138:
2786:
2803:
594:
664:
117:
1505:
1651:
Broom, Robert. "20. On a New Family of
Carnivorous Therapsids from the Karroo Beds of South Africa." In Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 527-533. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,
2271:
Maisch, M.W., 2002. Observations on Karoo and
Gondwana vertebrates. Part 3: Notes on the gorgonopsians from the Upper Permian of Tanzania. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte, (4),
2111:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015). "New information on the morphology and stratigraphic range of the mid-Permian gorgonopsian
2868:
476:. However, this generic name was actually erected in honor of Rubidge's paternal grandfather, Sydney Rubidge, who was a renowned fossil hunter. Its species name
2034:
Assemblage Zone of South Africa and a Review of Middle
Permian Gorgonopsians", in Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.),
2855:
1805:
Kermack, Doris M.; Kermack, Kenneth A. (1984), Kermack, Doris M.; Kermack, Kenneth A. (eds.), "Dentitions, Tooth-Replacement and Jaw
Articulation",
612:
and one of the largest gorgonopsians known to have lived. The largest specimens had skulls that measure up to 46 cm (1.51 ft) in length.
740:, making it difficult to distinguish different taxa effectively. The cladogram below (Kammerer and Rubidge 2022) displays the currently accepted
2947:
1924:"Aspects of gorgonopsian paleobiology and evolution: insights from the basicranium, occiput, osseous labyrinth, vasculature, and neuroanatomy"
1770:
Jenkins, Ian; Valkenburgh, Blaire Van (2002-10-01). "Evolutionary
Patterns in the History of Permo-Triassic and Cenozoic Synapsid Predators".
2937:
2309:
2942:
1564:
Day
Michael O.; Ramezani Jahandar; Bowring Samuel A.; Sadler Peter M.; Erwin Douglas H.; Abdala Fernando; Rubidge Bruce S. (2015-07-22).
1566:"When and how did the terrestrial mid-Permian mass extinction occur? Evidence from the tetrapod record of the Karoo Basin, South Africa"
2051:
2011:
1822:
1548:
1515:
1617:
Assemblage Zone (Lopingian), South Africa: a proposed biostratigraphy based on a new compilation of stratigraphic ranges".
523:
517:
509:
605:
2281:
Parrington, F. R. "A new genus of gorgonopsid from East Africa." Annals of the South
African Museum 64 (1974): 47-52.
2302:
1613:
Viglietti, P.A.; Smith, R.M.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Kammerer, C.F.; Fröbisch, J.; Rubidge, B.S. (January 2016). "The
137:
2158:
Fröbisch, Jörg; Fernandez, Vincent; Kardjilov, Nikolay; Kammerer, Christian F.; Bendel, Eva-Maria (2018-11-28).
2785:
1922:
Martins, Rui M. S.; Fröbisch, Jörg; Polcyn, Michael J.; Fernandez, Vincent; Araujo, Ricardo M. (2017-02-21).
679:
493:
2229:
Kammerer, C. F.; Rubidge, B. S. (2022). "The earliest gorgonopsians from the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
2823:
2486:
2894:
1477:
Rubidge, Bruce S.; Sidor, Christian A. (2001). "Evolutionary
Patterns Among Permo-Triassic Therapsids".
632:, and are characterised by their robust skeletal features, particularly their skulls which are heavily-
577:. Subsequent discoveries in the following decades confirmed Broom's suspicions that a new subfamily of
2932:
2806:
2295:
2238:
2175:
1994:
comb. Nov., Gorgonopsia)", in
Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.),
1850:
1626:
1976:
Relative growth and morphological variation in the skull of
Aelurognathus (therapsida: gorgonopsia)
1990:
Gebauer, Eva V. I. (2014), "Re-assessment of the Taxonomic Position of the Specimen GPIT/RE/7113 (
468:
paleontologist, Professor Bruce Rubidge, who has contributed to much of the research conducted on
2391:
2254:
2140:
1868:
323:
132:
1531:
Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (2014). "Mammal-Like Reptiles". In Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (ed.).
