778:. Dover Publications. p. 313. "Rudi, and his brother Willi, had been repeatedly and comprehensively exposed as fraudulent tricksters, yet such is the faith of those imbued with a penchant for the mysterious that both spiritualists and psychical researchers alike continued to believe in the possibility of their supernatural powers. "Ectoplasm" and other "teleplastic manifestations" were their main specialities. These, however, were investigated by Professor Przibram of the University of Vienna and found to be nothing more than deceptions."
661:. Overlook Press. p. 202. "In August 1926 Dr. E. J. Dingwall, accompanied by the American journalist W. J. Vinton, again visited Braunau for sittings with Willi and Rudi. They hoped to substantiate Dingwall's theory that the sittings in the Schneider Home were fraudulent, perpetrated by the various members of the family. Vinton wrote a report in which he concluded that the phenomena observed during the ten séances he had attended were caused by someone who had entered the séance room secretly, unknown to the sitters."
185:(1928) he wrote "despite my studied and unremitting complaisance, no phenomena have occurred when I had any part in the control, save curtain movement which were capable of the simplest explanation." Whilst Prince did not detect any concrete evidence of fraud he found the red light too dim to observe the medium and suspected that Schneider's spirit guide "Olga" insisted the sitters talk loudly to act as a distraction and possible cover for an accomplice in the room.
228:. Price conducted a series of experiments in which Schneider was connected to a series of pressure switches that would alert observers if he moved his hands, feet or limbs in any significant way. Schneider was also physically restrained during some of the experiments. Price recorded that during his experiments various phenomena were observed; including the movement of objects placed around the room and the apparent manifestation of mysterious hands and shapes.
31:
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581:. Putnam. p. 233. "Rudi has been accused of producing spurious phenomena many times, by many persons. In 1924 Professors Meyer and Przibram, of Vienna, accused him of evading control. On April 28, 1933, Professor Przibram wrote me: "We know that Rudi evaded control at the séances and we have no reason to believe that any of the phenomena we saw were of supranormal character."
289:. Osty placed an object in the room with Schneider and targeted it with a camera that had an infrared trigger designed to take a picture if it detected movement around the object. The alarm was triggered several times though the photographs showed no evidence of Schneider having interfered with it. Osty concluded that he was recording the passage of an
703:. Kessinger Reprint Edition. p. 228. "In 1926 Mr. W. J. Vinton sat several times with Rudi at the latter's home in Braunau and came to the conclusion that the movements of objects were fraudulently produced by other members of the Schneider family concealed in the room. In 1927 Mr. Malcolm Bird, the editor of
607:. Gale Research Company. p. 1463. "In 1923-24, Prof. Dr. Stefan Meyer and Prof. Dr. Karl Przibram, of the Institut fur Radiumforschung der Academie der Wissenschaffen, Vienna, detected Rudi evading control. After that they had no reason to believe that any of the phenomena were of supernormal character."
272:
V. J. Woolley criticized the electronic controls of Price's experiments. He noted they were liable to go wrong such as a broken wire and that they were not fraud proof like Price had claimed. According to
Woolley one sitter alone could "free his feet by connecting his metal floor plates by a piece of
301:
for example noted that "various discrepancies have come to light which throw the whole of Osty's experiments into doubt. Price made a prolonged investigation of Rudi
Schneider and proved conclusively that the medium resorted to trickery when he believed himself to be unobserved... Osty has too often
268:
testified that the photograph was genuine. Harrison suggested that instead of fraud the shock of the flash caused
Schneider to jerk involuntarily breaking free from the control, and when the second flash went off, recorded him in that position. SPR member John L. Randall who reviewed the Price and
157:
and Karl
Przibram caught Schneider evading the controls in a series of séances. After Meyer and Przibram's accusations, the institute concluded that the abilities that Schneider had demonstrated up to that point were all, based on the balance of probability, the result of trickery and that he was
689:
of a hypothesis of fraud that involved a confederate sneaking into the séance room unobserved. The article was written by an
American journalist, W. J. Vinton, who had attended 10 séances along with Dingwall. Vinton's hypothesis was supported by Malcolm Bird of the American Society for Psychical
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who had attended séances with
Schneider wrote that "With occult waves running high in Vienna, there was a famous medium named Rudi Schneider, a few of whose meetings I attended. Whenever I came, however, either nothing happened at all or the things which did happen were obvious frauds." It was
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objects but according to Price a photograph taken on April 28, 1932, showed that
Schneider had managed to free his arm to move a handkerchief from the table. After this, many scientists considered Schneider to be exposed as a fraud; however, there was a controversy over the photograph from the
137:. Schneider held his first solo séance in 1919 and is said to have been able to summon the ghostly image of a human hand, as well as a number of other manifestations that are traditionally associated with séances. Schneider's other brother, Karl, also claimed to be a medium.
