78:
50:
43:
71:
823:
600:, massacring its Mongol and Georgian garrison. However, the fortified city was back in Mongol hands by 1281. Due to its strategic location, Muslim geographers throughout the Islamic era mentioned Circesium but gave no detailed account of the city in their descriptions of the region. This may indicate that Circesium did not become a large town under the various Muslim dynasties that ruled it.
548:
in rebellion against the
Umayyads. Abd al-Malik was forced to contend with Zufar before he could embark on his conquest of Iraq from the Zubayrids. To that end, he besieged Circesium around 690 and after several months, Zufar ultimately surrendered and defected to the Umayyads.
226:
calls it the "farthest fortress" (φρούριον ἔσχατον) of the Romans. It was later conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th century and was often a point of contention between various Muslim states due to its strategic location between Syria and Iraq. The modern town of
444:
531–579), during his offensive in 540, decided to invade the Roman Empire further to the north, "along the western bank of the
Euphrates". Circesium, due to these reorganization efforts by Justinian I, eventually became the garrison site of a
332:
276:
741:
350:
284–286) further enforced
Circesium into a strongly fortified outpost on the far eastern frontier of the empire, in order to improve the defensive capabilities against the
1130:
462:
to cross the
Euphrates near Circesium in order to attack the eastern Byzantine provinces from there. In 580, Circesium was turned into the garrison base for Emperor
1061:
612:. Writing in the early 20th century, historian M. Streck wrote that al-Busayra was a village of thirty to forty clay houses adjacent to a large site of ruins.
1140:
651:(325) who had suffered mutilation during the preceding persecution. However, his name does not appear in the authentic list. Abrahamius, took part in the
455:
1125:
1115:
890:
1066:
1120:
820:
931:
674:
in 518. He also acted as a representative of the
Monophysites at a conference held in Constantinople in 532. Davithas (David) was a member of
1075:
955:
412:, Circesium was the headquarter of Legio IV Parthica until the 5th century. The fortress of Circenium was restored and extended by Emperor
983:
679:
70:
683:
1135:
675:
517:, in all likelihood, Circesium was recaptured shortly after by the Byzantines. However, in 690-691, during the reign of Caliph
42:
123:
541:
513:. Though many Muslim sources state this occurred in 637, it more likely occurred in 640. According to Joseph Wiesehöfer /
1095:
1091:
403:), was still visible at Zaitha (which was located nearby Circesium) when Julian and his army moved through the area.
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502:
998:
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589:
994:
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111:
423:
527–565) during his efforts "to reorganize the system of border protection at the beginning of his reign".
725:
691:
498:
191:
721:
Thomas A. Carlson et al., “Circesium — ܩܪܩܝܣܝܘܢ ” in The Syriac
Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014,
911:
485:, he was briefly sheltered by the Byzantine garrison commander of Circesium, Probus, before moving to
652:
655:
in 451 and was a signatory of the joint letter that the bishops of the province of
Osrhoene sent to
1037:
926:
629:
424:
320:
military station likely existed in this location as early as 256 AD as the place is listed in King
532:. The city afterward became the capital of the Khabur district of the Jazira province. During the
687:
667:
659:
408:
384:
300:
215:
1071:
1025:
979:
951:
656:
557:
529:
506:
501:, Circesium was captured from the Byzantines without resistance by a Muslim army commanded by
467:
463:
400:
284:
272:
1110:
569:
373:
355:
295:, the Arabicized form of "circus". The ancient site was situated at the eastern bank of the
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writer says that a Bishop Jonas of this see was one of the participants at the
577:
486:
471:
340:
244:
1029:
588:(Circesium) was a flourishing city as late as the 10th century. In 1265, the
138:
125:
644:
625:
621:
459:
434:
223:
694:
bishops of the see, apart from Nonnus, the last being of the 11th century.
671:
637:
573:
565:
392:
336:
321:
283:. The etymology of the name was known to the medieval Muslim geographer,
17:
572:
who ruled the Jazira autonomously during the 10th century. According to
593:
433:
notes that this might have been one of the reasons why
Sasanian King
268:
199:
697:
No longer a residential bishopric, Circesium is today listed by the
470:
during the
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591. During the flight of
101:
243:
is of Graeco-Roman origin and translates as "the castle with the
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
537:
481:
590–628) in 590 from
Sasanian territory during the rebellion of
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
722:
447:
184:
552:
In the late 9th century, the autonomous governor of Egypt,
568:, played an important role in the struggles involving the
218:
rivers, located at the empire's eastern frontier with the
742:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Circesium
406:
It was again restored to the Romans and according to the
913:
Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques
975:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281
608:
The site of Circesium is today occupied by the town of
335:, among towns taken from the Romans in 256 during the
887:
Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus
556:, extended his domains as far as Circesium, but the
528:
685–705), Circesium became a definitive part of the
162:
154:
117:
107:
97:
871:
869:
564:recaptured it in 881. The city, alongside nearby
383:361–363) moved through Circesium and crossed the
354:. Circesium was ceded to the Sasanids by Emperor
339:. Later, having reverted to Roman hands, Emperor
454:In 573, during Khosrow I's offensive during the
505:, himself dispatched by the Muslim governor of
277:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
271:versions of the Latin name, respectively. The
8:
30:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
536:, Circesium became the headquarters of the
1016:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
807:
29:
1024:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 654–655.
978:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
662:in 458 regarding the murder of Patriarch
391:. According to contemporary sources, the
231:corresponds with the site of Circesium.