2899:
2881:
2873:
2211:
2193:
2132:
2093:
2047:
2007:
1955:
1895:
1818:
1787:
1752:
1734:
1690:
1595:
1544:
1511:
628:
group as a whole were some of the largest gorgonopsians known to have lived, only outsized by
2909:
2886:
1490:
2246:
2201:
2183:
2124:
2083:
2039:
1999:
1945:
1935:
1858:
1810:
1779:
1742:
1724:
1634:
1585:
1577:
1536:
1486:
1457:
702:
473:
1441:
1433:
1417:
2038:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Springer Netherlands, pp. 171–184,
1998:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Springer Netherlands, pp. 185–207,
2242:
2179:
1912:
Sigogneau-Russell, D., 1989. Theriodontia 1: Phthinosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia.
1854:
1630:
2762:
2655:
2539:
2206:
2159:
1950:
1923:
1747:
1712:
1590:
1565:
1149:
873:
551:
528:
2926:
2648:
2617:
2532:
2258:
2250:
2144:
1638:
1125:
890:
617:
555:
550:
was discovered by C. J. M. "Croonie" Kitching, the father of renowned paleontologist
67:
1872:
2769:
2740:
2723:
2696:
2575:
2514:
2465:
1449:
1200:
1101:
793:
633:
621:
559:
532:
447:
259:
1974:
1887:
1682:
1663:
2188:
2043:
2003:
2747:
2733:
2635:
2624:
2596:
2553:
2546:
2479:
2472:
2451:
2429:
2403:
2318:
1814:
1540:
1453:
1413:
1410:
1087:
1048:
959:
849:
825:
755:
745:
741:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
698:
682:
675:
625:
609:
593:
582:
578:
567:
505:
489:
485:
439:
224:
211:
42:
2846:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2662:
2360:
1783:
1248:
1224:
1186:
1173:
237:
195:
87:
52:
2197:
2136:
2097:
1899:
1791:
1738:
1694:
2754:
2610:
2603:
2589:
2507:
2500:
2376:
2351:
1420:
in other African Basins, such as the Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation of
1403:
1024:
1000:
976:
769:
663:
501:
469:
182:
149:
92:
36:
2215:
1959:
1863:
1838:
1756:
1599:
1581:
1456:
fossils have been found outside of African deposits to date, although the
2840:
2342:
1437:
667:
451:
169:
82:
77:
62:
57:
47:
2860:
2582:
1940:
1729:
1445:
1406:
1065:
942:
694:
574:
497:
443:
97:
72:
30:
2128:
2088:
2067:
1843:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2336:
2072:, a short-snouted gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of South Africa"
1425:
1421:
706:
690:
686:
570:
547:
159:
2817:
724:
is the best resolved due to their distinctive character traits. The
116:
737:
733:
713:
662:
592:
465:
435:
464:
is sometimes believed to be derived from the surname of renowned
2821:
2329:
2291:
2287:
496:
group of large-bodied gorgonopsians restricted to the Late
480:
is derived from Latin, meaning “fierce, savage, terrible”.
1713:"Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)"
1533:
The Vertebrate Integument Volume 1: Origin and Evolution
1839:"On the functional morphology of the gorgonopsid skull"
1570:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1507:
Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation • Histology • Biology
558:
sometime in the 1930s. In a paper published in 1938,
309:
299:
289:
266:
2830:
2721:
2672:
2634:
2563:
2524:
2449:
2402:
2375:
2026:Kammerer, Christian F. (2014), "A Redescription of
732:subfamilies remain chaotic due to a high degree of
620:, and sported a thick skull with long, sabre-like
1837:Kemp T. S.; Parrington Francis Rex (1969-09-04).
1460:are considered to be their Russian counterparts.
1535:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 193–219.
2030:Broom, 1911 (Therapsida, Gorgonopsia) from the
701:are closely related to their sister group, the
554:, on the farm Doornberg outside the small town
1706:
1704:
515:. They reached their highest diversity in the
2303:
1664:"Studies on new specimens of the Gorgonopsia"
8:
2036:Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida
1996:Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida
2818:
2640:
2567:
2457:
2446:
2381:
2372:
2326:
2310:
2296:
2288:
1888:"On the classification of the Gorgonopsia"
115:
20:
2205:
2187:
2087:
1949:
1939:
1862:
1746:
1728:
1589:
1491:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113
1479:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
566:. Broom noted the large size of the new
1469:
1504:CHINSAMY-TURAN, ANUSUYA (2011-11-18).