161:
In 1926, American journalist Warren Vinton attended séances with
Schneider and came to the conclusion that the movement of objects were fraudulently produced by other members of the Schneider family concealed in the room. In April 1927, Vinton published an article in
269:
Schneider case also came to the conclusion the photograph was genuine. However, Randall disagreed with
Harrison that Schneider's movement was accidental and wrote the photograph was evidence for Price's claim that Schneider had freed his hand with fraudulent intent.
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wrote to Price telling him that they agreed that
Schneider evaded control during his séances and congratulated Price on the success of unmasking the fraud. In opposition, SPR members who were highly critical of Price, supported Schneider's mediumship and promoted a
594:. Knopf. p. 325. "An analogous case was that of the Schneider brothers, Willy and Rudy, who performed a series of teleplastic manifestations that were carefully examined by Professor Przibram of the University of Vienna and discovered to be nothing but deceptions."
690:
Research (ASPR), who attended only a single séance during which he was supposed to have been guarding the door. Another skeptic was Walter Franklin Prince, who attended 10 sittings and saw only some curtains blowing, which he concluded could have been contrived."
394:. The experiments proved negative, no telekinetic phenomena of any kind were observed or any absorption of the infrared rays. Every chance was given to Schneider to prove his alleged paranormal abilities but nothing paranormal occurred. Another researcher,
818:. Aldus Books. p. 63. Holroyd reprinted a large version of the photograph in his book and a zoom in on Schneider. The photograph depicts Schneider in a pajama jacket with a freed hand reaching out to move a handkerchief from the table.
648:. Temple University. p. 60. "In Rudi's home in Braunau, Vinton found that any of the phenomena were possible because of the cooperation of confederates both in the circle and in the cabinet, combined with the use of reaching rods."
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like substance that was indicative of telekinetic movement. He wrote that the substance registered on sound recording equipment when it moved, and that it could pass through objects put in place to impede it.
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wrote that Gregory's analysis of the photograph was misconceived and there was no direct evidence the photograph taken by Price had been tampered with. In opposition to Gregory the photographic expert
133:
at age 11. Both Rudi and Willi claimed to channel a spirit entity called "Olga" who in the séance room claimed to be "Lola Montez" the nickname of Eliza Eosanna Gilbert (1821-1861) the mistress of
1186:
365:, no paranormal phenomena was observed in the séance room with Schneider. Huxley wrote that there was "no proof of any communication with departed spirits". Zoologist
240:
community. Price wrote that the findings of the other experiments should be revised due to the evidence showing how Schneider could free himself from the controls.
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487:
Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research: (Dates, Author). 1925-12-01 (Thirring), 1926-01-01 (Price), 1926-03-01 (Kogelnik), 1926-05-01 (Gruber)
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had proven by tests that the spirit "Olga" which Schneider channeled in reality was indistinguishable in psychological make-up from himself.
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An encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural: decidedly sceptical definitions of alternative realities
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wire... I do not feel that the electrical control excludes any better than the older methods which Mr Price describes as obsolete".
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claimed Price had deliberately faked the photograph to discredit SPR research and ruin Schneider's reputation. The psychologist
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and V. J. Woolley attended six séances in dim red light with Schneider and absolutely no phenomena occurred. Dodds wrote that
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shown in the past, despite some intellectual ability, evidence of an amateurish and uncritical approach to his subject."
