789:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:
3745:. Retrieved
3730:
3705:
3650:
3646:
3614:
3611:Leslau, Wolf
3573:
3569:
3550:
3529:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3446:Rumelihisarı
3437:
3435:
3420:
3404:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3343:
3330:
3313:) refers to
3295:
3291:
3283:
3265:
3183:
3170:
3166:
3137:January 2021
3134:
3130:adding to it
3125:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3052:
3051:
3027:
3023:حصون. ج - حص
3017:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2961:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2898:Saudi Arabia
2895:
2882:
2878:adding to it
2873:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2754:
2742:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:Muslim world
2673:
2658:
2654:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2565:Dhul Khalasa
2508:
2507:
2337:
2332:Spirituality
2308:Ra's al Ghul
2283:King Marsile
2241:
2240:
2166:Magic carpet
2055:
1984:
1983:
1917:
1916:
1753:Saudi Arabia
1669:
1668:
1595:
1594:
1520:
1519:
1473:
1472:
1444:
1443:
1405:
1404:
1335:
1334:
1307:
1182:
1108:Algerian Raï
1096:
1095:
1009:
1008:
957:
956:
937:Quarter tone
897:Arabic maqam
891:
795:
794:
739:
658:
634:Hedwig glass
597:
596:
530:
529:
497:
479:
444:
400:Caravanserai
378:
377:
211:
209:
164:
159:Architecture
114:
99:
6969:Windcatcher
6950:(courtyard)
6703:Mosque lamp
6683:Girih tiles
6640:Decorations
6518:Arabic dome
6041:Castle town
5898:Toll castle
5867:Lustschloss
5849:Kaiserpfalz
5779:Spur castle
5774:Rock castle
5715:Hill castle
5710:Cave castle
5670:Spider hole
5570:Bremer wall
5535:Barbed tape
5431:Barbed wire
5105:Witch tower
5075:Tower house
5065:Toll castle
5051:Shield wall
4971:Murder hole
4860:Guard tower
4477:Pincer gate
4424:Faussebraye
4163:|work=
4090:. Budapest.
4079:(1): 46–58.
4012:Şahi̇n 2013
3674: [
3639: [
3516:peninsula.
3370:battlements
3327:bottlenecks
3234:Dardanelles
3197:Balochistan
3061:(city) and
3032:high ground
2998:. The word
2940:(citadel),
2857:Middle East
2781:written by
2763: [
2756:Wolf Leslau
2722:place-names
2714:(Persian),
2706:(Turkish),
2664:قلعہ, قلعة
2268:Battal Gazi
1453:Anthologies
1253:Raqs Sharqi
1208:Belly dance
1051:Iraqi maqam
979:Arabic jazz
974:Arabic rock
827:Fouta towel
629:Girih tiles
547:Arab carpet
518:Fatimid art
513:Islamic art
368:Windcatcher
233:Arabic dome
18:Qal'at
7381:Categories
7252:Influences
7167:Well house
6938:Mashrabiya
6586:Hussainiya
6522:Onion dome
6313:Indonesian
6301:Qutb Shahi
6066:Gatekeeper
5886:Ordensburg
5858:Landesburg
5665:Sentry gun
5620:Flak tower
5550:Blast wall
5470:Gun turret
5367:Sally port
5272:Kotta mara
5212:Couvreface
5176:Breastwork
5171:Blockhouse
5149:Abwurfdach
5100:Watchtower
5090:Wall tower
5046:Shell keep
4996:Portcullis
4991:Peel tower
4976:Neck ditch
4935:Landesburg
4883:Half tower
4841:Gate tower
4786:Drawbridge
4628:Battlement
4544:Wagon fort
4387:Chengqiang
3924:2021-01-25
3780:2021-01-25
3557:References
3415:See also:
3374:embrasures
3315:fortresses
3207:See also:
3173:mud mortar
3099:recreation
3095:shahristan
3091:shahristan
3087:kuhandizes
3053:Shahristan
2988:shahristan
2943:shahristan
2900:, Jordan (
2540:Dhat-Badan
2468:Theandrios
2448:Baalshamin
2443:Atarsamain
2298:Palamedes
2041:Muqaddimah
2001:Al-isharat
1907:Avicennism
1859:Philosophy
1728:Mauritania
1537:Muwashshah
1502:Khamriyyah
1302:Literature
1248:Ouled Nail
1061:Muwashshah
964:Arabic pop
523:Mamluk art
470:Well house
405:Bimaristan
293:Mashrabiya
109:rewrite it
7226:Resources
6989:Religious
6959:Shabestan
6917:Hypostyle
6899:Shadirvan
6668:Arabesque
6591:Imamzadeh
6556:Religious
6536:Semi-dome
6483:Ogee arch
6452:Chahartaq
6415:Materials
6342:Almoravid
6317:Malaysian
6169:Guerrilla
5912:By design
5660:Revetment
5475:Land mine
5406:Star fort
5233:Crownwork
5228:Covertway
5161:Barricade
4802:Embrasure
4715:Chartaque
4645:Bergfried
4603:Arrowslit
4429:Gatehouse
4399:City gate
4360:Castellum
4326:Acropolis
4165:ignored (
4155:cite book
4096:cite book
4060:0564-5050
4000:Eren 2006
3728:(1993) .