2160:"Cranial anatomy of the gorgonopsian
1807:The Evolution of Mammalian Characters
1711:Kammerer, Christian F. (2016-01-26).
1432:fossils have been recovered from the
7:
401:Dinogorgon (Broomicephalus) laticeps
1683:"THE MODE OF LIFE OF GORGONOPSIANS"
1240:
1216:
1192:
1165:
1141:
1117:
1093:
1040:
1016:
992:
934:
865:
841:
817:
809:
785:
761:
751:
1772:The Paleontological Society Papers
616:was a heavily-built, large-bodied
14:
2231:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1973:Norton, Luke Allan (2013-02-01).
1619:Journal of African Earth Sciences
2802:
2801:
2784:
2251:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104631
1639:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.011
705:, which have only been found in
136:
2066:Kammerer, Christian F. (2015).
1809:, Springer US, pp. 66–88,
581:should be categorised, and the
1681:Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1973).
640:is composed of three species,
1:
2948:Fossil taxa described in 1938
685:that have only been found in
2938:Prehistoric therapsid genera
2189:10.1371/journal.pone.0207367
2044:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_11
2004:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_12
1510:. Indiana University Press.
573:, stating that it was a new
2943:Permian synapsids of Africa
2164:based on CT-reconstruction"
1815:10.1007/978-1-4684-7817-4_5
1541:10.1007/978-3-642-53748-6_8
689:. They are composed of six
16:Extinct genus of therapsids
2964:
1424:, and the Chiweta Beds of
396:Brink & Kitching, 1953
388:Brink & Kitching, 1953
341:Brink & Kitching, 1953
2797:
2782:
2643:
2570:
2460:
2445:
2426:
2384:
2371:
2325:
1784:10.1017/S1089332600001121
1262:
1245:
1238:
1221:
1214:
1197:
1190:
1170:
1163:
1146:
1139:
1122:
1115:
1098:
1091:
1062:
1045:
1038:
1021:
1014:
997:
990:
973:
956:
939:
932:
887:
870:
863:
846:
839:
822:
815:
807:
790:
783:
766:
759:
454:, containing the species
329:
322:
286:
281:
265:
258:
133:Scientific classification
131:
123:
114:
23:
1662:Kitching, J. W. (1953).
1418:biostratigraphic markers
527:assemblage zones of the
404:Watson & Romer, 1956
2117:Papers in Palaeontology
2076:Papers in Palaeontology
1992:Sauroctonus parringtoni
1892:Palaeontologia Africana
1687:Palaeontologia Africana
1668:Palaeontologia Africana
1444:correlation with upper
385:Broomicephalus laticeps
2070:Arctognathus curvimola
2068:"Cranial osteology of
1886:Sigogneau, D. (1968).
1864:10.1098/rstb.1969.0036
1582:10.1098/rspb.2015.0834
671:
598:
508:first appeared in the
377:Gorgonognathus maximus
2895:Paleobiology Database
930:"African clade"
813:"Russian clade"
744:relationships of the
736:homomorphism between
666:
596:
2113:Eriphostoma microdon
2028:Eriphostoma microdon
539:History of discovery
409:Titanogorgon maximus
2243:2022JAfES.19404631K
2180:2018PLoSO..1307367B
1855:1969RSPTB.256....1K
1631:2016JAfES.113..153V
678:are a subfamily of
460:. The generic name
417:Clelandina laticeps
2162:Cynariops robustus
1941:10.7717/peerj.3119
1730:10.7717/peerj.1608
1576:(1811): 20150834.
1448:-aged deposits in
672:
599:
564:Rubidgea kitchingi
361:Rubidgea kitchingi
2920:
2919:
2882:Open Tree of Life
2824:Taxon identifiers
2815:
2814:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2779:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2422:
2421:
2129:10.1002/spp2.1012
2089:10.1002/spp2.1002
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1077:
1076:
920:
919:
911:
910:
902:
901:
562:named the fossil
504:). The subfamily
427:
426:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
369:Rubidgea laticeps
365:
350:
342:
2955:
2913:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2819:
2805:
2804:
2788:
2641:
2568:
2458:
2447:
2382:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2327:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2191:
2174:(11): e0207367.