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also attended some séance sittings and wrote that the mediumship of Schneider had not passed any scientific tests.
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410:, concluding that in their tests there was "no good evidence that Rudi Schneider possesses supernormal powers."
324:
154:
105:, and he took part in a number of notable experiments conducted by paranormal researchers/debunkers, including
117:. Some of these researchers declared him to be a fraud while others were unable to find evidence of trickery.
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it was discovered that Schneider had a "sexual climax" during some of his séances. Schneider had an
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In 1929, Schneider took part in a number of experiments conducted by notable investigator/debunker
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There were no more investigations as in his later years Schneider gave up mediumship to become an
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wrote that Schneider "had been repeatedly and comprehensively exposed" as a fraudulent trickster.
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on 15 November 1932 attended a séance with Schneider and no paranormal phenomenon was observed.
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which accused Schneider of being a fraud and using a hidden accomplice. Another researcher,
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phenomena was observed. In his notes in the Bulletin VII of the Boston SPR published under
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Review of Anita Gregory's Anatomy of a Fraud: Harry Price and the Medium Rudi Schneider
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The Famous Schneider Mediumship: A Critical Study of Alleged Supernormal Events
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in fifty-five sittings and not a single paranormal phenomenon was observed.
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who attended a séance with Schneider also supported Vinton's accusations.
938:. Journal of the Unitarian Society for Psychical Studies. No. 38, Winter.
383:
86:(July 27, 1908 – April 28, 1957), son of Josef Schneider and brother of
1064:
From Apes to Warlords: The Autobiography (1904-1946) of Solly Zuckerman
964:
Harry Price. Rudi Schneider: A Scientific Examination of His Mediumship
904:. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research (Vol. 49, pp. 828-835).
91:
48:
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Between October 1933 and March 1934 Schneider was investigated by the
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953:. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research (Vol. 64.3, No. 860).
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In 1930, Schneider began working with French paranormal investigator
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Osty's experiments with Schneider have been criticized by skeptics.
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sessions in 1932 which included the researchers and scientists Dr.
335:
309:
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After Price had exposed Schneider, various scientists such as
887:
Anatomy of a Fraud: Harry Price and the Medium Rudi Schneider
626:
Psyche: An Annual General and Linguistic Psychology 1920-1952
966:. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 25: 125-126.
826:
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that Schneider was exposed as a fraud by Dr. Lothar Lenkei.
147:
Institut fĂĽr Radiumforschung der Akademie der Wissenschaften
920:. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. 50: 45-46.
101:. His career was covered extensively by the Journal of the
993:
Freud and the Child Woman: The Memoirs of Fritz Wittels
196:
during some of his mediumship practices. Psychologist
734:
Extra-Sensory Powers: A Century of Psychical Research
659:
Extra-Sensory Powers: A Century of Psychical Research
177:
attended a series of sittings with Schneider and no
145:
Schneider began giving demonstrations to the Vienna
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1678:
1297:
1206:
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55:
37:
21:
1083:Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research
256:that the Price photograph was a hoax. SPR member
675:The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits
646:An Objective Study in Extra-sensory Perception
605:Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology
1706:National Spiritualist Association of Churches
1180:
8:
1109:"Further Tests of the Medium Rudi Schneider"
835:Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology
721:Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology
532:
530:
848:Harry Price: The Biography of a Ghosthunter
183:Experiments with Physical Mediums in Europe
1187:
1173:
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1160:The Mediumship of Willi and Rudi Schneider
935:The Mediumship of Willi and Rudi Schneider
677:. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 293.
29:
18:
1716:Spiritualist Association of Great Britain
1132:
226:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
16:Austrian Spiritualist and physical medium
1027:. Oxford University Press. pp. 101-102.
563:Supernormal Aspects of Energy and Matter
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103:American Society for Psychical Research
866:. Routledge Kegan & Paul. p. 166.