3686:476894716
3667:750560476
3589:Citations
3475:, and as
3358:bâlâhisar
3350:gatehouse
3339:palisades
3325:, and at
3071:political
3000:kuhandiz
2980:Turkestan
2845:, plural
2843:qil'a(-t)
2839:qal'a(-t)
2751:Etymology
2680:mud-brick
2659:qil'a(-t)
2655:qal'a(-t)
2383:Al-Kutbay
2211:Shadhavar
2176:Mount Qaf
2151:Karkadann
2068:Mythology
1954:Asabiyyah
1912:Averroism
1743:Palestine
1665:Mutadārik
1662:Mutaqārib
1653:Mujtathth
1505:Tardiyyah
1325:Classical
1268:Schikhatt
1233:Khaleegy
1010:Art music
837:Jellabiya
750:Battoulah
604:Arabesque
598:Features
460:Shadirvan
263:Hypostyle
228:Arabesque
212:Features
180:Nabataean
77:Crusaders
7340:Part of
7176:Military
7112:Baradari
7105:Civilian
6928:Jharokha
6889:Mechouar
6826:Charbagh
6769:Andaruni
6743:Socarrat
6708:Muqarnas
6606:Maqsurah
6498:Vaulting
6427:Tadelakt
6408:Elements
6357:Zayyanid
6337:Aghlabid
6194:Category
6184:See also
6071:Loophole
5959:Ringwork
5954:Ringfort
5879:Obstacle
5720:Hillfort
5640:Loophole
5438:Barbette
5413:Tenaille
5396:Sea fort
5326:Presidio
5286:Magazine
5267:Hornwork
5200:Cavalier
5195:Casemate
5188:Caponier
5031:Ringwork
4919:Detinets
4888:Hoarding
4793:Enceinte
4668:Bretèche
4613:Bartizan
4608:Barbican
4584:Alcazaba
4512:Stockade
4492:Ringfort
4472:Palisade
4444:Landwehr
4439:Hillfort
4271:10606333
4229:37475487
3879:Can 2015
3867:Can 2015
3855:Can 2015
3836:page 415
3820:Archived
3704:qal‘a".
3659:page 237
3645:(1886).
3623:page 426
3613:(1987).