2155:
2149:
2148:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1732:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1458:Inostranceviinae
1442:biostratigraphic
1241:
1217:
1193:
1166:
1142:
1118:
1094:
1041:
1017:
993:
935:
866:
842:
818:
810:
786:
762:
752:
703:Inostranceviinae
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
348:
340:
311:
301:
291:
268:
249:
236:
223:
210:
141:
140:
119:
109:
39:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2789:
2776:
2709:
2668:
2630:
2559:
2520:
2454:
2433:
2418:
2398:
2367:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2014:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1434:Usili Formation
1400:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1078:
921:
912:
903:
661:
655:
591:
541:
513:Assemblage Zone
484:is part of the
442:from the upper
393:Rubidgea majora
277:
274:
247:
234:
221:
208:
135:
110:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
34:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2865:
2852:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2763:Paragalerhinus
2759:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2656:Ruhuhucerberus
2652:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2540:Pravoslavlevia
2536:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2264:
2221:
2150:
2123:(2): 201–221.
2115:Broom, 1911".
2103:
2058:
2052:
2032:Tapinocephalus
2018:
2012:
1982:
1965:
1914:
1905:
1878:
1829:
1823:
1797:
1762:
1700:
1673:
1654:
1644:
1605:
1556:
1549:
1523:
1516:
1496:
1485:(1): 449–480.
1468:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1416:, are used as
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:Ruhuhucerberus
1145:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
996:
991:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
938:
933:
931:
927:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
914:
913:
909:
908:
905:
904:
900:
899:
896:
895:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
874:Pravoslavlevia
869:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
845:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
821:
816:
814:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
789:
784:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
765:
760:
758:
750:
660:
659:Classification
657:
590:
587:
552:James Kitching
540:
537:
529:Beaufort Group
457:Rubidgea atrox
425:
424:
423:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
352:
351:
343:
338:Broomicephalus
327:
326:
320:
319:
318:
317:
307:
297:
284:
283:
279:
278:
275:
271:Rubidgea atrox
263:
262:
256:
255:
245:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
206:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
180:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
129:
128:
126:Rubidgea atrox
121:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
40:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2960:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2787:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2649:Aelurognathus
2646:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:African clade
2562:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:Inostrancevia
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:Russian clade
2523:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2053:9789400768413
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2013:9789400768413
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:(801): 1–83.
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1824:9781468478174
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:Daptocephalus
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1550:9783642537486
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1517:9780253005335
1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:, indicating
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:Aelurognathus
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
978:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
961:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
944:
937:
936:
929:
928:
925:
924:
916:
915:
907:
906:
898:
897:
894:
893:
892:
891:Inostrancevia
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
875:
868:
867:
861:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
851:
844:
843:
837:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
827:
820:
819:
812:
811:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
795:
788:
787:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
771:
764:
763:
757:
754:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:
709:. Out of the
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
677:
669:
665:
658:
656:
653:
651:
647:
646:R. platyrhina
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Inostrancevia
627:
623:
619:
618:apex predator
615:
611:
607:
603:
595:
588:
586:
585:was erected.
584:
580:
579:gorgonopsians
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Nieu-Bethesda
553:
549:
546:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:
524:Daptocephalus
520:
519:
518:Cistecephalus
514:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
420:Gebauer, 2007
418:
415:
410:
407:
402:
399:
394:
391:
386:
383:
378:
375:
370:
367:
362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:Species-level
347:
344:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
325:
321:
316:
315:
308:
306:
305:
304:R. platyrhina
298:
296:
295:
288:
287:
285:
280:
273:
272:
264:
261:
257:
254:
253:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:Gorgonopsidae
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
127:
122:
118:
113:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:257–254
32:
26:
22:
19:
2831:
2770:Wangwusaurus
2768:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2741:Broomisaurus
2739:
2732:
2724:Nomina dubia
2722:
2703:
2702:
2697:Leontosaurus
2695:
2688:
2681:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2576:Arctognathus
2574:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2515:Viatkogorgon
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2466:Aelurosaurus
2464:
2428:
2356:
2347:
2277:
2267:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2082:(1): 41–58.