864:Intrusions: Society and the Paranormal
149:in 1923. In an investigation into the
1731:International Spiritualist Federation
950:Harry Price: The Case for the Defence
338:was found after one of the séances.
7:
461:Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife
153:of Schneider in 1924 the physicists
1686:List of Spiritualist organizations
1098:. Kessinger Reprint Edition. p. 230
837:. Kessinger Reprint Edition. p. 806
723:. Kessinger Reprint Edition. p. 805
1009:Collected Papers on the Paranormal
514:An Encyclopedia of Psychic Science
14:
1025:Missing Persons: An Autobiography
977:Occult and Supernatural Phenomena
792:Fifty Years of Psychical Research
776:Occult and Supernatural Phenomena
565:. Society for Psychical Research.
125:Schneider began participating in
889:. Annals of Science 34: 449-549.
386:ray apparatus was installed by
158:no-longer of interest to them.
1011:. Garrett Publications. p. 377
437:Dictionary of the Supernatural
406:communicated their results to
380:Society for Psychical Research
1:
1711:Spiritualists' National Union
995:. Yale University Press. p. 6
763:Psychoanalysis and the Occult
579:Confessions of a Ghost-Hunter
314:Price testing Rudi Schneider.
1701:London Spiritualist Alliance
979:. Dover Publications. p. 315
774:Rawcliffe, Donovan. (1988).
628:. Routledge/Thoemmes Press.
590:Thruelsen, Richard. (1961).
1050:. Allen & Unwin. p. 177
850:. Living Books. pp. 114-115
231:Schneider claimed he could
212:Rudi Schneider (left) with
111:Albert von Schrenck-Notzing
2079:
2063:Austrian spiritual mediums
2053:People from Braunau am Inn
1094:Franklyn, Julian. (2003).
761:Devereux, George. (1974).
699:Franklyn, Julian. (2003).
1721:Spiritual church movement
975:Rawcliffe, D. H. (1987).
732:Douglas, Alfred. (1982).
657:Douglas, Alfred. (1982).
644:Reuter, William. (1941).
603:Shepard, Leslie. (1991).
28:
1096:Dictionary of the Occult
816:Minds Without Boundaries
794:. Kessinger Publishing.
736:. Overlook Press. p. 203
701:Dictionary of the Occult
616:Vinton, Warren. (1927).
516:. Kessinger Publishing.
1987:C. E. Bechhofer Roberts
1852:Carlos MarĂa de Heredia
1119:(3399): 965–966. 1934.
962:Woolley, V. J. (1930).
947:Randall, John. (2000).
705:The Scientific American
543:. St. Martin's Griffin.
129:with his elder brother
1917:Charles Arthur Mercier
1726:Arthur Findlay College
1565:William Stainton Moses
1530:Gladys Osborne Leonard
846:Tabori, Paul. (1966).
592:Adventures of the Mind
561:Osty, Eugene. (1933).
315:
287:Institut Metapsychique
217:
175:Walter Franklin Prince
1877:Stanley LeFevre Krebs
1782:Milbourne Christopher
1691:Spiritualist churches
1560:Lorin Morgan-Richards
1555:William Usborne Moore
1224:Cross-Correspondences
898:Gauld, Alan. (1978).
373:William Howard Livens
313:
211:
173:The parapsychologist
1892:John Nevil Maskelyne
1792:Edmund Smith Conklin
1155:Skeptic's Dictionary
918:Letter to the Editor
1967:Julien J. Proskauer
1757:George Miller Beard
1752:John Henry Anderson
1490:Daniel Dunglas Home
1207:History and beliefs
1125:1934Natur.134S.965.
1066:. Hamilton. p. 49.
1005:Besterman, Theodore
359:John Alexander Gunn
355:D. F. Fraser-Harris
135:Ludwig I of Bavaria
2007:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
1842:William A. Hammond
1645:Stanisława Tomczyk
1635:Emanuel Swedenborg
1585:Ethel Post-Parrish
1550:Francis Ward Monck
1395:Arthur Conan Doyle
1269:Spirit photography
1151:Schneider brothers
1085:. 1932. Volume 41.