3520:See also
3401:Anatolia
3335:palankas
3189:Pakistan
3180:Pakistan
3083:kuhandiz
3075:economic
3028:kuhandiz
3010:kuhandiz
2992:kuhandiz
2954:faubourg
2938:kuhandiz
2914:Tal Afar
2885:May 2021
2825:Armenian
2803:Akkadian
2797:variant
2738:Fatimids
2726:toponyms
2498:Yarhibol
2478:Malakbel
2348:Al-‘Uzzá
2258:Ali Baba
2231:Zulfiqar
1918:Concepts
1902:Farabism
1693:Djibouti
1650:Muqtaḍab
1644:Munsariħ
1587:Ghinnawa
1562:Riddles
1547:Mathnawi
1309:Language
1263:Shamadan
1228:Hagallah
1081:Tahmilah
862:Takchita
822:Durra'ah
817:Djellaba
796:Clothing
770:Madhalla
760:Keffiyeh
740:Headwear
694:Mashriq
688:(Levant)
644:Muqarnas
363:Voussoir
358:Vaulting
353:Tadelakt
343:Socarrat
313:Muqarnas
133:a series
131:Part of
69:Ayyubids
7274:Mudéjar
7238:ArchNet
7188:Alcázar
7061:Musalla
7046:Maqbara
7036:Madrasa
7026:Külliye
7021:Khanqah
7011:Gongbei
6910:cooling
6908:Passive
6874:Chhatri
6867:objects
6865:Outdoor
6814:Gardens
6790:Mirador
6728:Shabaka
6718:Qashani
6673:Banna'i
6616:Minaret
6558:objects
6548:(eaves)
6546:Chhajja
6493:Squinch
6394:Umayyad
6389:Timurid
6379:Swahili
6364:Ottoman
6347:Almohad
6332:Moorish
6322:Iranian
6291:Bengali
6271:Fatimid
6266:Chinese
6261:Ayyubid
6251:Abbasid
6101:Vedette
6091:Schloss
6056:Festung
6051:Dungeon
6046:Château
5990:Castles
5798:By role
5655:Pillbox
5485:Outpost
5401:Station
5389:Schanze
5372:Sandbag
5357:Redoubt
5341:Ravelin
5309:Palanka
5293:Orillon
5279:Lunette
5221:Coupure
5166:Bastion
5156:Arsenal
5124:Zwinger
5036:Roundel
5026:Ricetto
5001:Postern
4986:Outwork
4910:Kremlin
4781:Curtain
4756:Citadel
4740:Chemise
4700:Caltrop
4618:Bastion
4591:Alcázar
4487:Rampart
4465:Oppidum
4458:Nuraghe
4404:Crannog
4378:Castros
4314:Ancient
4219:(1996)
4022:Sources
3844:1857092
3514:Crimean
3512:in the
3486:kremlin
3481:Chuvash
3397:Balkans
3382:postern
3366:başkule
3103:worship
3041:iç kale
2996:citadel
2928:, etc.
2922:Lebanon
2813:Persian
2807:kalakku
2785:author
2678:to the
2676:Rumkale
2651:Persian
2590:Yaghūth
2560:Basamum
2515:Almaqah
2483:Orotalt
2438:Al-Qaum
2433:Aglibol
2368:Chaabou
2363:Dushara
2313:Sindbad
2293:Othello
2248:Aladdin
2206:Shaddad
2086:Bahamut
1797:Science
1773:Tunisia
1758:Somalia
1733:Morocco
1718:Lebanon
1688:Comoros
1683:Bahrain
1678:Algeria
1656:Muḍāriʿ
1591:Humayni
1515:Hamasah
1407:Islamic
1390:Tezkire
1385:Tabaqat
1278:Tanoura
1218:Deheyeh
1113:Bedouin
1066:Qasidah
1026:Bashraf
999:Khaliji
994:Al Jeel
847:Macawis
812:Burnous
780:Tantour
775:Taqiyah
712:(Sudan)
710:Mawset
704:(Egypt)
702:Mawset
678:Khalij
671:Cuisine
614:Banna'i
420:Madrasa
390:Alcázar
243:Gardens
238:Banna'i
200:Moorish
195:Fatimid
190:Abbasid
185:Umayyad
170:Islamic
107:Please
73:Mamluks
7198:Kasbah
7147:Kasbah
7137:Hammam
7132:Ghorfa
7117:Bazaar
7096:Zawiya
7085:takyeh
7056:Mosque
7006:Dargah
6933:Kucheh
6879:Eidgah
6805:Zenana
6753:Zellij
6738:Sitara
6733:Shamsa
6621:Minbar
6611:Mihrab
6596:Kiswah
6581:Gonbad
6445:Arches
6399:Yemeni
6369:Somali
6352:Hafsid
6327:Mamluk
6306:Mughal
6296:Deccan
6244:Styles
6096:Trench
6086:Picket
5497:Sangar
5450:Bunker
5382:Sconce
5302:Ostrog
5250:Flèche
5133:Modern
5112:Yagura
5080:Turret
5016:Reduit
4954:Merlon
4898:Kasbah
4876:Gusuku
4853:Glacis
4846:Gabion
4815:church
4722:Chashi
4705:Castle
4549:Laager
4537:Vallum
4494:(Rath)
4369:Castra
4351:Burgus
4321:Abatis
4269:
4255:
4241:
4227:
4217:et al.