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1968:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1908:
1891:
1881:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1806:
1800:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1720:
1716:
1686:
1676:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1532:
1526:
1506:
1499:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1450:South Africa
1429:
1414:gorgonopsids
1409:, including
1401:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1247:
1246:
1223:
1222:
1201:Leontosaurus
1199:
1198:
1172:
1171:
1148:
1147:
1124:
1123:
1102:Arctognathus
1100:
1099:
1064:
1063:
1047:
1046:
1023:
1022:
999:
998:
975:
974:
958:
957:
941:
940:
889:
888:
872:
871:
848:
847:
824:
823:
794:Viatkogorgon
792:
791:
768:
767:
730:gorgonopsian
711:gorgonopsian
683:gorgonopsids
673:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:. The genus
634:pachyostosed
629:
613:
610:gorgonopsian
601:
600:
563:
560:Robert Broom
544:
542:
533:South Africa
522:
516:
511:Tropidostoma
510:
486:gorgonopsian
481:
477:
461:
456:
455:
448:South Africa
430:
429:
428:
416:
412:Maisch, 2002
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
354:
353:
349:Maisch, 2002
346:Titanogorgon
345:
337:
331:
330:
313:
312:
303:
302:
293:
292:
270:
269:
260:Type species
251:
250:
202:
189:
176:
125:
24:
18:
2933:Gorgonopsia
2748:Cerdorhinus
2734:Arctosuchus
2636:Rubidgeinae
2625:Smilesaurus
2597:Eriphostoma
2554:Suchogorgon
2547:Sauroctonus
2480:Cyonosaurus
2473:Aloposaurus
2452:Gorgonopsia
2430:Gorgonopsia
2404:Gorgonopsia
2319:Gorgonopsia
2272:pp.237-251.
1778:: 267–288.
1625:: 153–164.
1454:rubidgeinae
1398:Correlation
1088:Rubidgeinae
1049:Smilesaurus
960:Eriphostoma
850:Sauroctonus
826:Suchogorgon
756:Gorgonopsia
746:Gorgonopsia
726:systematics
722:Rubidgeinae
718:systematics
699:Rubidgeinae
676:Rubidgeinae
626:Rubidgeinae
606:the largest
597:Restoration
589:Description
583:Rubidgeinae
568:gorgonopsid
506:Rubidgeinae
490:Rubidgeinae
474:Karoo Basin
440:gorgonopsid
380:Huene, 1950
372:Broom, 1940
364:Broom, 1938
332:Genus-level
276:Broom, 1938
212:Gorgonopsia
2927:Categories
2690:Dinogorgon
2683:Clelandina
2674:Rubidgeini
2663:Sycosaurus
2413:see below↓
2361:Therapsida
2237:: 104631.
1464:References
1411:rubidgenae
1249:Clelandina
1225:Dinogorgon
1187:Rubidgeini
1174:Sycosaurus
742:systematic
543:The first
488:subfamily
470:therapsids
238:Rubidgeini
196:Therapsida
2755:Leogorgon
2611:Lycaenops
2604:Gorgonops
2590:Cynariops
2508:Scylacops
2501:Nochnitsa
2392:Synapsida
2377:Synapsida
2352:Synapsida
2335:Kingdom:
2259:249977414
2198:1932-6203
2145:128762256
2137:2056-2802
2098:2056-2802
1979:(Thesis).
1934:: e3119.
1900:0078-8554
1792:1089-3326
1739:2167-8359
1723:: e1608.