1131:Populated places on the Euphrates River
1067:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
928:Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae
714:
210:fortress city near the junction of the
1046:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 6
916:, vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 836-837
7:
897:, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 977-980
458:, the Sasanian King ordered General
365:363–364) in a treaty signed in 363.
333:inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
299:, adjacent to the confluence of the
180:
1070:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
819:Encyclopaedia of Islam. Nw Ed. IV:
1141:History of Deir ez-Zor Governorate
25:
950:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
680:Patriarch Menas of Constantinople
456:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591
77:
49:
1126:Former populated places in Syria
684:Second Council of Constantinople
544:who recognized the caliphate of
401:his own Sasanian campaign of 244
76:
69:
48:
41:
1116:Roman towns and cities in Syria
523:
476:
439:
418:
378:
370:his ill-fated Sasanian campaign
360:
345:
326:
27:Former populated place in Syria
1064:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
972:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995).
682:in 536, and Thomas was at the
1:
1121:Catholic titular sees in Asia
542:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
275:transliteration, attested in
670:and was expelled by Emperor
666:. Nonnus was a supporter of
596:captured Circesium from the
399:(who had been killed during
185:
1096:American Center of Research
938:, Leipzig 1931, p. 437
875:Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 115.
723:http://syriaca.org/place/62
1157:
503:Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri
195:
1060:Hamarneh, Basema (2018).
863:Streck 1978, pp. 654–655.
35:
948:Annuario Pontificio 2013
664:Proterius of Alexandria
649:First Council of Nicaea
546:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
534:Second Muslim Civil War
519:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
112:Deir ez-Zor Governorate
1092:Photos of al-Qarqisiya
925:Pius Bonifacius Gams,
239:The name Circesium or
235:Etymology and location
632:, the capital of the
509:(Upper Mesopotamia),
368:In early 363, during
337:second Roman campaign
139:35.15583°N 40.43000°E
88:Show map of Near East
85:Circesium (Near East)
854:Streck 1978, p. 655.
767:Streck 1978, p. 654.
653:Council of Chalcedon
515:Encyclopædia Iranica
430:Encyclopædia Iranica
1048:. pp. 595–596.
993:Streck, M. (1978).
810:, pp. 595–596.
624:of Circesium was a
135: /
32:
1136:Roman–Persian Wars
1038:Wiesehöfer, Joseph
934:2015-06-26 at the
906:Raymond Janin, v.
893:2016-01-03 at the
826:2017-04-16 at the
728:2021-08-04 at the
688:Michael the Syrian
668:Severus of Antioch
660:Leo I the Thracian
409:Notitia Dignitatum
144:35.15583; 40.43000
57:Shown within Syria
1077:978-0-19-866277-8
956:978-88-209-9070-1
657:Byzantine Emperor
530:Umayyad Caliphate
425:Joseph Wiesehöfer
285:Hamza al-Isfahani
170:
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60:Show map of Syria
16:(Redirected from
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493:Medieval era
453:
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428:
407:
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385:Khabur River
367:
315:
301:Khabur River
292:
289:al-Qarqīsiyā
288:
287:, who wrote
280:
260:
257:al-Qarqīsiyā
256:
252:
248:
240:
238:
204:al-Qarqisiya
203:
198:), known in
183:
172:
171:
1062:"Circesium"
1042:"CIRCESIUM"
1007:Pellat, Ch.
995:"Karkisiya"
703:titular see
676:the council
586:al-Qarqīsīā
562:al-Muwaffaq
497:During the
414:Justinian I
397:Gordian III
395:of Emperor
387:by using a
142: /
118:Coordinates
1105:Categories
1020:Volume IV:
709:References
678:called by
610:al-Busayra
604:Modern era
578:Ibn Hawqal
487:Hierapolis
472:Khosrow II
372:, Emperor
341:Diocletian
263:) are the
229:al-Busayra
130:40°25′48″E
127:35°09′21″N
1030:758278456
1003:Lewis, B.
958:), p. 870
908:Circesium
821:Karkisiya
645:Nestorian
626:suffragan
622:bishopric
616:Bishopric
570:Hamdanids
468:offensive
460:Adarmahan
435:Khosrow I
352:Sasanians
331:240–270)
312:Antiquity
253:Qarqūsyōn
249:Qerqusion
224:Procopius
212:Euphrates
196:Κιρκήσιον
173:Circesium
31:Circesium
18:Qarqisiya
1040:(1991).
1022:Iran–Kha
1013:(eds.).
932:Archived
891:Archived
830:. p.654.
824:Archived
726:Archived
692:Jacobite
686:in 553.
672:Justin I
638:Osrhoene
574:Istakhri
566:al-Rahba
558:Abbasids
393:cenotaph
322:Shapur I
273:Parthian
261:Qarqīsīā
206:, was a
186:Qerqesīn
98:Location
1111:Osroene
1094:at the
598:Mongols
594:Baybars
592:sultan
526:
479:
464:Maurice
442:
421:
381:
363:
348:
329:
307:History
1074:
1028:
1009:&
982:
954:
630:Edessa
590:Mamluk
560:under
507:Jazira
374:Julian
356:Jovian
293:qirqīs
281:Krksyʾ
269:Arabic
265:Syriac
255:) and
245:circus
216:Khabur
200:Arabic
181:ܩܪܩܣܝܢ
155:Length
108:Region
997:. In
910:, in
701:as a
538:Qaysi
318:Roman
279:, is
208:Roman
166:190 m
163:Width
158:540 m
102:Syria
1072:ISBN
1026:OCLC
980:ISBN
952:ISBN
620:The
576:and
324:'s (
267:and
214:and
636:of
628:of
466:'s
448:dux
247:".
202:as
1107::
1044:.
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1001:;
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