4209:
4195:
4136:
4128:]
4058:
3914:"Kale"
3842:
3771:"kale"
3747:1 June
3738:
3692:
3684:
3665:
3629:
3510:kermen
3491:kermen
3477:karman
3469:kirmen
3461:kermen
3454:hessar
3442:castle
3430:kermen
3417:Hissar
3390:burgaz
3386:purgos
3203:Turkey
3067:castle
2958:suburb
2851:qulû'
2847:qilâ'
2833:Arabic
2819:kalata
2771:kalata
2730:Sicily
2712:kalleh
2700:qal'at
2669:Arabic
2653:, and
2641:kalata
2570:Haukim
2555:Qaynan
2550:Ta'lab
2545:Haubas
2535:Salman
2530:Athtar
2398:Azizos
2353:Al-Lat
2226:Wāḳwāḳ
2196:Qutrub
2191:Qareen
2181:Nasnas
2161:Luqman
2156:Kujata
2111:Dandan
2076:Ababil
1778:U.A.E.
1713:Kuwait
1708:Jordan
1647:Khafīf
1637:Rajaz
1582:Nabati
1577:Mawwal
1567:Kharja
1557:Nasīb
1552:Ruba'i
1542:Urjūza
1532:Qasida
1527:Diwan
1508:Khawal
1498:Ghazal
1488:Rithā'
1474:Genres
1446:Poetry
1439:Aqidah
1424:Hadith
1419:Tafsir
1355:Maqama
1330:Modern
1283:Yowlah
1273:Tahtib
1243:Mizmar
1223:Guedra
1173:Shaabi
1158:Mezwed
1153:Mawwal
1138:Fijiri
1103:Ataaba
1091:Waslah
1086:Taqsim
1076:Sama'i
1056:Mawwal
1046:Malhun
1041:Layali
958:Genres
932:Teslim
917:Taqsim
892:Theory
857:Sirwal
842:Kaftan
790:Turban
765:Litham
654:Zellij
639:Kiswah
624:Damask
498:Styles
475:Zawiya
465:Tekyeh
435:Mosque
415:Kasbah
410:Hammam
395:Bazaar
373:Zellij
303:Mosaic
205:Mamluk
175:Yemeni
165:Styles
7213:Ribat
7208:Qalat
7193:Amsar
7152:Mahal
7091:Türbe
7081:Takya
7076:Surau
7071:Rauza
7066:Qubba
7051:Mazar
7041:Maqam
6982:Types
6894:Sebil
6784:Liwan
6774:Harem
6762:Rooms
6678:Girih
6663:Alfiz
6657:Ablaq
6631:Zarih
6626:Qibla
6575:Dikka
6570:Bedug
6565:Anaza
6541:Tajug
6507:Roofs
6422:Qadad
6384:Tatar
6281:Hausa
6137:Siege
6081:Palas
6025:Walls
6015:Forts
5978:Lists
5825:Fence
5767:Rocca
5635:Kabal
5350:Redan
5257:Gorge
5181:Canal
5058:Shiro
5021:Ribat
5011:Qalat
4823:Dzong
4819:house
4519:Sudis
4451:Limes
4409:Ditch
4342:Broch
4333:Agger
4145:2 May
4130:(PDF)
4124:[
4035:(PDF)
3678:]
3643:]
3562:Notes
3551:qal'a
3530:qal'a
3502:hisar
3496:When
3473:Tatar
3465:Cuman
3438:hisar
3424:hisar
3405:varoş
3331:kales
3321:, at
3319:roads
3301:kal'a
3193:Kalat
3150:Rabad
3079:qal'a
3063:-stan
3018:husûn
3005:كهندز
2963:rabat
2949:rabad
2926:Egypt
2918:Syria
2799:kalak
2767:]
2708:kaleh
2696:qalat
2692:qal'a
2667:) in
2649:) in
2637:Qalat
2595:Yatha
2585:Ya'uq
2525:Anbay
2463:Suwa'
2458:Hubal
2428:Abgal
2418:Manāt
2413:Manāt
2408:Quzah
2403:Bajir
2388:Asira
2373:Manaf
2358:Manāt
2343:Allah
2171:Marid
2136:Ifrit
2131:Houri
2121:Ghoul