1695:0078-8554
1404:therapsid
1402:Numerous
1025:Lycaenops
1001:Cynariops
977:Gorgonops
770:Nochnitsa
728:of other
650:R. majora
502:Lopingian
314:R. majora
183:Synapsida
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
124:Skull of
2847:Q1977910
2841:Wikidata
2832:Rubidgea
2807:Category
2704:Rubidgea
2343:Chordata
2341:Phylum:
2337:Animalia
2216:30485338
2168:PLOS ONE
1960:28413721
1873:58926603
1757:26823998
1600:26156768
1438:Tanzania
1430:Rubidgea
1266:Rubidgea
668:Holotype
642:R. atrox
638:Rubidgea
614:Rubidgea
608:African
602:Rubidgea
545:Rubidgea
482:Rubidgea
462:Rubidgea
452:Tanzania
431:Rubidgea
324:Synonyms
294:R. atrox
282:Species
252:Rubidgea
218:Family:
170:Chordata
166:Phylum:
160:Animalia
146:Domain:
25:Rubidgea
2910:4414977
2887:5301257
2874:1159474
2861:3239122
2618:Phorcys
2583:Arctops
2239:Bibcode
2207:6261584
2176:Bibcode
1951:5390774
1851:Bibcode
1748:4730894
1627:Bibcode
1591:4528552
1446:Permian
1407:species
1066:Arctops
943:Phorcys
734:cranial
720:of the
695:species
693:and 17
680:derived
622:canines
575:species
498:Permian
494:derived
472:of the
444:Permian
244:Genus:
231:Tribe:
104:↓
31:Permian
2907:uBio:
2493:nasuta
2489:Dixeya
2257:
2214:
2204:
2196:
2143:
2135:
2096:
2050:
2010:
1958:
1948:
1898:
1871:
1821:
1790:
1755:
1745:
1737:
1693:
1598:
1588:
1547:
1514:
1426:Malawi
1422:Zambia
716:, the
707:Russia
697:. The
691:genera
687:Africa
648:, and
624:. The
571:fossil
548:fossil
2900:39123
2869:IRMNG
2357:Clade
2348:Clade
2255:S2CID
2141:S2CID
1928:PeerJ
1869:S2CID
1717:PeerJ
1652:1938.
1452:. No
714:clade
670:skull
478:atrox
466:Karoo
436:genus
434:is a
203:Clade
190:Clade
177:Clade
2856:GBIF
2390:see
2212:PMID
2194:ISSN
2133:ISSN
2094:ISSN
2048:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1956:PMID
1896:ISSN
1819:ISBN
1788:ISSN
1753:PMID
1735:ISSN
1691:ISSN
1596:PMID
1545:ISBN
1512:ISBN
738:taxa
674:The
604:was
521:and
492:, a
450:and
43:Preęž’
2247:doi
2235:194
2202:PMC
2184:doi
2125:doi
2084:doi
2040:doi
2000:doi
1946:PMC
1936:doi
1859:doi
1847:256
1811:doi
1780:doi
1743:PMC
1725:doi
1635:doi
1623:113
1586:PMC
1578:doi
1574:282
1537:doi
1487:doi
1436:of
531:in
446:of
438:of
2929::
2897::
2884::
2871::
2858::
2843::
2491:"
2359::
2350::
2253:.
2245:.
2233:.
2210:.
2200:.
2192:.
2182:.
2172:13
2170:.
2166:.
2139:.
2131:.
2119:.
2092:.
2078:.
2074:.
2046:,
2006:,
1954:.
1944:.
1930:.
1926:.
1894:.
1890:.
1867:.
1857:.
1845:.
1841:.
1817:,
1786:.
1774:.
1751:.
1741:.
1733:.
1719:.
1715:.
1703:^
1689:.
1685:.
1666:.
1633:.
1621:.
1594:.
1584:.
1572:.
1568:.
1543:.
1483:32
1481:.
1428:.
748:.
652:.
644:,
535:.
205::
192::
179::
93:Pg
37:Ma
2773:?
2758:?
2487:"
2311:e
2304:t
2297:v
2261:.
2249::
2241::
2218:.
2186::
2178::
2147:.
2127::
2121:1
2100:.
2086::
2080:1
2042::
2002::
1962:.
1938::
1932:5
1902:.
1875:.
1861::
1853::
1813::
1794:.
1782::
1776:8
1759:.
1727::
1721:4
1697:.
1670:.
1641:.
1637::
1629::
1602:.
1580::
1553:.
1539::
1520:.
1493:.
1489::
500:(
310:â€
300:â€
290:â€
267:â€
248:â€
235:â€
222:â€
209:â€
98:N
88:K
83:J
78:T
73:P
68:C
63:D
58:S
53:O
48:ęž’
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