404:Theodore Besterman
392:Theodore Besterman
316:
218:
2025:
2024:
2012:Lyttelton Winslow
1977:Donovan Rawcliffe
1942:E. Clephan Palmer
1912:Georgess McHargue
1802:Stuart Cumberland
1777:William Carpenter
1696:Spiritist centres
1655:George Valiantine
1575:Eusapia Palladino
1545:Carmine Mirabelli
1505:Swami Laura Horos
1455:Kathleen Goligher
1380:Geraldine Cummins
1335:Stephen E. Braude
1274:Spirit possession
1259:Spiritual healing
1219:Automatic writing
765:. Souvenir Press.
620:. No. 4 April in
396:Whately Carington
254:conspiracy theory
247:and the magician
81:
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1957:Massimo Polidoro
1907:Henry C. McComas
1812:Joseph Dunninger
1590:James Van Praagh
1480:Gordon Higginson
1420:William Eglinton
1264:Spirit obsession
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1947:Ronald Pearsall
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1600:Estelle Roberts
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341:In a series of
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190:Peter Underwood
168:J. Malcolm Bird
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2058:Telekinetics
1997:Gordon Stein
1822:Chris French
1787:Edward Clodd
1772:Derren Brown
1762:Ruth Brandon
1747:David Abbott
1670:Chico Xavier
1630:Doris Stokes
1614:
1605:Jane Roberts
1535:Oliver Lodge
1520:Allan Kardec
1500:William Hope
1435:Leslie Flint
1400:Helen Duncan
1390:Frank Decker
1385:Pearl Curran
1370:Mina Crandon
1355:Eva Carrière
1330:Ada Besinnet
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323:reported by
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2038:1908 births
1972:James Randi
1962:Harry Price
1937:Joe Nickell
1922:Albert Moll
1887:David Marks
1817:Henry Evans
1665:Etta Wriedt
1660:Jack Webber
1625:Henry Slade
1610:William Roy
1475:Alec Harris
1470:Robert Hare
1440:Arthur Ford
1430:Fox sisters
1425:Colin Evans
1415:John Edward
1315:Dan Aykroyd
1021:Dodds, E. R
456:Roach, Mary
332:E. R. Dodds
306:Other tests
283:Eugéne Osty
277:Eugéne Osty
249:Henry Evans
222:Harry Price
214:Harry Price
204:Harry Price
107:Harry Price
2032:Categories
2002:Amy Tanner
1857:Carl Hertz
1595:Bert Reese
1510:Cecil Husk
1460:Rita Goold
1244:Mediumship
1062:. (1979).
1046:. (1970).
1023:. (2000).
1007:. (1968).
991:. (1996).
932:. (1987).
916:. (1979).
885:. (1977).
862:. (1982).
833:. (2003).
814:. (1976).
790:. (2003).
748:. (1972).
719:. (2003).
673:. (1994).
634:0415127793
624:. (1995).
577:. (1936).
539:. (1995).
512:. (2003).
458:. (2005).
439:. Harrap.
435:. (1978).
421:References
343:mediumship
262:Alan Gauld
179:paranormal
151:mediumship
1650:Ena Twigg
1465:Jan Guzyk
1445:Colin Fry
1229:Ectoplasm
1200:spiritism
802:(reprint)
524:(reprint)
330:In 1928,
291:ectoplasm
90:, was an
1740:Skeptics
1048:Memories
384:Infrared
233:levitate
216:(right).
92:Austrian
73:Mechanic
1121:Bibcode
285:at the
224:at the
127:séances
49:Austria
1289:Theism
1249:SĂ©ance
1214:Apport
1113:Nature
1070:
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687:Psyche
681:
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408:Nature
194:orgasm
164:Psyche
336:semen
1198:and
1068:ISBN
1029:ISBN
868:ISBN
796:ISBN
679:ISBN
630:ISBN
518:ISBN
466:ISBN
441:ISBN
402:and
361:and
113:and
97:and
56:Died
38:Born
1129:doi
1117:134
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349:,
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