2116:Falak
2106:Buraq
1985:Texts
1974:Qadar
1964:Irfan
1944:Peace
1939:Dhati
1887:Kalam
1783:Yemen
1768:Syria
1763:Sudan
1748:Qatar
1723:Libya
1698:Egypt
1659:Sarīʿ
1641:Ramal
1632:Hazaj
1627:Wāfir
1622:Kamil
1617:Basīṭ
1613:Madīd
1609:Ṭawīl
1572:Zajal
1521:Forms
1511:Fakhr
1479:Madih
1458:Poets
1414:Quran
1395:Rihla
1336:Prose
1320:Paleo
1258:Samri
1213:Dabke
1203:Ardah
1195:Dance
1178:Zajal
1163:Samri
1036:Dulab
989:Opera
927:Lazma
886:Music
872:Tiraz
867:Thawb
832:Izaar
807:Bisht
802:Abaya
734:Dress
531:Types
455:Sabil
450:Ribat
445:Qalat
430:Mazar
425:Maqam
379:Types
333:Riwaq
323:Qadad
288:Liwan
248:Girih
223:Alfiz
218:Ablaq
7203:Ksar
7162:Souq
7083:(or
6948:Sahn
6922:Howz
6884:Fina
6856:Riad
6821:Bagh
6800:Qa’a
6795:Hosh
6779:Iwan
6698:Jali
6514:Dome
6147:list
5565:Buoy
5119:Yett
4961:Moat
4928:Ksar
4903:Keep
4695:Caer
4685:Burh
4661:Boom
4654:Berm
4633:Bawn
4598:Amba
4434:Gord
4267:OCLC
4253:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4225:OCLC
4207:ISBN
4193:ISBN
4174:link
4167:help
4147:2021
4134:ISBN
4102:link
4056:ISSN
3840:OCLC
3749:2021
3736:ISBN
3701:قلعة
3690:ISBN
3682:OCLC
3663:OCLC
3627:ISBN
3577:qala
3506:kale
3399:and
3378:moat
3376:, a
3372:and
3354:keep
3306:قلعە
3298:(or
3296:kale
3292:kale
3287:kale
3269:kale
3214:Kale
3101:and
3073:and
3058:šahr
3014:hisn
2978:and
2976:Iran
2908:and
2849:and
2841:and
2791:kale
2717:qila
2710:and
2704:kale
2694:and
2688:qala
2646:قلعه
2575:Nasr
2493:Sa'd
2488:Ruda
2473:Wadd
2423:A'ra
2393:Awal
2378:Nuha
2201:Roc
2146:Jinn
2126:Hinn
1979:Qalb
1969:Nafs
1738:Oman
1703:Iraq
1604:Bayt
1493:Waṣf
1483:Hija
1434:Fiqh
1429:Sīra
1347:Saj
1315:Old
1238:Liwa
1168:Sawt
1148:Liwa
1097:Folk
1031:Dawr
922:Jins
755:Haik
745:Agal
338:Sahn
298:Riad
283:Iwan
258:Howz
4419:Dun
3653:).
3479:in
3471:in
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3309:in
3132:.
3016:or
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2912:),
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2809:.
2657:or
2639:or
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2520:Amm
2453:Bēl
1959:Hal
1288:Zār
1004:Raï
492:Art
7383::
6528:/
6524:/
6520:/
6315:/
6186::
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4153:{{
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4094:{{
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3958:.
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3886:^
3838:,
3828:In
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